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Udachyan I, Bhanushali JT, Zidki T, Mizrahi A, Meyerstein D. First-row transition metal carbonates catalyze the electrochemical oxygen evolution reaction: iron is master of them all. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:9664-9669. [PMID: 38817161 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00708e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
In pursuing green hydrogen fuel, electrochemical water-splitting emerges as the optimal method. A critical challenge in advancing this process is identifying a cost-effective electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution on the anode. Recent research has demonstrated the efficacy of first-row transition metal carbonates as catalysts for various oxidation reactions. In this study, Earth-abundant first-row transition metal carbonates were electrodeposited onto nickel foam (NF) electrodes and evaluated for their performance in the oxygen evolution reaction. The investigation compares the activity of these carbonates on NF electrodes against bare NF electrodes. Notably, Fe2(CO3)3/NF exhibited superior oxygen evolution activity, characterized by low overpotential values, i.e. Iron is master of them all (R. Kipling, Cold Iron, Rewards and Fairies, Macmillan and Co. Ltd., 1910). Comprehensive catalytic stability and durability tests also indicate that these transition metal carbonates maintain stable activity, positioning them as durable and efficient electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iranna Udachyan
- Department of Chemical Sciences, and The Radical Research Center, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel.
| | - Jayesh T Bhanushali
- Department of Chemical Sciences, and The Radical Research Center, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel.
| | - Tomer Zidki
- Department of Chemical Sciences, and The Radical Research Center, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel.
| | - Amir Mizrahi
- Chemistry Department, Nuclear Research Centre Negev, Beer-Sheva 8419001, Israel
| | - Dan Meyerstein
- Department of Chemical Sciences, and The Radical Research Center, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel.
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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2
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Wang Y, Jiang D, Zhang Y, Chen J, Xie M, Du C, Wan L. Controlled preparation of cobalt carbonate hydroxide@nickel aluminum layered double hydroxide core-shell heterostructure for advanced supercapacitors. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 654:379-389. [PMID: 37847952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report the rational fabrication of unique core-shell nanoclusters composed of cobalt carbonate hydroxide (Co-CH) @ nickel aluminum layered double hydroxide (NiAl-LDH) on a carbon cloth (CC) substrate using a two-step hydrothermal strategy. The one-dimensional (1D) Co-CH nanowires core-shell functions as a framework for the growth of two-dimensional (2D) NiAl-LDH nanosheets, leading to the formation of a hierarchically porous core-shell heterostructure. The presence of abundant heterointerfaces enhances electrical conductivity, reduces charge transfer resistance, and facilitates ion/electron transfer. Taking full advantage of its unique nanostructure and synergistic effect of two components, the as-prepared Co-CH@NiAl-LDH hybrid material illustrates a specific capacity of 1029.4 C/g (2058.9 mC cm-2) at 1 A g-1 and good rate capability with a capacity retention of 68.5% at 20 A g-1. Additionally, the assembled Co-CH@NiAl-LDH//pine pollen-derived porous carbon (PPC) hybrid supercapacitor (HSC) delivers impressive energy and power densities of 66.2 Wh kg-1 (0.27 Wh cm-2) and 17529.7 Wh kg-1 (0.11 Wh cm-2), respectively. This device also achieves a superior capacity retention of 80.3% over 20,000 cycles. These findings prove the importance of engineering heterointerfaces in heterostructure for the promotion of energy storage performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Wang
- Hubei Key Lab for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 437000, China
| | - Dianyu Jiang
- Hubei Key Lab for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 437000, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Hubei Key Lab for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 437000, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Hubei Key Lab for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 437000, China
| | - Mingjiang Xie
- Hubei Key Lab for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 437000, China
| | - Cheng Du
- Hubei Key Lab for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 437000, China
| | - Liu Wan
- Hubei Key Lab for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 437000, China.
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Pugalenthiyar T, Raj CJ, Manikandan R, Antonysamy DS, Puigdollers J, Kaya C, Kim BC. Two-Dimensional Synergistic Interfacial Orientation on Tin Oxide-Reinforced Cobalt Carbonate Hydroxide Heterostructures for High-Performance Energy Storage. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37930263 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
A hierarchical cobalt carbonate hydroxide (CCH) nanostructure with outstanding electrochemical kinetics and structural stability for energy storage is largely unknown. Herein, we report tin oxide-functionalized CCH surface-enabled unique two-dimensional (2D) interlayered heterostructures that promote high conductivity with more electroactive sites to maximize redox reactions. A simple electrodeposition technique was utilized to construct the hierarchical 2D CCH electrode, while a surface-reinforced method was employed to fabricate the 2D interlayered SnO on CCH. The fabricated SnO@CCH-8 electrode showed a maximum areal capacity of 720 mC cm-2 (specific capacitance of 515 F g-1) at a current density of 1 mA cm-2 in 3 M KOH electrolyte. The obtained results indicate that the synergetic effect of SnO in the CCH network delivers an efficient charge transfer pathway to achieve high-performance energy storage. Moreover, SnO@CCH-8//AC was devised as a hybrid supercapacitor (HSC), ensuring a maximum specific capacitance of 129 F g-1 and maximum specific energy and power of 40.25 W h kg-1 and 9000 W kg-1, respectively, with better capacitance retention (94%) even beyond 10,000 cycles. To highlight the excellent performance in real-time studies, the HSC was constructed using a coin cell and displayed to power 21 light-emitting diodes (LEDs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thondaiman Pugalenthiyar
- Department of Advanced Components and Materials Engineering, Sunchon National University, 255, Jungang-ro, Suncheon-si, Jellanam-do 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Chellan Justin Raj
- Physics Division, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Chennai Campus, Chennai 600127, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramu Manikandan
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Dennyson Savariraj Antonysamy
- Advanced Functional Nanohybrid Material Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Dongguk University Seoul-Campus, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Joaquim Puigdollers
- Departament d'Enginyeria Electrònica, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Jordi Girona 1-3, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Cengiz Kaya
- Faculty of Chemistry and Metallurgy, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Yıldız Technical University, Istanbul 34349, Turkey
| | - Byung Chul Kim
- Department of Advanced Components and Materials Engineering, Sunchon National University, 255, Jungang-ro, Suncheon-si, Jellanam-do 57922, Republic of Korea
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4
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Zainab S, Fraz S, Awan SU, Hussain D, Rizwan S, Mehmood W. Optimized time dependent exfoliation of graphite for fabrication of Graphene/GO/GrO nanocomposite based pseudo-supercapacitor. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14218. [PMID: 37648799 PMCID: PMC10469176 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41309-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
High capacitance devices (Supercapacitors) fabricated using two-dimensional materials such as Graphene and its composites are attracting great attention of the research community, recently. Synthesis of 2D materials and their composites with high quality is desirable for the fabrication of 2D materials-based supercapacitors. Ultrasonic Assisted Liquid Phase Exfoliation (UALPE) is one of the widely used techniques for the synthesis of graphene. In this article, we report the effect of variation in sonication time on the exfoliation of graphite powder to extract a sample with optimal properties well suited for supercapacitors applications. Three different graphite powders (hereafter termed as sample A, sample B, and sample C) were sonicated for duration of 24 h, 48 h and 72 h at 60 °C. The exfoliation of graphite powder into graphene, GO and GrO was studied using XRD and RAMAN. AFM and SEM were further used to examine the layered structure of the synthesized nanocomposite. UV-visible spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetery were used to measure the band gaps, and capacitive behavior of the samples. Sample B exhibited a remarkable specific capacitance of 534.53 F/g with charge specific capacity of 530.1 C/g at 1 A/g and energy density of 66 kW/kg. Power density varied 0.75 kWh/kg to 7.5 kWh/kg for a variation in current density from 1 to 10 A/g. Sample B showed capacitive retention of 94%, the lowest impedance and highest degree of exfoliation and conductivity as compared to the other two samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Zainab
- Department of Electrical Engineering, NUST College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Sajal Fraz
- Department of Electrical Engineering, NUST College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Saif Ullah Awan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, NUST College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Danish Hussain
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, NUST College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Syed Rizwan
- Physics Characterization and Simulations Lab, School of Natural Sciences (SNS), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Waqar Mehmood
- Material Synthesis & Characterizations (MSC) Laboratory, Department of Physics, Fatima Jinnah Women University (FJWU), The Mall, Rawalpindi, 46000, Pakistan
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Wan L, Jiang T, Zhang Y, Chen J, Xie M, Du C. 1D-on-1D core-shell cobalt iron selenide @ cobalt nickel carbonate hydroxide hybrid nanowire arrays as advanced battery-type supercapacitor electrode. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 621:149-159. [PMID: 35461130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.04.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sluggish kinetics and poor structural stability are two main obstacles hampering the exploration of transition metal selenides (TMSs) for supercapacitor. Developing a reasonable core-shell heterostructure with unique morphology is an effective approach to resolve these issues. Herein, a core-shell cobalt iron selenide (CoFe2Se4) @ cobalt nickel carbonate hydroxide (CoNi-CH) heterostructure is directly fabricated on carbon cloth via an electrodeposition method followed by a hydrothermal reaction. In this well-defined heterostructure, one-dimensional (1D) CoFe2Se4 nanowires function as the cores and CoNi-CH nanowires as the shells, which combines the merits of highly conductive CoFe2Se4 for rapid electron transfer and highly electroactive CoNi-CH for multiple redox reactions. Further, the intimate interaction between CoNi-CH and CoFe2Se4 realizes large surface area with hierarchical network and generates rich heterointerfaces with modified the electronic structure. By virtue of its facile 1D-on-1D nanoarchitecture and synergistic effect, the CoFe2Se4@CoNi-CH electrode delivers a increased specific capacity of 218.6 mAh g-1 at 1 A-1 and enhanced rate capability (65.5% at 20 A g-1) compared with pure CoFe2Se4 and CoNi-CH. Besides, a hybrid supercapacitor is established by coupling CoFe2Se4@CoNi-CH cathode and porous carbon anode, which enjoys a maximum energy density of 67.3 Wh kg-1 at 765.9 W kg-1 and prominent durability with 85.4% of capacity retention over 20,000 cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Wan
- Hubei Key Lab for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Hubei Key Lab for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, China; College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Hubei Key Lab for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Hubei Key Lab for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, China
| | - Mingjiang Xie
- Hubei Key Lab for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, China
| | - Cheng Du
- Hubei Key Lab for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang 438000, China.
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Expanded Graphite-Based Materials for Supercapacitors: A Review. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27030716. [PMID: 35163981 PMCID: PMC8839398 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Supercapacitors have gained e wide attention because of high power density, fast charging and discharging, as well as good cycle performance. Recently, expanded graphite (EG) has been widely investigated as an effective electrode material for supercapacitors owing to its excellent physical, chemical, electrical, and mechanical properties. Based on charge storage mechanism, supercapacitors have been divided into symmetric, asymmetric, and hybrid supercapacitors. Here, we review the study progress of EG-based materials to be electrode materials. Furthermore, we discuss the application prospects and challenges of EG-based materials in supercapacitors.
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Wan L, Wang Y, Du C, Chen J, Xie M, Wu Y, Zhang Y. NiAlP@Cobalt substituted nickel carbonate hydroxide heterostructure engineered for enhanced supercapacitor performance. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 609:1-11. [PMID: 34890947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.11.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Transitional metal phosphides with high electrical conductivity and superb physicochemical features have been recognized as ideal battery-type electrode materials for outstanding performance supercapacitors. However, their specific capacities and structural stability are needed to be enhanced for large-scale practical applications. To overcome these shortcomings, we fabricated heterostructured NiAlP@cobalt substituted nickel carbonate hydroxide (Co-NiCH) nanosheet arrays by sequential a hydrothermal reaction, a phosphorization treatment, and a second hydrothermal reaction. Profiting from its core-shell porous nanostructure and synergistic effect of NiAlP with high electrical conductivity and Co-NiCH with high redox reactivity, the resultant NiAlP@Co-NiCH electrode delivers a large specific capacity of 825.7C g-1 at 1 A g-1, excellent rate capability with 78.9% capacity retention and long lifespan, superior to those of pure NiAlP and Co-NiCH electrodes. Additionally, an aqueous asymmetric supercapacitor device is constructed by NiAlP@Co-NiCH and lotus pollen-derived hierarchical porous carbon, which demonstrates a large energy density of 82.3 Wh kg-1 at a power density of 739.8 W kg-1, and wonderful cycle stability with 88.2% capacity retention after 10,000 cycles. This work proposes a feasible strategy on construction of transitional metal phosphide-based heterojunctions for advanced asymmetric supercapacitor devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Wan
- Hubei Key Lab for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, 438000, China.
| | - Yameng Wang
- Hubei Key Lab for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, 438000, China; College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China
| | - Cheng Du
- Hubei Key Lab for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, 438000, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Hubei Key Lab for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, 438000, China
| | - Mingjiang Xie
- Hubei Key Lab for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, 438000, China
| | - Yapan Wu
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Hubei Key Lab for Processing and Application of Catalytic Materials, College of Chemical Engineering, Huanggang Normal University, Huanggang, 438000, China.
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Miao Y, Wang T, Hua J, Liu K, Hu Z, Li Q, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Liu S, Xue X, Qi J, Wei F, Meng Q, Ren Y, Xiao B, Sui Y, Cao P. Design of a Scalable Dendritic Copper@Ni 2+, Zn 2+ Cation-Substituted Cobalt Carbonate Hydroxide Electrode for Efficient Energy Storage. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:39205-39214. [PMID: 34398609 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c07764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Design and fabrication of novel electrode materials with excellent specific capacitance and cycle stability are urgent for advanced energy storage devices, and the combinability of multiple modification methods is still insufficient. Herein, Ni2+, Zn2+ double-cation-substitution Co carbonate hydroxide (NiZnCo-CH) nanosheets arrays were established on 3D copper with controllable morphology (3DCu@NiZnCo-CH). The self-standing scalable dendritic copper offers a large surface area and promotes fast electron transport. The 3DCu@NiZnCo-CH electrode shows a markedly improved electrochemical performance with a high specific capacity of ∼1008 C g-1 at 1 A g-1 (3.2, 2.83, and 1.26 times larger than Co-CH, ZnCo-CH, and NiCo-CH, respectively) and outstanding rate capability (828.8 C g-1 at 20 A g-1) due to its compositional and structural advantages. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation results illustrate that cation doping adjusts the adsorption process and optimizes the charge transfer kinetics. Moreover, an aqueous hybrid supercapacitor based on 3DCu@NiZnCo-CH and rGO demonstrates a high energy density of 42.29 Wh kg-1 at a power density of 376.37 W kg-1, along with superior cycling performance (retained 86.7% of the initial specific capacitance after 10,000 cycles). Impressively, these optimized 3DCu@NiZnCo-CH//rGO devices with ionic liquid can be operated stably in a large potential range of 4 V with greatly enhanced energy density and power capability (110.12 Wh kg-1 at a power density of 71.69 W kg-1). These findings may shed some light on the rational design of transition-metal compounds with tunable architectures by multiple modification methods for efficient energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidong Miao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, P R China
| | - Tongde Wang
- Jiangsu Province High-efficiency Energy Storage Technology and Equipment Engineering Laboratory, School of Materials Science and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, P R China
| | - Jiali Hua
- Jiangsu Province High-efficiency Energy Storage Technology and Equipment Engineering Laboratory, School of Materials Science and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, P R China
| | - Keyong Liu
- Jiangsu Province High-efficiency Energy Storage Technology and Equipment Engineering Laboratory, School of Materials Science and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, P R China
| | - Zeyuan Hu
- Jiangsu Province High-efficiency Energy Storage Technology and Equipment Engineering Laboratory, School of Materials Science and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, P R China
| | - Qian Li
- Jiangsu Province High-efficiency Energy Storage Technology and Equipment Engineering Laboratory, School of Materials Science and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, P R China
| | - Man Zhang
- Jiangsu Province High-efficiency Energy Storage Technology and Equipment Engineering Laboratory, School of Materials Science and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, P R China
| | - Yuxuan Zhang
- Jiangsu Province High-efficiency Energy Storage Technology and Equipment Engineering Laboratory, School of Materials Science and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, P R China
| | - Shuhang Liu
- Jiangsu Province High-efficiency Energy Storage Technology and Equipment Engineering Laboratory, School of Materials Science and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, P R China
| | - Xiaolan Xue
- Jiangsu Province High-efficiency Energy Storage Technology and Equipment Engineering Laboratory, School of Materials Science and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, P R China
| | - Jiqiu Qi
- Jiangsu Province High-efficiency Energy Storage Technology and Equipment Engineering Laboratory, School of Materials Science and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, P R China
| | - Fuxiang Wei
- Jiangsu Province High-efficiency Energy Storage Technology and Equipment Engineering Laboratory, School of Materials Science and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, P R China
| | - Qingkun Meng
- Jiangsu Province High-efficiency Energy Storage Technology and Equipment Engineering Laboratory, School of Materials Science and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, P R China
| | - Yaojian Ren
- Jiangsu Province High-efficiency Energy Storage Technology and Equipment Engineering Laboratory, School of Materials Science and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, P R China
| | - Bin Xiao
- Jiangsu Province High-efficiency Energy Storage Technology and Equipment Engineering Laboratory, School of Materials Science and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, P R China
| | - Yanwei Sui
- Jiangsu Province High-efficiency Energy Storage Technology and Equipment Engineering Laboratory, School of Materials Science and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, P R China
| | - Peng Cao
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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