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Hossain MH, Abdullah N, Tan KH, Saidur R, Mohd Radzi MA, Shafie S. Evolution of Vanadium Redox Flow Battery in Electrode. CHEM REC 2024; 24:e202300092. [PMID: 37144668 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) is a highly regarded technology for large-scale energy storage due to its outstanding features, such as scalability, efficiency, long lifespan, and site independence. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of its performance in carbon-based electrodes, along with a comprehensive review of the system's principles and mechanisms. It discusses potential applications, recent industrial involvement, and economic factors associated with VRFB technology. The study also covers the latest advancements in VRFB electrodes, including electrode surface modification and electrocatalyst materials, and highlights their effects on the VRFB system's performance. Additionally, the potential of two-dimensional material MXene to enhance electrode performance is evaluated, and the author concludes that MXenes offer significant advantages for use in high-power VRFB at a low cost. Finally, the paper reviews the challenges and future development of VRFB technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Hasnat Hossain
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norulsamani Abdullah
- Research Center for Nano-Materials and Energy Technology (RCNMET), School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya, 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
- Sunway Materials Smart Science & Engineering (SMS2E) Cluster, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Kim Han Tan
- Research Center for Nano-Materials and Energy Technology (RCNMET), School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya, 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - R Saidur
- Research Center for Nano-Materials and Energy Technology (RCNMET), School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya, 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
- Sunway Materials Smart Science & Engineering (SMS2E) Cluster, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
- School of Engineering, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YW, UK
| | - Mohd Amran Mohd Radzi
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Suhaidi Shafie
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Agarwal H, Roy E, Singh N, Klusener PA, Stephens RM, Zhou QT. Electrode Treatments for Redox Flow Batteries: Translating Our Understanding from Vanadium to Aqueous-Organic. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2307209. [PMID: 37973559 PMCID: PMC10767411 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are a promising technology for long-duration energy storage; but they suffer from inefficiencies in part due to the overvoltages at the electrode surface. In this work, more than 70 electrode treatments are reviewed that are previously shown to reduce the overvoltages and improve performance for vanadium RFBs (VRFBs), the most commercialized RFB technology. However, identifying treatments that improve performance the most and whether they are industrially implementable is challenging. This study attempts to address this challenge by comparing treatments under similar operating conditions and accounting for the treatment process complexity. The different treatments are compared at laboratory and industrial scale based on criteria for VRFB performance, treatment stability, economic feasibility, and ease of industrial implementation. Thermal, plasma, electrochemical oxidation, CO2 treatments, as well as Bi, Ag, and Cu catalysts loaded on electrodes are identified as the most promising for adoption in large scale VRFBs. The similarity in electrode treatments for aqueous-organic RFBs (AORFBs) and VRFBs is also identified. The need of standardization in RFBs testing along with fundamental studies to understand charge transfer reactions in redox active species used in RFBs moving forward is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Agarwal
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Catalysis Science and Technology InstituteUniversity of Michigan Ann ArborAnn ArborMI48109‐2136USA
- Shell International Exploration and Production Inc.3333 Highway 6 SouthHoustonTX77082USA
| | - Esha Roy
- Shell Global Solutions International B.V. Energy Transition Campus AmsterdamGrasweg 31Amsterdam1031 HWThe Netherlands
| | - Nirala Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Catalysis Science and Technology InstituteUniversity of Michigan Ann ArborAnn ArborMI48109‐2136USA
| | - Peter A.A. Klusener
- Shell Global Solutions International B.V. Energy Transition Campus AmsterdamGrasweg 31Amsterdam1031 HWThe Netherlands
| | - Ryan M. Stephens
- Shell International Exploration and Production Inc.3333 Highway 6 SouthHoustonTX77082USA
| | - Qin Tracy Zhou
- Shell International Exploration and Production Inc.3333 Highway 6 SouthHoustonTX77082USA
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Doǧan H, Taş M, Meşeli T, Elden G, GENC G. Review on the Applications of Biomass-Derived Carbon Materials in Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:34310-34327. [PMID: 37779984 PMCID: PMC10534911 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The development of vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) requires the exploration of effective and affordable electrodes. In order to increase the electrochemical activity of these electrodes and decrease the polarizations, they are doped with an electrocatalyst. In this context, the use of biomass-derived materials as electrocatalysts in VRFBs has received much attention recently due to their widespread availability, renewable nature, low cost, and high energy efficiency. This paper aims to review the synthesis methods of biomass-derived carbon materials and their applications in VRFBs. In line with this aim, recent developments in carbon-based electrode modification methods and their electrochemical performance in VRFBs are summarized. The studies show that porous carbon electrocatalysts increase energy efficiency by reducing overpotentials and improving electrocatalytic activation. In addition, it is thought that biomass carbon doped electrocatalysts can improve the hydrophilicity of the electrodes, the transfer of vanadium ions, and the reaction kinetics. The highest charge voltage decrease rate of 8.61% was obtained in the Scaphium scaphigerum, whereas the highest discharge voltage increase rate of 14.29% was observed in the twin cocoon, as in all reviewed studies. Furthermore, the maximum energy efficiency (75%) was achieved in a VRFB equipped with an electrode doped with carbon derived from Scaphium scaphigerum and cuttlefish. It can be concluded from the reviewed studies that the electrochemical performances of electrodes doped with biomass-derived carbons in VRFBs are more effective than those of the bare electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilal Doǧan
- Energy
Systems Engineering Program, Graduate School of Natural and Applied
Sciences, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
- Electrochemical
Storage and Energy Conversion Laboratory, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
| | - Mert Taş
- Department
of Energy Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
- Energy
Systems Engineering Program, Graduate School of Natural and Applied
Sciences, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
- Electrochemical
Storage and Energy Conversion Laboratory, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
| | - Tuǧba Meşeli
- Energy
Systems Engineering Program, Graduate School of Natural and Applied
Sciences, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
- Electrochemical
Storage and Energy Conversion Laboratory, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
| | - Gülşah Elden
- Department
of Energy Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
- Energy
Conversions Research and Application Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
- Electrochemical
Storage and Energy Conversion Laboratory, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
| | - Gamze GENC
- Department
of Energy Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
- Energy
Conversions Research and Application Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
- Electrochemical
Storage and Energy Conversion Laboratory, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey
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Ding C, Shen Z, Zhu Y, Cheng Y. Insights into the Modification of Carbonous Felt as an Electrode for Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16103811. [PMID: 37241437 DOI: 10.3390/ma16103811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) has been regarded as one of the best potential stationary electrochemical storage systems for its design flexibility, long cycle life, high efficiency, and high safety; it is usually utilized to resolve the fluctuations and intermittent nature of renewable energy sources. As one of the critical components of VRFBs to provide the reaction sites for redox couples, an ideal electrode should possess excellent chemical and electrochemical stability, conductivity, and a low price, as well as good reaction kinetics, hydrophilicity, and electrochemical activity, in order to satisfy the requirements for high-performance VRFBs. However, the most commonly used electrode material, a carbonous felt electrode, such as graphite felt (GF) or carbon felt (CF), suffers from relatively inferior kinetic reversibility and poor catalytic activity toward the V2+/V3+ and VO2+/VO2+ redox couples, limiting the operation of VRFBs at low current density. Therefore, modified carbon substrates have been extensively investigated to improve vanadium redox reactions. Here, we give a brief review of recent progress in the modification methods of carbonous felt electrodes, such as surface treatment, the deposition of low-cost metal oxides, the doping of nonmetal elements, and complexation with nanostructured carbon materials. Thus, we give new insights into the relationships between the structure and the electrochemical performance, and provide some perspectives for the future development of VRFBs. Through a comprehensive analysis, it is found that the increase in the surface area and active sites are two decisive factors that enhance the performance of carbonous felt electrodes. Based on the varied structural and electrochemical characterizations, the relationship between the surface nature and electrochemical activity, as well as the mechanism of the modified carbon felt electrodes, is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Ding
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhefei Shen
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuanhui Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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Wu M, Fang M, Nan M, Chen X, Ma X. Recent Advances for Electrode Modifications in Flow Batteries: Properties, Mechanisms, and Outlooks. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202201242. [PMID: 36644999 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202201242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Flow batteries (FBs) have been demonstrated in several large-scale energy storage projects, and are considered to be the preferred technique for large-scale long-term energy storage in terms of their high safety, environmental friendliness, and long life, including all-vanadium flow batteries (VFBs) and Fe-Cr flow batteries (ICFBs). As the electrochemical reaction site, the electrode parameters, such as the specific surface area, active site, and so on, have a significant impact on the flow battery performance and reliability. Extensive research has been carried out on electrode modification to improve the current density and energy efficiency of the FBs. In this review, the reaction mechanisms of VFBs and ICFBs are discussed in detail firstly, and then the electrodes modification methods are overviewed and summarized from four aspects: self-modification, carbon-based electrocatalysts, metal-based electrocatalysts and composite electrocatalysts. Finally, the recent catalytic mechanism, in situ characterization technology, and future research directions are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, Liaoning, P. R China
| | - Maolin Fang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, Liaoning, P. R China
| | - Mingjun Nan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, Liaoning, P. R China
| | - Xiangnan Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, Liaoning, P. R China
| | - Xiangkun Ma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, Liaoning, P. R China
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Zhao F, Cheng Z, Xu G, Liu Y, Han G. A facile electrochemical lithiation method to prepare porous nickel oxide electrodes with high electrochromic performance. Electrochim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2023.141863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Tungsten oxide/fullerene-based nanocomposites as electrocatalysts and parasitic reactions inhibitors for VO 2+/VO 2+ in mixed-acids. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14348. [PMID: 35999244 PMCID: PMC9399084 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18561-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The relatively high cost of all-vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) limits their widespread deployment. Enhancing the kinetics of the electrochemical reactions is needed to increase the power density and energy efficiency of the VRFB, and hence decrease the kWh cost of VRFBs. In this work, hydrothermally synthesized hydrated tungsten oxide (HWO) nanoparticles, C76, and C76/HWO were deposited on carbon cloth electrodes and tested as electrocatalysts for the VO2+/VO2+ redox reactions. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM,), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and contact angle measurements were used to characterize the electrodes’ material. The addition of the C76 fullerene to HWO was found to boost the electrode kinetics towards the VO2+/VO2+ redox reaction, by enhancing the conductivity and providing oxygenated functional groups at its surface. A composite of HWO/C76 (50 wt% C76) was found to be the optimum for the VO2+/VO2+ reaction, showing a ΔEp of 176 mV, compared to 365 mV in the case of untreated carbon cloth (UCC). Besides, HWO/C76 composites showed a significant inhibition effect for the parasitic chlorine evolution reaction due to the W-OH functional groups.
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Kaliyaraj Selva Kumar A, Compton RG. Single-Entity “Nano-Catalysis”: Carbon Nanotubes and the VO 2+/VO 2+ Redox Reaction. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Archana Kaliyaraj Selva Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, Great Britain
| | - Richard G. Compton
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, Great Britain
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Mohsen Loghavi M, Zarei-Jelyani M, Niknam Z, Babaiee M, Eqra R. Antimony-decorated graphite felt electrode of vanadium redox flow battery in mixed-acid electrolyte: promoting electrocatalytic and gas-evolution inhibitory properties. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Lv Y, Cheng D, Jiang Y, Han C, Li K, Ren S, He Z, Dai L, Wang L. Electrospinning technology to prepare in-situ Cr2O3 modified carbon nanofibers as dual-function electrode material for vanadium redox battery. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Dauda M, Basheer C, Al-Malack MH, Siddiqui MN. Efficient Co-MoS2 electrocatalyst for cathodic degradation of halogenated disinfection by-products in water sample. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.118085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Li K, Jiang Y, Zhang R, Ren S, Feng X, Xue J, Zhang T, Zhang Z, He Z, Dai L, Wang L. Oxygen vacancy and size controlling endow tin dioxide with remarked electrocatalytic performances towards vanadium redox reactions. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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LI R, SATO Y. Recent Development of Carbon-based Electrode for Vanadium Redox Flow Battery. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.20-64076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Risheng LI
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba
| | - Yukari SATO
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba
- Research Institute for Energy Conservation, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
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Highly porous WO3/CNTs-graphite film as a novel and low-cost positive electrode for vanadium redox flow battery. J Solid State Electrochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-020-04671-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Lai W, Xie G, Dai R, Kuang C, Xu Y, Pan Z, Zheng L, Yu L, Ye S, Chen Z, Li H. Kinetics and mechanisms of oxytetracycline degradation in an electro-Fenton system with a modified graphite felt cathode. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 257:109968. [PMID: 31868637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The removal of trace antibiotics from the aquatic environment has received great interest. In this investigation, NaOH activated graphite felt (NaOH-GF) was characterized by multiple-methods, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), contact angle, linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). The NaOH-GF was then used as the cathode in the electro-Fenton process for oxytetracycline (OTC) degradation, the experiment was carried out in an undivided and light-proof beaker with a Pt anode and a NaOH-GF cathode at pH 3. The results showed that the modification with NaOH enhanced the antibiotics degradation efficiency of graphite felt by increasing the oxygen reduction capacity and hydroxyl radicals yielding rate. Complete OTC removal was achieved at 5.17 mA cm-2 after 40, 60 and 90 s with initial OTC concentration of 22, 44, and 66 μM, respectively. With an initial OTC concentration of 44 μM, after 30 min the removal rates of chemical oxygen demand (COD) by Raw-GF and NaOH-GF were 59.18% and 83.75%, respectively. The proposed degradation mechanism of OTC was an EF process, which consisted of hydroxylation, secondary alcohol oxidation, demethylation, decarbonylation, dehydration and deamination. This study demonstrates that NaOH activated GF cathode possesses high degradation capacity and good stability. It provides insight into the removal of non-biodegradable antibiotics and may shed light on future to its practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weikang Lai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Guangyan Xie
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ruizhi Dai
- Guangdong Yikangsheng Environmental Science and Technology Limited Company, Yunfu, 527400, China
| | - Chaozhi Kuang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yanbin Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Zhanchang Pan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Li Zheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ling Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shengjun Ye
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhuoyao Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hang Li
- Analysis and Test Center, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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Opar DO, Nankya R, Lee J, Jung H. Three-dimensional mesoporous graphene-modified carbon felt for high-performance vanadium redox flow batteries. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.135276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Roh SH, Lim MH, Sadhasivam T, Jung HY. Investigation on physico-chemical and electrochemical performance of poly(phenylene oxide)-based anion exchange membrane for vanadium redox flow battery systems. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.134944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Jiang Y, Feng X, Cheng G, Li Y, Li C, He Z, Zhu J, Meng W, Zhou H, Dai L, Wang L. Electrocatalytic activity of MnO2 nanosheet array-decorated carbon paper as superior negative electrode for vanadium redox flow batteries. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.134754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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20
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Wang Q, Daoud WA. Reaction kinetics of cerium on glassy carbon with in situ electrochemical treatment for cerium-based flow battery. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.05.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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ZrO2 nanoparticle embedded carbon nanofibers by electrospinning technique as advanced negative electrode materials for vanadium redox flow battery. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.04.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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