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Soleimani A, Amirghasemi F, Al-Shami A, Khazaee Nejad S, Tsung A, Wang Y, Lara Galindo S, Parvin D, Olson A, Avishai A, Mousavi MPS. Towards sustainable and humane dairy farming: A low-cost electrochemical sensor for on-site diagnosis of milk fever. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 259:116321. [PMID: 38749287 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Milk fever is a metabolic disorder that predominantly affects dairy animals during the periparturient period and within four weeks of calving. Milk fever is primarily attributed to a decrease in the animal's serum Ca2+ levels. Clinical milk fever occurs when Ca2+ concentration drops below 1.5 mM (6 mg/dL). Without prompt intervention, clinical milk fever leads to noticeable physical symptoms and health complications including coma and fatality. Subclinical milk fever is characterized by Ca2+ levels between 1.5 and 2.12 mM (6-8.48 mg/dL). Approximately 50% of multiparous dairy cows suffer from subclinical milk fever during the transition to lactation. The economic impact of milk fever, both direct and indirect, is substantial, posing challenges for farmers. To address this issue, we developed a low-cost electrochemical sensor that can measure bovine serum calcium levels on-site, providing an opportunity for early detection of subclinical and clinical milk fever and early intervention. This calcium sensor is a scalable solid contact ion sensing platform that incorporates a polymeric calcium-selective membrane and ionic liquid-based reference membrane into laser-induced graphene (LIG) electrodes. Our sensing platform demonstrates a sensitivity close to the theoretical Nernstian value (29.6 mV/dec) with a limit of detection of 15.6 μM and selectivity against the species in bovine serum. Moreover, our sensor can detect Ca2+ in bovine serum with 91% recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Soleimani
- Alfred E. Mann Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, 1042 Downey Way, Los Angeles, 90007, California, United States
| | - Farbod Amirghasemi
- Alfred E. Mann Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, 1042 Downey Way, Los Angeles, 90007, California, United States
| | - Abdulrahman Al-Shami
- Alfred E. Mann Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, 1042 Downey Way, Los Angeles, 90007, California, United States
| | - Sina Khazaee Nejad
- Alfred E. Mann Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, 1042 Downey Way, Los Angeles, 90007, California, United States
| | - Alicia Tsung
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, 925 Bloom Walk HED 216, Los Angeles, 90007, California, United States
| | - Yuxuan Wang
- Alfred E. Mann Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, 1042 Downey Way, Los Angeles, 90007, California, United States
| | - Sandra Lara Galindo
- Alfred E. Mann Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, 1042 Downey Way, Los Angeles, 90007, California, United States
| | - Delaram Parvin
- Alfred E. Mann Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, 1042 Downey Way, Los Angeles, 90007, California, United States
| | - Amber Olson
- Chaska Valley Veterinary Clinic, 115 W 3rd Street, Chaska, 55318, Minnesota, United States
| | - Amir Avishai
- Core Center for Excellence in Nano Imaging, University of Southern California, 925 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, 90089, California, United States
| | - Maral P S Mousavi
- Alfred E. Mann Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, 1042 Downey Way, Los Angeles, 90007, California, United States.
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Casimero C, Smith RB, Davis J. Integration of Riboflavin-Modified Carbon Fiber Mesh Electrode Systems in a 3D-Printed Catheter Hub. MICROMACHINES 2023; 15:79. [PMID: 38258198 PMCID: PMC10818592 DOI: 10.3390/mi15010079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Catheter line infection is a common complication within clinical environments, and there is a pressing need for technological options to aid in reducing the possibility of sepsis. The early identification of contamination could be pivotal in reducing cases and improving outcomes. METHOD A sensing rationale based on a riboflavin-modified electrode system integrated within a modified 3D-printed catheter needle-free connector is proposed, which can monitor changes in pH brought about by bacterial contamination. RESULTS Riboflavin, vitamin B2, is a biocompatible chemical that possesses a redox-active flavin core that is pH dependent. The oxidation peak potential of the adsorbed riboflavin responds linearly to changes in pH with a near-Nernstian behavior of 63 mV/pH unit and is capable of accurately monitoring the pH of an authentic IV infusate. CONCLUSIONS The proof of principle is demonstrated with an electrode-printed hub design offering a valuable foundation from which to explore bacterial interactions within the catheter lumen with the potential of providing an early warning of contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert B. Smith
- Institute for Materials and Investigative Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK;
| | - James Davis
- School of Engineering, Ulster University, Belfast BT15 1ED, UK;
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McCann C, Gilpin V, Scott C, Pourshahidi LK, Gill CIR, Davis J. Moving towards in pouch diagnostics for ostomy patients: exploiting the versatility of laser induced graphene sensors. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE 2023; 58:14207-14219. [PMID: 37745186 PMCID: PMC10511578 DOI: 10.1007/s10853-023-08881-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The development of a 3D printed sensor for direct incorporation within stoma pouches is described. Laser induced graphene scribed on either side of polyimide film served as the basis of a 2 electrode configuration that could be integrated within a disposable pouch sensor for the periodic monitoring of ileostomy fluid pH. The graphene sensors were characterised using electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, DekTak profilometry with the electrochemical properties investigated using both cyclic and square wave voltammetry. Adsorbed riboflavin was employed as a biocompatible redox probe for the voltammetric measurement of pH. The variation in peak position with pH was found to be linear over pH 3-8 with a sub Nernstian response (43 mV/pH). The adsorbed probe was found to be reversible and exhibited minimal leaching through repeated scanning. The performance of the system was assessed in a heterogeneous bacterial fermentation mixture simulating ileostomy fluid with the pH recorded before and after 96 h incubation. The peak profile in the bacterial medium provided an unambiguous signal free from interference with the calculated pH before and after incubation (pH 5.3 to 3.66) in good agreement with that obtained with commercial pH probes. Graphical abstract Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10853-023-08881-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor McCann
- School of Engineering, Ulster University, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Victoria Gilpin
- School of Engineering, Ulster University, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | - Cameron Scott
- School of Engineering, Ulster University, Belfast, Northern Ireland
| | | | - Chris. I. R. Gill
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland
| | - James Davis
- School of Engineering, Ulster University, Belfast, Northern Ireland
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Arcangeli D, Gualandi I, Mariani F, Tessarolo M, Ceccardi F, Decataldo F, Melandri F, Tonelli D, Fraboni B, Scavetta E. Smart Bandaid Integrated with Fully Textile OECT for Uric Acid Real-Time Monitoring in Wound Exudate. ACS Sens 2023; 8:1593-1608. [PMID: 36929744 PMCID: PMC10152490 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c02728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Hard-to-heal wounds (i.e., severe and/or chronic) are typically associated with particular pathologies or afflictions such as diabetes, immunodeficiencies, compression traumas in bedridden people, skin grafts, or third-degree burns. In this situation, it is critical to constantly monitor the healing stages and the overall wound conditions to allow for better-targeted therapies and faster patient recovery. At the moment, this operation is performed by removing the bandages and visually inspecting the wound, putting the patient at risk of infection and disturbing the healing stages. Recently, new devices have been developed to address these issues by monitoring important biomarkers related to the wound health status, such as pH, moisture, etc. In this contribution, we present a novel textile chemical sensor exploiting an organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) configuration based on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) for uric acid (UA)-selective monitoring in wound exudate. The combination of special medical-grade textile materials provides a passive sampling system that enables the real-time and non-invasive analysis of wound fluid: UA was detected as a benchmark analyte to monitor the health status of wounds since it represents a relevant biomarker associated with infections or necrotization processes in human tissues. The sensors proved to reliably and reversibly detect UA concentration in synthetic wound exudate in the biologically relevant range of 220-750 μM, operating in flow conditions for better mimicking the real wound bed. This forerunner device paves the way for smart bandages integrated with real-time monitoring OECT-based sensors for wound-healing evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Arcangeli
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Isacco Gualandi
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Mariani
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marta Tessarolo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy "Augusto Righi", University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Ceccardi
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Decataldo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy "Augusto Righi", University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Federico Melandri
- Plastod S.p.A., Via Walter Masetti 7, Calderara di Reno, 40012 Bologna, Italy
| | - Domenica Tonelli
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Beatrice Fraboni
- Department of Physics and Astronomy "Augusto Righi", University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Erika Scavetta
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
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Brooker C, Tronci G. A collagen-based theranostic wound dressing with visual, long-lasting infection detection capability. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 236:123866. [PMID: 36870632 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Continuous wound monitoring is one strategy to minimise infection severity and inform prompt variations in therapeutic care following infection diagnosis. However, integration of this functionality in therapeutic wound dressings is still challenging. We hypothesised that a theranostic dressing could be realised by integrating a collagen-based wound contact layer with previously demonstrated wound healing capability, and a halochromic dye, i.e. bromothymol blue (BTB), undergoing colour change following infection-associated pH changes (pH: 5-6 ➔ >7). Two different BTB integration strategies, i.e. electrospinning and drop-casting, were pursued to introduce long-lasting visual infection detection capability through retention of BTB within the dressing. Both systems had an average BTB loading efficiency of 99 wt% and displayed a colour change within 1 min of contact with simulated wound fluid. Drop-cast samples retained up to 85 wt% of BTB after 96 h in a near-infected wound environment, in contrast to the fibre-bearing prototypes, which released over 80 wt% of BTB over the same time period. An increase in collagen denaturation temperature (DSC) and red shifts (ATR-FTIR) suggest the formation of secondary interactions between the collagen-based hydrogel and the BTB, which are attributed to count for the long-lasting dye confinement and durable dressing colour change. Given the high L929 fibroblast viability in drop-cast sample extracts (92 %, 7 days), the presented multiscale design is simple, cell- and regulatory-friendly, and compliant with industrial scale-up. This design, therefore, offers a new platform for the development of theranostic dressings enabling accelerated wound healing and prompt infection diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Brooker
- Clothworkers' Centre for Textile Materials Innovation for Healthcare (CCTMIH), School of Design, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; School of Dentistry, St. James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - Giuseppe Tronci
- Clothworkers' Centre for Textile Materials Innovation for Healthcare (CCTMIH), School of Design, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; School of Dentistry, St. James's University Hospital, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom.
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Velasco A, Ryu YK, Hamada A, de Andrés A, Calle F, Martinez J. Laser-Induced Graphene Microsupercapacitors: Structure, Quality, and Performance. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13050788. [PMID: 36903673 PMCID: PMC10005378 DOI: 10.3390/nano13050788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Laser-induced graphene (LIG) is a graphenic material synthesized from a polymeric substrate through point-by-point laser pyrolysis. It is a fast and cost-effective technique, and it is ideal for flexible electronics and energy storage devices, such as supercapacitors. However, the miniaturization of the thicknesses of the devices, which is important for these applications, has still not been fully explored. Therefore, this work presents an optimized set of laser conditions to fabricate high-quality LIG microsupercapacitors (MSC) from 60 µm thick polyimide substrates. This is achieved by correlating their structural morphology, material quality, and electrochemical performance. The fabricated devices show a high capacitance of 22.2 mF/cm2 at 0.05 mA/cm2, as well as energy and power densities comparable to those of similar devices that are hybridized with pseudocapacitive elements. The performed structural characterization confirms that the LIG material is composed of high-quality multilayer graphene nanoflakes with good structural continuity and an optimal porosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Velasco
- Instituto de Sistemas Optoelectrónicos y Microtecnología, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Av. Complutense 30, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Ingeniería Electrónica, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Av. Complutense 30, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Yu Kyoung Ryu
- Instituto de Sistemas Optoelectrónicos y Microtecnología, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Av. Complutense 30, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (Y.K.R.); (J.M.)
| | - Assia Hamada
- Instituto de Sistemas Optoelectrónicos y Microtecnología, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Av. Complutense 30, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia de Andrés
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, C/Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Calle
- Instituto de Sistemas Optoelectrónicos y Microtecnología, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Av. Complutense 30, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Ingeniería Electrónica, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Av. Complutense 30, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Martinez
- Instituto de Sistemas Optoelectrónicos y Microtecnología, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Av. Complutense 30, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, C/Profesor Aranguren s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (Y.K.R.); (J.M.)
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7
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Zhu J, Zhou H, Gerhard EM, Zhang S, Parra Rodríguez FI, Pan T, Yang H, Lin Y, Yang J, Cheng H. Smart bioadhesives for wound healing and closure. Bioact Mater 2023; 19:360-375. [PMID: 35574051 PMCID: PMC9062426 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The high demand for rapid wound healing has spurred the development of multifunctional and smart bioadhesives with strong bioadhesion, antibacterial effect, real-time sensing, wireless communication, and on-demand treatment capabilities. Bioadhesives with bio-inspired structures and chemicals have shown unprecedented adhesion strengths, as well as tunable optical, electrical, and bio-dissolvable properties. Accelerated wound healing has been achieved via directly released antibacterial and growth factors, material or drug-induced host immune responses, and delivery of curative cells. Most recently, the integration of biosensing and treatment modules with wireless units in a closed-loop system yielded smart bioadhesives, allowing real-time sensing of the physiological conditions (e.g., pH, temperature, uric acid, glucose, and cytokine) with iterative feedback for drastically enhanced, stage-specific wound healing by triggering drug delivery and treatment to avoid infection or prolonged inflammation. Despite rapid advances in the burgeoning field, challenges still exist in the design and fabrication of integrated systems, particularly for chronic wounds, presenting significant opportunities for the future development of next-generation smart materials and systems. Rational material engineering of bioadhesives with optimized mechanical and curative properties. Incorporation of biosensing allows real-time and precise evaluation of the healing stage. Closed-loop, smart bioadhesives that integrate wireless sensing and treatment hold great potential for chronic wound healing.
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Goel S, Amreen K. Laser induced graphanized microfluidic devices. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2022; 16:061505. [PMID: 36483020 PMCID: PMC9726225 DOI: 10.1063/5.0111867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
With the advent of cyber-physical system-based automation and intelligence, the development of flexible and wearable devices has dramatically enhanced. Evidently, this has led to the thrust to realize standalone and sufficiently-self-powered miniaturized devices for a variety of sensing and monitoring applications. To this end, a range of aspects needs to be carefully and synergistically optimized. These include the choice of material, micro-reservoir to suitably place the analytes, integrable electrodes, detection mechanism, microprocessor/microcontroller architecture, signal-processing, software, etc. In this context, several researchers are working toward developing novel flexible devices having a micro-reservoir, both in flow-through and stationary phases, integrated with graphanized zones created by simple benchtop lasers. Various substrates, like different kinds of cloths, papers, and polymers, have been harnessed to develop laser-ablated graphene regions along with a micro-reservoir to aptly place various analytes to be sensed/monitored. Likewise, similar substrates have been utilized for energy harvesting by fuel cell or solar routes and supercapacitor-based energy storage. Overall, realization of a prototype is envisioned by integrating various sub-systems, including sensory, energy harvesting, energy storage, and IoT sub-systems, on a single mini-platform. In this work, the diversified work toward developing such prototypes will be showcased and current and future commercialization potential will be projected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanket Goel
- MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronics (MMNE) Lab, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Khairunnisa Amreen
- MEMS, Microfluidics and Nanoelectronics (MMNE) Lab, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
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Sadeghi-Avalshahr AR, Molavi AM, Nokhasteh S, Harati Z. Recent advances in fabrication of smart dressings for real-time monitoring of pH in chronic wounds—a review. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04357-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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10
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Developing Wound Moisture Sensors: Opportunities and Challenges for Laser-Induced Graphene-Based Materials. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jcs6060176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in polymer composites have led to new, multifunctional wound dressings that can greatly improve healing processes, but assessing the moisture status of the underlying wound site still requires frequent visual inspection. Moisture is a key mediator in tissue regeneration and it has long been recognised that there is an opportunity for smart systems to provide quantitative information such that dressing selection can be optimised and nursing time prioritised. Composite technologies have a rich history in the development of moisture/humidity sensors but the challenges presented within the clinical context have been considerable. This review aims to train a spotlight on existing barriers and highlight how laser-induced graphene could lead to emerging material design strategies that could allow clinically acceptable systems to emerge.
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Wu N, Wang L, Xie Y, Du Y, Song Y, Wang L. Double signal ratiometric electrochemical riboflavin sensor based on macroporous carbon/electroactive thionine-contained covalent organic framework. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 608:219-226. [PMID: 34626968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.09.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Riboflavin (RF) is one of the necessary vitamins. If human body lacks RF, it will lead to inflammation and dysfunction of mouth, lips and skin. Thus sensitive and accurate determination of RF is necessary. Here, an electroactive covalent-organic framework nanobelt (COFTFPB-Thi) with thickness of 1.4 nm was prepared by amine-aldehyde condensation reaction between thionine and 1, 3, 5-tris (p-formylphenyl) benzene, which was then grown vertically on three-dimensional porous carbon derived from kenaf stem (3D-KSC) for double signal ratiometric electrochemical detection of RF. The resulted 3D-KSC/COFTFPB-Thi showed two reduction peaks at -0.08 V and -0.23 V, which came from the reduction of COFTFPB-Thi and the conjugated structure of COFTFPB-Thi, respectively. In the presence of RF, those RF molecules near the electrode surface were oxidized at 0.6 V. Then some oxidized RF (RFox) adsorbed on COFTFPB-Thi would oxidize COFTFPB-Thi into COFTFPB-Thi(ox) while other RFox adsorbed on 3D-KSC kept unchanged. When the potential was scanned from 0.6 V to -0.6 V, both COFTFPB-Thi(ox) and RFox adsorbed on 3D-KSC were reduced at -0.08 V and -0.45 V accordingly, while the reduction peak of -0.23 V of the conjugated structure of COFTFPB-Thi kept constant. When j-0.45/j-0.23 was used as the response signal, the detection limit was 44 nM and the linear range was 0.13 μM -0.23 mM. By using j-0.08/j-0.23 as the response signal, a detection limit of 90 nM and a linear range of 0.30 μM-0.23 mM (S/N = 3) were obtained. By using double signals, the measurement results can be corrected to make the results more accurate and reliable. The sensor also showed good selectivity, reproducibility and stability, which provided a good application prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Linyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Yi Xie
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Yan Du
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China.
| | - Yonghai Song
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China.
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Pusta A, Tertiș M, Cristea C, Mirel S. Wearable Sensors for the Detection of Biomarkers for Wound Infection. BIOSENSORS 2021; 12:1. [PMID: 35049629 PMCID: PMC8773884 DOI: 10.3390/bios12010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Infection represents a major complication that can affect wound healing in any type of wound, especially in chronic ones. There are currently certain limitations to the methods that are used for establishing a clinical diagnosis of wound infection. Thus, new, rapid and easy-to-use strategies for wound infection diagnosis need to be developed. To this aim, wearable sensors for infection diagnosis have been recently developed. These sensors are incorporated into the wound dressings that are used to treat and protect the wound, and are able to detect certain biomarkers that can be correlated with the presence of wound infection. Among these biomarkers, the most commonly used ones are pH and uric acid, but a plethora of others (lactic acid, oxygenation, inflammatory mediators, bacteria metabolites or bacteria) have also been detected using wearable sensors. In this work, an overview of the main types of wearable sensors for wound infection detection will be provided. These sensors will be divided into electrochemical, colorimetric and fluorimetric sensors and the examples will be presented and discussed comparatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Pusta
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 4 Louis Pasteur Street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.P.); (M.T.)
- Department of Medical Devices, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 4 Louis Pasteur Street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Mihaela Tertiș
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 4 Louis Pasteur Street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.P.); (M.T.)
| | - Cecilia Cristea
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 4 Louis Pasteur Street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.P.); (M.T.)
| | - Simona Mirel
- Department of Medical Devices, Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 4 Louis Pasteur Street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
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Filoni C, Shirzadi B, Menegazzo M, Martinelli E, Di Natale C, Li Bassi A, Magagnin L, Duò L, Bussetti G. Compared EC-AFM Analysis of Laser-Induced Graphene and Graphite Electrodes in Sulfuric Acid Electrolyte. Molecules 2021; 26:7333. [PMID: 34885914 PMCID: PMC8659228 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Flexible and economic sensor devices are the focus of increasing interest for their potential and wide applications in medicine, food analysis, pollution, water quality, etc. In these areas, the possibility of using stable, reproducible, and pocket devices can simplify the acquisition of data. Among recent prototypes, sensors based on laser-induced graphene (LIGE) on Kapton represent a feasible choice. In particular, LIGE devices are also exploited as electrodes for sensing in liquids. Despite a characterization with electrochemical (EC) methods in the literature, a closer comparison with traditional graphite electrodes is still missing. In this study, we combine atomic force microscopy with an EC cell (EC-AFM) to study, in situ, electrode oxidation reactions when LIGE or other graphite samples are used as anodes inside an acid electrolyte. This investigation shows the quality and performance of the LIGE electrode with respect to other samples. Finally, an ex situ Raman spectroscopy analysis allows a detailed chemical analysis of the employed electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Filoni
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, p.za Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milan, Italy; (B.S.); (M.M.); (L.D.); (G.B.)
| | - Bahram Shirzadi
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, p.za Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milan, Italy; (B.S.); (M.M.); (L.D.); (G.B.)
| | - Marco Menegazzo
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, p.za Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milan, Italy; (B.S.); (M.M.); (L.D.); (G.B.)
| | - Eugenio Martinelli
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, v. del Politecnico, I-00133 Rome, Italy; (E.M.); (C.D.N.)
| | - Corrado Di Natale
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, v. del Politecnico, I-00133 Rome, Italy; (E.M.); (C.D.N.)
| | - Andrea Li Bassi
- Department of Energy, Politecnico di Milano, v. Ponzio 34/3, I-20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Luca Magagnin
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, v. Mancinelli 7, I-20131 Milan, Italy;
| | - Lamberto Duò
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, p.za Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milan, Italy; (B.S.); (M.M.); (L.D.); (G.B.)
| | - Gianlorenzo Bussetti
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, p.za Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milan, Italy; (B.S.); (M.M.); (L.D.); (G.B.)
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Yu R, Zhang H, Guo B. Conductive Biomaterials as Bioactive Wound Dressing for Wound Healing and Skin Tissue Engineering. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2021; 14:1. [PMID: 34859323 PMCID: PMC8639891 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-021-00751-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Conductive biomaterials based on conductive polymers, carbon nanomaterials, or conductive inorganic nanomaterials demonstrate great potential in wound healing and skin tissue engineering, owing to the similar conductivity to human skin, good antioxidant and antibacterial activities, electrically controlled drug delivery, and photothermal effect. However, a review highlights the design and application of conductive biomaterials for wound healing and skin tissue engineering is lacking. In this review, the design and fabrication methods of conductive biomaterials with various structural forms including film, nanofiber, membrane, hydrogel, sponge, foam, and acellular dermal matrix for applications in wound healing and skin tissue engineering and the corresponding mechanism in promoting the healing process were summarized. The approaches that conductive biomaterials realize their great value in healing wounds via three main strategies (electrotherapy, wound dressing, and wound assessment) were reviewed. The application of conductive biomaterials as wound dressing when facing different wounds including acute wound and chronic wound (infected wound and diabetic wound) and for wound monitoring is discussed in detail. The challenges and perspectives in designing and developing multifunctional conductive biomaterials are proposed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Hualei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Baolin Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China.
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