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Uhuo O, Waryo T, Oranzie M, Sanga N, Leve Z, January J, Tshobeni Z, Pokpas K, Douman S, Iwuoha E. Interferon gamma (IFN-γ)-sensitive TB aptasensor based on novel chitosan-indium nano-kesterite (χtCITS)-labeled DNA aptamer hairpin technology. Bioelectrochemistry 2024; 158:108693. [PMID: 38554559 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2024.108693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
There has been increasing interest in the use of biosensors for diagnosis of infectious diseases such as tuberculosis (TB) due to their simplicity, affordability, and potential for point-of-care application. The incorporation of aptamer molecules and nanomaterials in biosensor fabrication explores the advantages of high-binding affinity and low immunogenicity of aptamers as well as the high surface-to-volume ratio of nanomaterials, for increased aptasensor performance. In this work, we employed a novel microwave-synthesized copper indium tin sulfide (CITS) substituted-kesterite nanomaterial, together with a natural biopolymer (chitosan), for signal amplification and increased loading of aptamer molecules. Study of the optical properties of CITS nanomaterials showed strong absorption in the UV region characteristic of kesterite semiconductor nanomaterials. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the presence of the kesterite phase with average crystallite size of 6.188 nm. Fabrication of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) TB aptasensor with a chitosan-CITS nanocomposite (χtCITS) increased the aptasensor's electrochemical properties by 77.5 % and improved aptamer loading by 73.7 %. The aptasensor showed excellent sensitivity to IFN-γ concentrations with limit of detection of 6885 fg/mL (405 fM) and linear range of 850-17000 fg/mL (50 - 1000 fM). The aptasensor also exhibited excellent storage and electrochemical stability, with good selectivity towards IFN-γ and possible real sample application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onyinyechi Uhuo
- SensorLab (University of the Western Cape Sensor Laboratories), Chemical Sciences Building, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Tesfaye Waryo
- SensorLab (University of the Western Cape Sensor Laboratories), Chemical Sciences Building, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Marlon Oranzie
- SensorLab (University of the Western Cape Sensor Laboratories), Chemical Sciences Building, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nelia Sanga
- SensorLab (University of the Western Cape Sensor Laboratories), Chemical Sciences Building, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Zandile Leve
- SensorLab (University of the Western Cape Sensor Laboratories), Chemical Sciences Building, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jaymi January
- SensorLab (University of the Western Cape Sensor Laboratories), Chemical Sciences Building, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ziyanda Tshobeni
- SensorLab (University of the Western Cape Sensor Laboratories), Chemical Sciences Building, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Keagan Pokpas
- SensorLab (University of the Western Cape Sensor Laboratories), Chemical Sciences Building, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Samantha Douman
- SensorLab (University of the Western Cape Sensor Laboratories), Chemical Sciences Building, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, PD Hahn Building, 28 Chemistry Road, Upper Campus, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Emmanuel Iwuoha
- SensorLab (University of the Western Cape Sensor Laboratories), Chemical Sciences Building, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, Cape Town, South Africa.
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2
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Okpara EC, Fayemi OE, Wojuola OB, Onwudiwe DC, Ebenso EE. Electrochemical detection of selected heavy metals in water: a case study of African experiences. RSC Adv 2022; 12:26319-26361. [PMID: 36275116 PMCID: PMC9475415 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra02733j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The safety of water resources throughout the globe has been compromised by various human activities and climate change over the last decades. Consequently, the world is currently confronted with a severe shortage of water supply and a water safety crisis, amidst a growing population. With poor environmental regulations, indiscriminate budding of urban slums, poverty, and a lack of basic knowledge of hygiene and sanitation, the African water supply has been critically threatened by different organic and inorganic contaminants, which results in several health issues. Inorganic pollutants such as heavy metals are particularly of interest because they are mostly stable and non-biodegradable. Therefore, they are not easily removed from water. In different parts of the continent, the concentration of heavy metals in drinking water far exceeds the permissible level recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Worse still, this problem is expected to increase with growing population, industrialization, urbanization, and, of course, corruption of government and local officials. Most of the African population is ignorant of the standards of safe water. In addition, the populace lack access to affordable and reliable technologies and tools that could be used in the quantification of these pollutants. This problem is not only applicable to domestic, but also to commercial, communal, and industrial water sources. Hence, a global campaign has been launched to ensure constant assessment of the presence of these metals in the environment and to promote awareness of dangers associated with unsafe exposure to them. Various conventional spectroscopic heavy metal detection techniques have been used with great success across the world. However, such techniques suffer from some obvious setbacks, such as the cost of procurement and professionalism required to operate them, which have limited their applications. This paper, therefore, reviews the condition of African water sources, health implications of exposure to heavy metals, and the approaches explored by various indigenous electrochemists, to provide a fast, affordable, sensitive, selective, and stable electrochemical sensors for the quantification of the most significant heavy metals in our water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enyioma C Okpara
- Department of Physics, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University (Mafikeng Campus) Private Bag X2046 Mmabatho 2735 South Africa
| | - Omolola E Fayemi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University (Mafikeng Campus) Private Bag X2046 Mmabatho 2735 South Africa
- Material Science Innovation and Modelling (MaSIM) Research Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University (Mafikeng Campus) Private Bag X2046 Mmabatho 2735 South Africa
| | - Olanrewaju B Wojuola
- Department of Physics, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University (Mafikeng Campus) Private Bag X2046 Mmabatho 2735 South Africa
| | - Damian C Onwudiwe
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University (Mafikeng Campus) Private Bag X2046 Mmabatho 2735 South Africa
- Material Science Innovation and Modelling (MaSIM) Research Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University (Mafikeng Campus) Private Bag X2046 Mmabatho 2735 South Africa
| | - Eno E Ebenso
- College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa Johannesburg 1710 South Africa
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3
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Simple electrochromic sensor for the determination of amines based on the proton sensitivity of polyaniline film. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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4
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Abstract
Conducting polymers (CPs) are highly conjugated organic macromolecules, where the electrical charge is transported in intra- and inter-chain pathways. Polyacetylene, polythiophene and its derivatives, polypyrrole and its derivatives, and polyaniline are among the best-known examples. These compounds have been used as electrode modifiers to gain sensitivity and selectivity in a large variety of analytical applications. This review, after a brief introduction to the electrochemistry of CPs, summarizes the application of CPs’ electrode interfaces towards heavy metals’ detection using potentiometry, pulse anodic stripping voltammetry, and alternative non-classical electrochemical methods.
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Polyaniline Based Voltammetric and Potentiometric Sensors with Electrochemically-Influenced Ion-Discriminating Positions for Determination of Mercury(II). PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES INDIA SECTION A-PHYSICAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40010-022-00789-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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6
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Electrochemical evaluation of Cd2+ and Hg2+ ions in water using ZnO/Cu2ONPs/PANI modified SPCE electrode. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2022.100476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Esmaeili M, Ahour F, Keshipour S. Sensitive and selective determination of trace amounts of mercury ions using a dimercaprol functionalized graphene quantum dot modified glassy carbon electrode. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:11403-11413. [PMID: 34160516 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr00076d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A novel nanomaterial is synthesized based on the functionalization of graphene quantum dot with dimercaprol (GQD-DMC). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are used to approve the successful synthesis of GQD-DMC. The synthesized nanomaterial is used as an electrode modifier for the sensitive and selective determination of mercury(ii) ions in real water samples. The method of evaluation is based on the pre-concentration of mercury ions on the GQD-DMC modified glassy carbon electrode, reduction of Hg(ii), and anodic stripping voltammetric measurement of these reduced ions in a buffer solution. The pre-concentration of mercury ions is driven by the affinity interaction between the surface containing functional groups of DMC and Hg(ii) ions. The GQD-DMC modified glassy carbon electrode (GQD-DMC/GCE) shows extra sensitivity and selectivity for mercury(ii) detection, which is assumed to be due to the increased surface area as well as the presence of sulfur-containing functional groups on the modified structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Esmaeili
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
| | - F Ahour
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
| | - S Keshipour
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
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Okpara EC, Nde SC, Fayemi OE, Ebenso EE. Electrochemical Characterization and Detection of Lead in Water Using SPCE Modified with BiONPs/PANI. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1294. [PMID: 34069149 PMCID: PMC8156766 DOI: 10.3390/nano11051294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The need for constant assessment of river water qualities for both aquatic and other biological survival has emerged a top priority, due to increasing exposure to industrial pollutants. A disposable screen print carbon electrode was modified with a conductive polymer (PANI) and Zn and/or Cu oxides NPs, obtained through bioreduction in citrus peel extracts (lemon and orange), for ultra-sensitive detection of PB2+, in the Crocodile River water sample. The synthesized materials were characterized with Fourier-transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR), ultra-violet visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The SPC-modified electrodes designated as SPCE/LPE/BiONPs/PANI and SPCE/OPE/BiONPs/PANI were characterized using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and eventually deployed in the electrochemical detection of PB2+ in water using square wave voltammetry (SWV) technique. The electrochemical responses of the modified electrodes for both CV and EIS in 0.1 M HCl demonstrated enhanced performance relative to the bare SPCE. A detection and quantification limit of 0.494 ppb and 1.647 were obtained at SPCE/LPE/BiONPs/PANI, respectively, while a detection and quantification limit of 2.79 ppb and 8.91 ppb, respectively, were derived from SPCE/OPE/BiONPs/PANI. The relative standard deviations (RSD) for SPC electrode at a 6.04 µM PB2+ analyte concentration was 4.76% and 0.98% at SPCE/LPE/BiONPs/PANI and SPCE/LPE/BiONPs/PANI, respectively. The effect of copper, zinc, iron, cobalt, nickel, and magnesium on the stripping peaks of PB2+ at SPCE/OPE/BiONPs/PANI, showed no significant change except for cobalt, with about 17.67% peak current drop. The sensors were assessed for possible determination of PB2+ in spiked river water samples. The average percentage recovery and RSD calculated were 94.25% and 3.74% (n = 3) at SPCE/LPE/BiONPs/PANI and, 96.70% and 3.71% (n = 3) at SPCE/OPE/BiONPs/PANI, respectively. Therefore, the fabricated sensor material could be used for environmental assessment of this highly toxic heavy metal in the aquatic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enyioma C. Okpara
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University (Mafikeng Campus), Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa;
- Material Science Innovation and Modelling (MaSIM) Research Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University (Mafikeng Campus), Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - Samuel Che Nde
- Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences, North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa;
| | - Omolola E. Fayemi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University (Mafikeng Campus), Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa;
- Material Science Innovation and Modelling (MaSIM) Research Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University (Mafikeng Campus), Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - Eno E. Ebenso
- Institute of Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Johannesburg 1710, South Africa;
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Giacomino A, Ruo Redda A, Caligiuri R, Inaudi P, Squadrone S, Abete MC, Abollino O, Morandi S, Conca E, Malandrino M. Development of an easy portable procedure for on-site determination of mercury and methylmercury. Food Chem 2020; 342:128347. [PMID: 33071191 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A portable measurement and speciation procedure for inorganic mercury (HgIN) and methylmercury (CH3Hg) was developed. A portable sample pretreatment was optimized to determine total mercury content. A new home-made sorbent (CYXAD, CHYPOS 101 modified Amberlite XAD), was prepared to separate HgIN and CH3Hg. Mercury species were determined using square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SW-ASV) with a solid gold electrode (SGE) and using a portable potentiostat. A certified reference material, five freeze-dried samples and three fresh samples were analysed with conventional voltammetric analyzer, after dissolution of the samples in microwave oven, and with a portable potentiostat after the mild eating procedure. The results obtained by SW-ASV were compared with those obtained using Direct Mercury Analyser (DMA). The quantification with the portable method is comparable to that obtained with the DMA. Retention tests showed the selectivity of CYXAD for HgIN, its stability and the possibility to re-use the same aliquot of resin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnese Giacomino
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy.
| | - Andrea Ruo Redda
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy.
| | - Rocco Caligiuri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Paolo Inaudi
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy.
| | - Stefania Squadrone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta (IZSPLV), 10100 Torino, Italy.
| | - Maria Cesarina Abete
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta (IZSPLV), 10100 Torino, Italy.
| | - Ornella Abollino
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy.
| | - Sara Morandi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Conca
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy.
| | - Mery Malandrino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy.
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10
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Bi CC, Ke XX, Chen X, Weerasooriya R, Hong ZY, Wang LC, Wu YC. Assembling reduced graphene oxide with sulfur/nitrogen- “hooks” for electrochemical determination of Hg(II). Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1100:31-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.11.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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11
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Niu J, Yan W, Zhang W, Hao X, Wang Z, Guan G. Potential-responsive ions-selectively capture effect for efficient removal of copper ions from wastewater. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.135249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Sanjuán AM, Reglero Ruiz JA, García FC, García JM. Recent developments in sensing devices based on polymeric systems. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Impedimetric immunosensor for dengue diagnosis using graphite screen-printed electrodes coated with poly(4-aminophenylacetic acid). Biomed Microdevices 2018; 20:78. [DOI: 10.1007/s10544-018-0324-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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14
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Hassan KM, Gaber SE, Altahan MF, Azzem MA. Novel Sensor Based on Poly (1,2-Diaminoanthraquinone) for Individual and Simultaneous Anodic Stripping Voltammetry of Cd2+
, Pb2+
, Cu2+
and Hg2+. ELECTROANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Mahmoud Hassan
- Electrochemistry Research Laboratory, Physics and Mathematics Engineering Department, Faculty of Electronic Engineering; Menoufia University; Menof 23952 Egypt
| | - Seleem Elsaid Gaber
- Central Laboratory for Environmental Quality Monitoring; National Water Research Center; El-Qanater El-Khairia 13621 Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Fatehy Altahan
- Central Laboratory for Environmental Quality Monitoring; National Water Research Center; El-Qanater El-Khairia 13621 Egypt
| | - Magdi Abdel Azzem
- Electrochemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science; Menoufia University; Shibin El-Kom 32511 Egypt
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15
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Mohammadabadi SZ, Zanganeh AR. Electrochemically Generated Recognition Sites in Self-doped Polyaniline Modified Electrodes for Voltammetric and Potentiometric Determination of Copper(II) Ion. ELECTROANAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201700496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saba Zamani Mohammadabadi
- Department of Chemistry, Shahreza Branch; Islamic Azad University; P.O. Box 311-86145 Shahreza, Isfahan Iran
| | - Ali Reza Zanganeh
- Department of Chemistry, Shahreza Branch; Islamic Azad University; P.O. Box 311-86145 Shahreza, Isfahan Iran
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16
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Silwana B, Van Der Horst C, Iwuoha E, Somerset V. A brief review on recent developments of electrochemical sensors in environmental application for PGMs. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2016; 51:1233-1247. [PMID: 27715654 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2016.1212562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study offers a brief review of the latest developments and applications of electrochemical sensors for the detection of Platinum Group Metals (PGMs) using electrochemical sensors. In particular, significant advances in electrochemical sensors made over the past decade and sensing methodologies associated with the introduction of nanostructures are highlighted. Amongst a variety of detection methods that have been developed for PGMs, nanoparticles offer the unrivaled merits of high sensitivity. Rapid detection of PGMs is a key step to promote improvement of the public health and individual quality of life. Conventional methods to detect PGMs rely on time-consuming and labor intensive procedures such as extraction, isolation, enrichment, counting, etc., prior to measurement. This results in laborious sample preparation and testing over several days. This study reviewed the state-of-the-art application of nanoparticles (NPs) in electrochemical analysis of environmental pollutants. This review is intended to provide environmental scientists and engineers an overview of current rapid detection methods, a close look at the nanoparticles based electrodes and identification of knowledge gaps and future research needs. We summarize electrodes that have been used in the past for detection of PGMs. We describe several examples of applications in environmental electrochemical sensors and performance in terms of sensitivity and selectivity for all the sensors utilized for PGMs detection. NPs have promising potential to increase competitiveness of electrochemical sensors in environmental monitoring, though this review has focused mainly on sensors used in the past decade for PGMs detection. This review therefore provides a synthesis of outstanding performances in recent advances in the nanosensor application for PGMs determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bongiwe Silwana
- a Natural Resources and the Environment (NRE), Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) , Stellenbosch , South Africa
- b SensorLab , Department of Chemistry , University of the Western Cape , Bellville , South Africa
| | - Charlton Van Der Horst
- a Natural Resources and the Environment (NRE), Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) , Stellenbosch , South Africa
- b SensorLab , Department of Chemistry , University of the Western Cape , Bellville , South Africa
| | - Emmanuel Iwuoha
- b SensorLab , Department of Chemistry , University of the Western Cape , Bellville , South Africa
| | - Vernon Somerset
- a Natural Resources and the Environment (NRE), Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) , Stellenbosch , South Africa
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17
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Hughes G, Westmacott K, Honeychurch KC, Crew A, Pemberton RM, Hart JP. Recent Advances in the Fabrication and Application of Screen-Printed Electrochemical (Bio)Sensors Based on Carbon Materials for Biomedical, Agri-Food and Environmental Analyses. BIOSENSORS 2016; 6:E50. [PMID: 27690118 PMCID: PMC5192370 DOI: 10.3390/bios6040050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
This review describes recent advances in the fabrication of electrochemical (bio)sensors based on screen-printing technology involving carbon materials and their application in biomedical, agri-food and environmental analyses. It will focus on the various strategies employed in the fabrication of screen-printed (bio)sensors, together with their performance characteristics; the application of these devices for the measurement of selected naturally occurring biomolecules, environmental pollutants and toxins will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Hughes
- Centre for Research in Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK.
| | - Kelly Westmacott
- Centre for Research in Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK.
| | - Kevin C Honeychurch
- Centre for Research in Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK.
| | - Adrian Crew
- Centre for Research in Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK.
| | - Roy M Pemberton
- Centre for Research in Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK.
| | - John P Hart
- Centre for Research in Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK.
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18
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Ghanei-Motlagh M, Taher MA, Heydari A, Ghanei-Motlagh R, Gupta VK. A novel voltammetric sensor for sensitive detection of mercury(II) ions using glassy carbon electrode modified with graphene-based ion imprinted polymer. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 63:367-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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19
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Silwana B, van der Horst C, Iwuoha E, Somerset V. Reduced Graphene Oxide Impregnated Antimony Nanoparticle Sensor for Electroanalysis of Platinum Group Metals. ELECTROANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201501071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bongiwe Silwana
- SensorLab, Department of Chemistry; University of the Western Cape; Bellville 7535 South Africa
- Natural Resources and the Environment (NRE); Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR); Stellenbosch 7600 South Africa
| | - Charlton van der Horst
- SensorLab, Department of Chemistry; University of the Western Cape; Bellville 7535 South Africa
- Natural Resources and the Environment (NRE); Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR); Stellenbosch 7600 South Africa
| | - Emmanuel Iwuoha
- SensorLab, Department of Chemistry; University of the Western Cape; Bellville 7535 South Africa
| | - Vernon Somerset
- Natural Resources and the Environment (NRE); Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR); Stellenbosch 7600 South Africa
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Armas M, María-Hormigos R, Cantalapiedra A, Gismera M, Sevilla M, Procopio J. Multiparametric optimization of a new high-sensitive and disposable mercury (II) electrochemical sensor. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 904:76-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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21
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Mahmoudian MR, Basirun WJ, Alias Y. A sensitive electrochemical Hg2+ ions sensor based on polypyrrole coated nanospherical platinum. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra03878f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the synthesis and characterization of polypyrrole coated on nanospherical platinum (Pt/PPy NSs) composites for the detection of mercury ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. R. Mahmoudian
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Malaya
- Kuala Lumpur 50603
- Malaysia
- Department of Chemistry
| | - W. J. Basirun
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Malaya
- Kuala Lumpur 50603
- Malaysia
| | - Y. Alias
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Malaya
- Kuala Lumpur 50603
- Malaysia
- University of Malaya Centre for Ionic Liquids (UMCiL)
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22
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Kim E. Effects of Binary Doping on Chiroptical, Electrochemical, and Morphological Properties of Chiral Polyaniline. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY-DAEHAN HWAHAK HOE JEE 2015. [DOI: 10.5012/jkcs.2015.59.5.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Barton J, García MBG, Santos DH, Fanjul-Bolado P, Ribotti A, McCaul M, Diamond D, Magni P. Screen-printed electrodes for environmental monitoring of heavy metal ions: a review. Mikrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-015-1651-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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24
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van der Horst C, Silwana B, Iwuoha E, Somerset V. Bismuth–silver bimetallic nanosensor application for the voltammetric analysis of dust and soil samples. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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25
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Linear sweep anodic stripping voltammetry: Determination of Chromium (VI) using synthesized gold nanoparticles modified screen-printed electrode. J CHEM SCI 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-015-0864-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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26
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Kamacı M, Kaya İ. The Novel Poly(azomethine-urethane): Synthesis, Morphological Properties and Application as a Fluorescent Probe for Detection of Zn2+ Ions. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-015-0234-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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27
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March G, Nguyen TD, Piro B. Modified electrodes used for electrochemical detection of metal ions in environmental analysis. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2015; 5:241-75. [PMID: 25938789 PMCID: PMC4493548 DOI: 10.3390/bios5020241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal pollution is one of the most serious environmental problems, and regulations are becoming stricter. Many efforts have been made to develop sensors for monitoring heavy metals in the environment. This review aims at presenting the different label-free strategies used to develop electrochemical sensors for the detection of heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, mercury, arsenic etc. The first part of this review will be dedicated to stripping voltammetry techniques, on unmodified electrodes (mercury, bismuth or noble metals in the bulk form), or electrodes modified at their surface by nanoparticles, nanostructures (CNT, graphene) or other innovative materials such as boron-doped diamond. The second part will be dedicated to chemically modified electrodes especially those with conducting polymers. The last part of this review will focus on bio-modified electrodes. Special attention will be paid to strategies using biomolecules (DNA, peptide or proteins), enzymes or whole cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tuan Dung Nguyen
- Institute for Tropical Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay District, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| | - Benoit Piro
- Chemistry Department, University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, ITODYS, UMR 7086 CNRS, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France.
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28
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Van der Horst C, Silwana B, Iwuoha E, Somerset V. Synthesis and Characterization of Bismuth-Silver Nanoparticles for Electrochemical Sensor Applications. ANAL LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2014.979357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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29
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Silva M, Dias A, Cordeiro M, Marques E, Goulart M, Dutra R. A thiophene-modified screen printed electrode for detection of dengue virus NS1 protein. Talanta 2014; 128:505-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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30
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Electrochemical Determination of Pyrogallol at Conducting Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Film-Modified Screen-Printed Carbon Electrodes. ELECTROANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201400296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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31
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Determination of Mercury in Food and Water Samples by Displacement-Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Coupled with Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-014-9899-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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32
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Zhou N, Li J, Chen H, Liao C, Chen L. A functional graphene oxide-ionic liquid composites-gold nanoparticle sensing platform for ultrasensitive electrochemical detection of Hg2+. Analyst 2014; 138:1091-7. [PMID: 23314195 DOI: 10.1039/c2an36405k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A simple and sensitive electrochemical assay strategy of stripping voltammetry for mercury ions (Hg(2+)) detection is described based on the synergistic effect between ionic liquid functionalized graphene oxide (GO-IL) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The AuNPs-GO-IL modified onto glassy carbon electrode (GCE) resulted in highly enhanced electron conductive nanostructured membrane and large electroactive surface area, which was excellently examined by scanning electron microscopy and cyclic voltammetry. After accumulating Hg(2+), anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) was performed, and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was employed for signal recording of Hg(2+). Several main experimental parameters were optimized, i.e., deposition potential and time of AuNPs were -0.2 V and 180 s, respectively, and accumulation potential and time of Hg(2+) were -0.3 V and 660 s, respectively. Under the optimal conditions, this AuNPs-GO-IL-GCE sensor attained a good linearity in a wide range of 0.1-100 nM (R = 0.9808) between the concentration of the Hg(2+) standard and peak current. The limit of detection was estimated to be 0.03 nM at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3σ. A variety of common coexistent ions in water samples were investigated, showing no obvious interferences on the Hg(2+) detection. The practical application of the proposed sensor has been carried out and demonstrated as feasible for determination of trace levels of Hg(2+) in drinking and environmental water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Environmental Processes, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
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33
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Silwana B, Van Der Horst C, Iwuoha E, Somerset V. Amperometric determination of cadmium, lead, and mercury metal ions using a novel polymer immobilised horseradish peroxidase biosensor system. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2014; 49:1501-1511. [PMID: 25137538 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2014.937169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This work was undertaken to develop a novel Pt/PANI-co-PDTDA/HRP biosensor system for environmental applications to investigate the inhibition studies by specific heavy metals, to provide data suitable for kinetic studies and further application of the biosensor to environmental samples. The newly constructed biosensor was compared to the data of the well-researched Pt/PANI/HRP biosensor. Optimised experimental conditions, such as the working pH for the biosensor was evaluated. The functionality of the amperometric enzyme sensor system was demonstrated by measuring the oxidation current of hydrogen peroxide followed by the development of an assay for determination of metal concentration in the presence of selected metal ions of Cd(2+), Pb(2+) and Hg(2+). The detection limits were found to be 8 × 10(-4) μg L(-1) for cadmium, 9.38 × 10(-4) μg L(-1) for lead and 7.89 × 10(-4) μg L(-1) for mercury. The World Health Organisation recommended that the maximum safety level of these metals should not exceed 0.005 mg L(-1) of Cd(2+), 0.01 mg L(-1) of Pb(2+) and 0.001 mg L(-1) of Hg(2+.), respectively. The analytical and detection data for the metals investigated were observed to be lower than concentrations recommended by several bodies including World Health Organisation and Environmental Protection Agencies. Therefore the biosensors developed in this study can be used to screen the presence of these metals in water samples because of its low detection limit. The modes of inhibition of horseradish peroxidase by Pb(2+), Cd(2+) and Hg(2+) as analysed using the double reciprocal plots of the Michaelis-Menten equation was found to be reversible and uncompetitive inhibition. Based on the Km(app) and Imax values for both biosensors the results have shown smaller values. These results also proved that the enzyme modified electrode is valuable and can be deployed for the determination or screening of heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bongiwe Silwana
- a Natural Resources and the Environment (NRE), Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) , Stellenbosch , South Africa
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34
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Electrochemical determination of mercury: A review. Talanta 2013; 116:1091-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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35
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Otero TF. Reactions drive conformations. Biomimetic properties and devices, theoretical description. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:3754-3767. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb20112k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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Recent developments and applications of screen-printed electrodes in environmental assays—A review. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 734:31-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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37
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Schüwer N, Tercier-Waeber ML, Danial M, Klok HA. Voltammetric Detection of Hg2+ Using Peptide-Functionalized Polymer Brushes. Aust J Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1071/ch12177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Polymer brushes grafted by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) from the surface of Ir-based microelectrode arrays are explored as a platform for the fabrication of sensory coatings for the voltammetric detection of Hg2+. The polymer brush coatings are post-modified with a metallothionein derived peptide to enable the selective detection of Hg2+. The performance of the polymer brush modified microelectrode arrays was evaluated using both cyclic voltammetry (CV) as well as square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) experiments. These studies revealed that the polymer brush based coatings allowed the selective detection of Hg2+ with detection limits in the subnanomolar range.
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Zhao ZQ, Chen X, Yang Q, Liu JH, Huang XJ. Selective adsorption toward toxic metal ions results in selective response: electrochemical studies on a polypyrrole/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:2180-2. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc16735a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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39
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van der Horst C, Silwana B, Iwuoha E, Somerset V. Stripping voltammetric determination of palladium, platinum and rhodium in freshwater and sediment samples from South African water resources. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2012; 47:2084-2093. [PMID: 22871006 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2012.695986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Stripping voltammetry as technique has proved to be very useful in the analysis of heavy and other metal ions due to its excellent detection limits and its sensitivity in the presence of different metal species or interfering ions. Recent assessments of aquatic samples have shown increased levels of platinum group metals (PGMs) in aquatic ecosystems, caused by automobile exhaust emissions and mining activities. The development of an analytical sensor for the detection and characterisation of PGMs were investigated, since there is an ongoing need to find new sensing materials with suitable recognition elements that can respond selectively and reversibly to specific metal ions in environmental samples. The work reported shows the successful application of another mercury-free sensor electrode for the determination of platinum group metals in environmental samples. The work reported in this study entails the use of a glassy carbon electrode modified with a bismuth film for the determination of platinum (Pt(2+)), palladium (Pd(2+)) or rhodium (Rh(2+)) by means of adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry. Optimised experimental conditions included composition of the supporting electrolyte, complexing agent concentration, deposition potential, deposition time and instrumental voltammetry parameters for Pt(2+), Pd(2+) and Rh(2+) determination. Adsorptive differential pulse stripping voltammetric measurements for PGMs were performed in the presence of dimethylglyoxime (DMG) as complexing agent. The glassy carbon bismuth film electrode (GC/BiFE) employed in this study exhibit good and reproducible sensor characteristics. Application of GC/BiFE sensor exhibited well-defined peaks and highly linear behaviour for the stripping analysis of the PGMs in the concentration range between 0 and 3.5 μg/L. The detection limit of Pd, Pt and Rh was found to be 0.12 μg/L, 0.04 μg/L and 0.23 μg/L, respectively for the deposition times of 90 s (Pd) and 150 s (for both Pt and Rh). Good reproducibility was also observed and the practical applicability of the sensor was demonstrated with the analysis of environmental water and sediment samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- C van der Horst
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
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40
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Safavi A, Farjami E. Construction of a carbon nanocomposite electrode based on amino acids functionalized gold nanoparticles for trace electrochemical detection of mercury. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 688:43-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2010] [Revised: 11/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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41
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Somerset VS, Hernandez LH, Iwuoha EI. Stripping voltammetric measurement of trace metal ions using screen-printed carbon and modified carbon paste electrodes on river water from the Eerste-Kuils River System. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2011; 46:17-32. [PMID: 21104492 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2011.526075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) and carbon paste electrodes (CPEs) were prepared as "mercury-free" electrochemical sensors for the determination of trace metal ions in aqueous solutions. SPCEs were coated with conducting polymer layers of either polyaniline (PANI), or polyaniline-poly(2,2'-dithiodianiline) (PANI-PDTDA). Furthermore, CPEs containing electroactive compounds with reactivity towards metal ions were employed to obtain enhanced selectivity. Optimised experimental conditions for Hg(2+), Pb(2+), Ni(2+) and Cd(2+) determination included the supporting electrolyte concentration, deposition potential (E(d)) and accumulation time (t(acc)). For the modified carbon paste sensors (MCPEs) it was found that -400 mV is an adequate deposition potential and an accumulation time of 120 s was adequate for the determination using the different constructed electrodes. Initial results showed linearity in the examined concentration range between 1 × 10(-9) M and 1 × 10(-6) M using the SPCE/PANI-PDTDA sensor on laboratory prepared standard solutions, while good selectivity for the different metal ions were obtained. Furthermore, the limit of detection (LOD) was determined for each of the sensors and for the SPCE/PANI-PDTDA sensor it was found to be 2.2 × 10(-13) M, while for the SPCE/PANI sensor the LOD was determined to be 8.4 × 10(-11) M. The MCPE sensors also showed good linearity between the concentration range of 1 × 10(-3) to 1 × 10(-9) M. The LOD values for the various MCPE sensors, were found to be Hg(II) - 1.3 × 10(-7) M; Cd(II) - 2.9 × 10(-7) M; Ni(II) - 3.2 × 10(-7) M; and Pb(II) - 1.7 × 10(-7) M for the CPE/PANI-PDTDA sensor. For the CPE/PANI sensor the LOD values were Hg(II) - 1.5 × 10(-5) M; Cd(II) - 8.6 × 10(-7) M; Ni(II) - 9.5 × 10(-7) M; and Pb(II) - 1.3 × 10(-6) M. For the CPE/MBT sensor the LOD values were Hg(II) - 3.8 × 10(-5) M; Cd(II) - 1.4 × 10(-6) M; Ni(II) - 1 × 10(-6) M; and Pb(II) - 6.3 × 10(-5) M. Very low detection was obtained for the SPCE/PANI-PDTDA sensor in Hg(2+) determination, while the MCPE sensors delivered sensitive simultaneous detection for Hg(2+), Pb(2+), Ni(2+) and Cd(2+) metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vernon S Somerset
- NRE, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Stellenbosch, South Africa.
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42
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Development of screen-printed carbon electrodes modified with functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles: Application to voltammetric stripping determination of Pb(II) in non-pretreated natural waters. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.06.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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