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Sedano Varo E, Tankard RE, Needham JL, Gioria E, Romeggio F, Chorkendorff I, Damsgaard CD, Kibsgaard J. An experimental perspective on nanoparticle electrochemistry. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:17456-17466. [PMID: 38888144 PMCID: PMC11202311 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00889h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
While model studies with small nanoparticles offer a bridge between applied experiments and theoretical calculations, the intricacies of working with well-defined nanoparticles in electrochemistry pose challenges for experimental researchers. This perspective dives into nanoparticle electrochemistry, provides experimental insights to uncover their intrinsic catalytic activity and draws conclusions about the effects of altering their size, composition, or loading. Our goal is to help uncover unexpected contamination sources and establish a robust experimental methodology, which eliminates external parameters that can overshadow the intrinsic activity of the nanoparticles. Additionally, we explore the experimental difficulties that can be encountered, such as stability issues, and offer strategies to mitigate their impact. From support preparation to electrocatalytic tests, we guide the reader through the entire process, shedding light on potential challenges and crucial experimental details when working with these complex systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esperanza Sedano Varo
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Rikke Egeberg Tankard
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Julius Lucas Needham
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Esteban Gioria
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Filippo Romeggio
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Ib Chorkendorff
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Christian Danvad Damsgaard
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
- Center for Visualizing Catalytic Processes (VISION), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- National Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jakob Kibsgaard
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
- Center for Visualizing Catalytic Processes (VISION), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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2
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Roy K, Rana A, Heil JN, Tackett BM, Dick JE. For Zinc Metal Batteries, How Many Electrons go to Hydrogen Evolution? An Electrochemical Mass Spectrometry Study. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202319010. [PMID: 38168077 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202319010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Despite the advantages of aqueous zinc (Zn) metal batteries (AZMB) like high specific capacity (820 mAh g-1 and 5,854 mAh cm-3 ), low redox potential (-0.76 V vs. the standard hydrogen electrode), low cost, water compatibility, and safety, the development of practically relevant batteries is plagued by several issues like unwanted hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), corrosion of Zn substrate (insulating ZnO, Zn(OH)2 , Zn(SO4 )x (OH)y , Zn(ClO4 )x (OH)y etc. passivation layer), and dendrite growth. Controlling and suppressing HER activity strongly correlates with the long-term cyclability of AZMBs. Therefore, a precise quantitative technique is needed to monitor the real-time dynamics of hydrogen evolution during Zn electrodeposition. In this study, we quantify hydrogen evolution using in situ electrochemical mass spectrometry (ECMS). This methodology enables us to determine a correction factor for the faradaic efficiency of this system with unmatched precision. For instance, during the electrodeposition of zinc on a copper substrate at a current density of 1.5 mA/cm2 for 600 seconds, 0.3 % of the total charge is attributed to HER, while the rest contributes to zinc electrodeposition. At first glance, this may seem like a small fraction, but it can be detrimental to the long-term cycling performance of AZMBs. Furthermore, our results provide insights into the correlation between HER and the porous morphology of the electrodeposited zinc, unravelling the presence of trapped H2 and Zn corrosion during the charging process. Overall, this study sets a platform to accurately determine the faradaic efficiency of Zn electrodeposition and provides a powerful tool for evaluating electrolyte additives, salts, and electrode modifications aimed at enhancing long-term stability and suppressing the HER in aqueous Zn batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kingshuk Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Ashutosh Rana
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Joseph N Heil
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Brian M Tackett
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jeffrey E Dick
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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3
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Thornton DB, Davies BJV, Scott SB, Aguadero A, Ryan MP, Stephens IEL. Probing Degradation in Lithium Ion Batteries with On-Chip Electrochemistry Mass Spectrometry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202315357. [PMID: 38103255 PMCID: PMC10962541 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The rapid uptake of lithium ion batteries (LIBs) for large scale electric vehicle and energy storage applications requires a deeper understanding of the degradation mechanisms. Capacity fade is due to the complex interplay between phase transitions, electrolyte decomposition and transition metal dissolution; many of these poorly understood parasitic reactions evolve gases as a side product. Here we present an on-chip electrochemistry mass spectrometry method that enables ultra-sensitive, fully quantified and time resolved detection of volatile species evolving from an operating LIB. The technique's electrochemical performance and mass transport is described by a finite element model and then experimentally used to demonstrate the variety of new insights into LIB performance. We show the versatility of the technique, including (a) observation of oxygen evolving from a LiNiMnCoO2 cathode and (b) the solid electrolyte interphase formation reaction on graphite in a variety of electrolytes, enabling the deconvolution of lithium inventory loss (c) the first direct evidence, by virtue of the improved time resolution of our technique, that carbon dioxide reduction to ethylene takes place in a lithium ion battery. The emerging insight will guide and validate battery lifetime models, as well as inform the design of longer lasting batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy B. Thornton
- Department of MaterialsImperial College LondonLondonSW7UK
- The Faraday InstitutionHarwell Science and Innovation CampusHarwellOX11 0RAUK
| | - Bethan J. V. Davies
- Department of MaterialsImperial College LondonLondonSW7UK
- The Faraday InstitutionHarwell Science and Innovation CampusHarwellOX11 0RAUK
| | - Soren B. Scott
- Department of MaterialsImperial College LondonLondonSW7UK
| | - Ainara Aguadero
- Department of MaterialsImperial College LondonLondonSW7UK
- The Faraday InstitutionHarwell Science and Innovation CampusHarwellOX11 0RAUK
| | - Mary P. Ryan
- Department of MaterialsImperial College LondonLondonSW7UK
- The Faraday InstitutionHarwell Science and Innovation CampusHarwellOX11 0RAUK
| | - Ifan E. L. Stephens
- Department of MaterialsImperial College LondonLondonSW7UK
- The Faraday InstitutionHarwell Science and Innovation CampusHarwellOX11 0RAUK
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4
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Sedano Varo E, Egeberg Tankard R, Kryger-Baggesen J, Jinschek J, Helveg S, Chorkendorff I, Damsgaard CD, Kibsgaard J. Gold Nanoparticles for CO 2 Electroreduction: An Optimum Defined by Size and Shape. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2015-2023. [PMID: 38196113 PMCID: PMC10811675 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the size-dependent behavior of nanoparticles is crucial for optimizing catalytic performance. We investigate the differences in selectivity of size-selected gold nanoparticles for CO2 electroreduction with sizes ranging from 1.5 to 6.5 nm. Our findings reveal an optimal size of approximately 3 nm that maximizes selectivity toward CO, exhibiting up to 60% Faradaic efficiency at low potentials. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy reveals different shapes for the particles and suggests that multiply twinned nanoparticles are favorable for CO2 reduction to CO. Our analysis shows that twin boundaries pin 8-fold coordinated surface sites and in turn suggests that a variation of size and shape to optimize the abundance of 8-fold coordinated sites is a viable path for optimizing the CO2 electrocatalytic reduction to CO. This work contributes to the advancement of nanocatalyst design for achieving tunable selectivity for CO2 conversion into valuable products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esperanza Sedano Varo
- Department
of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Rikke Egeberg Tankard
- Department
of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Joakim Kryger-Baggesen
- Center
for Visualizing Catalytic Processes (VISION), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Joerg Jinschek
- Center
for Visualizing Catalytic Processes (VISION), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- National
Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Stig Helveg
- Center
for Visualizing Catalytic Processes (VISION), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ib Chorkendorff
- Department
of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Christian Danvad Damsgaard
- Department
of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Center
for Visualizing Catalytic Processes (VISION), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- National
Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jakob Kibsgaard
- Department
of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Center
for Visualizing Catalytic Processes (VISION), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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5
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Chee SW, Lunkenbein T, Schlögl R, Roldán Cuenya B. Operando Electron Microscopy of Catalysts: The Missing Cornerstone in Heterogeneous Catalysis Research? Chem Rev 2023; 123:13374-13418. [PMID: 37967448 PMCID: PMC10722467 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous catalysis in thermal gas-phase and electrochemical liquid-phase chemical conversion plays an important role in our modern energy landscape. However, many of the structural features that drive efficient chemical energy conversion are still unknown. These features are, in general, highly distinct on the local scale and lack translational symmetry, and thus, they are difficult to capture without the required spatial and temporal resolution. Correlating these structures to their function will, conversely, allow us to disentangle irrelevant and relevant features, explore the entanglement of different local structures, and provide us with the necessary understanding to tailor novel catalyst systems with improved productivity. This critical review provides a summary of the still immature field of operando electron microscopy for thermal gas-phase and electrochemical liquid-phase reactions. It focuses on the complexity of investigating catalytic reactions and catalysts, progress in the field, and analysis. The forthcoming advances are discussed in view of correlative techniques, artificial intelligence in analysis, and novel reactor designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- See Wee Chee
- Department
of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber Institute
of the Max-Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Lunkenbein
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber Institute
of the Max-Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Schlögl
- Department
of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber Institute
of the Max-Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Beatriz Roldán Cuenya
- Department
of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber Institute
of the Max-Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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6
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Tort R, Bagger A, Westhead O, Kondo Y, Khobnya A, Winiwarter A, Davies BJV, Walsh A, Katayama Y, Yamada Y, Ryan MP, Titirici MM, Stephens IEL. Searching for the Rules of Electrochemical Nitrogen Fixation. ACS Catal 2023; 13:14513-14522. [PMID: 38026818 PMCID: PMC10660346 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c03951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Li-mediated ammonia synthesis is, thus far, the only electrochemical method for heterogeneous decentralized ammonia production. The unique selectivity of the solid electrode provides an alternative to one of the largest heterogeneous thermal catalytic processes. However, it is burdened with intrinsic energy losses, operating at a Li plating potential. In this work, we survey the periodic table to understand the fundamental features that make Li stand out. Through density functional theory calculations and experimentation on chemistries analogous to lithium (e.g., Na, Mg, Ca), we find that lithium is unique in several ways. It combines a stable nitride that readily decomposes to ammonia with an ideal solid electrolyte interphase, balancing reagents at the reactive interface. We propose descriptors based on simulated formation and binding energies of key intermediates and further on hard and soft acids and bases (HSAB principle) to generalize such features. The survey will help the community toward electrochemical systems beyond Li for nitrogen fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Tort
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Alexander Bagger
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
- Department
of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Olivia Westhead
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Yasuyuki Kondo
- Osaka
University, SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research),
Mihogaoka, Osaka, Ibaraki 567-0047, Japan
| | - Artem Khobnya
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Anna Winiwarter
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | | | - Aron Walsh
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Yu Katayama
- Osaka
University, SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research),
Mihogaoka, Osaka, Ibaraki 567-0047, Japan
| | - Yuki Yamada
- Osaka
University, SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research),
Mihogaoka, Osaka, Ibaraki 567-0047, Japan
| | - Mary P. Ryan
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
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7
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Đukić T, Pavko L, Jovanovič P, Maselj N, Gatalo M, Hodnik N. Stability challenges of carbon-supported Pt-nanoalloys as fuel cell oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalysts. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:13832-13854. [PMID: 36472187 PMCID: PMC9753161 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05377b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-supported Pt-based nanoalloys (CSPtNs) as the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalysts are considered state-of-the-art electrocatalysts for use in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Although their ORR activity performance is already adequate to allow lowering of the Pt loading and thus commercialisation of the fuel cell technology, their stability remains an open challenge. In this Feature Article, the recent achievements and acquired knowledge on the degradation behaviour of these electrocatalysts are overviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Đukić
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova ulica 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Luka Pavko
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova ulica 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Primož Jovanovič
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova ulica 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Nik Maselj
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova ulica 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matija Gatalo
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova ulica 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- ReCatalyst d.o.o., Hajdrihova ulica 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nejc Hodnik
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova ulica 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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8
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Lin HY, Lou ZX, Ding Y, Li X, Mao F, Yuan HY, Liu PF, Yang HG. Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalysts for the Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolyzer: Challenges on Stability. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2201130. [PMID: 36333185 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202201130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen generated by proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer holds a promising potential to complement the traditional energy structure and achieve the global target of carbon neutrality for its efficient, clean, and sustainable nature. The acidic oxygen evolution reaction (OER), owing to its sluggish kinetic process, remains a bottleneck that dominates the efficiency of overall water splitting. Over the past few decades, tremendous efforts have been devoted to exploring OER activity, whereas most show unsatisfying stability to meet the demand for industrial application of PEM electrolyzer. In this review, systematic considerations of the origin and strategies based on OER stability challenges are focused on. Intrinsic deactivation of the material and the extrinsic balance of plant-induced destabilization are summarized. Accordingly, rational strategies for catalyst design including doping and leaching, support effect, coordination effect, strain engineering, phase and facet engineering are discussed for their contribution to the promoted OER stability. Moreover, advanced in situ/operando characterization techniques are put forward to shed light on the OER pathways as well as the structural evolution of the OER catalyst, giving insight into the deactivation mechanisms. Finally, outlooks toward future efforts on the development of long-term and practical electrocatalysts for the PEM electrolyzer are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yang Lin
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Zhen Xin Lou
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yeliang Ding
- China General Nuclear New Energy Holdings Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- China General Nuclear New Energy Holdings Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Fangxin Mao
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Hai Yang Yuan
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Peng Fei Liu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Hua Gui Yang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
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9
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Wang X, Zhong H, Xi S, Lee WSV, Xue J. Understanding of Oxygen Redox in the Oxygen Evolution Reaction. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2107956. [PMID: 35853837 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The electron-transfer process during the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) often either proceeds solely via a metal redox chemistry (adsorbate evolution mechanism (AEM), with metal bands around the Fermi level) or an oxygen redox chemistry (lattice oxygen oxidation mechanism (LOM), with oxygen bands around the Fermi level). Unlike the AEM, the LOM involves oxygen redox chemistry instead of metal redox, which leads to the formation of a direct oxygen-oxygen (OO) bond. As a result, such a process is able to bypass the rate-determining step, that is, OO bonding, in AEM, which highlights the critical advantage of LOM as compared to the conventional AEM. Thus, it has been well reported that LOM-based catalysts are able to demonstrate higher OER activities as compared to AEM-based catalysts. Here, a comprehensive understanding of the oxygen redox in LOM and all documented and possible characterization techniques that can be used to identify the oxygen redox are reviewed. This review will interpret the origins of oxygen redox in the reported LOM-based electrocatalysts and the underlying science of LOM-induced surface reconstruction in transition metal oxides. Finally, perspectives on the future development of LOM electrocatalysts are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117573, Singapore
| | - Haoyin Zhong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117573, Singapore
| | - Shibo Xi
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, 627833, Singapore
| | - Wee Siang Vincent Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117573, Singapore
| | - Junmin Xue
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117573, Singapore
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10
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Scott SB, Sørensen JE, Rao RR, Moon C, Kibsgaard J, Shao-Horn Y, Chorkendorff I. The low overpotential regime of acidic water oxidation part II: trends in metal and oxygen stability numbers. ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2022; 15:1988-2001. [PMID: 35706421 PMCID: PMC9116156 DOI: 10.1039/d1ee03915f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The operating conditions of low pH and high potential at the anodes of polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysers restrict the choice of catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) to oxides based on the rare metals iridium or ruthenium. In this work, we investigate the stability of both the metal atoms and, by quantitative and highly sensitive 18O isotope labelling experiments, the oxygen atoms in a series of RuO x and IrO x electrocatalysts during the OER in the mechanistically interesting low overpotential regime. We show that materials based on RuO x have a higher dissolution rate than the rate of incorporation of labelled oxygen from the catalyst into the O2 evolved ("labelled OER"), while for IrO x -based catalysts the two rates are comparable. On amorphous RuO x , metal dissolution and labelled OER are found to have distinct Tafel slopes. These observations together lead us to a full mechanistic picture in which dissolution and labelled OER are side processes to the main electrocatalytic cycle. We emphasize the importance of quantitative analysis and point out that since less than 0.2% of evolved oxygen contains an oxygen atom originating from the catalyst itself, lattice oxygen evolution is at most a negligible contribution to overall OER activity for RuO x and IrO x in acidic electrolyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soren B Scott
- SurfCat Section for Surface Physics and Catalysis, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby Denmark
| | - Jakob E Sørensen
- SurfCat Section for Surface Physics and Catalysis, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby Denmark
| | - Reshma R Rao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Choongman Moon
- SurfCat Section for Surface Physics and Catalysis, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby Denmark
| | - Jakob Kibsgaard
- SurfCat Section for Surface Physics and Catalysis, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby Denmark
| | - Yang Shao-Horn
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Ib Chorkendorff
- SurfCat Section for Surface Physics and Catalysis, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby Denmark
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11
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Scott SB, Rao RR, Moon C, Sørensen JE, Kibsgaard J, Shao-Horn Y, Chorkendorff I. The low overpotential regime of acidic water oxidation part I: the importance of O 2 detection. ENERGY & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2022; 15:1977-1987. [PMID: 35706423 PMCID: PMC9116083 DOI: 10.1039/d1ee03914h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The high overpotential required for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) represents a significant barrier for the production of closed-cycle renewable fuels and chemicals. Ruthenium dioxide is among the most active catalysts for OER in acid, but the activity at low overpotentials can be difficult to measure due to high capacitance. In this work, we use electrochemistry - mass spectrometry to obtain accurate OER activity measurements spanning six orders of magnitude on a model series of ruthenium-based catalysts in acidic electrolyte, quantifying electrocatalytic O2 production at potential as low as 1.30 VRHE. We show that the potential-dependent O2 production rate, i.e., the Tafel slope, exhibits three regimes, revealing a previously unobserved Tafel slope of 25 mV decade-1 below 1.4 VRHE. We fit the expanded activity data to a microkinetic model based on potential-dependent coverage of the surface intermediates from which the rate-determining step takes place. Our results demonstrate how the familiar quantities "onset potential" and "exchange current density" are influenced by the sensitivity of the detection method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soren B Scott
- SurfCat Section for Surface Physics and Catalysis, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Reshma R Rao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Choongman Moon
- SurfCat Section for Surface Physics and Catalysis, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Jakob E Sørensen
- SurfCat Section for Surface Physics and Catalysis, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Jakob Kibsgaard
- SurfCat Section for Surface Physics and Catalysis, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Yang Shao-Horn
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge Massachusetts USA
| | - Ib Chorkendorff
- SurfCat Section for Surface Physics and Catalysis, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
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12
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Hochfilzer D, Xu A, Sørensen JE, Needham JL, Krempl K, Toudahl KK, Kastlunger G, Chorkendorff I, Chan K, Kibsgaard J. Transients in Electrochemical CO Reduction Explained by Mass Transport of Buffers. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Degenhart Hochfilzer
- SurfCat Section for Surface Physics and Catalysis, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Aoni Xu
- CatTheory, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jakob Ejler Sørensen
- SurfCat Section for Surface Physics and Catalysis, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Julius Lucas Needham
- SurfCat Section for Surface Physics and Catalysis, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kevin Krempl
- SurfCat Section for Surface Physics and Catalysis, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Karl Krøjer Toudahl
- SurfCat Section for Surface Physics and Catalysis, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Georg Kastlunger
- CatTheory, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ib Chorkendorff
- SurfCat Section for Surface Physics and Catalysis, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Karen Chan
- CatTheory, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jakob Kibsgaard
- SurfCat Section for Surface Physics and Catalysis, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
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13
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Krempl K, Hochfilzer D, Cavalca F, Saccoccio M, Kibsgaard J, Vesborg PCK, Chorkendorff I. Quantitative operando detection of electro synthesized ammonia using mass spectrometry. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202101713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Krempl
- Technical University of Denmark: Danmarks Tekniske Universitet Physics Anker Engelundsvej 1 2800 Kgs Lyngby DENMARK
| | - Degenhart Hochfilzer
- Technical University of Denmark: Danmarks Tekniske Universitet Physics Fysikvej Build 312Kongens Lyngby 2800 Kongens Lyngby DENMARK
| | | | - Mattia Saccoccio
- Technical University of Denmark: Danmarks Tekniske Universitet Physics DENMARK
| | - Jakob Kibsgaard
- Technical University of Denmark: Danmarks Tekniske Universitet Physics DENMARK
| | - Peter C. K. Vesborg
- Technical University of Denmark: Danmarks Tekniske Universitet Physics DENMARK
| | - Ib Chorkendorff
- Technical University of Denmark Department of Physics FysikvejBuilding 312 2800 Kgs. Lyngby DENMARK
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14
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Krzywda PM, Paradelo Rodríguez A, Cino L, Benes NE, Mei BT, Mul G. Electroreduction of NO 3− on tubular porous Ti electrodes. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cy00289b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Tubular porous Ti electrodes show unprecedented performance in the electrochemical reduction of nitrate to ammonia, which increased from −33 to −75 mA cm2 by applying an inert gas flow exiting through the pores of the Ti tube.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr M. Krzywda
- Photocatalytic Synthesis Group, Faculty of Science & Technology of the University of Twente, PO Box 217, Enschede, The Netherlands
- Membrane Science and Technology Cluster, Faculty of Science & Technology of the University of Twente, PO Box 217, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Ainoa Paradelo Rodríguez
- Photocatalytic Synthesis Group, Faculty of Science & Technology of the University of Twente, PO Box 217, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Lukas Cino
- Photocatalytic Synthesis Group, Faculty of Science & Technology of the University of Twente, PO Box 217, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Nieck E. Benes
- Membrane Science and Technology Cluster, Faculty of Science & Technology of the University of Twente, PO Box 217, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Bastian T. Mei
- Photocatalytic Synthesis Group, Faculty of Science & Technology of the University of Twente, PO Box 217, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Guido Mul
- Photocatalytic Synthesis Group, Faculty of Science & Technology of the University of Twente, PO Box 217, Enschede, The Netherlands
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15
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Raciti D, Moffat TP. Quantification of Hydride Coverage on Cu(111) by Electrochemical Mass Spectrometry. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2022; 126:10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c06207. [PMID: 38711439 PMCID: PMC11070959 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c06207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemical mass spectrometry (EC-MS) is combined with chronoamperometry to quantify H coverage associated with the surface hydride phase on Cu(111) in 0.1 mol/L H2SO4. A two-step potential pulse program is used to examine anion desorption and hydride formation, and the inverse, by tracking the 2 atomic mass unit (amu) signal for H2 production in comparison to the charge passed. On the negative potential step, the reduction current is partitioned between anion desorption, hydride formation, and the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). For modest overpotentials, variations in partial processes are evident as inflections in the chronoamperometry and EC-MS signal. On the return step to positive potentials, hydride decomposition by H recombination to H2 occurs in parallel with sulfate adsorption. The challenge associated with the inherent diffusional delay in the EC-MS response is mitigated by total H2 collection and steady-state analysis facilitated by the thin-layer EC-MS cell geometry as demonstrated for the HER on a non-hydride forming Ag electrode. Analysis of the respective transients and steady-state response on Cu(111) reveals a saturated hydride fractional coverage of 0.67 at negative potentials with an upper bound charge of 106 μC/cm2 (average electrosorption valency of ≈1.76) associated with adsorption of the (√ 3 × √ 7 ) mixed sulfate-water adlayer at positive potentials.
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16
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Tackett BM, Raciti D, Hight Walker AR, Moffat TP. Surface Hydride Formation on Cu(111) and Its Decomposition to Form H 2 in Acid Electrolytes. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:10936-10941. [PMID: 34734717 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry and Raman vibrational spectroscopy were used to follow competitive dynamics between adsorption and desorption of H and anions during potential cycling of three low-index Cu surfaces in acid electrolytes. Unique to Cu(111) is a redox wave for surface hydride formation coincident with anion desorption, while the reverse reaction of hydride decomposition with anion adsorption yields H2 by recombination rather than oxidation to H3O+. Charge imbalance between the reactions accounts for the asymmetric voltammetry in SO42-, ClO4-, PO43-, and Cl- electrolytes with pH 0.68-4.5. Two-dimensional hydride formation is evidenced by the reduction wave prior to H2 evolution and vibrational bands between 995 and 1130 cm-1. In contrast to Cu(111), no distinct voltammetric signature of surface hydride formation is observed on Cu(110) and Cu(100). The Cu(111) hydride surface phase may serve to catalyze hydrofunctionalization reactions such as CO2 reduction to CH4 and should be broadly useful in electro-organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Tackett
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - David Raciti
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Angela R Hight Walker
- Nanoscale Device Characterization Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Thomas P Moffat
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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17
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Huang J, Scott SB, Chorkendorff I, Wen Z. Online Electrochemistry–Mass Spectrometry Evaluation of the Acidic Oxygen Evolution Reaction at Supported Catalysts. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junheng Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
| | - Soren B. Scott
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej, Building 312, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ib Chorkendorff
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej, Building 312, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Zhenhai Wen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
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18
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Krempl K, Hochfilzer D, Scott SB, Kibsgaard J, Vesborg PCK, Hansen O, Chorkendorff I. Dynamic Interfacial Reaction Rates from Electrochemistry-Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2021; 93:7022-7028. [PMID: 33905662 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemistry-mass spectrometry is a versatile and reliable tool to study the interfacial reaction rates of Faradaic processes with high temporal resolutions. However, the measured mass spectrometric signals typically do not directly correspond to the partial current density toward the analyte due to mass transport effects. Here, we introduce a mathematical framework, grounded on a mass transport model, to obtain a quantitative and truly dynamic partial current density from a measured mass spectrometer signal by means of deconvolution. Furthermore, it is shown that the time resolution of electrochemistry-mass spectrometry is limited by entropy-driven processes during mass transport to the mass spectrometer. The methodology is validated by comparing the measured impulse responses of hydrogen and oxygen evolution to the model predictions and subsequently applied to uncover dynamic phenomena during hydrogen and oxygen evolution in an acidic electrolyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Krempl
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Degenhart Hochfilzer
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Soren B Scott
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ London, U.K
| | - Jakob Kibsgaard
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter C K Vesborg
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ole Hansen
- DTU Nanolab, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ib Chorkendorff
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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19
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Scott SB, Kibsgaard J, Vesborg PC, Chorkendorff I. Tracking oxygen atoms in electrochemical CO oxidation - Part II: Lattice oxygen reactivity in oxides of Pt and Ir. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.137844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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20
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Scott SB, Kibsgaard J, Vesborg PC, Chorkendorff I. Tracking oxygen atoms in electrochemical CO oxidation – Part I: Oxygen exchange via CO2 hydration. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.137842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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21
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Moriau LJ, Hrnjić A, Pavlišič A, Kamšek AR, Petek U, Ruiz-Zepeda F, Šala M, Pavko L, Šelih VS, Bele M, Jovanovič P, Gatalo M, Hodnik N. Resolving the nanoparticles' structure-property relationships at the atomic level: a study of Pt-based electrocatalysts. iScience 2021; 24:102102. [PMID: 33659872 PMCID: PMC7890412 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Achieving highly active and stable oxygen reduction reaction performance at low platinum-group-metal loadings remains one of the grand challenges in the proton-exchange membrane fuel cells community. Currently, state-of-the-art electrocatalysts are high-surface-area-carbon-supported nanoalloys of platinum with different transition metals (Cu, Ni, Fe, and Co). Despite years of focused research, the established structure-property relationships are not able to explain and predict the electrochemical performance and behavior of the real nanoparticulate systems. In the first part of this work, we reveal the complexity of commercially available platinum-based electrocatalysts and their electrochemical behavior. In the second part, we introduce a bottom-up approach where atomically resolved properties, structural changes, and strain analysis are recorded as well as analyzed on an individual nanoparticle before and after electrochemical conditions (e.g. high current density). Our methodology offers a new level of understanding of structure-stability relationships of practically viable nanoparticulate systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Jean Moriau
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Armin Hrnjić
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andraž Pavlišič
- Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ana Rebeka Kamšek
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Urša Petek
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Francisco Ruiz-Zepeda
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martin Šala
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Luka Pavko
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vid Simon Šelih
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marjan Bele
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Primož Jovanovič
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matija Gatalo
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nejc Hodnik
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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22
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Smiljanić M, Petek U, Bele M, Ruiz-Zepeda F, Šala M, Jovanovič P, Gaberšček M, Hodnik N. Electrochemical Stability and Degradation Mechanisms of Commercial Carbon-Supported Gold Nanoparticles in Acidic Media. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2021; 125:635-647. [PMID: 33488908 PMCID: PMC7818511 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c10033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical stability of a commercial Au/C catalyst in an acidic electrolyte has been investigated by an accelerated stress test (AST), which consisted of 10,000 voltammetric scans (1 V/s) in the potential range between 0.58 and 1.41 VRHE. Loss of Au electrochemical surface area (ESA) during the AST pointed out to the degradation of Au/C. Coupling of an electrochemical flow cell with ICP-MS showed that only a minor amount of gold is dissolved despite the substantial loss of gold ESA during the AST (∼35% of initial value remains at the end of the AST). According to the electrochemical mass spectrometry experiments, carbon corrosion occurs during the AST but to a minor extent. By using identical location scanning electron microscopy and identical location transmission electron microscopy, it was possible to discern that the dissolution of small Au particles (<5 nm) within the polydisperse Au/C sample is the main degradation mechanism. The mass of such particles gives only a minor contribution to the overall Au mass of the polydisperse sample while giving a major contribution to the overall ESA, which explains a significant loss of ESA and minor loss of mass during the AST. The addition of low amounts of chloride anions (10-4 M) substantially promoted the degradation of gold nanoparticles. At an even higher concentration of chlorides (10-2 M), the dissolution of gold was rather effective, which is useful from the recycling point of view when rapid leaching of gold is desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milutin Smiljanić
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova
19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Laboratory
for Atomic Physics, Institute for Nuclear Sciences Vinča, University of Belgrade, Mike Alasa 12-14, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Urša Petek
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova
19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marjan Bele
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova
19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Francisco Ruiz-Zepeda
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova
19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department
of Physics and Chemistry of Materials, Institute
of Metals and Technology, Lepi pot 11, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martin Šala
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova
19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Primož Jovanovič
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova
19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miran Gaberšček
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova
19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University
of Ljubljana, Večna
pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nejc Hodnik
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova
19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- University
of Nova Gorica, Vipavska
13, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
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23
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Winiwarter A, Boyd MJ, Scott SB, Higgins DC, Seger B, Chorkendorff I, Jaramillo TF. CO as a Probe Molecule to Study Surface Adsorbates during Electrochemical Oxidation of Propene. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202001162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Winiwarter
- SurfCat Department of Physics Technical University of Denmark 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
- Haldor Topsoe A/S Haldor Topsøes Allé 1 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Michael J. Boyd
- Department of Chemical Engineering Stanford University Stanford California 94305 United States
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Menlo Park California 94025 United States
| | - Soren B. Scott
- SurfCat Department of Physics Technical University of Denmark 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
- Spectro Inlets A/S Ole Maaløes Vej 3 2200 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Drew C. Higgins
- Department of Chemical Engineering Stanford University Stanford California 94305 United States
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Menlo Park California 94025 United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering McMaster University 1280 Main St W Hamilton Ontario L8S 4 L8 Canada
| | - Brian Seger
- SurfCat Department of Physics Technical University of Denmark 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Ib Chorkendorff
- SurfCat Department of Physics Technical University of Denmark 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Thomas F. Jaramillo
- Department of Chemical Engineering Stanford University Stanford California 94305 United States
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Menlo Park California 94025 United States
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24
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Wang G, Chen J, Ding Y, Cai P, Yi L, Li Y, Tu C, Hou Y, Wen Z, Dai L. Electrocatalysis for CO2 conversion: from fundamentals to value-added products. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:4993-5061. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00071j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This timely and comprehensive review mainly summarizes advances in heterogeneous electroreduction of CO2: from fundamentals to value-added products.
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25
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Scott SB, Engstfeld AK, Jusys Z, Hochfilzer D, Knøsgaard N, Trimarco DB, Vesborg PCK, Behm RJ, Chorkendorff I. Anodic molecular hydrogen formation on Ru and Cu electrodes. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy01213k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
On important electrocatalysts including ruthenium and copper, increasing the potential pushes adsorbed hydrogen off as H2, an unexpected uphill desorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soren B. Scott
- Section for Surface Physics and Catalysis
- Department of Physics
- Technical University of Denmark
- 2800 Kgs. Lyngby
- Denmark
| | - Albert K. Engstfeld
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis
- Ulm University
- D-89069 Ulm
- Germany
| | - Zenonas Jusys
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis
- Ulm University
- D-89069 Ulm
- Germany
| | - Degenhart Hochfilzer
- Section for Surface Physics and Catalysis
- Department of Physics
- Technical University of Denmark
- 2800 Kgs. Lyngby
- Denmark
| | - Nikolaj Knøsgaard
- Section for Surface Physics and Catalysis
- Department of Physics
- Technical University of Denmark
- 2800 Kgs. Lyngby
- Denmark
| | | | - Peter C. K. Vesborg
- Section for Surface Physics and Catalysis
- Department of Physics
- Technical University of Denmark
- 2800 Kgs. Lyngby
- Denmark
| | - R. Jürgen Behm
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis
- Ulm University
- D-89069 Ulm
- Germany
| | - Ib Chorkendorff
- Section for Surface Physics and Catalysis
- Department of Physics
- Technical University of Denmark
- 2800 Kgs. Lyngby
- Denmark
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26
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Lozeman JJA, Führer P, Olthuis W, Odijk M. Spectroelectrochemistry, the future of visualizing electrode processes by hyphenating electrochemistry with spectroscopic techniques. Analyst 2020; 145:2482-2509. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an02105a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reviewing the future of electrochemistry combined with infrared, Raman, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as well as mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper J. A. Lozeman
- BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip Group
- MESA+ Institute
- University of Twente
- 7522 NB Enschede
- The Netherlands
| | - Pascal Führer
- BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip Group
- MESA+ Institute
- University of Twente
- 7522 NB Enschede
- The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Olthuis
- BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip Group
- MESA+ Institute
- University of Twente
- 7522 NB Enschede
- The Netherlands
| | - Mathieu Odijk
- BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip Group
- MESA+ Institute
- University of Twente
- 7522 NB Enschede
- The Netherlands
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27
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Maagaard T, Tiwari A, Chorkendorff I, Horch S. On the Possibilities and Considerations of Interfacing Ultra‐High Vacuum Equipment with an Electrochemical Setup. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:3024-3029. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Maagaard
- SurfCat, DTU PhysicsThe Technical University of Denmark 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Aarti Tiwari
- SurfCat, DTU PhysicsThe Technical University of Denmark 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Ib Chorkendorff
- SurfCat, DTU PhysicsThe Technical University of Denmark 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Sebastian Horch
- SurfCat, DTU PhysicsThe Technical University of Denmark 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
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28
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Amin HMA, Königshoven P, Hegemann M, Baltruschat H. Role of Lattice Oxygen in the Oxygen Evolution Reaction on Co3O4: Isotope Exchange Determined Using a Small-Volume Differential Electrochemical Mass Spectrometry Cell Design. Anal Chem 2019; 91:12653-12660. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hatem M. A. Amin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, 12613 Giza, Egypt
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, 53117 Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Königshoven
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, 53117 Bonn, Germany
| | - Martina Hegemann
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, 53117 Bonn, Germany
| | - Helmut Baltruschat
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, 53117 Bonn, Germany
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29
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In-Situ Analysis of Essential Fragrant Oils Using a Portable Mass Spectrometer. Int J Anal Chem 2019; 2019:1780190. [PMID: 31057619 PMCID: PMC6463677 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1780190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A portable mass spectrometer was coupled to a direct inlet membrane (DIM) probe and applied to the direct analysis of active fragrant compounds (3-methylbutyl acetate, 2-methyl-3-furanthiol, methyl butanoate, and ethyl methyl sulfide) in real time. These fragrant active compounds are commonly used in the formulation of flavours and fragrances. Results obtained show that the portable mass spectrometer with a direct membrane inlet can be used to detect traces of the active fragrant compounds in complex mixtures such as essential fragrant oils and this represents a novel in-situ analysis methodology. Limits of detection (LOD) in the sub-ppb range (< 2.5 pg) are demonstrated. Standard samples in the gaseous phase presented very good linearity with RSD % at 5 to 7 for the selected active fragrant compounds (i.e., isoamyl acetate, 2-methyl-3-furanthiol, methyl butanoate, and methyl ethyl sulphide). The rise and fall times of the DIM probe are in the ranges from 15 to 31 seconds and 23 to 41 seconds, respectively, for the standard model compounds analysed. The identities of the fragrance active compounds in essential oil samples (i.e., banana, tangerine, papaya, and blueberry muffin) were first identified by comparison with a standard fragrance compounds mixture using their major fragment peaks, the NIST standard reference library, and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. No sample preparation is required for analysis using a portable mass spectrometer coupled to a DIM probe, so the cycle time from ambient air sampling to the acquisition of the results is at least 65 seconds.
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