1
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Chai X, Yu X, Shen Q, Li X, Lin Y, Cai W, Yuan Y. Study on green closed-loop regeneration of waste lithium iron phosphate based on oxalic acid system. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 181:168-175. [PMID: 38615500 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The recovery of valuable metals from used lithium batteries is essential from an environmental and resource management standpoint. However, the most widely used acid leaching method causes significant ecological harm. Here, we proposed a method of recovering Li and Fe selectively from used lithium iron phosphate batteries by using low-concentration organic acid and completing the closed-loop regeneration. Low-concentration oxalic acid is used to carry out PO43-, which is significantly less soluble in aqueous solution than Li, two-stage selective leaching Li, where the leaching rate of Li reaches 99 %, and the leaching rate of Fe is only 2.4 %. The leach solution is then decontaminated. The solubility of Li3PO4 in aqueous solution is much smaller than that of Li2C2O4, which was required to recover Li to change the pH and Li can be recovered as Li3PO4; Fe can be retrieved as FeC2O4·2H2O, and re-prepared into lithium iron phosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Chai
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Xiaohua Yu
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China.
| | - Qingfeng Shen
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Xingbin Li
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Weisong Cai
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Ya Yuan
- Faculty of Metallurgical and Energy Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
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2
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Wu X, Liu Y, Wang J, Tan Y, Liang Z, Zhou G. Toward Circular Energy: Exploring Direct Regeneration for Lithium-Ion Battery Sustainability. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2403818. [PMID: 38794816 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202403818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are rapidly developing into attractive energy storage technologies. As LIBs gradually enter retirement, their sustainability is starting to come into focus. The utilization of recycled spent LIBs as raw materials for battery manufacturing is imperative for resource and environmental sustainability. The sustainability of spent LIBs depends on the recycling process, whereby the cycling of battery materials must be maximized while minimizing waste emissions and energy consumption. Although LIB recycling technologies (hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy) have been commercialized on a large scale, they have unavoidable limitations. They are incompatible with circular economy principles because they require toxic chemicals, emit hazardous substances, and consume large amounts of energy. The direct regeneration of degraded electrode materials from spent LIBs is a viable alternative to traditional recycling technologies and is a nondestructive repair technology. Furthermore, direct regeneration offers advantages such as maximization of the value of recycled electrode materials, use of sustainable, nontoxic reagents, high potential profitability, and significant application potential. Therefore, this review aims to investigate the state-of-the-art direct LIB regeneration technologies that can be extended to large-scale applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Wu
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute and Tsinghua Shenzhen International, Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yuhang Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Junxiong Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute and Tsinghua Shenzhen International, Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yihong Tan
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zheng Liang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Guangmin Zhou
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute and Tsinghua Shenzhen International, Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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3
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Li X, Tang X, Ge M, Zhou Q, Zhang X, Liu W, Zhang H, Xie H, Yin Y, Yang S. Preoxidation and Prilling Combined with Doping Strategy to Build High-Performance Recycling Spent LiFePO 4 Materials. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:9556-9562. [PMID: 38666374 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Direct regeneration has gained much attention in LiFePO4 battery recycling due to its simplicity, ecofriendliness, and cost savings. However, the excess carbon residues from binder decomposition, conductive carbon, and coated carbon in spent LiFePO4 impair electrochemical performance of direct regenerated LiFePO4. Herein, we report a preoxidation and prilling collaborative doping strategy to restore spent LiFePO4 by direct regeneration. The excess carbon is effectively removed by preoxidation. At the same time, prilling not only reduces the size of the primary particles and shortens the diffusion distance of Li+ but also improves the tap density of the regenerated materials. Besides, the Li+ transmission of the regenerated LiFePO4 is further improved by Ti4+ doping. Compared with commercial LiFePO4, it has excellent low-temperature performance. The collaborative strategy provides a new insight into regenerating high-performance spent LiFePO4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangnan Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
- Henan Lithium Power Supply Co., Ltd., Xinxiang, Henan 453000, China
| | - Xinyu Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Ming Ge
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Qibin Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Wenfeng Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Huishuang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Haijiao Xie
- Hangzhou Yanqu Information Technology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, China
| | - Yanhong Yin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
- Henan Lithium Power Supply Co., Ltd., Xinxiang, Henan 453000, China
| | - Shuting Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
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4
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Gan T, Yuan J, Chen F, Zhang G, Liu L, Zhou L, Gao Y, Xia Y. Continuous Flow Electrochemical Synthesis of Olivine-Structured NaFePO 4 Cathode Material for Sodium-Ion Batteries from Recycle LiFePO 4. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2401489. [PMID: 38661053 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202401489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
To mitigate the environmental impact of the improper disposal of spent LiFePO4 batteries and reduce resource waste, the development of LiFePO4 recycling technologies is of paramount importance. Meanwhile, olivine-structured NaFePO4 in sodium-ion batteries has received great attention, due to its high theoretical specific capacity of 154 mAh g-1 and excellent stability. However, olivine NaFePO4 only can be synthesized from olivine LiFePO4. Accordingly, in this proposal, developing the continuous flow electrochemical solid-liquid reactor-based metal ion insertion technology is to utilize the olivine FePO4, recycled from LiFePO4, and to synthesize NaFePO4. Additionally, by employing I- as the reducing agent, NaFePO4 is successfully synthesized with a discharge-specific capacity of 134 mAh g-1 at 0.1C and a remarkable capacity retention rate of 86.5% after 100 cycles at 0.2C. And the reasons for sodium deficiency in the synthesized NFP are elucidated through first-principles calculations. Furthermore, the kinetics of the solid-solution reaction 2 (Na2/3+βPO4→ Na1-αFePO4) mechanism improve with cycling and are sensitive to temperature. Utilizing a minimal amount of reducing agent in the electrochemical reactor, NaFePO4 synthesis is successfully achieved. This innovative approach offers a new, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly strategy for preparing NaFePO4 from recycling LiFePO4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Gan
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310023, P. R. China
- School of New Energy, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo, 315336, P. R. China
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Zhenhai District, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Jiashu Yuan
- School of New Energy, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo, 315336, P. R. China
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Zhenhai District, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Fang Chen
- School of New Energy, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo, 315336, P. R. China
| | - Guodong Zhang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Zhenhai District, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Laihao Liu
- School of New Energy, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo, 315336, P. R. China
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Zhenhai District, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Li Zhou
- Guangzhou Tinci Materials Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, 510730, P. R. China
| | - Yunfang Gao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310023, P. R. China
| | - Yonggao Xia
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Zhenhai District, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315201, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Rd, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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5
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Yang H, Hu X, Zhang G, Dou B, Cui G, Yang Q, Yan X. Life cycle assessment of secondary use and physical recycling of lithium-ion batteries retired from electric vehicles in China. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 178:168-175. [PMID: 38401430 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
With the rapid development of the global new energy vehicle industry, how to minimize the environmental impact of the recovery has become a common concern and urgent concern. China is a major production and consumption market for electric vehicles, there are no specific and extensive resource and environmental assessment system for batteries. In this paper, the retired Electric vehicles lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) was the research object, and a specific analysis of the recycling treatment and gradual use stages of power batteries were based on life cycle assessment. Different battery assessment scenarios were established according to the development of battery recycling in China. The results showed that the secondary use has the optimal performance compared to the full-component physical, pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgy recycling. The results showed that direct recycling has a GWP of 0.037 kg-CO2 eq·kg LIB-1, which is lower than others. Secondary use of LIB accounts for the most emission reductions with Global warming (GWP) as 12.134 kg-CO2 eq·kg LIB-1. The secondary use has the greatest impact on the assessment results, especially in dynamic scenarios. Through a comprehensive comparison of different recycling technologies, the secondary use, increasing the recycling rate, reducing resource, energy consumption and pollution emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxue Yang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Xiaocheng Hu
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Guanhua Zhang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Binlin Dou
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Guomin Cui
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Qiguo Yang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yan
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK.
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6
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Jia K, Yang G, He Y, Cao Z, Gao J, Zhao H, Piao Z, Wang J, Abdelkader AM, Liang Z, Kumar RV, Zhou G, Ding S, Xi K. Degradation Mechanisms of Electrodes Promotes Direct Regeneration of Spent Li-Ion Batteries: A Review. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2313273. [PMID: 38533901 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202313273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The rapid growth of electric vehicle use is expected to cause a significant environmental problem in the next few years due to the large number of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Recycling spent LIBs will not only alleviate the environmental problems but also address the challenge of limited natural resources shortages. While several hydro- and pyrometallurgical processes are developed for recycling different components of spent batteries, direct regeneration presents clear environmental, and economic advantages. The principle of the direct regeneration approach is restoring the electrochemical performance by healing the defective structure of the spent materials. Thus, the development of direct regeneration technology largely depends on the formation mechanism of defects in spent LIBs. This review systematically details the degradation mechanisms and types of defects found in diverse cathode materials, graphite anodes, and current collectors during the battery's lifecycle. Building on this understanding, principles and methodologies for directly rejuvenating materials within spent LIBs are outlined. Also the main challenges and solutions for the large-scale direct regeneration of spent LIBs are proposed. Furthermore, this review aims to pave the way for the direct regeneration of materials in discarded lithium-ion batteries by offering a theoretical foundation and practical guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Jia
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, National Innovation Platform (Center) for Industry-Education Integration of Energy Storage Technology, State Key Laboratory for Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Guorui Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, National Innovation Platform (Center) for Industry-Education Integration of Energy Storage Technology, State Key Laboratory for Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yujia He
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, National Innovation Platform (Center) for Industry-Education Integration of Energy Storage Technology, State Key Laboratory for Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Zhenjiang Cao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, National Innovation Platform (Center) for Industry-Education Integration of Energy Storage Technology, State Key Laboratory for Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Juntao Gao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, National Innovation Platform (Center) for Industry-Education Integration of Energy Storage Technology, State Key Laboratory for Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Hongyang Zhao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, National Innovation Platform (Center) for Industry-Education Integration of Energy Storage Technology, State Key Laboratory for Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Zhihong Piao
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School &Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Junxiong Wang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School &Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Amr M Abdelkader
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Poole House, Talbot Campus, Poole, Dorset, BH12 5BB, UK
| | - Zheng Liang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - R Vasant Kumar
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Guangmin Zhou
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School &Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shujiang Ding
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, National Innovation Platform (Center) for Industry-Education Integration of Energy Storage Technology, State Key Laboratory for Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Kai Xi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, National Innovation Platform (Center) for Industry-Education Integration of Energy Storage Technology, State Key Laboratory for Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
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7
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Wang J, Ma J, Zhuang Z, Liang Z, Jia K, Ji G, Zhou G, Cheng HM. Toward Direct Regeneration of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Next-Generation Recycling Method. Chem Rev 2024; 124:2839-2887. [PMID: 38427022 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The popularity of portable electronic devices and electric vehicles has led to the drastically increasing consumption of lithium-ion batteries recently, raising concerns about the disposal and recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries. However, the recycling rate of lithium-ion batteries worldwide at present is extremely low. Many factors limit the promotion of the battery recycling rate: outdated recycling technology is the most critical one. Existing metallurgy-based recycling methods rely on continuous decomposition and extraction steps with high-temperature roasting/acid leaching processes and many chemical reagents. These methods are tedious with worse economic feasibility, and the recycling products are mostly alloys or salts, which can only be used as precursors. To simplify the process and improve the economic benefits, novel recycling methods are in urgent demand, and direct recycling/regeneration is therefore proposed as a next-generation method. Herein, a comprehensive review of the origin, current status, and prospect of direct recycling methods is provided. We have systematically analyzed current recycling methods and summarized their limitations, pointing out the necessity of developing direct recycling methods. A detailed analysis for discussions of the advantages, limitations, and obstacles is conducted. Guidance for future direct recycling methods toward large-scale industrialization as well as green and efficient recycling systems is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxiong Wang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhaofeng Zhuang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zheng Liang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Kai Jia
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Guanjun Ji
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Guangmin Zhou
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hui-Ming Cheng
- Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutrality/Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenyang 110016, China
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8
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Lei S, Sun W, Yang Y. Comprehensive Technology for Recycling and Regenerating Materials from Spent Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:3609-3628. [PMID: 38329241 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The lithium iron phosphate (LFP) battery has been widely used in electric vehicles and energy storage for its good cyclicity, high level of safety, and low cost. The massive application of LFP battery generates a large number of spent batteries. Recycling and regenerating materials from spent LFP batteries has been of great concern because it can significantly recover valuable metals and protect the environment. This paper aims to critically assess the latest technical information available on the echelon utilization and recycling of spent LFP batteries. First, it focuses on the progress of disassembly, evaluation and detection, regrouping, and application in echelon utilization. Then, the recycling technologies, including pretreatment, direct repair, and material regeneration, of spent LFPs are summarized. Finally, the paper proposes some challenges in the echelon utilization and recycling of spent LFP batteries, and concludes with recommendations for an intelligent, refined, and clean LFP battery circulation system that are required to ensure the sustainable development of spent LFP battery recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuya Lei
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Wei Sun
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Carbon Emission Reduction in Metal Resource Exploitation and Utilization, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Clean and Efficient Utilization of Strategic Calcium-containing Mineral Resources, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yue Yang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Carbon Emission Reduction in Metal Resource Exploitation and Utilization, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Clean and Efficient Utilization of Strategic Calcium-containing Mineral Resources, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
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9
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Zhu X, Ren X, Chen J, Gong M, Mo R, Luo S, Yang S. One-step regeneration and upgrading of spent LiFePO 4 cathodes with phytic acid. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:3417-3421. [PMID: 38230746 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05387c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The regeneration and upgrading of spent LiFePO4 cathodes (S-LFP) were achieved via a one-step hydrothermal treatment. The reducing effect of phytic acid could restore the degraded structure associated with an aqueous Li source. Meanwhile, Li ions are easily chelated by phytic acid groups, and a Li3PO4 coating layer could be formed to reconstruct the surface of the LFP. The regenerated LFP exhibits faster reaction kinetics, larger high-rate charge/discharge capacity, and better cycling performance than commercial LFPs, suggesting that our proposed strategy is a promising technology for the recovery of spent cathode materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhui Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China.
| | - Xueqi Ren
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China.
| | - Junting Chen
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China.
| | - Mengqi Gong
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China.
| | - Ran Mo
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China.
| | - Siyuan Luo
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China.
| | - Shun Yang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China.
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10
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Zhao T, Li W, Traversy M, Choi Y, Ghahreman A, Zhao Z, Zhang C, Zhao W, Song Y. A review on the recycling of spent lithium iron phosphate batteries. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 351:119670. [PMID: 38039588 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries have gained widespread recognition for their exceptional thermal stability, remarkable cycling performance, non-toxic attributes, and cost-effectiveness. However, the increased adoption of LFP batteries has led to a surge in spent LFP battery disposal. Improper handling of waste LFP batteries could result in adverse consequences, including environmental degradation and the mismanagement of valuable secondary resources. This paper presents a comprehensive examination of waste LFP battery treatment methods, encompassing a holistic analysis of their recycling impact across five dimensions: resources, energy, environment, economy, and society. The recycling of waste LFP batteries is not only crucial for reducing the environmental pollution caused by hazardous components but also enables the valuable components to be efficiently recycled, promoting resource utilization. This, in turn, benefits the sustainable development of the energy industry, contributes to economic gains, stimulates social development, and enhances employment rates. Therefore, the recycling of discarded LFP batteries is both essential and inevitable. In addition, the roles and responsibilities of various stakeholders, including governments, corporations, and communities, in the realm of waste LFP battery recycling are also scrutinized, underscoring their pivotal engagement and collaboration. Notably, this paper concentrates on surveying the current research status and technological advancements within the waste LFP battery lifecycle, and juxtaposes their respective merits and drawbacks, thus furnishing a comprehensive evaluation and foresight for future progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Zhao
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China; The Robert M. Buchan Department of Mining, Queen's University, 25 Union Street, Kingston, Ontario, K7L3N6, Canada.
| | - Weilun Li
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
| | - Michael Traversy
- The Robert M. Buchan Department of Mining, Queen's University, 25 Union Street, Kingston, Ontario, K7L3N6, Canada
| | - Yeonuk Choi
- The Robert M. Buchan Department of Mining, Queen's University, 25 Union Street, Kingston, Ontario, K7L3N6, Canada.
| | - Ahmad Ghahreman
- The Robert M. Buchan Department of Mining, Queen's University, 25 Union Street, Kingston, Ontario, K7L3N6, Canada
| | - Zhongwei Zhao
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- The Robert M. Buchan Department of Mining, Queen's University, 25 Union Street, Kingston, Ontario, K7L3N6, Canada
| | - Weiduo Zhao
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
| | - Yunfeng Song
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, Hunan, China
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11
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Lan Y, Li X, Zhou G, Yao W, Cheng H, Tang Y. Direct Regenerating Cathode Materials from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2304425. [PMID: 37955914 PMCID: PMC10767406 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Recycling cathode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is critical to a sustainable society as it will relief valuable but scarce recourse crises and reduce environment burdens simultaneously. Different from conventional hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical recycling methods, direct regeneration relies on non-destructive cathode-to-cathode mode, and therefore, more time and energy-saving along with an increased economic return and reduced CO2 footprint. This review retrospects the history of direct regeneration and discusses state-of-the-art development. The reported methods, including high-temperature solid-state, hydrothermal/ionothermal, molten salt thermochemistry, and electrochemical method, are comparatively introduced, targeting at illustrating their underlying regeneration mechanism and applicability. Further, representative repairing and upcycling studies on wide-applied cathodes, including LiCoO2 (LCO), ternary oxides, LiFePO4 (LFP), and LiMn2 O4 (LMO), are presented, with an emphasis on milestone cases. Despite these achievements, there remain several critical issues that shall be addressed before the commercialization of the mentioned direct regeneration methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanqi Lan
- Advanced Energy Storage Technology Research CenterShenzhen Institute of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhen518055China
- Shenzhen College of Advanced TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesShenzhen518055China
| | - Xinke Li
- Advanced Energy Storage Technology Research CenterShenzhen Institute of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhen518055China
- Nano Science and Technology InstituteUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaSuzhou215123China
| | - Guangmin Zhou
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene CenterTsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate SchoolTsinghua UniversityShenzhen518055China
| | - Wenjiao Yao
- Advanced Energy Storage Technology Research CenterShenzhen Institute of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhen518055China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Energy Materials for Carbon NeutralityShenzhen518055China
| | - Hui‐Ming Cheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Energy Materials for Carbon NeutralityShenzhen518055China
- Faculty of Materials Science and Energy Engineering/Institute of Technology for Carbon NeutralityShenzhen Institute of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences ShenzhenShenzhen518055P. R. China
| | - Yongbing Tang
- Advanced Energy Storage Technology Research CenterShenzhen Institute of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhen518055China
- Shenzhen College of Advanced TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesShenzhen518055China
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12
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Ji H, Wang J, Ma J, Cheng HM, Zhou G. Fundamentals, status and challenges of direct recycling technologies for lithium ion batteries. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:8194-8244. [PMID: 37886791 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00254c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Advancement in energy storage technologies is closely related to social development. However, a significant conflict has arisen between the explosive growth in battery demand and resource availability. Facing the upcoming large-scale disposal problem of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), their recycling technology development has become key. Emerging direct recycling has attracted widespread attention in recent years because it aims to 'repair' the battery materials, rather than break them down and extract valuable products from their components. To achieve this goal, a profound understanding of the failure mechanisms of spent LIB electrode materials is essential. This review summarizes the failure mechanisms of LIB cathode and anode materials and the direct recycling strategies developed. We systematically explore the correlation between the failure mechanism and the required repair process to achieve efficient and even upcycling of spent LIB electrode materials. Furthermore, we systematically introduce advanced in situ characterization techniques that can be utilized for investigating direct recycling processes. We then compare different direct recycling strategies, focussing on their respective advantages and disadvantages and their applicability to different materials. It is our belief that this review will offer valuable guidelines for the design and selection of LIB direct recycling methods in future endeavors. Finally, the opportunities and challenges for the future of battery direct recycling technology are discussed, paving the way for its further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haocheng Ji
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Junxiong Wang
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Hui-Ming Cheng
- Faculty of Materials Science and Energy Engineering & Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Guangmin Zhou
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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13
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Li X, Ge M, Zhou Q, Gao Z, Cui Y, Zhang M, Tang X, Zhang H, Shi Z, Yin Y, Yang S. Construction of a Preoxidation and Cation Doping Regeneration Strategy to Improve Rate Performance Recycling Spent LiFePO 4 Materials. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:13132-13139. [PMID: 37656965 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Efficient recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is significant for solving environmental problems and promoting resource conservation. Economical recycling of LiFePO4 (LFP) batteries is extremely challenging due to the inexpensive production of LFP. Herein, we report a preoxidation combine with cation doping regeneration strategy to regenerate spent LiFePO4 (SLFP) with severely deteriorated. The binder, conductive agent, and residual carbon in SLFP are effectively removed through preoxidation treatment, which lays the foundation for the uniform and stable regeneration of LFP. Mg2+ doping is adopted to promote the diffusion efficiency of lithium ions, reduces the charge-transfer impedance, and further improves the electrochemical performance of the regenerated LFP. The discharge capacity of SLFP with severe deterioration recovers successfully from 43.2 to 136.9 mA h g-1 at 0.5 C. Compared with traditional methods, this technology is simple, economical, and environment-friendly. It provided an efficient way for recycling SLFP materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangnan Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Motive Power and Key Materials, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Motive Power and Key Materials, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
- School of Physics, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Ming Ge
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Motive Power and Key Materials, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Motive Power and Key Materials, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Qibin Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Motive Power and Key Materials, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Motive Power and Key Materials, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Zhangchen Gao
- Henan Battery Research Institute Company Limited, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, China
| | - Yuantao Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Motive Power and Key Materials, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Motive Power and Key Materials, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Mengdan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Motive Power and Key Materials, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Motive Power and Key Materials, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Xinyu Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Motive Power and Key Materials, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Motive Power and Key Materials, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Huishuang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Motive Power and Key Materials, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Motive Power and Key Materials, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Zhenpu Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Motive Power and Key Materials, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Motive Power and Key Materials, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Yanhong Yin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Motive Power and Key Materials, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Motive Power and Key Materials, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Shuting Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Motive Power and Key Materials, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Motive Power and Key Materials, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
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14
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Wang W, Wang R, Zhan R, Du J, Chen Z, Feng R, Tan Y, Hu Y, Ou Y, Yuan Y, Li C, Xiao Y, Sun Y. Probing Hybrid LiFePO 4/FePO 4 Phases in a Single Olive LiFePO 4 Particle and Their Recovering from Degraded Electric Vehicle Batteries. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:7485-7492. [PMID: 37477256 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The recycling of LiFePO4 from degraded lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) from electric vehicles (EVs) has gained significant attention due to resource, environment, and cost considerations. Through neutron diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy, we revealed continuous lithium loss during battery cycling, resulting in a Li-deficient state (Li1-xFePO4) and phase separation within individual particles, where olive-shaped FePO4 nanodomains (5-10 nm) were embedded in the LiFePO4 matrix. The preservation of the olive-shaped skeleton during Li loss and phase change enabled materials recovery. By chemical compensation for the lithium loss, we successfully restored the hybrid LiFePO4/FePO4 structure to pure LiFePO4, eliminating nanograin boundaries. The regenerated LiFePO4 (R-LiFePO4) exhibited a high crystallinity similar to the fresh counterpart. This study highlights the importance of topotactic chemical reactions in structural repair and offers insights into the potential of targeted Li compensation for energy-efficient recycling of battery electrode materials with polyanion-type skeletons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Rui Wang
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Renming Zhan
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Junmou Du
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Deepal Automobile Technology Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Zihe Chen
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ruikang Feng
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yuchen Tan
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yang Hu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yangtao Ou
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yifei Yuan
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6473, United States
| | - Yinguo Xiao
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yongming Sun
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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15
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Giesler J, Weirauch L, Rother A, Thöming J, Pesch GR, Baune M. Sorting Lithium-Ion Battery Electrode Materials Using Dielectrophoresis. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:26635-26643. [PMID: 37521612 PMCID: PMC10373188 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are common in everyday life and the demand for their raw materials is increasing. Additionally, spent LIBs should be recycled to achieve a circular economy and supply resources for new LIBs or other products. Especially the recycling of the active material of the electrodes is the focus of current research. Existing approaches for recycling (e.g., pyro-, hydrometallurgy, or flotation) still have their drawbacks, such as the loss of materials, generation of waste, or lack of selectivity. In this study, we test the behavior of commercially available LiFePO4 and two types of graphite microparticles in a dielectrophoretic high-throughput filter. Dielectrophoresis is a volume-dependent electrokinetic force that is commonly used in microfluidics but recently also for applications that focus on enhanced throughput. In our study, graphite particles show significantly higher trapping than LiFePO4 particles. The results indicate that nearly pure fractions of LiFePO4 can be obtained with this technique from a mixture with graphite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Giesler
- Chemical
Process Engineering, Faculty of Production Engineering, University of Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany
| | - Laura Weirauch
- Chemical
Process Engineering, Faculty of Production Engineering, University of Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany
| | - Alica Rother
- Center
for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology (UFT), University of Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany
| | - Jorg Thöming
- Chemical
Process Engineering, Faculty of Production Engineering, University of Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany
- Center
for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology (UFT), University of Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany
| | - Georg R. Pesch
- School
of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Michael Baune
- Chemical
Process Engineering, Faculty of Production Engineering, University of Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany
- Center
for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology (UFT), University of Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany
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16
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Sun J, Jiang Z, Jia P, Li S, Wang W, Song Z, Mao Y, Zhao X, Zhou B. A sustainable revival process for defective LiFePO4 cathodes through the synergy of defect-targeted healing and in-situ construction of 3D-interconnected porous carbon networks. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 158:125-135. [PMID: 36682334 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The reutilization of spent cathode materials plays a key role in the sustainable development of Li-ion battery technology. However, current recycling approaches generally based on hydro-/pyrometallurgy fail to cater to Co-free cathodes (e.g., LiFePO4, or LFP) owing to high consumption and secondary contamination. Here, a sustainable process is proposed for the revival of defective LFP cathodes through the synergy of defect-targeted healing and surface modification. Li deficiency and Fe oxidation of cathodes are precisely repaired by solution-based relithiation; meanwhile, 3D-interconnected porous carbon networks (3dC) are in-situ constructed with the intervention of salt template during annealing, which enhances the rate performance and electronic/ionic conductivity, by providing more convenient migration channels for Li ions and controlling carbon hybridization. Nitrogen is also doped via induction of urea to fabricate advanced nanohybrid rLFP@3dC-N. New cells using rLFP@3dC-N as cathode exhibit a reversible capacity of up to 169.74 and 141.79 mAh g-1 at 0.1 and 1C, respectively, with an excellent retention rate of over 95.7% at 1C after 200 cycles. Impressively, a high capacity of 107.18 mAh g-1 is retained at 5C. This novel concepts for Li replenishment and the construction of ion-transfer channels as well as conductive networks facilitate the regeneration of spent LFP and the optimization of its high-rate performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Reducing Emissions from Coal Combustion, Engineering Research Center of Environmental Thermal Technology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Carbon Reduction and Resource Utilization, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| | - Zhenyu Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Reducing Emissions from Coal Combustion, Engineering Research Center of Environmental Thermal Technology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Carbon Reduction and Resource Utilization, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Pingshan Jia
- National Engineering Laboratory for Reducing Emissions from Coal Combustion, Engineering Research Center of Environmental Thermal Technology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Carbon Reduction and Resource Utilization, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Su Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Reducing Emissions from Coal Combustion, Engineering Research Center of Environmental Thermal Technology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Carbon Reduction and Resource Utilization, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wenlong Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Reducing Emissions from Coal Combustion, Engineering Research Center of Environmental Thermal Technology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Carbon Reduction and Resource Utilization, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| | - Zhanlong Song
- National Engineering Laboratory for Reducing Emissions from Coal Combustion, Engineering Research Center of Environmental Thermal Technology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Carbon Reduction and Resource Utilization, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yanpeng Mao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Reducing Emissions from Coal Combustion, Engineering Research Center of Environmental Thermal Technology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Carbon Reduction and Resource Utilization, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiqiang Zhao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Reducing Emissions from Coal Combustion, Engineering Research Center of Environmental Thermal Technology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Carbon Reduction and Resource Utilization, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Bingqian Zhou
- National Engineering Laboratory for Reducing Emissions from Coal Combustion, Engineering Research Center of Environmental Thermal Technology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Carbon Reduction and Resource Utilization, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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17
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Song L, Qi C, Wang S, Zhu X, Zhang T, Jin Y, Zhang M. Direct regeneration of waste LiFePO 4 cathode materials with a solid-phase method promoted by activated CNTs. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 157:141-148. [PMID: 36538835 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Annually increasing electric vehicles will undoubtedly end in tremendous amount of waste LiFePO4 (LFP) batteries. In this work, a highly-efficient and easy-going solid-phase method is proposed for direct regeneration of the waste LFP cathode material (W-LFP). The W-LFP is successfully regenerated via heat treatment with the addition of Li2CO3, CNTs and glucose. After activation, the dispersibility of CNTs in water is improved, making it easier to mix well with other materials. Also, the hydroxyl and carboxyl groups on CNTs have a certain degree of reducibility, which is conducive to the reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+. After subsequent heat treatment, the three-dimensional conductive network composed of CNTs greatly enhances the conductivity and the ionic diffusion coefficient of LFP, thereby improving its electrochemical performance. Meanwhile, the decay and regeneration mechanisms of LFP are investigated by characterization and electrochemical testing. The regenerated LFP achieves an excellent specific capacity of 155.47 mAh/g at 0.05 C, which is around 99% that of new LFP. Additionally, the costs of main consumption in the regeneration process only account for 33.7% the price of new LFP. This low-cost, high-value-added and solid-phase direct regeneration process is proved to have great economic and energy-saving potential, which is promising for recycling the waste LFP cathode materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Song
- Institute of Energy Supply Technology for High-end Equipment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Cai Qi
- Institute of Energy Supply Technology for High-end Equipment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Shuhan Wang
- Institute of Energy Supply Technology for High-end Equipment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xukun Zhu
- Institute of Energy Supply Technology for High-end Equipment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Institute of Energy Supply Technology for High-end Equipment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yachao Jin
- Institute of Energy Supply Technology for High-end Equipment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Mingdao Zhang
- Institute of Energy Supply Technology for High-end Equipment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, Jiangsu, PR China.
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18
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Zhang X, Liu Z, Qu D. Proof-of-Concept study of ion-exchange method for the recycling of LiFePO 4 cathode. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 157:1-7. [PMID: 36512923 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Recycling spent lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cathodes in an economically sustainable way remains a great challenge due to their low-value elemental composition. Thus, both low-cost technology together with a high-value product are critical for the recovery of the LFP materials. In this study, the commercially mature ion-exchange (IX) method was explored to recover Li from LFP material for the first time. The feasibility of Li-H and Li-K IX reactions using strong and weak acid cation exchange resins was systematically investigated from the thermodynamic and kinetic perspectives. Different organic and inorganic acids were explored to obtain the feeding solution. The IX efficiency was greatly affected by the pH of the feeding solutions. Oxalic acid leaching solution with mild pH value and low iron impurity were determined to be the optimal feeding solution for IX reaction. The kinetics of IX and regeneration reaction were fast, and the resins can be reused several times without loss of IX capacity. Along with the P element remaining in the leaching solution, the Li-K IX reaction delivered a potential product of multi-elemental fertilizer. This simple and economical technology provides a practical recycling strategy for the spent LFP batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Zengshe Liu
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Bio-oils Research Unit, 1815 N. University Street, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - Deyang Qu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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19
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Jia K, Ma J, Wang J, Liang Z, Ji G, Piao Z, Gao R, Zhu Y, Zhuang Z, Zhou G, Cheng HM. Long-Life Regenerated LiFePO 4 from Spent Cathode by Elevating the d-Band Center of Fe. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2208034. [PMID: 36300803 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202208034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A large amount of spent LiFePO4 (LFP) has been produced in recent years because it is one of the most widely used cathode materials for electric vehicles. The traditional hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical recycling methods are doubted because of the economic and environmental benefits; the direct regeneration method is considered a promising way to recycle spent LFP. However, the performance of regenerated LFP by direct recycling is not ideal due to the migration of Fe ions during cycling and irreversible phase transition caused by sluggish Li+ diffusion. The key to addressing the challenge is to immobilize Fe atoms in the lattice and improve the Li+ migration capability during cycling. In this work, spent LFP is regenerated by using environmentally friendly ethanol, and its cycling stability is promoted by elevating the d-band center of Fe atoms via construction of a heterogeneous interface between LFP and nitrogen-doped carbon. The FeO bonding is strengthened and the migration of Fe ions during cycling is suppressed due to the elevated d-band center. The Li+ diffusion kinetics in the regenerated LFP are improved, leading to an excellent reversibility of the phase transition. Therefore, the regenerated LFP exhibits an ultrastable cycling performance at a high rate of 10 C with ≈80% capacity retention after 1000 cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Jia
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Junxiong Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zheng Liang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Guanjun Ji
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhihong Piao
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Runhua Gao
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yanfei Zhu
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhaofeng Zhuang
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Guangmin Zhou
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Hui-Ming Cheng
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering/Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
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20
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Yang S, Zhang P, Lai F, Ling S, Huang Y, Liu K, Zheng F, Wang H, Zhang X, Li Q. New strategy of electrochemical precipitation to metals separation in spent NCM cathode materials for direct regeneration. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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21
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Zeng S, Xu Q, Jin H, Zeng L, Wang Y, Lai W, Yao Q, Zhang J, Chen Q, Qian Q. A green strategy towards fabricating FePO4-graphene oxide for high-performance cathode of lithium/sodium-ion batteries recovered from spent batteries. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Self-restriction to form in-situ N,P co-doped carbon-coated LiFePO4 nanocomposites for high-performance lithium ion batteries. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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23
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Enhancement of Li+ ion kinetics in boehmite nanofiber coated polypropylene separator in LiFePO4 cells. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2022.123214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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24
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Xu R, Xu W, Wang J, Liu F, Sun W, Yang Y. A Review on Regenerating Materials from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries. Molecules 2022; 27:2285. [PMID: 35408680 PMCID: PMC9000613 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recycling spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have attracted increasing attention for their great significance in environmental protection and cyclic resources utilization. Numerous studies focus on developing technologies for the treatment of spent LIBs. Among them, the regeneration of functional materials from spent LIBs has received great attention due to its short process route and high value-added product. This paper briefly summarizes the current status of spent LIBs recycling and details the existing processes and technologies for preparing various materials from spent LIBs. In addition, the benefits of material preparation from spent LIBs, compared with metals recovery only, are analyzed from both environmental and economic aspects. Lastly, the existing challenges and suggestions for the regeneration process are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (R.X.); (J.W.)
| | - Wei Xu
- Quzhou Huayou Cobalt New Material Co., Ltd., Quzhou 324002, China; (W.X.); (F.L.)
| | - Jinggang Wang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (R.X.); (J.W.)
| | - Fengmei Liu
- Quzhou Huayou Cobalt New Material Co., Ltd., Quzhou 324002, China; (W.X.); (F.L.)
| | - Wei Sun
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (R.X.); (J.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Clean and Efficient Utilization of Strategic Calcium-Containing Mineral Resources, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yue Yang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; (R.X.); (J.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Clean and Efficient Utilization of Strategic Calcium-Containing Mineral Resources, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
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25
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Hu Z, Zhu N, Wei X, Zhang S, Li F, Wu P, Chen Y. Efficient separation of aluminum foil from mixed-type spent lithium-ion power batteries. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 298:113500. [PMID: 34388548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The disposal of spent lithium-ion power batteries (LIBs) has become an important research topic owing to the booming market for electric vehicles. However, the recovery efficiency of the alkaline solution and organic solvent methods currently used to separate Al foil from cathode materials still has room for improvement. The insufficient separation of Al foil and complexity of the battery types present obstacles to the extraction of valuable metals using simple processes. In this study, an efficient approach is developed to separate the Al foil in mixed-type spent LIBs (M-LIBs), namely, LiNixCoyMnzO2 (NCM), LiFePO4 (LFP), and LiMn2O4 (LMO) LIBs, by controlled pyrolysis. Hundred percent of the Al foil was recovered at the temperature of 450 °C, holding time of 60 min, and heating rate of 10 °C/min. The purity of Al in the recovered foil was 99.41 %, 99.83 % and 99.92 %, and the recovery efficiency of the active cathode materials was 96.01 %, 99.80 % and 99.15 % for NCM, LFP and LMO, respectively, without the loss of active cathode materials. The obtained active cathode materials exhibited a favorable crystalline structure, and the average particle diameter was reduced from 300.497 to 24.316 μm with a smaller and looser morphology. The process could be well fitted with the Friedman differential equation, and the correlation coefficients were higher than 0.99. The efficient separation could be attributed to the complete rupture of long chain -(CH2CF2)-n bonds in the poly (vinylidene difluoride) (PVDF) binder, which resulted in the formation of HF, trifluorobenzene, alkanes, and gaseous single molecule CH2CF2. Therefore, this work potentially provides an alternative approach for the efficient separation of Al foil in M-LIBs, thereby simplifying the process and achieving lower cost, reduced loss of valuable metals, and higher recovery efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilin Hu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Nengwu Zhu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Pollution Control and Recycling, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangdong Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
| | - Xiaorong Wei
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Sihai Zhang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Fei Li
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Pingxiao Wu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Pollution Control and Recycling, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yijun Chen
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
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26
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Zhong X, Liu W, Han J, Jiao F, Zhu H, Qin W. Pneumatic separation for crushed spent lithium-ion batteries. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 118:331-340. [PMID: 32920496 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pneumatic separation was used to separate the valuable current collectors and harmful separators in spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) to avoid the plastic pollution caused by the separators in this study. Theoretical calculations for suspension velocities of the current collectors and separators indicate that they could be separated under special conditions. Furthermore, a special Z-shaped pneumatic separator was used to separate the current collectors and separators for the first time. Experiments for manually cut samples indicate that the efficiency of pneumatic separation is approximately 100% with the sizes and airflow velocities in the range of 3-4 cm and 6.96-7.8 m/s, respectively. Furthermore, industrial experiments of pneumatic separation indicate that the recoveries of the current collectors and separators are approximately 99.23% and 98.64%, respectively. Computer simulations of the separation process indicate that the turbulence and the changes in high-speed zones in the pneumatic separator benefit the separation of current collectors and separators. In conclusion, pneumatic separation is a promising technology to separate crushed current collectors and separators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehu Zhong
- Peace Building, No. 101, School of Minerals Processing & Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Peace Building, No. 101, School of Minerals Processing & Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Junwei Han
- Peace Building, No. 101, School of Minerals Processing & Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Clean and Efficient Utilization of Strategic Calcium-containing Mineral Resources, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Fen Jiao
- Peace Building, No. 101, School of Minerals Processing & Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Hailing Zhu
- Peace Building, No. 101, School of Minerals Processing & Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Wenqing Qin
- Peace Building, No. 101, School of Minerals Processing & Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Clean and Efficient Utilization of Strategic Calcium-containing Mineral Resources, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
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27
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Zhao C, Zhong X. RETRACTED: Reverse flotation process for the recovery of pyrolytic LiFePO4. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.124741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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28
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Li Z, Liu D, Xiong J, He L, Zhao Z, Wang D. Selective recovery of lithium and iron phosphate/carbon from spent lithium iron phosphate cathode material by anionic membrane slurry electrolysis. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 107:1-8. [PMID: 32248067 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A simple, green and effective method, which combined lithium iron phosphate battery charging mechanism and slurry electrolysis process, is proposed for recycling spent lithium iron phosphate. Li and FePO4 can be separation in anionic membrane slurry electrolysis without the addition of chemical reagent. The leaching efficiency of Li can reach to 98% and over 96% of Fe are recycled as FePO4/C. Kinetics analysis indicates that the surface chemical reaction is the control step during the slurry electrolysis. Additionally, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) characterization and thermodynamic analysis are employed to investigate the leaching mechanism. It is found that the spent LiFePO4 is delithiated and oxidized to FePO4 by the function of e-, which is similar as the LiFePO4 battery charging process. EIS analysis also verify the kinetics results, the charge transfer resistance controlled the leaching process. Finally, a novel process for recovery of spent LiFePO4 is proposed. The recovered Li2CO3 and FePO4/C can be used for resynthesize LiFePO4, and the resynthesized LiFePO4 exhibits reversible capacities of 143.6 mAh g-1 at 1C and high current efficiency, stable cycle performances at 0.1 and 0.5C which meets the basic requirements for reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, People's Republic of China
| | - DongFu Liu
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiachun Xiong
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihua He
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhongwei Zhao
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, People's Republic of China
| | - Dezhi Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, People's Republic of China
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29
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Zhao Y, He S, Wu Y, Liu X, Zhao L, Ye Y, Wang S, Hou X. Urchin-like 3D NiFe2O4 with 1D radially oriented nanorods as anode for lithium-ion based dual-ion pseudocapacitor. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.135557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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