1
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D’Altri G, Yeasmin L, Di Matteo V, Scurti S, Giovagnoli A, Di Filippo MF, Gualandi I, Cassani MC, Caretti D, Panzavolta S, Scavetta E, Rea M, Ballarin B. Preparation and Characterization of Self-Healing PVA-H 2SO 4 Hydrogel for Flexible Energy Storage. ACS Omega 2024; 9:6391-6402. [PMID: 38371784 PMCID: PMC10870281 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
In the past decade, hydrogels have attracted growing interest for emerging applications in flexible electronic devices, human-machine interactions, energy supply, or energy storage. Developing a multifunctional gel architecture with superior ionic conductivity and good mechanical flexibility is a bottleneck to overcome. Herein, poly(vinyl alcohol)/sulfuric acid (PVA-H2SO4) hydrogels were prepared via a freeze-thaw method. With the aim of tuning the formulation in view of a possible application in energy storage, the effects of different combinations in terms of the molecular weight (MW) of PVA and PVA-H2SO4 weight ratio were investigated. Moreover, exploiting the self-healing properties of these hydrogels and the easy possibility of functionalizing them, i.e., introducing a conducting polymer such as poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane) sulfonic acid doped polyaniline (PANI_PAMPSA), a sandwiched all-in-one double-layer hydrogel (electrode/electrolyte configuration) was prepared (PVA-H2SO4-PANI_PAMPSA/PVA-H2SO4). Results showed that the water content is independent of the PVA amount and MW; the polymer concentration has a significant effect on the formation of crystalline domains and therefore on swelling degree, whereas the cross-linking degree depends on the MW. The PVA MW has the maximum effect on the swelling percentage normalized with respect to the polymer fraction and the tensile properties of the hydrogel. The assembled all-in-one electrode/electrolyte shows promising ionic conductivity (439.7 mS cm-1) and specific capacitance performance (0.297 mF cm-2 at a current density of 0.025 mA cm-2), as well as excellent flexibility and considerable self-healing properties. These results will promote the development of self-healing symmetrical supercapacitors for storage devices in wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada D’Altri
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Via Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Lamyea Yeasmin
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Via Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
- Politecnico
di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, I-10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Valentina Di Matteo
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Via Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Scurti
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Via Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Angelica Giovagnoli
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Via Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Isacco Gualandi
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Via Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
- Center
for Industrial Research−Advanced Applications in Mechanical
Engineering and Materials Technology—CIRI MAM, University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 2, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Cassani
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Via Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
- Center
for Industrial Research−Advanced Applications in Mechanical
Engineering and Materials Technology—CIRI MAM, University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 2, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
- Consorzio
INSTM, Via G. Giusti,
9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Daniele Caretti
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Via Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
- Center
for Industrial Research−Advanced Applications in Mechanical
Engineering and Materials Technology—CIRI MAM, University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 2, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Panzavolta
- Department
of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Erika Scavetta
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Via Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
- Consorzio
INSTM, Via G. Giusti,
9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Mariangela Rea
- Department
of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Ballarin
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Via Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
- Center
for Industrial Research−Advanced Applications in Mechanical
Engineering and Materials Technology—CIRI MAM, University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 2, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
- Center
for Industrial Research−Fonti Rinnovabili, Ambiente, Mare e
Energia—CIRI FRAME, University of
Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 2, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
- Consorzio
INSTM, Via G. Giusti,
9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
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2
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Mariani F, Decataldo F, Bonafè F, Tessarolo M, Cramer T, Gualandi I, Fraboni B, Scavetta E. High-Endurance Long-Term Potentiation in Neuromorphic Organic Electrochemical Transistors by PEDOT:PSS Electrochemical Polymerization on the Gate Electrode. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023. [PMID: 37966461 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
The brain exhibits extraordinary information processing capabilities thanks to neural networks that can operate in parallel with minimal energy consumption. Memory and learning require the creation of new neural networks through the long-term modification of the structure of the synapses, a phenomenon called long-term plasticity. Here, we use an organic electrochemical transistor to simulate long-term potentiation and depotentiation processes. Similarly to what happens in a synapse, the polymerization of the 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) on the gate electrode modifies the structure of the device and boosts the ability of the gate potential to modify the conductivity of the channel. Operando AFM measurements were carried out to demonstrate the correlation between neuromorphic behavior and modification of the gate electrode. Long-term enhancement depends on both the number of pulses used and the gate potential, which generates long-term potentiation when a threshold of +0.7 V is overcome. Long-term depotentiation occurs by applying a +3.0 V potential and exploits the overoxidation of the deposited PEDOT:PSS. The induced states are stable for at least 2 months. The developed device shows very interesting characteristics in the field of neuromorphic electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Mariani
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Decataldo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Filippo Bonafè
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marta Tessarolo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Tobias Cramer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Isacco Gualandi
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Beatrice Fraboni
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Erika Scavetta
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
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3
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Ragazzini I, Gualandi I, D'Altri G, Di Matteo V, Yeasmin L, Cassani MC, Scavetta E, Bernardi E, Ballarin B. Polyaniline/poly (2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid) modified cellulose as promising material for sensors design. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 316:121079. [PMID: 37321752 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A material based on cellulose coated with polyaniline/poly (2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid) (Cell/PANI-PAMPSA) was synthesized in a simple way starting from cellulose fibres, aniline and using PAMPSA as dopant. The morphology, mechanical properties, thermal stability, and electrical conductivity were investigated by means of several complementary techniques. The obtained results highlight the excellent features of the Cell/PANI-PAMPSA composite with respect to the Cell/PANI one. Based on the promising performance of this material, novel device functions and wearable applications have been tested. We focused on its possible single use as: i) humidity sensors and ii) disposable biomedical sensors to provide immediate diagnostic services as close to the patient as possible for heart rate or respiration activity monitoring. To our knowledge, this is the first time that Cell/PANI-PAMPSA system has been used for such applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ragazzini
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", Bologna University, UdR INSTM of Bologna, Via Risorgimento 4, I-40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - I Gualandi
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", Bologna University, UdR INSTM of Bologna, Via Risorgimento 4, I-40136, Bologna, Italy; Center for Industrial Research-Fonti Rinnovabili, Ambiente, Mare e Energia CIRI FRAME University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 2, I-40136 Bologna, Italy.
| | - G D'Altri
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", Bologna University, UdR INSTM of Bologna, Via Risorgimento 4, I-40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - V Di Matteo
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", Bologna University, UdR INSTM of Bologna, Via Risorgimento 4, I-40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - L Yeasmin
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", Bologna University, UdR INSTM of Bologna, Via Risorgimento 4, I-40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - M C Cassani
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", Bologna University, UdR INSTM of Bologna, Via Risorgimento 4, I-40136, Bologna, Italy; Center for Industrial Research-Advanced Applications in Mechanical Engineering and Materials Technology CIRI MAM University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 2, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - E Scavetta
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", Bologna University, UdR INSTM of Bologna, Via Risorgimento 4, I-40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - E Bernardi
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", Bologna University, UdR INSTM of Bologna, Via Risorgimento 4, I-40136, Bologna, Italy; Center for Industrial Research-Fonti Rinnovabili, Ambiente, Mare e Energia CIRI FRAME University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 2, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - B Ballarin
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", Bologna University, UdR INSTM of Bologna, Via Risorgimento 4, I-40136, Bologna, Italy; Center for Industrial Research-Advanced Applications in Mechanical Engineering and Materials Technology CIRI MAM University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 2, I-40136 Bologna, Italy; Center for Industrial Research-Fonti Rinnovabili, Ambiente, Mare e Energia CIRI FRAME University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 2, I-40136 Bologna, Italy.
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4
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Tonelli D, Gualandi I, Scavetta E, Mariani F. Focus Review on Nanomaterial-Based Electrochemical Sensing of Glucose for Health Applications. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:1883. [PMID: 37368313 DOI: 10.3390/nano13121883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes management can be considered the first paradigm of modern personalized medicine. An overview of the most relevant advancements in glucose sensing achieved in the last 5 years is presented. In particular, devices exploiting both consolidated and innovative electrochemical sensing strategies, based on nanomaterials, have been described, taking into account their performances, advantages and limitations, when applied for the glucose analysis in blood and serum samples, urine, as well as in less conventional biological fluids. The routine measurement is still largely based on the finger-pricking method, which is usually considered unpleasant. In alternative, glucose continuous monitoring relies on electrochemical sensing in the interstitial fluid, using implanted electrodes. Due to the invasive nature of such devices, further investigations have been carried out in order to develop less invasive sensors that can operate in sweat, tears or wound exudates. Thanks to their unique features, nanomaterials have been successfully applied for the development of both enzymatic and non-enzymatic glucose sensors, which are compliant with the specific needs of the most advanced applications, such as flexible and deformable systems capable of conforming to skin or eyes, in order to produce reliable medical devices operating at the point of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenica Tonelli
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Isacco Gualandi
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Erika Scavetta
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Mariani
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
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5
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Serafini M, Mariani F, Basile F, Scavetta E, Tonelli D. From Traditional to New Benchmark Catalysts for CO 2 Electroreduction. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:nano13111723. [PMID: 37299627 DOI: 10.3390/nano13111723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the last century, conventional strategies pursued to reduce or convert CO2 have shown limitations and, consequently, have been pushing the development of innovative routes. Among them, great efforts have been made in the field of heterogeneous electrochemical CO2 conversion, which boasts the use of mild operative conditions, compatibility with renewable energy sources, and high versatility from an industrial point of view. Indeed, since the pioneering studies of Hori and co-workers, a wide range of electrocatalysts have been designed. Starting from the performances achieved using traditional bulk metal electrodes, advanced nanostructured and multi-phase materials are currently being studied with the main goal of overcoming the high overpotentials usually required for the obtainment of reduction products in substantial amounts. This review reports the most relevant examples of metal-based, nanostructured electrocatalysts proposed in the literature during the last 40 years. Moreover, the benchmark materials are identified and the most promising strategies towards the selective conversion to high-added-value chemicals with superior productivities are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Serafini
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
- Center for Chemical Catalysis-C3, University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Mariani
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
- Center for Chemical Catalysis-C3, University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Basile
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
- Center for Chemical Catalysis-C3, University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Erika Scavetta
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
- Center for Chemical Catalysis-C3, University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Domenica Tonelli
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
- Center for Chemical Catalysis-C3, University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
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Arcangeli D, Gualandi I, Mariani F, Tessarolo M, Ceccardi F, Decataldo F, Melandri F, Tonelli D, Fraboni B, Scavetta E. Smart Bandaid Integrated with Fully Textile OECT for Uric Acid Real-Time Monitoring in Wound Exudate. ACS Sens 2023; 8:1593-1608. [PMID: 36929744 PMCID: PMC10152490 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c02728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Hard-to-heal wounds (i.e., severe and/or chronic) are typically associated with particular pathologies or afflictions such as diabetes, immunodeficiencies, compression traumas in bedridden people, skin grafts, or third-degree burns. In this situation, it is critical to constantly monitor the healing stages and the overall wound conditions to allow for better-targeted therapies and faster patient recovery. At the moment, this operation is performed by removing the bandages and visually inspecting the wound, putting the patient at risk of infection and disturbing the healing stages. Recently, new devices have been developed to address these issues by monitoring important biomarkers related to the wound health status, such as pH, moisture, etc. In this contribution, we present a novel textile chemical sensor exploiting an organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) configuration based on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) for uric acid (UA)-selective monitoring in wound exudate. The combination of special medical-grade textile materials provides a passive sampling system that enables the real-time and non-invasive analysis of wound fluid: UA was detected as a benchmark analyte to monitor the health status of wounds since it represents a relevant biomarker associated with infections or necrotization processes in human tissues. The sensors proved to reliably and reversibly detect UA concentration in synthetic wound exudate in the biologically relevant range of 220-750 μM, operating in flow conditions for better mimicking the real wound bed. This forerunner device paves the way for smart bandages integrated with real-time monitoring OECT-based sensors for wound-healing evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Arcangeli
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Isacco Gualandi
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Mariani
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marta Tessarolo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy "Augusto Righi", University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Ceccardi
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Decataldo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy "Augusto Righi", University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Federico Melandri
- Plastod S.p.A., Via Walter Masetti 7, Calderara di Reno, 40012 Bologna, Italy
| | - Domenica Tonelli
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Beatrice Fraboni
- Department of Physics and Astronomy "Augusto Righi", University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Erika Scavetta
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
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7
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Ragazzini I, Castagnoli R, Gualandi I, Cassani MC, Nanni D, Gambassi F, Scavetta E, Bernardi E, Ballarin B. A resistive sensor for humidity detection based on cellulose/polyaniline. RSC Adv 2022; 12:28217-28226. [PMID: 36320282 PMCID: PMC9530799 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03982f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Ambient humidity is an important parameter that affects the manufacturing and storage of several industrial and agricultural goods. In the view of the Internet of Things (IoT), single sensors could be associated with an object for smart monitoring enabling optimum conditions to be maintained. Nevertheless, the production of cost-effective humidity sensors for indoor and outdoor environmental monitoring currently represents the main bottleneck in the development of this technology. Herein we report the results obtained with sensors exclusively made of cellulose and polyaniline (cell/PANI) under strictly controlled relative humidity (30–50 RH%) and temperature (21 ± 1 °C) achieved with a climatic chamber that simulates the conditions of indoor air humidity, and at different RH% in a lab test chamber set-up. Cell/PANI sensors, prepared with a simple, inexpensive, and easily scalable industrial paper process, show a linear trend with a slope of 1.41 μA RH%−1 and a percentage of sensitivity of 13%. Response time as well as percentage of sensitivity results are similar to those of a commercial digital-output relative humidity and temperature sensor (DHT22) employed in parallel for comparison. The commercial sensor DHT22 has a sensitivity of 14%. This low-cost sensor has potential applications in agriculture, food monitoring, and medical and industrial environments as a disposable sensor for humidity detection. Preparation of highly conductive polyaniline-coated cellulose sheets for the fabrication of humidity sensors via a simple, inexpensive, and robust method. These sensors show a linear, rapid, and reliable response for humidity cycling.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Ragazzini
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, Bologna University, UdR INSTM BolognaVia Risorgimento 4I-40136BolognaItaly+390512093704+390512093386
| | - Riccardo Castagnoli
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, Bologna University, UdR INSTM BolognaVia Risorgimento 4I-40136BolognaItaly+390512093704+390512093386
| | - Isacco Gualandi
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, Bologna University, UdR INSTM BolognaVia Risorgimento 4I-40136BolognaItaly+390512093704+390512093386,Center for Industrial Research-Advanced Applications in Mechanical Engineering and Materials Technology CIRI MAM University of BolognaViale del Risorgimento 2I-40136 BolognaItaly,Center for Industrial Research-Fonti Rinnovabili, Ambiente, Mare e Energia CIRI FRAME University of BolognaViale del Risorgimento 2I-40136 BolognaItaly
| | - Maria Cristina Cassani
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, Bologna University, UdR INSTM BolognaVia Risorgimento 4I-40136BolognaItaly+390512093704+390512093386,Center for Industrial Research-Advanced Applications in Mechanical Engineering and Materials Technology CIRI MAM University of BolognaViale del Risorgimento 2I-40136 BolognaItaly
| | - Daniele Nanni
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, Bologna University, UdR INSTM BolognaVia Risorgimento 4I-40136BolognaItaly+390512093704+390512093386
| | - Francesca Gambassi
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, Bologna University, UdR INSTM BolognaVia Risorgimento 4I-40136BolognaItaly+390512093704+390512093386
| | - Erika Scavetta
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, Bologna University, UdR INSTM BolognaVia Risorgimento 4I-40136BolognaItaly+390512093704+390512093386,Center for Industrial Research-Advanced Applications in Mechanical Engineering and Materials Technology CIRI MAM University of BolognaViale del Risorgimento 2I-40136 BolognaItaly,Center for Industrial Research-Fonti Rinnovabili, Ambiente, Mare e Energia CIRI FRAME University of BolognaViale del Risorgimento 2I-40136 BolognaItaly
| | - Elena Bernardi
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, Bologna University, UdR INSTM BolognaVia Risorgimento 4I-40136BolognaItaly+390512093704+390512093386,Center for Industrial Research-Fonti Rinnovabili, Ambiente, Mare e Energia CIRI FRAME University of BolognaViale del Risorgimento 2I-40136 BolognaItaly
| | - Barbara Ballarin
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, Bologna University, UdR INSTM BolognaVia Risorgimento 4I-40136BolognaItaly+390512093704+390512093386,Center for Industrial Research-Advanced Applications in Mechanical Engineering and Materials Technology CIRI MAM University of BolognaViale del Risorgimento 2I-40136 BolognaItaly,Center for Industrial Research-Fonti Rinnovabili, Ambiente, Mare e Energia CIRI FRAME University of BolognaViale del Risorgimento 2I-40136 BolognaItaly
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8
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Cingolani A, Olivieri D, Messori A, Cesari C, Zanotti V, Zacchini S, Gualandi I, Scavetta E, Mariani F, Tonelli D, Mazzoni R. Electrochemical Polymerisation of Newly Synthesised 3,4-Ethylene Dioxythiophene-N-Heterocyclic Carbene Iron Complexes and Application as Redox Mediators. Inorganica Chim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2022.121138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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9
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Serafini M, Mariani F, Fasolini A, Scavetta E, Basile F, Tonelli D. Nanostructured Copper-Based Electrodes Electrochemically Synthesized on a Carbonaceous Gas Diffusion Membrane with Catalytic Activity for the Electroreduction of CO 2. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:57451-57461. [PMID: 34825818 PMCID: PMC8662620 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c18844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, four different 4 cm2-sized nanostructured Cu-based electrocatalysts have been designed by a one-step electrodeposition process of Cu metal on a three-dimensional carbonaceous membrane. One consisted of Cu0, and the other three were obtained by further simple oxidative treatments. Morphological, structural, and electrochemical investigations on the four materials were carried out by scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, linear sweep voltammetry, and potential-controlled electrolysis. All the electrocatalysts showed promising catalytic activities toward CO2 electroreduction in liquid phase, with a remarkable selectivity toward acetic acid achieved when using the oxidized materials. In particular, the best electrocatalytic activity was observed for the Cu2O-Cu0 catalyst, working at a relatively low potential (-0.4 V vs RHE), which exhibited a stable and low current density of 0.46 mA cm-2 and a productivity of 308 μmol gcat-1 h-1. These results were attributed to the nanostructured morphology that is characterized by many void spaces and by a high surface area, which should guarantee a large number of CuI and Cu0 catalytic active sites. Moreover, kinetic analyses and preliminary studies about catalyst regeneration highlighted the stability of the best-performing catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Serafini
- Department of Industrial
Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento, 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Mariani
- Department of Industrial
Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento, 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Fasolini
- Department of Industrial
Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento, 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Erika Scavetta
- Department of Industrial
Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento, 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Basile
- Department of Industrial
Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento, 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Domenica Tonelli
- Department of Industrial
Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento, 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
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10
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Mariani F, Serafini M, Gualandi I, Arcangeli D, Decataldo F, Possanzini L, Tessarolo M, Tonelli D, Fraboni B, Scavetta E. Advanced Wound Dressing for Real-Time pH Monitoring. ACS Sens 2021; 6:2366-2377. [PMID: 34076430 PMCID: PMC8294608 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c00552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The rapid evolution of wearable technologies is giving rise to a strong push for textile chemical sensors design targeting the real-time collection of vital parameters for improved healthcare. Among the most promising applications, monitoring of nonhealing wounds is a scarcely explored medical field that still lacks quantitative tools for the management of the healing process. In this work, a smart bandage is developed for the real-time monitoring of wound pH, which has been reported to correlate with the healing stages, thus potentially giving direct access to the wound status without disturbing the wound bed. The fully textile device is realized by integrating a sensing layer, including the two-terminal pH sensor made of a semiconducting polymer and iridium oxide particles, and an absorbent layer ensuring the delivery of a continuous wound exudate flow across the sensor area. The two-terminal sensor exhibits a reversible response with a sensitivity of (59 ± 4) μA pH-1 in the medically relevant pH range for wound monitoring (pH 6-9), and its performance is not substantially affected either by the presence of the most common chemical interferents or by temperature gradients from 22 to 40 °C. Thanks to the robust sensing mechanism based on potentiometric transduction and the simple device geometry, the fully assembled smart bandage was successfully validated in flow analysis using synthetic wound exudate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Mariani
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Martina Serafini
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Isacco Gualandi
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Danilo Arcangeli
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Decataldo
- Dipartimento
di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Possanzini
- Dipartimento
di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marta Tessarolo
- Dipartimento
di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Domenica Tonelli
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Beatrice Fraboni
- Dipartimento
di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Erika Scavetta
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
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11
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Gualandi I, Tessarolo M, Mariani F, Possanzini L, Scavetta E, Fraboni B. Textile Chemical Sensors Based on Conductive Polymers for the Analysis of Sweat. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:894. [PMID: 33799437 PMCID: PMC8000821 DOI: 10.3390/polym13060894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Wearable textile chemical sensors are promising devices due to the potential applications in medicine, sports activities and occupational safety and health. Reaching the maturity required for commercialization is a technology challenge that mainly involves material science because these sensors should be adapted to flexible and light-weight substrates to preserve the comfort of the wearer. Conductive polymers (CPs) are a fascinating solution to meet this demand, as they exhibit the mechanical properties of polymers, with an electrical conductivity typical of semiconductors. Moreover, their biocompatibility makes them promising candidates for effectively interfacing the human body. In particular, sweat analysis is very attractive to wearable technologies as perspiration is a naturally occurring process and sweat can be sampled non-invasively and continuously over time. This review discusses the role of CPs in the development of textile electrochemical sensors specifically designed for real-time sweat monitoring and the main challenges related to this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isacco Gualandi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale ‘Toso Montanari’, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Marta Tessarolo
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (M.T.); (L.P.); (B.F.)
| | - Federica Mariani
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale ‘Toso Montanari’, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Luca Possanzini
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (M.T.); (L.P.); (B.F.)
| | - Erika Scavetta
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale ‘Toso Montanari’, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Beatrice Fraboni
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (M.T.); (L.P.); (B.F.)
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12
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Tonelli D, Gualandi I, Musella E, Scavetta E. Synthesis and Characterization of Layered Double Hydroxides as Materials for Electrocatalytic Applications. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2021; 11:725. [PMID: 33805722 PMCID: PMC8000615 DOI: 10.3390/nano11030725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are anionic clays which have found applications in a wide range of fields, including electrochemistry. In such a case, to display good performances they should possess electrical conductivity which can be ensured by the presence of metals able to give reversible redox reactions in a proper potential window. The metal centers can act as redox mediators to catalyze reactions for which the required overpotential is too high, and this is a key aspect for the development of processes and devices where the control of charge transfer reactions plays an important role. In order to act as redox mediator, a material can be present in solution or supported on a conductive support. The most commonly used methods to synthesize LDHs, referring both to bulk synthesis and in situ growth methods, which allow for the direct modification of conductive supports, are here summarized. In addition, the most widely used techniques to characterize the LDHs structure and morphology are also reported, since their electrochemical performance is strictly related to these features. Finally, some electrocatalytic applications of LDHs, when synthesized as nanomaterials, are discussed considering those related to sensing, oxygen evolution reaction, and other energy issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenica Tonelli
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (I.G.); (E.M.); (E.S.)
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13
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Musella E, Gualandi I, Ferrari G, Mastroianni D, Scavetta E, Giorgetti M, Migliori A, Christian M, Morandi V, Denecke R, Gazzano M, Tonelli D. Electrosynthesis of Ni/Al layered double hydroxide and reduced graphene oxide composites for the development of hybrid capacitors. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Cingolani A, Gualandi I, Scavetta E, Cesari C, Zacchini S, Tonelli D, Zanotti V, Franchi P, Lucarini M, Sicilia E, Mazzone G, Nanni D, Mazzoni R. Cyclopentadienone–NHC iron(0) complexes as low valent electrocatalysts for water oxidation. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy02329a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Design and application of earth abundant iron based molecular electrocatalysts for water oxidation, an essential challenge for sustainable energy applications.
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15
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Possanzini L, Decataldo F, Mariani F, Gualandi I, Tessarolo M, Scavetta E, Fraboni B. Textile sensors platform for the selective and simultaneous detection of chloride ion and pH in sweat. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17180. [PMID: 33057081 PMCID: PMC7560666 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74337-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of wearable sensors, in particular fully-textile ones, is one of the most interesting open challenges in bioelectronics. Several and significant steps forward have been taken in the last decade in order to achieve a compact, lightweight, cost-effective, and easy to wear platform for healthcare and sport activities real-time monitoring. We have developed a fully textile, multi-thread biosensing platform that can detect different bioanalytes simultaneously without interference, and, as an example, we propose it for testing chloride ions (Cl-) concentration and pH level. The textile sensors are simple threads, based on natural and synthetic fibers, coated with the conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene-sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) and properly functionalized with either a nano-composite material or a chemical sensitive dye to obtain Cl- and pH selective sensing functionality, respectively. The single-thread sensors show excellent sensitivity, reproducibility, selectivity, long term stability and the ability to work with small volumes of solution. The performance of the developed textile devices is demonstrated both in buffer solution and in artificial human perspiration to perform on-demand and point-of-care epidermal fluids analysis. The possibility to easily knit or sew the thread sensors into fabrics opens up a new vision for a textile wearable multi-sensing platform achievable in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Possanzini
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Francesco Decataldo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Mariani
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Isacco Gualandi
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marta Tessarolo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Erika Scavetta
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Beatrice Fraboni
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127, Bologna, Italy
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16
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Ait-Touchente Z, Falah S, Scavetta E, Chehimi MM, Touzani R, Tonelli D, Taleb A. Different Electrochemical Sensor Designs Based on Diazonium Salts and Gold Nanoparticles for Pico Molar Detection of Metals. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25173903. [PMID: 32867096 PMCID: PMC7504431 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a comparison of sensors’ performance of different hybrid nanomaterial architectures modifying an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode surface. Diazonium salts and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were used as building units to design hybrid thin films of successive layers on the ITO electrode surface. Different architectures of hybrid thin films were prepared and characterized with different techniques, such as TEM, FEG-SEM, XPS, and EIS. The prepared electrodes were used to fabricate sensors for heavy metal detection and their performances were investigated using the square wave voltammetry (SWV) method. The comparison of the obtained results shows that the deposition of AuNPs on the ITO surface, and their subsequent functionalization by diazonium salt, is the best performing architecture achieving a high sensitivity in terms of the lower detection limit of pico molar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zouhair Ait-Touchente
- Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, Chimie ParisTech, PSL University-CNRS, 75005 Paris, France; (Z.A.-T.); (S.F.)
| | - Sana Falah
- Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, Chimie ParisTech, PSL University-CNRS, 75005 Paris, France; (Z.A.-T.); (S.F.)
- Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université El Manar, Campus Universitaire El Manar II, Tunis El Manar 2029, Tunisie
| | - Erika Scavetta
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (E.S.); (D.T.)
| | - Mohamed M. Chehimi
- CNRS, ICMPE, UMR 7182, Université Paris Est Créteil, 2-8 rue Dunant, F-94320 Thiais, France;
| | - Rachid Touzani
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry & Environment, Faculty of Science, Mohammed Premier University, Oujda 60000, Morocco;
| | - Domenica Tonelli
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (E.S.); (D.T.)
| | - Abdelhafed Taleb
- Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, Chimie ParisTech, PSL University-CNRS, 75005 Paris, France; (Z.A.-T.); (S.F.)
- Sorbonne université, 4 place Jussieu, 75231 Paris, France
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +33-1-8578-4197
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17
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Mariani F, Quast T, Andronescu C, Gualandi I, Fraboni B, Tonelli D, Scavetta E, Schuhmann W. Needle-type organic electrochemical transistor for spatially resolved detection of dopamine. Mikrochim Acta 2020; 187:378. [PMID: 32518976 PMCID: PMC7283208 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-04352-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the advantages of carbon nanoelectrodes (CNEs) and orgonic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) were merged to realise nanometre-sized, spearhead OECTs based on single- and double-barrel CNEs functionalised with a conducting polymer film. The needle-type OECT shows a high aspect ratio that allows its precise positioning by means of a macroscopic handle and its size is compatible with single-cell analysis. The device was characterised with respect to its electrolyte-gated behaviour and was employed as electrochemical sensor for the proof-of-concept detection of dopamine (DA) over a wide concentration range (10-12-10-6 M). Upon application of fixed drain and gate voltages (Vd = - 0.3 V, Vg = - 0.9 V, respectively), the nano-sized needle-type OECT sensor exhibited a linear response in the low pM range and from 0.002 to 7 μM DA, with a detection limit of 1 × 10-12 M. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Mariani
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Thomas Quast
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Corina Andronescu
- Chemical Technology III, Faculty of Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration (CENIDE), University Duisburg Essen, Carl-Benz-Str. 201, D-47057, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Isacco Gualandi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Beatrice Fraboni
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Domenica Tonelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Erika Scavetta
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany.
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18
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Quast T, Mariani F, Scavetta E, Schuhmann W, Andronescu C. Reduced‐Graphene‐Oxide‐Based Needle‐Type Field‐Effect Transistor for Dopamine Sensing. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202000162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Quast
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES) Faculty for Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr University Bochum 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Federica Mariani
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”Università di Bologna Viale del Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
| | - Erika Scavetta
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”Università di Bologna Viale del Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES) Faculty for Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr University Bochum 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Corina Andronescu
- Chemical Technology III, Faculty of Chemistry and CENIDE – Center for NanointegrationUniversity Duisburg-Essen Carl-Benz-Str. 199 47057 Duisburg Germany
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19
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Musella E, Gualandi I, Scavetta E, Gazzano M, Rivalta A, Venuti E, Christian M, Morandi V, Tonelli D. Electrochemical Approach for the Production of Layered Double Hydroxides with a Well-Defined Co/Me III Ratio. Chemistry 2019; 25:16301-16310. [PMID: 31750577 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have been widely studied for their plethora of fascinating features and applications. The potentiostatic electrodeposition of LDHs has been extensively applied in the literature as a fast and direct method to substitute classical chemical routes. However, the electrochemical approach does not usually allow for a fine control of the MII /MIII ratio in the synthesized material. By employing a recently proposed potentiodynamic method, LDH films of controlled composition are herein prepared with good reproducibility, using different ratios of the trivalent (Fe or Al) to bivalent (Co) cations in the electrolytic solution. All the obtained materials are shown to be effective oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts, and are thoroughly characterized by a multi-technique approach, including FE-SEM, XRD, Raman, AES and a wide range of electrochemical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Musella
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Isacco Gualandi
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Erika Scavetta
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimo Gazzano
- Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, National Research Council, via Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Arianna Rivalta
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Venuti
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Meganne Christian
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, National Research Council, via Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vittorio Morandi
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, National Research Council, via Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Domenica Tonelli
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
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20
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Gualandi I, Tessarolo M, Mariani F, Tonelli D, Fraboni B, Scavetta E. Organic Electrochemical Transistors as Versatile Analytical Potentiometric Sensors. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:354. [PMID: 31824941 PMCID: PMC6882742 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Potentiometric transduction is an important tool of analytical chemistry to record chemical signals, but some constraints in the miniaturization and low-cost fabrication of the reference electrode are a bottleneck in the realization of more-advanced devices such as wearable and lab-on-a-chip sensors. Here, an organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) has been designed with an alternative architecture that allows to record the potentiometric signals of gate electrodes, which have been chemically modified to obtain Ag/AgnX interfaces (X = Cl-, Br-, I-, and S2-), without the use of a reference electrode. When the OECT is immersed in a sample solution, it reaches an equilibrium state, because PEDOT:PSS exchanges charges with the electrolyte until its Fermi level is aligned to the one of Ag/AgnX. The latter is controlled by Xn- concentration in the solution. As a consequence, in this spontaneous process, the conductivity of PEDOT:PSS changes with the electrochemical potential of the modified gate electrode without any external bias. The sensor works by applying only a fixed drain current or drain voltage and thus the OECT sensor operates with just two terminals. It is also demonstrated that, in this configuration, gate potential values extracted from the drain current are in good agreement with the ones measured with respect to a reference electrode being perfectly correlated (linear slope equal to 1.00 ± 0.03). In the case of the sulfide anion, the OECT performance overcomes the limit represented by the Nernst equation, with a sensitivity of 0.52 V decade-1. The presented results suggest that OECTs could be a viable option to fabricate advanced sensors based on potentiometric transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isacco Gualandi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale ‘Toso Montanari’, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marta Tessarolo
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Mariani
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale ‘Toso Montanari’, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Domenica Tonelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale ‘Toso Montanari’, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Beatrice Fraboni
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Erika Scavetta
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale ‘Toso Montanari’, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Mariani F, Conzuelo F, Cramer T, Gualandi I, Possanzini L, Tessarolo M, Fraboni B, Schuhmann W, Scavetta E. Microscopic Determination of Carrier Density and Mobility in Working Organic Electrochemical Transistors. Small 2019; 15:e1902534. [PMID: 31448569 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201902534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of electrochemical and physical phenomena originating the response of electrolyte-gated transistors is crucial for improved handling and design of these devices. However, the lack of suitable tools for direct investigation of microscale effects has hindered the possibility to bridge the gap between experiments and theoretical models. In this contribution, a scanning probe setup is used to explore the operation mechanisms of organic electrochemical transistors by probing the local electrochemical potential of the organic film composing the device channel. Moreover, an interpretative model is developed in order to highlight the meaning of electrochemical doping and to show how the experimental data can give direct access to fundamental device parameters, such as local charge carrier concentration and mobility. This approach is versatile and provides insight into the organic semiconductor/electrolyte interface and useful information for materials characterization, device scaling, and sensing optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Mariani
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Felipe Conzuelo
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Tobias Cramer
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Isacco Gualandi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Possanzini
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marta Tessarolo
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Beatrice Fraboni
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Erika Scavetta
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
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22
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Decataldo F, Cramer T, Martelli D, Gualandi I, Korim WS, Yao ST, Tessarolo M, Murgia M, Scavetta E, Amici R, Fraboni B. Stretchable Low Impedance Electrodes for Bioelectronic Recording from Small Peripheral Nerves. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10598. [PMID: 31332219 PMCID: PMC6646361 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46967-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring of bioelectric signals in peripheral sympathetic nerves of small animal models is crucial to gain understanding of how the autonomic nervous system controls specific body functions related to disease states. Advances in minimally-invasive electrodes for such recordings in chronic conditions rely on electrode materials that show low-impedance ionic/electronic interfaces and elastic mechanical properties compliant with the soft and fragile nerve strands. Here we report a highly stretchable low-impedance electrode realized by microcracked gold films as metallic conductors covered with stretchable conducting polymer composite to facilitate ion-to-electron exchange. The conducting polymer composite based on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) obtains its adhesive, low-impedance properties by controlling thickness, plasticizer content and deposition conditions. Atomic Force Microscopy measurements under strain show that the optimized conducting polymer coating is compliant with the micro-crack mechanics of the underlying Au-layer, necessary to absorb the tensile deformation when the electrodes are stretched. We demonstrate functionality of the stretchable electrodes by performing high quality recordings of renal sympathetic nerve activity under chronic conditions in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tobias Cramer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Davide Martelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences - Physiology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Isacco Gualandi
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Willian S Korim
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Song T Yao
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Marta Tessarolo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mauro Murgia
- Instituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN), Centro Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Erika Scavetta
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto Amici
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences - Physiology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Beatrice Fraboni
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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23
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Mariani F, Gualandi I, Tessarolo M, Fraboni B, Scavetta E. PEDOT: Dye-Based, Flexible Organic Electrochemical Transistor for Highly Sensitive pH Monitoring. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:22474-22484. [PMID: 29883081 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b04970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are bioelectronic devices able to bridge electronic and biological domains with especially high amplification and configurational versatility and thus stand out as promising platforms for healthcare applications and portable sensing technologies. Here, we have optimized the synthesis of two pH-sensitive composites of PEDOT (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)) doped with pH dyes (BTB and MO, i.e., Bromothymol Blue and Methyl Orange, respectively), showing their ability to successfully convert the pH into an electrical signal. The PEDOT:BTB composite, which exhibited the best performance, was used as the gate electrode to develop an OECT sensor for pH monitoring that can reliably operate in a two-fold transduction mode with super-Nernstian sensitivity. When the OECT transconductance is employed as analytical signal, a sensitivity of 93 ± 8 mV pH unit-1 is achieved by successive sampling in aqueous electrolytes. When the detection is carried out by dynamically changing the pH of the same medium, the offset gate voltage of the OECT shifts by (1.1 ± 0.3) × 102 mV pH unit-1. As a further step, the optimized configuration was realized on a PET substrate, and the performance of the resulting flexible OECT was assessed in artificial sweat within a medically relevant pH range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Mariani
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari" , Università di Bologna , Viale Risorgimento 4 , 40136 Bologna , Italy
| | - Isacco Gualandi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari" , Università di Bologna , Viale Risorgimento 4 , 40136 Bologna , Italy
| | - Marta Tessarolo
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia , Università di Bologna , Viale Berti Pichat 6/2 , 40127 Bologna , Italy
| | - Beatrice Fraboni
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia , Università di Bologna , Viale Berti Pichat 6/2 , 40127 Bologna , Italy
| | - Erika Scavetta
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari" , Università di Bologna , Viale Risorgimento 4 , 40136 Bologna , Italy
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Abstract
Three dimensional cell culture systems have witnessed rapid expansion in the fields of tissue engineering and drug testing owing to their inherent ability to mimic native tissue microenvironments. High throughput technologies have also facilitated rapid and reproducible generation of spheroids and subsequently their use as in vitro tissue models in drug screening platforms. However, drug screening technologies are in need of monitoring platforms to study these 3D culture models. In this work we present a novel platform to measure the electrical impedance of 3D spheroids, through the use of a planar organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) and a novel circular-shaped microtrap. A new strategy was generated to overcome incompatibility of the integration of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microdevices with OECT fabrication. The impedance platform for 3D spheroids was tested by using spheroids formed from mono-cultures of fibroblast and epithelial cells, as well as co-culture of the two cell types. We validated the platform by showing its ability to measure the spheroid resistance (Rsph) of the 3D spheroids and differences in Rsph were found to be related to the ion permeability of the spheroid. Additionally, we showed the potential use of the platform for the on-line Rsph monitoring when a co-culture spheroid was exposed to a porogenic agent affecting the integrity of the cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- V F Curto
- Department of Bioelectronics, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, MOC, 880 Avenue de Mimet, Gardanne 13541, France
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Gualandi I, Tonelli D, Mariani F, Scavetta E, Marzocchi M, Fraboni B. Selective detection of dopamine with an all PEDOT:PSS Organic Electrochemical Transistor. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35419. [PMID: 27739467 PMCID: PMC5064404 DOI: 10.1038/srep35419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
An all PEDOT:PSS Organic Electrochemical Transistor (OECT) has been developed and used for the selective detection of dopamine (DA) in the presence of interfering compounds (ascorbic acid, AA and uric acid, UA). The selective response has been implemented using a potentiodynamic approach, by varying the operating gate voltage and the scan rate. The trans-conductance curves allow to obtain a linear calibration plot for AA, UA and DA and to separate the redox waves associated to each compound; for this purpose, the scan rate is an important parameter to achieve a good resolution. The sensitivities and limits of detection obtained with the OECT have been compared with those obtained by potential step amperometric techniques (cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry), employing a PEDOT:PSS working electrode: our results prove that the all-PEDOT:PSS OECT sensitivities and limits of detection are comparable or even better than those obtained by DPV, a technique that employs a sophisticate potential wave and read-out system in order to maximize the performance of electrochemical sensors and that can hardly be considered a viable readout method in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isacco Gualandi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale ‘Toso Montanari’, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Domenica Tonelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale ‘Toso Montanari’, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Mariani
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale ‘Toso Montanari’, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Erika Scavetta
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale ‘Toso Montanari’, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Marzocchi
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Beatrice Fraboni
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
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26
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Scavetta E, Vlamidis Y, Posati T, Nocchetti M, Tonelli D. Effect of the Synthesis Route and Fe Presence on the Redox Activity of Ni in Layered Double Hydroxides. ChemElectroChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Scavetta
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”; University of Bologna; Viale Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
| | - Ylea Vlamidis
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”; University of Bologna; Viale Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
| | - Tamara Posati
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (CNR-ISOF); Via P. Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Morena Nocchetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche; Università di Perugia; Via del Liceo 1 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Domenica Tonelli
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”; University of Bologna; Viale Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
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27
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Vlamidis Y, Fiorilli S, Giorgetti M, Gualandi I, Scavetta E, Tonelli D. Role of Fe in the oxidation of methanol electrocatalyzed by Ni based layered double hydroxides: X-ray spectroscopic and electrochemical studies. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra19192d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ni-based LDHs for methanol direct fuel cells: the presence of Fe in the LDH structure enhances Ni activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ylea Vlamidis
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”
- Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna
- 40136 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Sonia Fiorilli
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia
- Politecnico di Torino
- 10129 Torino
- Italy
| | - Marco Giorgetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”
- Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna
- 40136 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Isacco Gualandi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”
- Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna
- 40136 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Erika Scavetta
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”
- Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna
- 40136 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Domenica Tonelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”
- Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna
- 40136 Bologna
- Italy
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28
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29
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Marzocchi M, Gualandi I, Calienni M, Zironi I, Scavetta E, Castellani G, Fraboni B. Physical and Electrochemical Properties of PEDOT:PSS as a Tool for Controlling Cell Growth. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2015; 7:17993-18003. [PMID: 26208175 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b04768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Conducting polymers are promising materials for tissue engineering applications, since they can both provide a biocompatible scaffold for physical support of living cells, and transmit electrical and mechanical stimuli thanks to their electrical conductivity and reversible doping. In this work, thin films of one of the most promising materials for bioelectronics applications, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrenesulfonate) ( PEDOT PSS), are prepared using two different techniques, spin coating and electrochemical polymerization, and their oxidation state is subsequently changed electrochemically with the application of an external bias. The electrochemical properties of these different types of PEDOT PSS are studied through cyclic voltammetry and spectrophotometry to assess the effectiveness of the oxidation process and its stability over time. Their surface physical properties and their dependence on the redox state of PEDOT PSS are investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM), water contact angle goniometry and sheet resistance measurements. Finally, human glioblastoma multiforme cells (T98G) and primary human dermal fibroblasts (hDF) are cultured on PEDOT PSS films with different oxidation states, finding that the effect of the substrate on the cell growth rate is strongly cell-dependent: T98G growth is enhanced by the reduced samples, while hDF growth is more effective only on the oxidized substrates that show a strong chemical interaction with the cell culture medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Marzocchi
- †Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, viale Berti-Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Isacco Gualandi
- †Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, viale Berti-Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Calienni
- †Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, viale Berti-Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Isabella Zironi
- †Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, viale Berti-Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Erika Scavetta
- ‡Department of Industrial Chemistry, University of Bologna, viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Gastone Castellani
- †Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, viale Berti-Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Beatrice Fraboni
- †Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, viale Berti-Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
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30
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Gualandi I, Scavetta E, Vlamidis Y, Casagrande A, Tonelli D. Co/Al layered double hydroxide coated electrode for in flow amperometric detection of sugars. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.04.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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31
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Gualandi I, Monti M, Scavetta E, Tonelli D, Prevot V, Mousty C. Electrodeposition of Layered Double Hydroxides on platinum: Insights into the reactions sequence. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.11.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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32
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Gualandi I, Marzocchi M, Scavetta E, Calienni M, Bonfiglio A, Fraboni B. A simple all-PEDOT:PSS electrochemical transistor for ascorbic acid sensing. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:6753-6762. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tb00916b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An all-PEDOT:PSS electrochemical transistor was used to detect ascorbic acid, which is an excellent platform for developing chemical sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Gualandi
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia
- Università di Bologna
- Bologna
- Italy
| | - M. Marzocchi
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia
- Università di Bologna
- Bologna
- Italy
| | - E. Scavetta
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale Toso Montanari
- Università di Bologna
- Bologna
- Italy
| | - M. Calienni
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia
- Università di Bologna
- Bologna
- Italy
| | - A. Bonfiglio
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica ed Elettronica
- Università di Cagliari
- Cagliari
- Italy
| | - B. Fraboni
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia
- Università di Bologna
- Bologna
- Italy
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33
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Benito P, de Nolf W, Nuyts G, Monti M, Fornasari G, Basile F, Janssens K, Ospitali F, Scavetta E, Tonelli D, Vaccari A. Role of Coating-Metallic Support Interaction in the Properties of Electrosynthesized Rh-Based Structured Catalysts. ACS Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/cs501079k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Benito
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, ALMA MATER STUDIORUM -Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Wout de Nolf
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gert Nuyts
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marco Monti
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, ALMA MATER STUDIORUM -Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Fornasari
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, ALMA MATER STUDIORUM -Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Basile
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, ALMA MATER STUDIORUM -Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Koen Janssens
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Francesca Ospitali
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, ALMA MATER STUDIORUM -Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Erika Scavetta
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, ALMA MATER STUDIORUM -Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Domenica Tonelli
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, ALMA MATER STUDIORUM -Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Angelo Vaccari
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, ALMA MATER STUDIORUM -Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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34
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Scavetta E, Casagrande A, Gualandi I, Tonelli D. Analytical performances of Ni LDH films electrochemically deposited on Pt surfaces: Phenol and glucose detection. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2014.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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35
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Scavetta E, Mazzoni R, Mariani F, Margutta RG, Bonfiglio A, Demelas M, Fiorilli S, Marzocchi M, Fraboni B. Dopamine amperometric detection at a ferrocene clicked PEDOT:PSS coated electrode. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:2861-2867. [PMID: 32261480 DOI: 10.1039/c4tb00169a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemically modified electrodes are widely employed in electroanalytical chemistry and an important goal is to strongly anchor redox mediators on the electrode surface. In this work, indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes have been coated with PEDOT:PSS that has been ferrocene-functionalized, by a two-step procedure consisting of the electrodeposition of PEDOT-N3 followed by copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition of ethynylferrocene. The coated electrodes have been characterized by XPS, showing successful ferrocene immobilization, by AFM, and by cyclic voltammetry (CV), which is dominated by the stable and highly reversible response of ferrocene. The electrocatalytical performance of the device is assessed by analyzing 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl ethylamine, also commonly known as dopamine (DA). The sensor presents a linear range between 0.01 and 0.9 mM, a mean sensitivity of 196 mA M-1 cm-2 and a limit of detection (LoD) of 1 µM.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Scavetta
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale 'Toso Montanari', Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
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36
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Scavetta E, Mignani A, Tonelli D, Impellizzeri G, Romano L, Bongiorno C, Fraboni B, Grimaldi M. Nanoporous Ge coated by Au nanoparticles for electrochemical application. Electrochem commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2013.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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37
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Tonelli D, Scavetta E, Giorgetti M. Layered-double-hydroxide-modified electrodes: electroanalytical applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 405:603-14. [PMID: 23224573 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6586-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 11/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional inorganic solids, such as layered double hydroxides (LDHs), also defined as anionic clays, have open structures and unique anion-exchange properties which make them very appropriate materials for the immobilization of anions and biomolecules that often bear an overall negative charge. This review aims to describe the important aspects and new developments of electrochemical sensors and biosensors based on LDHs, evidencing the research from our own laboratory and other groups. It is intended to provide an overview of the various types of chemically modified electrodes that have been developed with these 2D layered materials, along with the significant advances made over the last several years. In particular, we report the main methods used for the deposition of LDH films on different substrates, the conductive properties of these materials, the possibility to use them in the development of membranes for potentiometric anion analysis, the early analytical applications of chemically modified electrodes based on the ability of LDHs to preconcentrate redox-active anions and finally the most recent applications exploiting their electrocatalytic properties. Another promising application field of LDHs, when they are employed as host structures for enzymes, is biosensing, which is described considering glucose as an example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenica Tonelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale Toso Montanari, Università degli Studi di Bologna, INSTM, UdR Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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Benito P, Monti M, Bersani I, Basile F, Fornasari G, Scavetta E, Tonelli D, Vaccari A. Coating of FeCrAlloy foam with Rh catalysts: Optimization of electrosynthesis parameters and catalyst composition. Catal Today 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2012.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Ballarin B, Mignani A, Scavetta E, Giorgetti M, Tonelli D, Boanini E, Mousty C, Prevot V. Synthesis route to supported gold nanoparticle layered double hydroxides as efficient catalysts in the electrooxidation of methanol. Langmuir 2012; 28:15065-15074. [PMID: 23025480 DOI: 10.1021/la302938t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This work describes a new one-step method for the preparation of AuNP/LDH nanocomposites via the polyol route. The novelty of this facile, simple synthesis is the absence of additional reactants such as reductive agents or stabilizer, which gives the possibility to obtain phase-pure systems free of undesiderable effect. The AuNP formation is confirmed by SEM, TEM, PXRD, and XAS; moreover, the electrochemical characterization is also reported. The electrocatalytic behavior of AuNP/LDH nanocomposites has been investigated with respect to the oxidation of methanol in basic media and compared with that of pristine NiAl-Ac. The 4-fold highest catalytic efficiency observed with AuNP/LDH nanocomposites suggests the presence of a synergic effect between Ni and AuNP sites. The combination of these experimental findings with the low-cost synthesis procedure paves the way for the exploitation of the presented nanocomposites materials as catalysts for methanol fuel cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Ballarin
- Dipartimento di Chimica Fisica e Inorganica, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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Impellizzeri G, Romano L, Fraboni B, Scavetta E, Ruffino F, Bongiorno C, Privitera V, Grimaldi MG. Nanoporous Ge electrode as a template for nano-sized ( <5 nm) Au aggregates. Nanotechnology 2012; 23:395604. [PMID: 22972303 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/23/39/395604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we present the extremely peculiar electrical properties of nanoporous Ge. A full and accurate electrical characterization showed an unexpected and extremely high concentration of positive carriers. Electrochemical analyses showed that nanoporous Ge has improved charge transfer properties with respect to bulk Ge. The electrode behavior, together with the large surface-to-volume ratio, make nanoporous Ge an efficient nanostructured template for the realization of other porous materials by electrodeposition. The pores were efficiently decorated by Au nanoparticles of diameter as low as 1-5 nm, prepared by electrochemical deposition. These new results demonstrate the potential and efficient use of nanoporous Ge as a nanostructured template for nano-sized Au aggregates, opening the way for the realization of innovative sensor devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Impellizzeri
- CNR-IMM MATIS and Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Università di Catania, Via S Sofia 64, I-95123 Catania, Italy.
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Scavetta E, Solito AG, Demelas M, Cosseddu P, Bonfiglio A. Electrochemical characterization of self assembled monolayers on flexible electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Gualandi I, Solito AG, Scavetta E, Tonelli D. Electrochemical Pretreatment of Pt Surface: Modification with Co/Al Layered Double Hydroxide for Analytical Applications. ELECTROANAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201100567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Tonelli D, Ballarin B, Guadagnini L, Mignani A, Scavetta E. A novel potentiometric sensor for l-ascorbic acid based on molecularly imprinted polypyrrole. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.05.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Mignani A, Corticelli C, Tonelli D, Scavetta E. A New pH Sensor Based on a Glassy Carbon Electrode Coated with a Co/Al Layered Double Hydroxide. ELECTROANAL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201100058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Addari D, Mignani A, Scavetta E, Tonelli D, Rossi A. An XPS investigation on glucose oxidase and Ni/Al hydrotalcite interaction. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.3636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Prevot V, Forano C, Khenifi A, Ballarin B, Scavetta E, Mousty C. A templated electrosynthesis of macroporous NiAl layered double hydroxides thin films. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:1761-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc04255b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
Recently, an approach for converting nanoscale mechanical energy into electrical energy has been suggested by using piezoelectric zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowire arrays. Such devices have been shown to convert ultrasonic energy into electric energy by a deflection of the nanowires via a corrugated electrode operated up and down by the ultrasound. A typical approximately 1 pW output power for a device of a approximately 1 mm2 area and a density of approximately 10(7)/mm2 nanowires can be obtained. In order to reach the approximately 10 nW power needed to operate a nanodevice, nanogenerators of this kind need to be optimized. With the aim of fabricating low cost to efficiency ratio nanogenerators, we have considered ZnO films grown by an electrochemical technique, based on the direct precipitation of Zn hydroxide on a conducting ITO/glass substrate and subsequent heat treatment, and TiO2 films deposited from a colloidal suspension of anatase/rutile commercial powders. These methods allowed us to obtain disordered but quite uniform arrays distributed on the surface of the substrate. Preliminary results on the electrical properties are presented. Under input mechanical strain we find output powers of approximately 10(-9)/cm2 W, which are comparable to those obtained with the ZnO nanoarrays. Possible interpretations of results in terms of piezoelectricity (ZnO) and incipient ferroelectricity (TiO2) are presented and improvements of the devices are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Dallacasa
- Laboratory of Materials Analysis (LAM), Scientific and Technological Department, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 37134 Verona, Italy
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Khenifi A, Derriche Z, Forano C, Prevot V, Mousty C, Scavetta E, Ballarin B, Guadagnini L, Tonelli D. Glyphosate and glufosinate detection at electrogenerated NiAl-LDH thin films. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 654:97-102. [PMID: 19854339 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Revised: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An amperometric sensor based on Ni(1-x)Al(x)(OH)(2)NO(3x).nH(2)O layered double hydroxide (LDH) has been developed for the electrochemical analysis in one step of two herbicides: glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine, Glyp) and glufosinate ((DL-homoalanine-4-yl)-methylphosphinic acid, Gluf). NiAl-LDH was prepared by coprecipitation or by electrodeposition at the Pt electrode surface. Inorganic films were fully characterized by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Adsorption isotherms of Glyp onto this inorganic lamellar material have been established. Electrocatalytic oxidation of Glyp and Gluf is possible at the Ni(3+) centres of the structure. The electrochemical responses of the NiAl-LDH modified electrode were obtained by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry at 0.49V/SCE as a function of herbicide concentration in 0.1M NaOH solution. The electrocatalytic response showed a linear dependence on the Glyp concentration ranging between 0.01 and 0.9mM with a detection limit of 1muM and sensitivity 287mA/Mcm(2). The sensitivity found for Gluf was lower (178mA/Mcm(2)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aicha Khenifi
- Laboratoire des Matériaux Inorganiques, UMR CNRS 6002, Université Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Cosimelli B, Lanza CZ, Scavetta E, Severi E, Spinelli D, Stenta M, Tonelli D. ortho-Substituted (Aryl)(3-nitrobenzo[b]thiophen-2-yl)amines: Study of the Electrochemical Behavior. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:10260-3. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9056972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Cosimelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Via Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, and Dipartimento di Chimica Fisica ed Inorganica, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Camilla Zaira Lanza
- Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Via Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, and Dipartimento di Chimica Fisica ed Inorganica, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Erika Scavetta
- Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Via Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, and Dipartimento di Chimica Fisica ed Inorganica, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Elda Severi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Via Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, and Dipartimento di Chimica Fisica ed Inorganica, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Domenico Spinelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Via Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, and Dipartimento di Chimica Fisica ed Inorganica, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Stenta
- Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Via Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, and Dipartimento di Chimica Fisica ed Inorganica, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Domenica Tonelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Via Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, and Dipartimento di Chimica Fisica ed Inorganica, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
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