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Ledwon P, Lapkowski M. The Role of Electrochemical and Spectroelectrochemical Techniques in the Preparation and Characterization of Conjugated Polymers: From Polyaniline to Modern Organic Semiconductors. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14194173. [PMID: 36236121 PMCID: PMC9570781 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review article presents different electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical techniques used to investigate conjugated polymers. The development of this research area is presented from an over 40-year perspective-the period of research carried out by Professor Mieczyslaw Lapkowski. Initial research involved polymers derived from simple aromatic compounds, such as polyaniline. Since then, scientific advances in the field of conductive polymers have led to the development of so-called organic electronics. Electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical methods have a great influence in the development of organic semiconductors. Their potential for explaining many phenomena is discussed and the most relevant examples are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemyslaw Ledwon
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Mieczyslaw Lapkowski
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Centre for Organic and Nanohybrid Electronics, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 22B, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 34, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
- Correspondence:
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2
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Wu R, Matta M, Paulsen BD, Rivnay J. Operando Characterization of Organic Mixed Ionic/Electronic Conducting Materials. Chem Rev 2022; 122:4493-4551. [PMID: 35026108 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Operando characterization plays an important role in revealing the structure-property relationships of organic mixed ionic/electronic conductors (OMIECs), enabling the direct observation of dynamic changes during device operation and thus guiding the development of new materials. This review focuses on the application of different operando characterization techniques in the study of OMIECs, highlighting the time-dependent and bias-dependent structure, composition, and morphology information extracted from these techniques. We first illustrate the needs, requirements, and challenges of operando characterization then provide an overview of relevant experimental techniques, including spectroscopy, scattering, microbalance, microprobe, and electron microscopy. We also compare different in silico methods and discuss the interplay of these computational methods with experimental techniques. Finally, we provide an outlook on the future development of operando for OMIEC-based devices and look toward multimodal operando techniques for more comprehensive and accurate description of OMIECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiheng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Micaela Matta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Bryan D Paulsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
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3
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Yan X, Xiong M, Li JT, Zhang S, Ahmad Z, Lu Y, Wang ZY, Yao ZF, Wang JY, Gu X, Lei T. Pyrazine-Flanked Diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP): A New Polymer Building Block for High-Performance n-Type Organic Thermoelectrics. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:20215-20221. [PMID: 31774667 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b10107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
n-Doped conjugated polymers usually show low electrical conductivities and low thermoelectric power factors, limiting their applications in n-type organic thermoelectrics. Here, we report the synthesis of a new diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) derivative, pyrazine-flanked DPP (PzDPP), with the deepest LUMO level in all the reported DPP derivatives. Based on PzDPP, a donor-acceptor copolymer, P(PzDPP-CT2), is synthesized. The polymer displays a deep LUMO energy level and strong interchain interaction with a short π-π stacking distance of 3.38 Å. When doped with n-dopant N-DMBI, P(PzDPP-CT2) exhibits high n-type electrical conductivities of up to 8.4 S cm-1 and power factors of up to 57.3 μW m-1 K-2. These values are much higher than previously reported n-doped DPP polymers, and the power factor also ranks the highest in solution-processable n-doped conjugated polymers. These results suggest that PzDPP is a promising high-performance building block for n-type organic thermoelectrics and also highlight that, without sacrificing polymer interchain interactions, efficient n-doping can be realized in conjugated polymers with careful molecular engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwen Yan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Miao Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Jia-Tong Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Song Zhang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering , The University of Southern Mississippi , Hattiesburg , Mississippi 39406 , United States
| | - Zachary Ahmad
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering , The University of Southern Mississippi , Hattiesburg , Mississippi 39406 , United States
| | - Yang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Zi-Yuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Ze-Fan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Jie-Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Xiaodan Gu
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering , The University of Southern Mississippi , Hattiesburg , Mississippi 39406 , United States
| | - Ting Lei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China.,Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
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4
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Drewniak A, Tomczyk MD, Knop K, Walczak KZ, Ledwon P. Multiple Redox States and Multielectrochromism of Donor–Acceptor Conjugated Polymers with Aromatic Diimide Pendant Groups. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Drewniak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Mateusz D. Tomczyk
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Karol Knop
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Z. Walczak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Przemyslaw Ledwon
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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5
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Santi S, Rossi S. Molecular design of star-shaped benzotrithiophene materials for organic electronics. Tetrahedron Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.151021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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6
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Salcedo-Abraira P, Santiago-Portillo A, Atienzar P, Bordet P, Salles F, Guillou N, Elkaim E, Garcia H, Navalon S, Horcajada P. A highly conductive nanostructured PEDOT polymer confined into the mesoporous MIL-100(Fe). Dalton Trans 2019; 48:9807-9817. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt00917e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel nanostructured conducting polymer@MOF composite has demonstrated an enhanced conductivity and a reversible and cyclable electrochromic switching.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Santiago-Portillo
- Departamento de Química and Instituto de Tecnología Química (CSIC-UPV)
- Universitat Politécnica de València
- Spain
| | - Pedro Atienzar
- Departamento de Química and Instituto de Tecnología Química (CSIC-UPV)
- Universitat Politécnica de València
- Spain
| | | | - Fabrice Salles
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier
- UMR 5253 CNRS UM ENSCM
- Université Montpellier
- 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05
- France
| | - Nathalie Guillou
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles
- UMR CNRS 8180
- Université de Versailles St-Quentin-en-Yvelines
- Université Paris-Saclay
- 78035 Versailles
| | - Erik Elkaim
- CRISTAL Beamline
- Synchrotron Soleil
- 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex
- France
| | - Hermenegildo Garcia
- Departamento de Química and Instituto de Tecnología Química (CSIC-UPV)
- Universitat Politécnica de València
- Spain
| | - Sergio Navalon
- Departamento de Química and Instituto de Tecnología Química (CSIC-UPV)
- Universitat Politécnica de València
- Spain
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7
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Yang CY, Jin WL, Wang J, Ding YF, Nong S, Shi K, Lu Y, Dai YZ, Zhuang FD, Lei T, Di CA, Zhu D, Wang JY, Pei J. Enhancing the n-Type Conductivity and Thermoelectric Performance of Donor-Acceptor Copolymers through Donor Engineering. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1802850. [PMID: 30252162 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201802850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers with high thermoelectric performance enable the fabrication of low-cost, large-area, low-toxicity, and highly flexible thermoelectric devices. However, compared to their p-type counterparts, n-type polymer thermoelectric materials show much lower performance, which is largely due to inefficient doping and a much lower conductivity. Herein, it is reported that the development of a donor-acceptor (D-A) polymer with enhanced n-doping efficiency through donor engineering of the polymer backbone. Both a high n-type electrical conductivity of 1.30 S cm-1 and an excellent power factor (PF) of 4.65 µW mK-2 are obtained, which are the highest reported values among D-A polymers. The results of multiple characterization techniques indicate that electron-withdrawing modification of the donor units enhances the electron affinity of the polymer and changes the polymer packing orientation, leading to substantially improved miscibility and n-doping efficiency. Unlike previous studies in which improving the polymer-dopant miscibility typically resulted in lower mobilities, the strategy maintains the mobility of the polymer. All these factors lead to prominent enhancement of three orders magnitude in both the electrical conductivity and the PF compared to those of the non-engineered polymer. The results demonstrate that proper donor engineering can enhance the n-doping efficiency, electrical conductivity, and thermoelectric performance of D-A copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Yuan Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Wen-Long Jin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jue Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yi-Fan Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shuying Nong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ke Shi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ya-Zhong Dai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Fang-Dong Zhuang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ting Lei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Chong-An Di
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Daoben Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jie-Yu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jian Pei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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8
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Zhang J, Song G, Qiu L, Feng Y, Chen J, Yan J, Liu L, Huang X, Cui Y, Sun Y, Xu W, Zhu D. Highly Conducting Polythiophene Thin Films with Less Ordered Microstructure Displaying Excellent Thermoelectric Performance. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1800283. [PMID: 29975438 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Polythiophene (PTh) with highly regular molecular structure is synthesized as nearly amorphous thin films by electrochemical methods in a BFEE/DTBP mixed medium (BFEE = boron fluoride ethyl ether; DTBP = 2,6-di-tert-butypyridine). The doping level and film morphology of PTh are modulated through adjusting the current density applied during the polymerization process. A combined analysis with solid-state NMR, FT-IR, and Raman spectra reveals the molecular structural regularity of the resulted PTh films, which leads to the highest electrical conductivity up to 700 S cm-1 for films obtained under an optimized current density of 1 mA cm-2 . By applying the self-heating 3ω-method, thermal conductivities are measured along the in-plane direction. A highly reduced Lorenz number of 6.49 × 10-9 W Ω K-2 and low lattice thermal conductivity of 0.21 W m-1 K-1 were extracted based on the analyses of the electrical and thermal conductivities according to the Wiedemann-Franz Law; the former is about one-third of the Sommerfeld value. Finally, the maximized ZT value can reach up to 0.10 under room temperature, which shows that the highly conducting polymers with less ordered structure is the practical direction for developing organic thermoelectric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guangjie Song
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Lin Qiu
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yanhui Feng
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jie Yan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Liyao Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xing Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yutao Cui
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yimeng Sun
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Daoben Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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9
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Mitraka E, Jafari MJ, Vagin M, Liu X, Fahlman M, Ederth T, Berggren M, Jonsson MP, Crispin X. Oxygen-induced doping on reduced PEDOT. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. A 2017; 5:4404-4412. [PMID: 28580144 PMCID: PMC5436492 DOI: 10.1039/c6ta10521a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) has shown promise as air electrode in renewable energy technologies like metal-air batteries and fuel cells. PEDOT is based on atomic elements of high abundance and is synthesized at low temperature from solution. The mechanism of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) over chemically polymerized PEDOT:Cl still remains controversial with eventual role of transition metal impurities. However, regardless of the mechanistic route, we here demonstrate yet another key active role of PEDOT in the ORR mechanism. Our study demonstrates the decoupling of conductivity (intrinsic property) from electrocatalysis (as an extrinsic phenomenon) yielding the evidence of doping of the polymer by oxygen during ORR. Hence, the PEDOT electrode is electrochemically reduced (undoped) in the voltage range of ORR regime, but O2 keeps it conducting; ensuring PEDOT to act as an electrode for the ORR. The interaction of oxygen with the polymer electrode is investigated with a battery of spectroscopic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Mitraka
- Department of Science and Technology , Linkoping University , Campus Norrkoping , S-60174 Norrkoping , Sweden .
| | - M J Jafari
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology , Linkoping University , S-581 83 Linkoping , Sweden
| | - M Vagin
- Department of Science and Technology , Linkoping University , Campus Norrkoping , S-60174 Norrkoping , Sweden .
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology , Linkoping University , S-581 83 Linkoping , Sweden
| | - X Liu
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology , Linkoping University , S-581 83 Linkoping , Sweden
| | - M Fahlman
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology , Linkoping University , S-581 83 Linkoping , Sweden
| | - T Ederth
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology , Linkoping University , S-581 83 Linkoping , Sweden
| | - M Berggren
- Department of Science and Technology , Linkoping University , Campus Norrkoping , S-60174 Norrkoping , Sweden .
| | - M P Jonsson
- Department of Science and Technology , Linkoping University , Campus Norrkoping , S-60174 Norrkoping , Sweden .
| | - X Crispin
- Department of Science and Technology , Linkoping University , Campus Norrkoping , S-60174 Norrkoping , Sweden .
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10
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Ultraviolet-Visible-Near Infrared and Raman spectroelectrochemistry of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) complexes with sulfonated polyelectrolytes. The role of inter- and intra-molecular interactions in polyelectrolyte. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.10.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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11
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Hütter PC, Fian A, Gatterer K, Stadlober B. Efficiency of the Switching Process in Organic Electrochemical Transistors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:14071-14076. [PMID: 27191825 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b02698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Entirely screen printed organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) based on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxithiophene) poly(styrenesulfonate) ( PEDOT PSS) and a polymer electrolyte are investigated in view of a correlation between the electrical charge consumed during switching and the volume of PEDOT PSS in the transistor channel. An understanding of the relation between charge consumption and the amount of electrochemically active PEDOT is essential for the design of high performance transistors and for providing a deeper insight into the fundamentals of the electrochemical switching process in OECTs. It turned out that a precise control of the width of the PEDOT PSS source-drain line is imperative for maximizing both the on-current and the on/off current ratio of lateral OECTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp C Hütter
- MATERIALS - Institute for Surface Technologies and Photonics, JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Franz-Pichler-Straße 30, 8160 Weiz, Austria
| | - Alexander Fian
- MATERIALS - Institute for Surface Technologies and Photonics, JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Franz-Pichler-Straße 30, 8160 Weiz, Austria
| | - Karl Gatterer
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology , Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Barbara Stadlober
- MATERIALS - Institute for Surface Technologies and Photonics, JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Franz-Pichler-Straße 30, 8160 Weiz, Austria
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12
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Ben Ishay R, Harel Y, Lavi R, Lellouche JP. Multiple functionalization of tungsten disulfide inorganic nanotubes by covalently grafted conductive polythiophenes. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra19628d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Covalently grafted nanometric polythiophene adlayers have been generated towards morphologically well-defined core–shell WS2 INTs/polymer composites achieving high charge conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rivka Ben Ishay
- Department of Chemistry
- Nanomaterials Research Center
- Institute of Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials
- Bar-Ilan University
- Ramat-Gan 5290002
| | - Yifat Harel
- Department of Chemistry
- Nanomaterials Research Center
- Institute of Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials
- Bar-Ilan University
- Ramat-Gan 5290002
| | - Ronit Lavi
- Department of Chemistry
- Nanomaterials Research Center
- Institute of Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials
- Bar-Ilan University
- Ramat-Gan 5290002
| | - Jean-Paul Lellouche
- Department of Chemistry
- Nanomaterials Research Center
- Institute of Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials
- Bar-Ilan University
- Ramat-Gan 5290002
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13
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Sandoval AP, Suárez-Herrera MF, Feliu JM. IR and electrochemical synthesis and characterization of thin films of PEDOT grown on platinum single crystal electrodes in [EMMIM]Tf2N ionic liquid. Beilstein J Org Chem 2015; 11:348-57. [PMID: 25815089 PMCID: PMC4362014 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.11.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Thin films of PEDOT synthesized on platinum single electrodes in contact with the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium triflimide ([EMMIM]Tf2N) were studied by cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, infrared spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. It was found that the polymer grows faster on Pt(111) than on Pt(110) or Pt(100) and that the redox reactions associated with the PEDOT p-doping process are much more reversible in [EMMIM]Tf2N than in acetonitrile. Finally, the ion exchange and charge carriers' formation during the p-doping reaction of PEDOT were studied using in situ FTIR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea P Sandoval
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Cra. 30# 45-03, Edificio 451, Bogota, Colombia ; Departamento de Química Física e Instituto Universitario de Electroquímica, Universidad de Alicante, Apartado 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
| | - Marco F Suárez-Herrera
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Cra. 30# 45-03, Edificio 451, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Juan M Feliu
- Departamento de Química Física e Instituto Universitario de Electroquímica, Universidad de Alicante, Apartado 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
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Ledwon P, Andrade JR, Lapkowski M, Pawlicka A. Hydroxypropyl cellulose-based gel electrolyte for electrochromic devices. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.01.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Ledwon P, Thomson N, Angioni E, Findlay NJ, Skabara PJ, Domagala W. The role of structural and electronic factors in shaping the ambipolar properties of donor–acceptor polymers of thiophene and benzothiadiazole. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra06993a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
p- and n-doped states of thiophene-benzothiadiazole based donor–acceptor π-conjugated polymer materials are studied. Results reveal that mesomeric factors mainly influence p-doping, while steric factors account for n-doping peculiarities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemyslaw Ledwon
- Silesian University of Technology
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers
- 44-100 Gliwice
- Poland
| | - Neil Thomson
- University of Strathclyde
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- Glasgow G1 1XL
- UK
| | - Enrico Angioni
- University of Strathclyde
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- Glasgow G1 1XL
- UK
| | - Neil J. Findlay
- University of Strathclyde
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- Glasgow G1 1XL
- UK
| | - Peter J. Skabara
- University of Strathclyde
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- Glasgow G1 1XL
- UK
| | - Wojciech Domagala
- Silesian University of Technology
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers
- 44-100 Gliwice
- Poland
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16
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Data P, Zassowski P, Lapkowski M, Domagala W, Krompiec S, Flak T, Penkala M, Swist A, Soloducho J, Danikiewicz W. Electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical comparison of alternated monomers and their copolymers based on carbazole and thiophene derivatives. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.11.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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17
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Bubnova O, Khan ZU, Wang H, Braun S, Evans DR, Fabretto M, Hojati-Talemi P, Dagnelund D, Arlin JB, Geerts YH, Desbief S, Breiby DW, Andreasen JW, Lazzaroni R, Chen WM, Zozoulenko I, Fahlman M, Murphy PJ, Berggren M, Crispin X. Semi-metallic polymers. NATURE MATERIALS 2014; 13:190-4. [PMID: 24317188 DOI: 10.1038/nmat3824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Polymers are lightweight, flexible, solution-processable materials that are promising for low-cost printed electronics as well as for mass-produced and large-area applications. Previous studies demonstrated that they can possess insulating, semiconducting or metallic properties; here we report that polymers can also be semi-metallic. Semi-metals, exemplified by bismuth, graphite and telluride alloys, have no energy bandgap and a very low density of states at the Fermi level. Furthermore, they typically have a higher Seebeck coefficient and lower thermal conductivities compared with metals, thus being suitable for thermoelectric applications. We measure the thermoelectric properties of various poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) samples, and observe a marked increase in the Seebeck coefficient when the electrical conductivity is enhanced through molecular organization. This initiates the transition from a Fermi glass to a semi-metal. The high Seebeck value, the metallic conductivity at room temperature and the absence of unpaired electron spins makes polymer semi-metals attractive for thermoelectrics and spintronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Bubnova
- Linkoping University, Department of Science and Technology, Organic Electronics, SE-601 74 Norrkoping, Sweden
| | - Zia Ullah Khan
- Linkoping University, Department of Science and Technology, Organic Electronics, SE-601 74 Norrkoping, Sweden
| | - Hui Wang
- Linkoping University, Department of Science and Technology, Organic Electronics, SE-601 74 Norrkoping, Sweden
| | - Slawomir Braun
- Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, S-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Drew R Evans
- University of South Australia, Mawson Institute, Mawson Lakes 5095, Australia
| | - Manrico Fabretto
- University of South Australia, Mawson Institute, Mawson Lakes 5095, Australia
| | | | - Daniel Dagnelund
- Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, S-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jean-Baptiste Arlin
- Free University of Brussels, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, CP 206/1, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Yves H Geerts
- Free University of Brussels, Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, CP 206/1, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Simon Desbief
- University of Mons, Laboratoire de chimie des materiaux nouveaux, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Dag W Breiby
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Department of Physics, Høgskoleringen 5, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jens W Andreasen
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Roberto Lazzaroni
- University of Mons, Laboratoire de chimie des materiaux nouveaux, Place du Parc 20, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Weimin M Chen
- Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, S-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Linkoping University, Department of Science and Technology, Organic Electronics, SE-601 74 Norrkoping, Sweden
| | - Mats Fahlman
- Linköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, S-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Peter J Murphy
- University of South Australia, Mawson Institute, Mawson Lakes 5095, Australia
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Linkoping University, Department of Science and Technology, Organic Electronics, SE-601 74 Norrkoping, Sweden
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Linkoping University, Department of Science and Technology, Organic Electronics, SE-601 74 Norrkoping, Sweden
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18
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Sandoval AP, Feliu JM, Torresi RM, Suárez-Herrera MF. Electrochemical properties of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) grown on Pt(111) in imidazolium ionic liquids. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra46028b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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19
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Ledwon P, Pluczyk S, Idzik KR, Beckert R, Lapkowski M. Bipolar properties of polythiophene derivatives with 1,3,5-triazine units. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.07.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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20
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Shomura R, Sugiyasu K, Yasuda T, Sato A, Takeuchi M. Electrochemical Generation and Spectroscopic Characterization of Charge Carriers within Isolated Planar Polythiophene. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma300373n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Shomura
- Organic Materials Group, Polymer
Materials Unit, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Science, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba 305-8571,
Japan
| | - Kazunori Sugiyasu
- Organic Materials Group, Polymer
Materials Unit, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yasuda
- Photovoltaic Materials
Unit, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen,
Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Akira Sato
- Materials Analysis Station, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki,
Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Masayuki Takeuchi
- Organic Materials Group, Polymer
Materials Unit, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Science, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba 305-8571,
Japan
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21
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Suárez-Herrera MF, Costa-Figueiredo M, Feliu JM. Electrochemical and electrocatalytic properties of thin films of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) grown on basal plane platinum electrodes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:14391-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp42719b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Abstract
A review is presented of some of the ways in which electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy may be useful to investigate systems of relevance to the environmental sciences. Specifically considered are: quantititave ESR, photocatalysis for pollution control; sorption and mobility of molecules in zeolites; free radicals produced by mechanical action and by shock waves from explosives; measurement of peroxyl radicals and nitrate radicals in air; determination of particulate matter polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), soot and black carbon in air; estimation of nitrate and nitrite in vegetables and fruit; lipid-peroxidation by solid particles (silica, asbestos, coal dust); ESR of soils and other biogenic substances: formation of soil organic matter carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) and no-till farming; detection of reactive oxygen species in the photosynthetic apparatus of higher plants under light stress; molecular mobility and intracellular glasses in seeds and pollen; molecular mobility in dry cotton; characterisation of the surface of carbon black used for chromatography; ESR dating for archaeology and determining seawater levels; measurement of the quality of tea-leaves by ESR; green-catalysts and catalytic media; studies of petroleum (crude oil); fuels; methane hydrate; fuel cells; photovoltaics; source rocks; kerogen; carbonaceous chondrites to find an ESR-based marker for extraterrestrial origin; samples from the Moon taken on the Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 missions to understand space-weathering; ESR studies of organic matter in regard to oil and gas formation in the North Sea; solvation by ionic liquids as green solvents, ESR in food and nutraceutical research.
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23
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Erdogan H, Tuncagil S, Toppare L. L-Dopa Synthesis on Conducting Polymers. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10601320903526865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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24
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Taerum T, Lukoyanova O, Wylie RG, Perepichka DF. Synthesis, Polymerization, and Unusual Properties of New Star-Shaped Thiophene Oligomers. Org Lett 2009; 11:3230-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol901127q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Taerum
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2K6, Canada
| | - Olena Lukoyanova
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2K6, Canada
| | - Ryan G. Wylie
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2K6, Canada
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25
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Vasantha V, Thangamuthu R, Chen SM. Electrochemical Polymerization of 3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene from Aqueous Solution Containing Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin and the Electrocatalytic Behavior of Modified Electrode Towards Oxidation of Sulfur Oxoanions and Nitrite. ELECTROANAL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200804224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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