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Hameed F, Mohanan M, Ibrahim N, Ochonma C, Rodríguez-López J, Gavvalapalli N. Controlling π-Conjugated Polymer-Acceptor Interactions by Designing Polymers with a Mixture of π-Face Strapped and Nonstrapped Monomers. Macromolecules 2023; 56:3421-3429. [PMID: 38510570 PMCID: PMC10950295 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Controlling π-conjugated polymer-acceptor complex interaction, including the interaction strength and location along the polymer backbone, is central to organic electronics and energy applications. Straps in the strapped π-conjugated polymers mask the π-face of the polymer backbone and hence are useful to control the interactions of the π-face of the polymer backbone with other polymer chains and small molecules compared to the conventional pendant solubilizing chains. Herein, we have synthesized a series of strapped π-conjugated copolymers containing a mixture of strapped and nonstrapped comonomers to control the polymer-acceptor interactions. Simulations confirmed that the acceptor is directed toward the nonstrapped repeat unit. More importantly, strapped copolymers overcome a major drawback of homopolymers and display higher photoinduced photoluminescence (PL) quenching, which is a measure of electron transfer from the polymer to acceptor, compared to that of both the strapped homopolymer and the conventional polymer with pendant solubilizing chains. We have also shown that this strategy applies not only to strapped polymers, but also to the conventional polymers with pendant solubilizing chains. The increase in PL quenching is attributed to the absence of a steric sheath around the comonomers and their random location along the polymer backbone, which enhances the probability of non-neighbor acceptor binding events along the polymer backbone. Thus, by mixing insulated and noninsulated monomers along the polymer backbone, the location of the acceptor along the polymer backbone, polymer-acceptor interaction strength, and the efficiency of photoinduced charge transfer are controllable compared to the homopolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Hameed
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
- Institute
for Soft Matter Synthesis and Metrology, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Manikandan Mohanan
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
- Institute
for Soft Matter Synthesis and Metrology, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Nafisa Ibrahim
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Charles Ochonma
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
- Institute
for Soft Matter Synthesis and Metrology, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Joaquín Rodríguez-López
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Nagarjuna Gavvalapalli
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
- Institute
for Soft Matter Synthesis and Metrology, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
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2
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de Jong D, Karst J, Ludescher D, Floess M, Moell S, Dirnberger K, Hentschel M, Ludwigs S, Braun PV, Giessen H. Electrically switchable metallic polymer metasurface device with gel polymer electrolyte. NANOPHOTONICS 2023; 12:1397-1404. [PMID: 37114093 PMCID: PMC10125172 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2022-0654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present an electrically switchable, compact metasurface device based on the metallic polymer PEDOT:PSS in combination with a gel polymer electrolyte. Applying square-wave voltages, we can reversibly switch the PEDOT:PSS from dielectric to metallic. Using this concept, we demonstrate a compact, standalone, and CMOS compatible metadevice. It allows for electrically controlled ON and OFF switching of plasmonic resonances in the 2-3 µm wavelength range, as well as electrically controlled beam switching at angles up to 10°. Furthermore, switching frequencies of up to 10 Hz, with oxidation times as fast as 42 ms and reduction times of 57 ms, are demonstrated. Our work provides the basis towards solid state switchable metasurfaces, ultimately leading to submicrometer-pixel spatial light modulators and hence switchable holographic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek de Jong
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center ScoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Materials Research Laboratory, and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801, USA
| | - Julian Karst
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center ScoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dominik Ludescher
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center ScoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Moritz Floess
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center ScoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sophia Moell
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center ScoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Klaus Dirnberger
- IPOC-Functional Polymers, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mario Hentschel
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center ScoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sabine Ludwigs
- IPOC-Functional Polymers, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Paul V. Braun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Materials Research Laboratory, and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801, USA
| | - Harald Giessen
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center ScoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
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3
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Microscopic, Spectroscopic, and Electrochemical Characterization of Novel Semicrystalline Poly(3-hexylthiophene)-Based Dendritic Star Copolymer. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14204400. [PMID: 36297982 PMCID: PMC9607463 DOI: 10.3390/polym14204400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, electron-donating semicrystalline generation 1 poly(propylene thiophenoimine)-co-poly(3-hexylthiophene) star copolymer, G1PPT-co-P3HT was chemically prepared for the first time. Copolymerization was achieved with high molecular weight via facile green oxidative reaction. 1H NMR analyses of the star copolymer demonstrated the presence of 84% regioregular (rr) head-to-tail (HT) P3HT, which accounts for the molecular ordering in some grain regions in the macromolecule’s morphology, as revealed by the high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM) and Selected Area Electron Diffraction (SAED) images, and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD) measurements. The star copolymer also exhibited good absorption properties in the ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) and the near infrared (NIR) spectral regions, which give rise to an optical energy bandgap value as low as 1.43 eV. A HOMO energy level at −5.53 eV, which is below the air-oxidation threshold, was obtained by cyclic voltammetry (CV). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) ascertained the semiconducting properties of the macromolecule, which is characterized by a charge transfer resistance, Rct, value of 3.57 kΩ and a Bode plot-phase angle value of 75°. The combination of the EIS properties of G1PPT-co-P3HT and its highly electron-donating capability in bulk heterojunction (BHJ) active layer containing a perylene derivative, as demonstrated by photoluminescence quenching coupled to the observed Förster Resonance charge transfer, suggests its suitability as an electron-donor material for optoelectronic and photovoltaic devices.
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4
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Spectroelectrochemistry of Electroactive Polymer Composite Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153201. [PMID: 35956715 PMCID: PMC9370871 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we have summarized the main advantages of the method of spectroelectrochemistry as applied to recent studies on electrosynthesis and redox processes of electroactive polymer composite materials, which have found wide application in designing organic optoelectronic devices, batteries and sensors. These polymer composites include electroactive polymer complexes with large unmovable dopant anions such as polymer electrolytes, organic dyes, cyclodextrins, poly(β-hydroxyethers), as well as polymer-inorganic nanocomposites. The spectroelectrochemical methods reviewed include in situ electron absorption, Raman, infrared and electron spin resonance spectroscopies.
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5
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Effect of Electrosynthesis Potential on Nucleation, Growth, Adhesion, and Electronic Properties of Polypyrrole Thin Films on Fluorine-Doped Tin Oxide (FTO). Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13152419. [PMID: 34372020 PMCID: PMC8347362 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polypyrrole (PPy) is one of the most attractive conducting polymers for thin film applications due to its good electrical conductivity, stability, optical properties, and biocompatibility. Among the technologies in which PPy has gained prominence are optoelectronics and solar energy conversion, where transparent electrodes such as fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) or indium tin oxide (ITO) are frequently used. However, FTO substrates have the notable advantage that their components are widely available in nature, unlike those of ITO. Recognizing the importance that the FTO/polypyrrole system has gained in various applications, here, we studied for the first time the nucleation and growth mechanism of electro-synthesized PPy on FTO. Additionally, the effect of the synthesis potential (0.9, 1.0, 1.1, and 1.2 V vs. Ag/AgCl) on the homogeneity, adhesion, conductivity, and HOMO energy levels of PPy films was determined. From current–time transients and scanning electron microscopy, it was found that films synthesized at 0.9 and 1.0 V exhibit 3D growth with progressive nucleation (as well as lower homogeneity and higher adhesion to FTO). In contrast, films synthesized at 1.1 and 1.2 V follow 2D growth with instantaneous nucleation. It was also evident that increasing the polymerization potential leads to polymers with lower conductivity and more negative HOMO levels (versus vacuum). These findings are relevant to encourage the use of electro-synthesized PPy in thin film applications that require a high control of material properties.
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Untilova V, Zeng H, Durand P, Herrmann L, Leclerc N, Brinkmann M. Intercalation and Ordering of F 6TCNNQ and F 4TCNQ Dopants in Regioregular Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Crystals: Impact on Anisotropic Thermoelectric Properties of Oriented Thin Films. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Huiyan Zeng
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ICS UPR 22, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Pablo Durand
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ICPEES UMR 7515, F-67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurent Herrmann
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ICS UPR 22, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Nicolas Leclerc
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ICPEES UMR 7515, F-67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Martin Brinkmann
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ICS UPR 22, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
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7
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Sahalianov I, Hynynen J, Barlow S, Marder SR, Müller C, Zozoulenko I. UV-to-IR Absorption of Molecularly p-Doped Polythiophenes with Alkyl and Oligoether Side Chains: Experiment and Interpretation Based on Density Functional Theory. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:11280-11293. [PMID: 33237790 PMCID: PMC7872427 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c08757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The UV-to-IR transitions in p-doped poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) with alkyl side chains and polar polythiophene with tetraethylene glycol side chains are studied experimentally by means of the absorption spectroscopy and computationally using density functional theory (DFT) and tight-binding DFT. The evolution of electronic structure is calculated as the doping level is varied, while the roles of dopant ions, chain twisting, and π-π stacking are also considered, each of these having the effect of broadening the absorption peaks while not significantly changing their positions. The calculated spectra are found to be in good agreement with experimental spectra obtained for the polymers doped with a molybdenum dithiolene complex. As in other DFT studies of doped conjugated polymers, the electronic structure and assignment of optical transitions that emerge are qualitatively different from those obtained through earlier "traditional" approaches. In particular, the two prominent bands seen for the p-doped materials are present for both polarons and bipolarons/polaron pairs. The lowest energy of these transitions is due to excitation from the valence band to a spin-resolved orbitals located in the gap between the bands. The higher-energy band is a superposition of excitation from the valence band to a spin-resolved orbitals in the gap and an excitation between bands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihor Sahalianov
- Laboratory
of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Jonna Hynynen
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Stephen Barlow
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and
Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Seth R. Marder
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and
Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Christian Müller
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory
of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
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8
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Uvarov MN, Plekhanov MS, Zinoviev VA, Yanshole VV, Fedin MV, Kulik LV. Free radicals in organic semiconductors during photooxidation: Thin films of polymers P3HT and PCDTBT vs small molecules DRCN5T and BTR. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.137647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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9
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Tripathi A, Ko Y, Kim M, Lee Y, Lee S, Park J, Kwon YW, Kwak J, Woo HY. Optimization of Thermoelectric Properties of Polymers by Incorporating Oligoethylene Glycol Side Chains and Sequential Solution Doping with Preannealing Treatment. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayushi Tripathi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjun Ko
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-university Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Miso Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeran Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Soonyong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhyung Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-university Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Wan Kwon
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghun Kwak
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Inter-university Semiconductor Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
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10
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Untilova V, Hynynen J, Hofmann AI, Scheunemann D, Zhang Y, Barlow S, Kemerink M, Marder SR, Biniek L, Müller C, Brinkmann M. High Thermoelectric Power Factor of Poly(3-hexylthiophene) through In-Plane Alignment and Doping with a Molybdenum Dithiolene Complex. Macromolecules 2020; 53:6314-6321. [PMID: 32913375 PMCID: PMC7472519 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We report a record thermoelectric power factor of up to 160 μW m-1 K-2 for the conjugated polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT). This result is achieved through the combination of high-temperature rubbing of thin films together with the use of a large molybdenum dithiolene p-dopant with a high electron affinity. Comparison of the UV-vis-NIR spectra of the chemically doped samples to electrochemically oxidized material reveals an oxidation level of 10%, i.e., one polaron for every 10 repeat units. The high power factor arises due to an increase in the charge-carrier mobility and hence electrical conductivity along the rubbing direction. We conclude that P3HT, with its facile synthesis and outstanding processability, should not be ruled out as a potential thermoelectric material.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonna Hynynen
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Anna I. Hofmann
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Dorothea Scheunemann
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Yadong Zhang
- School
of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and
Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Stephen Barlow
- School
of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and
Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Martijn Kemerink
- Centre
for Advanced Materials, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Seth R. Marder
- School
of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and
Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Laure Biniek
- CNRS,
ICS UPR 22, Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Christian Müller
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Martin Brinkmann
- CNRS,
ICS UPR 22, Université de Strasbourg, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
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Jarosz T, Kepska K, Ledwon P, Procek M, Domagala W, Stolarczyk A. Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Grafting and Molecular Dilution: Study of a Class of Conjugated Graft Copolymers. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E205. [PMID: 30960190 PMCID: PMC6419050 DOI: 10.3390/polym11020205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A type of graft copolymer based on polysiloxane and regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) has been synthesised and its properties have been studied alongside those of its parent conjugated polymer-regioregular P3HT. Electrochemical analysis has revealed more significant changes in conformation of the copolymer film than was observed for P3HT. UV-Vis-NIR spectroelectrochemical investigation provided evidence of improved doping reversibility of the copolymer, despite its marginally increased band gap, as also confirmed by electroconductometric analysis. Evidence has been shown, indicating that polaron mobilities in both P3HT and the copolymer are higher than those of bipolaronic charge carriers, even though both systems exhibit standard doping/dedoping patterns. The grafted copolymer was tested in bulk heterojunction solar cells. Preliminary studies show a great potential of these polymers for application in photovoltaics. Power conversion efficiency of up to 2.46% was achieved despite the dilution of the P3HT chains in the copolymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Jarosz
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, 9 Strzody Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Silesian University of Technology, 6 Krzywoustego Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Kinga Kepska
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, 9 Strzody Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Przemyslaw Ledwon
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, 9 Strzody Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Marcin Procek
- Department of Optoelectronics, Silesian University of Technology, 2 Krzywoustego Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Domagala
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, 9 Strzody Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Stolarczyk
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, 9 Strzody Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
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Dingler C, Dirnberger K, Ludwigs S. Semiconducting Polymer Spherulites-From Fundamentals to Polymer Electronics. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 40:e1800601. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Dingler
- University of Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Klaus Dirnberger
- University of Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Sabine Ludwigs
- University of Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart Germany
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13
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Ruff A, Qian X, Porfyrakis K, Ludwigs S. Effect of the Type and Number of Organic Addends on Fullerene Acceptors for n‐Type Electronic Devices: Redox Properties and Energy Levels. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201800837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Ruff
- Institut für Polymerchemie (IPOC – Functional Polymers)Universität Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
- Analytical ChemistryCenter for Electrochemical Sciences (CES)Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Xin Qian
- Department of MaterialsUniversity of Oxford Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH U.K
| | | | - Sabine Ludwigs
- Institut für Polymerchemie (IPOC – Functional Polymers)Universität Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
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