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Song Y, Ren S, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Wang A. Facile synthesis of bimetallic ACF/CC@FeOCl-Cu composite cathode for efficient degradation of sulfamethoxazole at neutral pH by a flow-through heterogeneous electro-Fenton process. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 341:139971. [PMID: 37652245 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Flow-through heterogeneous electro-Fenton (FHEF) process shows a broad prospect for refractory organic pollutants removal. However, maintaining a long-term service life of higher catalytic cathode is crucial for the development of cathode materials, especially for iron-functionalized cathode operated under harsh conditions. In this study, a novel bimetallic CC@FeOCl-Cu composite was synthesized through one-step calcination, coupled with a series of microstructure characterization methodology, including XRD, SEM-EDS, XPS, and FTIR. The superior catalytic activity of CC@FeOCl-Cu could be ascribed to Fe-Cu synergy and better dispersion of FeOCl nanosheets. With the optimal Cu:Fe ratio of 1:60, the bifunctional ACF/CC@FeOCl-Cu cathode was employed in FHEF process, exhibiting an outstanding performance for sulfamethoxazole (SMX) removal over a wide pH range (3.0-9.0). Comparison of experimental results indicated that the ACF/CC@FeOCl-Cu-FHEF process showed higher performance than ACF/CC@FeOCl-FHEF and homogeneous EF processes. The average SMX removal efficiency was 98% and TOC removal efficiency was more than 57% even after 10 cycles. Radical quenching experiments and electron spin resonance test confirmed that •OH was the primary active species. More •OH was generated in the ACF/CC@FeOCl-Cu-FHEF process because the doping of Cu could enhance catalytic activity of cathode. In addition, the satisfactory performance could be observed in the ACF/CC@FeOCl-Cu-FHEF process for the treatment of real landfill leachate, indicating its potential for practical application in wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Aqueous Typical Pollutants Control and Water Quality Safeguard, School of Environment, Beijing Jiaotong University, China.
| | - Songyu Ren
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Aqueous Typical Pollutants Control and Water Quality Safeguard, School of Environment, Beijing Jiaotong University, China
| | - Yanyu Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Aqueous Typical Pollutants Control and Water Quality Safeguard, School of Environment, Beijing Jiaotong University, China
| | - Zhongguo Zhang
- Institute of Resources and Environment, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, China
| | - Aimin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Aqueous Typical Pollutants Control and Water Quality Safeguard, School of Environment, Beijing Jiaotong University, China.
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Zhao Y, Cui J, Sarrouf S, Hojabri S, Alshawabkeh AN. Degradation of Ibuprofen in flow-through system by the Electro-Fenton Process activated by two iron sources. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2608922. [PMID: 37066367 PMCID: PMC10104209 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2608922/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical degradation of ibuprofen (IBP) by electro-Fenton process has been studied in a flow-through system by evaluating the performance of two different iron sources, sacrificial cast iron anode and FeSO4 salt. The effect of operating conditions, including initial IBP concentration, cast iron anode location, initial FeSO4 concentration, applied current, the split current on the iron anode, solution pH, and flow rate on the efficacy of the process was evaluated. The sequence of the electrodes significantly influences ibuprofen removal. When using cast iron anode as iron source, placing the iron anode upstream achieved the best IBP removal rate. Split current of 3 mA applied on the iron anode out of 120 mA total current is the optimum current for remove 1 mg/L of IBP under a flow rate of 3 mL/min. There is a linear correlation between the applied current and the Fe2+ concentration in the FeSO4-system. The initial IBP concentration does not influence the rate of Fenton reaction. Flow rate influences the degradation efficiency as high flow rate dilutes the concentration of OH radicals in the electrolyte. FeSO4-system was less affected by the flow rate compared to the iron anode-system as the concentration of the Fe2+ was steady and not diluted by the flow rate. Both systems prefer acidic operation conditions than neutral and alkaline conditions. Iron-anode can be used as an external Fe2+ supply for the treatment for iron-free. These findings contribute in several ways to our understanding of the electro-Fenton process under flow conditions and provide a basis for how to design the reactor for the water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Zhao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Jiaxin Cui
- Changjiang Survey, Planning, Design and Research Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430010, Hubei, China
| | - Stephanie Sarrouf
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Shayan Hojabri
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Akram N. Alshawabkeh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
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3
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Li M, Zhu Z, Yuan S, Ji L, Zhao T, Gao Y, Wang H. Nitrogen and oxygen co-doped graphite felt gas diffusion electrodes for efficient hydrogen peroxide electrosynthesis. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2023.113076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
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4
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Hejazi SA, Taghipour F. Polytetrafluoroethylene-based gas diffusion electrode for electrochemical generation of hydrogen peroxide. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Ye X, Cai W, Lu D, Liu R, Wu Y, Wang Y. Electrochemical regeneration of granular activated carbon using an AQS (9,10- anthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid)/PPy modified graphite plate cathode. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136189. [PMID: 36037956 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigate the regeneration efficiency of Rhodamine B (RhB)-saturated granular activated carbon (GAC) in an electrochemical regeneration system by using a 9,10-anthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid/polypyrrole modified graphite plate (AQS/PPy-GP) cathode. The response surface methodology based on the Box-Behnken design (RSM-BBD) approach was used to optimize regeneration parameters, whereby the optimum condition of the independent variables was as follows: applied current = 155 mA, concentration of supporting electrolyte = 0.13 M, and regeneration time = 7 h. The electrochemical regeneration system with the AQS/PPy-GP electrode achieved high regeneration efficiency and significantly reduced energy consumption. H2O2 concentration generated in the electrolysis system was notably increased, and the time of complete degradation of organics was shortened by 25% compared to the electrode without modification. The mechanism for RhB degradation was proposed as AQS acting as a catalyst to promote the formation of H2O2. The regeneration study showed that AQS/PPy-GP cathode had appreciable reusability for GAC regeneration with a regeneration efficiency of 76.6% after 8 regeneration cycles. In summary, the electrochemical regeneration based on AQS/PPy-GP cathode would have practical industrial applications in treating spent activated carbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ye
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China.
| | - Wangfeng Cai
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China.
| | - Ding Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China.
| | - Ruonan Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China.
| | - Yingdong Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China.
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China.
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Fu D, Zhu Y, Chen L, Cui Y, Bao D, Sun Y, Zhang M, Wang H. High-performance Co-PDA-CF catalyst fabrication and lifetime prediction model for electrosynthesis of hydrogen peroxide. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kim JG, Kim HB, Lee S, Kwon EE, Baek K. Mechanistic investigation into flow-through electrochemical oxidation of sulfanilamide for groundwater using a graphite anode. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:136106. [PMID: 35988764 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The technical effectiveness/merit of electrochemical oxidation (EO) has been recognized. Nonetheless, its practical application to groundwater remediation has not been fully implemented due to several technical challenges. To overcome the technical incompleteness, this study adopted a graphite anode in the flow-through system and studied the mechanistic roles of a graphite anode. To this end, groundwater contaminated with sulfanilamide was remediated by means of EO, and sulfanilamide oxidation was quantitatively determined in this study. Approximately 60% of sulfanilamide was degraded at the anode zone, and such observation offered that the removal of sulfanilamide was not closely related with current variations (10-100 mA). However, this study delineated that sulfanilamide removal is contingent on the flow speed. For example, the removal of sulfanilamide was lowered from 59 to 25% owing to a short contact time when the flow velocity was increased from 0.14 to 0.55 cm/min. This study also delineated that a shorter anode-cathode distance could offer a favorable chance to enhance the removal of sulfanilamide even under an identical current. A shorter distance could offer a chance to save energy due to the lower voltage operation. This study also offered that chloride (Cl-) and sulfate (SO42-) electrolytes served a crucial role in the generation of active species. In contrast, bicarbonate (HCO3-) and synthetic groundwater electrolytes impeded the oxidation rate because HCO3- scavenged the other active species. In an effort to seek the oxidation mechanisms of a graphite anode, scavenger, cyclic voltammetry test, and electron https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_paramagnetic_resonanceparamagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis were done. From a series of the tests, it was inferred that a graphite anode did not directly affect the generation of the active species. Thus, the prevalence of the oxygenated functional groups on an anode surface could be the main mechanism in sulfanilamide removal due to the enhanced electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Gook Kim
- Department of Environment & Energy (BK21 FOUR), Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo, 54896, Republic of Korea; Soil Environment Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Bin Kim
- Department of Environment & Energy (BK21 FOUR), Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo, 54896, Republic of Korea; Soil Environment Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumin Lee
- Department of Environment & Energy (BK21 FOUR), Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo, 54896, Republic of Korea; Soil Environment Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Eilhann E Kwon
- Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kitae Baek
- Department of Environment & Energy (BK21 FOUR), Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo, 54896, Republic of Korea; Soil Environment Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo, 54896, Republic of Korea; School of Civil/Environmental/Resource and Energy Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo, 54896, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Zhao Y, Hojabri S, Sarrouf S, Alshawabkeh AN. Electrogeneration of H 2O 2 by graphite felt double coated with polytetrafluoroethylene and polydimethylsiloxane. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022; 10:108024. [PMID: 36969726 PMCID: PMC10035042 DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2022.108024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Efficient and steady electrogeneration of H2O2 is a significant step in the Electro-Fenton water treatment process. This study fabricates a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) coated graphite felt cathode with a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) damp-proof coating to generate H2O2 in a flow-through system without an external oxygen supply. We evaluated the effect of PDMS content, current, flow rate, and pH on H2O2 production. PDMS coating inhibits electrowetting to extend the longevity of the modified graphite felt for electrogeneration of H2O2. However, increasing PDMS content can decrease H2O2 production due to reduction of active sites on the graphite felt. Graphite felt electrodes (surface area = 14.5 cm2) coated with 500 mg of PDMS can generate 10 mg/L of H2O2 under a flow rate of 3 mL/min with only 2% production reduction after 24-hour use. This modified graphite felt has better performance in a neutral or alkaline environment than in an acidic condition. Up to 38.5 mg/L of H2O2 will be generated at optimum current (120 mA) at the flow rate of 3 mL/min. Increasing the flow rate decreases the concentration of H2O2 in the electrolyte but enhances total production after 145 mins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Zhao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, 02115, United States
| | - Shayan Hojabri
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, 02115, United States
| | - Stephanie Sarrouf
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, 02115, United States
| | - Akram N Alshawabkeh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, 02115, United States
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9
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Jia X, Cao P, Qin X, Chen S, Yu H, Quan X. High-efficiency electrochemical activation of H2O2 into ·OH enabled by flow-through FeOCl-modified carbon electrode for organic pollutants degradation. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Cornejo OM, Nava JL. Incineration of the antibiotic chloramphenicol by electro-peroxone using a smart electrolyzer that produces H2O2 through electrolytic O2. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.120021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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11
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Cornejo OM, Sirés I, Nava JL. Cathodic generation of hydrogen peroxide sustained by electrolytic O2 in a rotating cylinder electrode (RCE) reactor. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Kim JG, Kim HB, Shin DH, Alessi DS, Kwon E, Baek K. In-situ generation of reactive oxygen species using combination of electrochemical oxidation and metal sulfide. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 789:147961. [PMID: 34052499 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In-situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) is commonly practiced to degrade organic pollutants in various fields. However, ISCO is deteriorated the oxidation efficiency due to the non-selective and self-decomposition of reagents. Therefore, in-situ generation of oxidants is being proposed to compensate for the demerits of conventional ISCO. In this study, the aim is to suggest a novel in-situ generation system using the combination of electrochemical oxidation (EO) and pyrite oxidation. It is hypothesized that EO system can generate the oxygen species, which can activate the pyrite surface to produce more oxidants. We evaluated three systems (1) EO system (2) pyrite oxidation system (3) combined system using sulfanilamide as a common antibiotic. The EO system degraded completely sulfanilamide and generated 150 μM of H2O2 and 8 mg/L of DO even at 10 mA. In other words, EO system can directly oxidize the sulfanilamide and produce oxygen species. The pyrite system produced 204 and 24 μM of hydroxyl radicals at pH 3 under oxic and anoxic conditions, respectively, and 118 and 20 μM at pH 7. Pyrite oxidation can generate more reactive species in the presence of oxygen. The combined system enhanced the oxidation-rate constant to 1.5 times (from 0.2561 to 0.3502 h-1). The additional supply of oxygen showed a higher oxidation rate to 1.5 and 1.3 times higher than single EO or pyrite oxidation, respectively. As a result, the co-presence of pyrite and oxygen shows a synergistic effect on the oxidation of the organic pollutant. Our results suggest that electrochemical generation of the oxygen species in the presence of pyrite is a promising technique to oxidize organic pollutants in groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Gook Kim
- Department of Environment & Energy, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 54896, Republic of Korea; Soil Environment Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Bin Kim
- Department of Environment & Energy, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 54896, Republic of Korea; Soil Environment Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hun Shin
- Department of Environment & Energy, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 54896, Republic of Korea; Soil Environment Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Daniel S Alessi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Eilhann Kwon
- Department of Energy and Environment, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Kitae Baek
- Department of Environment & Energy, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 54896, Republic of Korea; Soil Environment Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 54896, Republic of Korea.
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Selective electrochemical H2O2 generation on the graphene aerogel for efficient electro-Fenton degradation of ciprofloxacin. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Baptista-Pires L, Norra GF, Radjenovic J. Graphene-based sponges for electrochemical degradation of persistent organic contaminants. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 203:117492. [PMID: 34365195 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Graphene-based sponges doped with atomic nitrogen and boron were applied for the electrochemical degradation of persistent organic contaminants in one-pass, flow-through mode, and in a low-conductivity supporting electrolyte. The B-doped anode and N-doped cathode was capable of >90% contaminant removal at the geometric anodic current density of 173 A m-2. The electrochemical degradation of contaminants was achieved via the direct electron transfer, the anodically formed O3, and by the OH• radicals formed by the decomposition of H2O2 produced at the cathode. The identified transformation products of iopromide show that the anodic cleavage of all three C-I bonds at the aromatic ring was preferential over scissions at the alkyl side chains, suggesting a determining role of the π- π interactions with the graphene surface. In the presence of 20 mM sodium chloride (NaCl), the current efficiency for chlorine production was <0.04%, and there was no chlorate and perchlorate formation, demonstrating a very low electrocatalytic activity of the graphene-based sponge anode towards chloride. Graphene-based sponges were produced using a low-cost, bottom-up method that allows easy introduction of dopants and functionalization of the reduced graphene oxide coating, and thus tailoring of the material for the removal of specific contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Baptista-Pires
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Giannis-Florjan Norra
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Jelena Radjenovic
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain.
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Norra GF, Radjenovic J. Removal of persistent organic contaminants from wastewater using a hybrid electrochemical-granular activated carbon (GAC) system. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 415:125557. [PMID: 33721781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A three-dimensional (3D) electrochemical flow-through reactor equipped with GAC packed bed, polarized by the electric field, was evaluated for the removal of persistent organic contaminants from real sewage effluent. The performance of the reactor was investigated for 27 consecutive runs at two anodic current densities, i.e., low current density (LCD) of 15 A m-2, and high current density (HCD) of 100 A m-2. In the HCD experiments, the adsorption ability of saturated GAC was increased, mainly due to the increase in the mesoporosity of GAC. A synergy between electrosorption/adsorption on GAC and electrooxidation was observed in terms of the removal of all target pollutants. DEET presented the highest synergy, ranging from 40% to 57%, followed by iopromide (22-46%), carbamazepine (15-34%) and diatrizoate (4-30%). The addition of GAC decreased the concentrations of toxic chlorate and perchlorate by 2-fold and 10-fold, respectively, due to their electrosorption on GAC. Also, 3D electrochemical system yielded lower concentrations of adsorbable organic iodide (AOI) and adsorbable organic chlorine (AOCl). Thus, addition of low amounts of GAC in electrochemical systems may be a low-cost and simple way of minimizing the formation and final effluent concentrations of toxic halogenated byproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giannis-Florjan Norra
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Jelena Radjenovic
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain.
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16
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Study of simultaneous electro-Fenton and adsorption processes in a reactor containing porous carbon electrodes and particulate activated carbon. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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17
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García-Espinoza JD, Robles I, Durán-Moreno A, Godínez LA. Photo-assisted electrochemical advanced oxidation processes for the disinfection of aqueous solutions: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 274:129957. [PMID: 33979920 PMCID: PMC8121763 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection is usually the final step in water treatment and its effectiveness is of paramount importance in ensuring public health. Chlorination, ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and ozone (O3) are currently the most common methods for water disinfection; however, the generation of toxic by-products and the non-remnant effect of UV and O3 still constitute major drawbacks. Photo-assisted electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOPs) on the other hand, appear as a potentially effective option for water disinfection. In these processes, the synergism between electrochemically produced active species and photo-generated radicals, improve their performance when compared with the corresponding separate processes and with other physical or chemical approaches. In photo-assisted EAOPs the inactivation of pathogens takes place by means of mechanisms that occur at different distances from the anode, that is: (i) directly at the electrode's surface (direct oxidation), (ii) at the anode's vicinity by means of electrochemically generated hydroxyl radical species (quasi-direct), (iii) or at the bulk solution (away from the electrode surface) by photo-electrogenerated active species (indirect oxidation). This review addresses state of the art reports concerning the inactivation of pathogens in water by means of photo-assisted EAOPs such as photo-electrocatalytic process, photo-assisted electrochemical oxidation, photo-electrocoagulation and cathodic processes. By focusing on the oxidation mechanism, it was found that while quasi-direct oxidation is the preponderant inactivation mechanism, the photo-electrocatalytic process using semiconductor materials is the most studied method as revealed by numerous reports in the literature. Advantages, disadvantages, trends and perspectives for water disinfection in photo-assisted EAOPs are also analyzed in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josué Daniel García-Espinoza
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica, Parque Tecnológico Querétaro Sanfandila, 76703, Pedro Escobedo, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Irma Robles
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica, Parque Tecnológico Querétaro Sanfandila, 76703, Pedro Escobedo, Querétaro, Mexico
| | | | - Luis A Godínez
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica, Parque Tecnológico Querétaro Sanfandila, 76703, Pedro Escobedo, Querétaro, Mexico.
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Zhang J, Zheng C, Dai Y, He C, Liu H, Chai S. Efficient degradation of amoxicillin by scaled-up electro-Fenton process: Attenuation of toxicity and decomposition mechanism. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Xing J, Song M, Yang M, Tan X, Li F, Wang X, Zhao J. Facile Preparation of Granular Copper Films as Cathode for Enhanced Electrochemical Degradation of Methyl Orange. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14112697. [PMID: 34063737 PMCID: PMC8196555 DOI: 10.3390/ma14112697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, granular copper films (GCFs) were prepared through electrodeposition in CuSO4 solution containing triethanolamine, and the films were used as electro-Fenton-like cathodes for degradation of methyl orange (MO). The effects of triethanolamine concentration, pH value, current intensity and temperature on the morphology of the films, as well as the MO decolorization ratio (DR), were investigated in detail. Results show that when the concentration of triethanolamine is 0.2 wt%, the prepared GCF exhibits the best performance. Under room temperature and neutral conditions, no external O2 or catalyst, MO is completely decolorized after 240 min. Compared with the commonly used carbon cathode, the GCF cathode can increase the MO decolorization rate by approximately 70.9%. The kinetics of the electrochemical degradation reaction is also discussed.
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20
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Zhu Y, Deng F, Qiu S, Ma F, Zheng Y, Lian R. Enhanced electro-Fenton degradation of sulfonamides using the N, S co-doped cathode: Mechanism for H 2O 2 formation and pollutants decay. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 403:123950. [PMID: 33264994 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Facing low reactivity/selectivity of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in electro-Fenton (EF), N, S atoms were introduced into carbon-based cathode. "End-on" O2 adsorption was achieved by adjusting electronic nature via N doping, while *OOH binding capability was tuned by spin density variation via S doping. Results showed the optimized N, S co-doped cathode presented a 42.47% improvement of H2O2 accumulation (7.95 ± 0.02 mg L-1 cm-2). According to density functional theory (DFT), N, S co-doped structure favored the "end-on" O2 adsorption as adsorption energy dropped to - 2.24 eV. Moreover, O-O/C-O bond lengths variation proved a possibility for *OOH desorption. The elaborated cathode was used in EF for sulfonamides (SAs) decay. A 100% removal rate of sulfadiazine (SDZ), sulfathiazole (STZ) and sulfadimethoxine (SDM) was achieved within 60 min, among which SDZ tended to be degraded easily. Because the absolute hardness (η) of those pollutants is ranked as follows: ηSDM> ηSTZ> ηSDZ. Degradation pathways were proposed based on the detected byproducts, along with toxicity was evaluated by ecological structure-activity relationship (ECOSAR) program. Results showed that toxic intermediates generated were reduced or even disappeared. EF with N, S co-doped cathode provides a promising process for antibiotics wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingshi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Fengxia Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Shan Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China.
| | - Fang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China.
| | - Yanshi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Ruqian Lian
- Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology for Advanced Batteries, College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
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21
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Zhou W, Li F, Su Y, Li J, Chen S, Xie L, Wei S, Meng X, Rajic L, Gao J, Alshawabkeh AN. O-doped Graphitic Granular Biochar Enables Pollutants Removal via Simultaneous H 2O 2 Generation and Activation in Neutral Fe-free Electro-Fenton Process. Sep Purif Technol 2021; 262. [PMID: 34366698 DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
H2O2 generation by 2-electron oxygen electroreduction reaction (2eORR) has attracted great attention as an alternative to the industry-dominant anthraquinone process. Electro-Fenton (EF) process, which relies on the H2O2 electrogeneration, is regarded as an important environmental application of H2O2 generation by 2eORR. However, its application is hindered by the relatively expensive electrode materials. Proposing cathode materials with low cost and facile synthetic procedures are the priority to advance the EF process. In this work, a composite cathode structure that uses graphitic granular bamboo-based biochar (GB) and stainless steel (SS) mesh (GBSS) is proposed, where SS mesh functions as current distributor and GB supports synergistic H2O2 electrogeneration and activation. The graphitic carbon makes GB conductive and the oxygen-containing groups serve as active sites for H2O2 production. 11.3 mg/L H2O2 was produced from 2.0 g GB at 50 mA after 50 min under neutral pH without external O2/air supply. The O-doped biochar further increased the H2O2 yield to 18.3 mg/L under same conditions. The GBSS electrode is also effective for H2O2 activation to generate ·OH, especially under neutral pH. Ultimately, a neutral Fe-free EF process enabled by GBSS cathode is effective for removal of various model organic pollutants (reactive blue 19, orange II, 4-nitrophenol) within 120 min, and for their partial mineralization (48.4% to 63.5%). Long-term stability of the GBSS electrode for H2O2 electrogeneration, H2O2 activation, and pollutants degradation were also examined and analyzed. This work offers a promising application for biomass waste for removals of organic pollutants in neutral Fe-free EF process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001 P. R. China.,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115 USA
| | - Feng Li
- School of Civil Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R.China
| | - Yanlin Su
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001 P. R. China
| | - Junfeng Li
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001 P. R. China
| | - Shuai Chen
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001 P. R. China
| | - Liang Xie
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001 P. R. China
| | - Siyu Wei
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao Meng
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001 P. R. China
| | - Ljiljana Rajic
- Pioneer Valley Coral & Natural Science Institute, 1 Mill Valley Road, Hadley, MA, 01035 USA
| | - Jihui Gao
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001 P. R. China
| | - Akram N Alshawabkeh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115 USA
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22
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Márquez AA, Sirés I, Brillas E, Nava JL. Mineralization of Methyl Orange azo dye by processes based on H 2O 2 electrogeneration at a 3D-like air-diffusion cathode. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 259:127466. [PMID: 32615456 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This work addresses the mineralization of the widely used Methyl Orange (MO) azo dye by technologies based on H2O2 electrogeneration at a 3D-like air-diffusion cathode. These include two Fe2+-catalyzed processes such as electro-Fenton (EF) and photoelectro-Fenton (PEF). Bulk electrolyses were performed in a recirculation flow plant, in which the Eco-Cell filter-press electrochemical reactor was connected in series with a UVA photoreactor. The former reactor was equipped with a Ti|Ir-Sn-Sb oxide plate anode alongside a 3D-like air-diffusion cathode made from graphite felt and hydrophobized carbon cloth, aimed at electrogenerating H2O2 on site. The influence of current density (j), volumetric flow rate (Q) and initial MO concentration was examined. The greatest oxidation power corresponded to PEF process. The best operation conditions to treat 30 mg L-1 of total organic carbon of MO in a 50 mM Na2SO4 solution by PEF were found at 0.50 mM Fe2+, pH 3.0, j = 20 mA cm-2 and Q = 2.0 L min-1, obtaining 100% and 94% of color and TOC removals at 30 and 240-300 min, respectively. This accounted for 35% of mineralization current efficiency and 0.12 kWh (g TOC)-1 of energy consumption at the end of the electrolysis. The oxidation power of EF and PEF was compared with that of anodic oxidation (AO), and the sequence obtained was: PEF > EF > AO. The dye was gradually degraded, yielding non-toxic short carboxylic acids, like maleic, fumaric, formic, oxalic and oxamic, whose Fe(III) complexes were rapidly photolyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana A Márquez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Geomática e Hidráulica, Universidad de Guanajuato, Av. Juárez 77, Zona Centro, 36000, Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico.
| | - Ignasi Sirés
- Laboratori d'Electroquímica dels Materials i del Medi Ambient, Departament de Química Física, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Enric Brillas
- Laboratori d'Electroquímica dels Materials i del Medi Ambient, Departament de Química Física, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - José L Nava
- Departamento de Ingeniería Geomática e Hidráulica, Universidad de Guanajuato, Av. Juárez 77, Zona Centro, 36000, Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico.
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23
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Cornejo OM, Sirés I, Nava JL. Electrosynthesis of hydrogen peroxide sustained by anodic oxygen evolution in a flow-through reactor. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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24
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Jiao Y, Ma L, Tian Y, Zhou M. A flow-through electro-Fenton process using modified activated carbon fiber cathode for orange II removal. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 252:126483. [PMID: 32197180 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the removal of Orange II by an electro-Fenton process using a novel recirculation flow-through reactor. The hydrogen peroxide was generated in-situ on the activated carbon fiber (ACF) modified with carbon black and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). The modified ACF cathode was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and nitrogen adsorption-desorption study. In light of the production of H2O2 and removal of Orange II, the optimum weight percentage of PTFE in the mixture of carbon black and PTFE was 75%. The effects of some important operating parameters such as current and flow rate were investigated. The best Orange II removal reached 96.7% with mineralization efficiency of 55.4% at 120 min under the current of 100 mA, initial pH 3, Fe2+ 0.3 mM and the flow rate of 7 mL min-1. The cathode exhibited good regeneration ability and stability. OH was proved to be the main oxidizing species in this flow-through electro-Fenton system. This work demonstrated that such electro-Fenton process using modified ACF cathode was promising for the degradation of organic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongli Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Ecology Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Tianjin Advanced Water Treatment Technology International Joint Research Center, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Liang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Ecology Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Tianjin Advanced Water Treatment Technology International Joint Research Center, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yusi Tian
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Ecology Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Tianjin Advanced Water Treatment Technology International Joint Research Center, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Minghua Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Ecology Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Tianjin Advanced Water Treatment Technology International Joint Research Center, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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25
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Hyldegaard BH, Ottosen LM, Alshawabkeh AN. Transformation of tetrachloroethylene in a flow-through electrochemical reactor. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 707:135566. [PMID: 31767295 PMCID: PMC6980996 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical transformation of harmful tetrachloroethylene (PCE) is evaluated as a method for management of groundwater plumes to protect the drinking water resource, its consumers and the environment. In contrast to previous work that reported transformation of trichloroethylene, a byproduct of PCE, this work focuses on transformation of PCE in a saturated porous matrix and the influence of design parameters on the removal performance. Design parameters investigated were electrode configuration, catalyst load, electrode spacing, current intensity, orientation of reactor and flow through a porous matrix. A removal of 86% was reached in the fully liquid-filled, horizontally oriented reactor at a current of 120 mA across a cathode → bipolar electrode → anode arrangement with a Darcy velocity of 0.03 cm/min (150 m/yr). The palladium load on the cathode significantly influenced the removal. Enhanced removal was observed with increased electrode spacing. Presence of an inert porous matrix improved PCE removal by 9%-point compared to a completely liquid-filled reactor. Normalization of the data indicated, that a higher charge transfer per contaminant mass is required for removal of low PCE concentrations. No chlorinated intermediates were formed. The results suggest, that PCE can be electrochemically transformed in reactor designs replicating that of a potential field-implementation. Further work is required to better understand the reduction and oxidation processes established and the parameters influencing such. This knowledge is essential for optimization towards testing in complex conditions and variations of contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente H Hyldegaard
- Department of Waste & Contaminated Sites, COWI, Parallelvej 2, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Department of Civil Engineering, Brovej, Building 118, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, 501 Stearns, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America.
| | - Lisbeth M Ottosen
- Department of Civil Engineering, Brovej, Building 118, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Akram N Alshawabkeh
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, 501 Stearns, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States of America
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26
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Hyldegaard BH, Jakobsen R, Ottosen LM. Electrochemical transformation of an aged tetrachloroethylene contamination in realistic aquifer settings. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 243:125340. [PMID: 31760284 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical removal of chlorinated ethenes in groundwater plumes may potentially overcome some of the challenges faced by current remediation technologies. So far, studies have been conducted in simplified settings of synthetic groundwater and inert porous matrices. This study is a stepwise investigation of the influence of field-extracted groundwater, sandy sediment and groundwater aquifer temperatures on the removal of an aged partially degraded contamination of tetrachloroethylene (PCE) at a typical groundwater flow rate. The aim is to assess the potential for applying electrochemistry at contaminated sites. At a constant current of 120 mA, pH and conductivity were unaffected downgradient the electrochemical zone. Major groundwater species were reduced and oxidized. Some minerals deposited, others dissolved. Hydrogen peroxide, a strong oxidant, was formed in levels up to 5 mg L-1 with a limited distribution into the sandy sediment. Trichloromethane was formed, supposedly by oxidation of organic matter in the sandy sediment in the presence of chloride. The more realistic the settings, the higher the PCE removal, bringing concentrations down to 7.8 ± 2.3 μg L-1. A complete removal of trichloroethylene and cis-1,2-dichloroethylene was obtained. The results suggest that competing reactions related to the natural complex hydrogeochemistry are insignificant in terms of affecting the electrochemical degradation of PCE and chlorinated intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente H Hyldegaard
- Department of Waste & Contaminated Sites, COWI A/S, Parallelvej 2, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Department of Civil Engineering, Brovej, Building 118, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Rasmus Jakobsen
- Department of Geochemistry, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Øster Voldgade 10, 1350, København K, Denmark
| | - Lisbeth M Ottosen
- Department of Civil Engineering, Brovej, Building 118, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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27
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Zhou W, Meng X, Gao J, Alshawabkeh AN. Hydrogen peroxide generation from O 2 electroreduction for environmental remediation: A state-of-the-art review. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 225:588-607. [PMID: 30903840 PMCID: PMC6921702 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by 2-electron oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is an attractive alternative to the present complex anthraquinone process. The objective of this paper is to provide a state-of-the-arts review of the most important aspects of this process. First, recent advances in H2O2 production are reviewed and the advantages of H2O2 electrogeneration via 2-electron ORR are highlighted. Second, the selectivity of the ORR pathway towards H2O2 formation as well as the development process of H2O2 production are presented. The cathode characteristics are the decisive factors of H2O2 production. Thus the focus is shifted to the introduction of commonly used carbon cathodes and their modification methods, including the introduction of other active carbon materials, hetero-atoms doping (i.e., O, N, F, B, and P) and decoration with metal oxides. Cathode stability is evaluated due to its significance for long-term application. Effects of various operational parameters, such as electrode potential/current density, supporting electrolyte, electrolyte pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and current mode on H2O2 production are then discussed. Additionally, the environmental application of electrogenerated H2O2 on aqueous and gaseous contaminants removal, including dyes, pesticides, herbicides, phenolic compounds, drugs, VOCs, SO2, NO, and Hg0, are described. Finally, a brief conclusion about the recent progress achieved in H2O2 electrogeneration via 2-electron ORR and an outlook on future research challenges are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001 PR China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Xiaoxiao Meng
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001 PR China
| | - Jihui Gao
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001 PR China.
| | - Akram N Alshawabkeh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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28
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Zhou W, Rajic L, Meng X, Nazari R, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Gao J, Qin Y, Alshawabkeh AN. Efficient H 2O 2 electrogeneration at graphite felt modified via electrode polarity reversal: Utilization for organic pollutants degradation. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND : 1996) 2019; 364:428-439. [PMID: 32581640 PMCID: PMC7314056 DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2019.01.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical synthesis of H2O2 offers a great potential for water treatment. However, a significant challenge is the development of efficient cathode materials for the process. Herein, we implement a practical electrochemical cathode modification to support efficient H2O2 electrogeneration via the reduction of dissolved anodic O2. Graphite felt (GF) is in situ anodically modified by electrode polarity reversal technique in an acid-free, low-conductivity electrolyte. The modified GF exhibits a significantly higher activity towards O2 reduction. Up to 183.3% higher H2O2 yield is obtained by the anodized GF due to the increased concentrations of oxygen-containing groups and the hydrophilicity of the surface, which facilitates electron and mass transfer between GF and the electrolyte. Another significant finding is the ability to produce H2O2 at a high yield under neutral pH and low current intensity by the modified GF (35% of the charge need to produce the same amount by unmodified GF). Long-term stability testing of the modified GF showed a decay in the electrode's activity for H2O2 production after 30 consecutive applications. However, the electrode regained its optimal activity for H2O2 production after a secondary modification by electrode polarity reversal. Finally, in situ electrochemically modified GF is more effective for removal of reactive blue 19 (RB19, 20 mg/L) and ibuprofen (IBP, 10 mg/L) by the electro-Fenton process. The modified GF removed 62.7% of RB19 compared to only 28.1% by the unmodified GF in batch reactors after 50 min. Similarly, 75.3% IBP is removed by the modified GF compared to 57.6% by the unmodified GF in a flow-through reactor after 100 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Ljiljana Rajic
- Pioneer Valley Coral and Natural Science Institute, 1 Mill Valley Road, Hadley, MA 01035, USA
| | - Xiaoxiao Meng
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Roya Nazari
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Yuwei Zhao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Jihui Gao
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Yukun Qin
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Akram N. Alshawabkeh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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29
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Xiao K, Liang H, Chen S, Yang B, Zhang J, Li J. Enhanced photoelectrocatalytic degradation of bisphenol A and simultaneous production of hydrogen peroxide in saline wastewater treatment. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 222:141-148. [PMID: 30703653 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.01.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of organic pollutants in saline wastewater has been a challenge for environmental remediation. In this study, a two-chamber cell was structured to simultaneously degrade organic contaminants (bisphenol A, BPA) from saline wastewater and produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In the anode chamber, a new solar-light-driven system was devised using chloride ions (Cl‾) as a medium and WO3 photoanode as a radical initiator. Under solar light irradiation, photogenerated holes yielded at the WO3 photoanode promoted the conversion of Cl‾ to reactive chlorine species, which could oxidize BPA more rapidly. The results indicated that the BPA removal can be significantly enhanced by increasing pH to 10.8 or increasing the Cl‾ concentration to 200 mM. At these conditions, 92% BPA was degraded into CO2 and H2O in 120 min. In the cathode chamber, a new dopamine modified carbon felt (CF-DPA) cathode was employed to produce H2O2, obtaining a high concentration of 5.4 mM under optimum conditions. The electrochemical analyses for CF-DPA revealed that dopamine modification promoted electron transfer and enhanced the two-electron oxygen reduction to increase H2O2 yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Huiyu Liang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Siyuan Chen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Bo Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecological Remediation, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Junmin Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Juying Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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30
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Zhou W, Meng X, Ding Y, Rajic L, Gao J, Qin Y, Alshawabkeh AN. "Self-cleaning" electrochemical regeneration of dye-loaded activated carbon. Electrochem commun 2019; 100:85-89. [PMID: 31824230 PMCID: PMC6903700 DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2019.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A low maintenance, "self-cleaning" electrochemical approach is evaluated for regeneration of dye-loaded granular activated carbon (GAC). To do so, batch experiments were conducted using a low-cost granular activated carbon/stainless steel mesh (GACSS) composite cathode and a stable Ti/mixed metal oxides (Ti/MMO) anode without the addition of oxidants or iron catalysts. The GACSS cathode supports simultaneous H2O2 electrogeneration via the in situ supplied O2 from Ti/MMO anode and the subsequent H2O2 activation for ·OH generation, thus enabling the cracking of dye molecules adsorbed on GAC and regenerating the GAC's sorption capacity. Results show that a prolonged electrochemical processing for 12h will achieve up to 88.7% regeneration efficiency (RE). While RE decreases with multi-cycle application, up to 52.3% could still be achieved after 10 adsorption-regeneration cycles. To identify the mechanism, experiments were conducted to measure H2O2 electrogeneration, H2O2 activation, and ·OH generation by various GAC samples. The dye-loaded GAC and GAC treated after 10 adsorption-regeneration cycles were still capable of ·OH generation, which contributes to effective "self-cleaning" and regeneration over multi-cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Xiaoxiao Meng
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Yani Ding
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Ljiljana Rajic
- Pioneer Valley Coral and Natural Science Institute, Hadley, Massachusetts 01035, United States
| | - Jihui Gao
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Yukun Qin
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Akram N. Alshawabkeh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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Zhou W, Rajic L, Chen L, Kou K, Ding Y, Meng X, Wang Y, Mulaw B, Gao J, Qin Y, Alshawabkeh AN. Activated carbon as effective cathode material in iron-free Electro-Fenton process: Integrated H 2O 2 electrogeneration, activation, and pollutants adsorption. Electrochim Acta 2019; 296:317-326. [PMID: 30631212 PMCID: PMC6322679 DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Major challenges for effective implementation of the Electro-Fenton (EF) water treatment process are that conventional efficient cathodes are relatively expensive, and H2O2 activation by Fe2+ may cause secondary pollution. Herein, we propose a low-cost activated carbon/stainless steel mesh (ACSS) composite cathode, where the SS mesh distributes the current and the AC simultaneously supports H2O2 electrogeneration, H2O2 activation, and organic compounds (OCs) adsorption. The oxygen-containing groups on the AC function as oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) sites for H2O2 electrogeneration; while the porous configuration supply sufficient reactive surface area for ORR. 8.9 mg/L H2O2 was obtained with 1.5 g AC at 100 mA under neutral pH without external O2 supply. The ACSS electrode is also effective for H2O2 activation to generate ‧OH, especially under neutral pH. Adsorption shows limited influence on both H2O2 electrogeneration and activation. The iron-free EF process enabled by the ACSS cathode is effective for reactive blue 19 (RB19) degradation. 61.5% RB19 was removed after 90 min and 74.3% TOC was removed after 720 min. Moreover, long-term stability test proved its relatively stable performance. Thus, the ACSS electrode configuration is promising for practical and cost-effective EF process for transformation of OCs in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ljiljana Rajic
- Pioneer Valley Coral and Natural Science Institute, 1 Mill Valley Road, Hadley, MA 01035, USA
| | - Long Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kaikai Kou
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Yani Ding
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Meng
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Biruk Mulaw
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jihui Gao
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Yukun Qin
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Akram N Alshawabkeh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Wang Y, Zhou W, Gao J, Ding Y, Kou K. Oxidative modification of graphite felts for efficient H2O2 electrogeneration: Enhancement mechanism and long-term stability. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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