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Kalinin V, Padnya P, Stoikov I. Romanowsky staining: history, recent advances and future prospects from a chemistry perspective. Biotech Histochem 2024; 99:1-20. [PMID: 37929609 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2023.2273860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Romanowsky staining was an important methodological breakthrough in diagnostic hematology and cytopathology during the late 19th and early 20th centuries; it has facilitated for decades the work of biologists, hematologists and pathologists working with blood cells. Despite more than a century of studying Romanowsky staining, no systematic review has been published that explains the chemical processes that produce the "Romanowsky effect" or "Romanowsky-Giemsa effect" (RGE), i.e., a purple coloration arising from the interaction of an azure dye with eosin and not due merely to their simultaneous presence. Our review is an attempt to build a bridge between chemists and biomedical scientists and to summarize the available data on methylene blue (MB) demethylation as well as the related reduction and decomposition of MB to simpler compounds by both light and enzyme systems and microorganisms. To do this, we analyze modern data on the mechanisms of MB demethylation both in the presence of acids and bases and by disproportionation due to the action of light. We also offer an explanation for why the RGE occurs only when azure B, or to a lesser extent, azure A is present by applying experimental and calculated physicochemical parameters including dye-DNA binding constants and electron density distributions in the molecules of these ligands. Finally, we discuss modern techniques for obtaining new varieties of Romanowsky dyes by modifying previously known ones. We hope that our critical literature study will help scientists understand better the chemical and physicochemical processes and mechanisms of cell staining with such dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriy Kalinin
- A.M. Butlerov' Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Pavel Padnya
- A.M. Butlerov' Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Ivan Stoikov
- A.M. Butlerov' Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
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Malanina A, Kuzin Y, Khadieva A, Shibaeva K, Padnya P, Stoikov I, Evtugyn G. Voltammetric Sensor for Doxorubicin Determination Based on Self-Assembled DNA-Polyphenothiazine Composite. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2369. [PMID: 37630955 PMCID: PMC10459114 DOI: 10.3390/nano13162369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
A novel voltammetric sensor based on a self-assembled composite formed by native DNA and electropolymerized N-phenyl-3-(phenylimino)-3H-phenothiazin-7-amine has been developed and applied for sensitive determination of doxorubicin, an anthracycline drug applied for cancer therapy. For this purpose, a monomeric phenothiazine derivative has been deposited on the glassy carbon electrode from the 0.4 M H2SO4-acetone mixture (1:1 v/v) by multiple potential cycling. The DNA aliquot was either on the electrode modified with electropolymerized film or added to the reaction medium prior to electropolymerization. The DNA entrapment and its influence on the redox behavior of the underlying layer were studied by scanning electron microscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The DNA-doxorubicin interactions affected the charge distribution in the surface layer and, hence, altered the redox equilibrium of the polyphenothiazine coating. The voltametric signal was successfully applied for the determination of doxorubicin in the concentration range from 10 pM to 0.2 mM (limit of detection 5 pM). The DNA sensor was tested on spiked artificial plasma samples and two commercial medications (recovery of 90-95%). After further testing on real clinical samples, the electrochemical DNA sensor developed can find application in monitoring drug release and screening new antitumor drugs able to intercalate DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiya Malanina
- A.M. Butlerov Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, Kazan 420008, Russia
| | - Yurii Kuzin
- A.M. Butlerov Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, Kazan 420008, Russia
| | - Alena Khadieva
- A.M. Butlerov Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, Kazan 420008, Russia
| | - Kseniya Shibaeva
- A.M. Butlerov Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, Kazan 420008, Russia
| | - Pavel Padnya
- A.M. Butlerov Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, Kazan 420008, Russia
| | - Ivan Stoikov
- A.M. Butlerov Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, Kazan 420008, Russia
| | - Gennady Evtugyn
- A.M. Butlerov Chemistry Institute, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, Kazan 420008, Russia
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Chemical Technology Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Street, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia
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Ma T, Easley AD, Thakur RM, Mohanty KT, Wang C, Lutkenhaus JL. Nonconjugated Redox-Active Polymers: Electron Transfer Mechanisms, Energy Storage, and Chemical Versatility. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2023; 14:187-216. [PMID: 37289559 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-092220-111121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The storage of electric energy in a safe and environmentally friendly way is of ever-growing importance for a modern, technology-based society. With future pressures predicted for batteries that contain strategic metals, there is increasing interest in metal-free electrode materials. Among candidate materials, nonconjugated redox-active polymers (NC-RAPs) have advantages in terms of cost-effectiveness, good processability, unique electrochemical properties, and precise tuning for different battery chemistries. Here, we review the current state of the art regarding the mechanisms of redox kinetics, molecular design, synthesis, and application of NC-RAPs in electrochemical energy storage and conversion. Different redox chemistries are compared, including polyquinones, polyimides, polyketones, sulfur-containing polymers, radical-containing polymers, polyphenylamines, polyphenazines, polyphenothiazines, polyphenoxazines, and polyviologens. We close with cell design principles considering electrolyte optimization and cell configuration. Finally, we point to fundamental and applied areas of future promise for designer NC-RAPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ma
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA;
| | - Alexandra D Easley
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Ratul Mitra Thakur
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA;
| | - Khirabdhi T Mohanty
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA;
| | - Chen Wang
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA;
| | - Jodie L Lutkenhaus
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA;
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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4
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Alkassar M, Leonardo S, Diogène J, Campàs M. Immobilisation of Neuro-2a cells on electrodes and electrochemical detection of MTT formazan crystals to assess their viability. Bioelectrochemistry 2022; 148:108274. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2022.108274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Keerthika Devi R, Ganesan M, Chen TW, Chen SM, Lou BS, Ajmal Ali M, Al-Hemaid FM, Li RH. Gadolinium vanadate nanosheets entrapped with 1D-halloysite nanotubes-based nanocomposite for the determination of prostate anticancer drug nilutamide. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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6
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Role of anion size in the electrochemical performance of a Poly(thionine) redox conductive polymer using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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3D-nanocubes of N-doped carbon quantum dots adorned manganese oxide: A functional electrocatalyst for the sensitive detection of sulfadiazine. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Mohamadighader N, Nematollahi D, Saraei M. A comprehensive study on electrochemical oxidation of phenothiazine in water-acetonitrile mixture: Electrosynthesis of phenothiazine dimers. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Ganesan M, Keerthika Devi R, Liao AH, Lee KY, Gopalakrishnan G, Chuang HC. 3D-flower-like porous neodymium molybdate nanostructure for trace level detection of organophosphorus pesticide in food samples. Food Chem 2022; 396:133722. [PMID: 35870247 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report (i) designing of porous 3D flower-like neodymium molybdate nanosheets (pf-NdM NSs) and (ii) attaining reasonable selectivity towards methyl parathion (MP, organophosphate pesticide) in the presence of structurally comparable interferents. Herein the pf-NdM NSs as a catalyst for electrochemical detection of MP in food samples is reported for the first time. Because of porous morphology, and high surface area, the proposed catalyst offers a high electrocatalytic activity toward MP reduction. As a result, a low detection limit (5.7 nM), wide linear range (0.5 - 300 μM), and good sensitivity (1.88 µA µM-1 cm-2), with decent selectivity were achieved. Further, the real sample analysis in tomato juice, and paddy grains, yielded good recovery results, demonstrating the practicability of the proposed sensor. Overall, our study presents a method for designing a novel-nanostructured material for trace-level detection of pesticides that is simple to fabricate, and also delivers a good performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthusankar Ganesan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, 10608, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Industrial Chemistry, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramadhass Keerthika Devi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, College of Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ai-Ho Liao
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Yu Lee
- SV Probe Technology Taiwan, Co., Ltd., Zhubei, Taiwan
| | - Gopu Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ho-Chiao Chuang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, 10608, Taiwan, ROC.
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Voronova O, Zhuravkov S, Korotkova E, Artamonov A, Plotnikov E. Antioxidant Properties of New Phenothiazine Derivatives. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071371. [PMID: 35883860 PMCID: PMC9312155 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenothiazine and its derivatives have a number of properties that contribute to their wider practical use in the production of biologically active substances, drugs, dyes, etc. Therefore, the synthesis and study of new compounds is of great relevance. The aim of this work was to investigate the antioxidant activity of a number of new phenothiazine derivatives. The patterns of electroreduction of oxygen and its radicals in the presence of phenothiazine derivatives in aqueous ethanol media were studied by voltammetry. The influence of various factors on antioxidant activity was considered by the methods of experiment planning. The optimal conditions for the manifestation of the antioxidant activity of phenothiazine derivatives have been found, which seems to be relevant since it opens up new possibilities for their further use as complex preparations with antioxidant activity, including in psychiatric practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olesya Voronova
- School of Earth Sciences & Engineering, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30 Lenin Avenue, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (O.V.); (E.K.)
| | - Sergey Zhuravkov
- School of Nuclear Science & Engineering, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30 Lenin Avenue, 634050 Tomsk, Russia;
| | - Elena Korotkova
- School of Earth Sciences & Engineering, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30 Lenin Avenue, 634050 Tomsk, Russia; (O.V.); (E.K.)
| | - Anton Artamonov
- Institute for Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, 76 A Khoroshevskoe, 123007 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Evgenii Plotnikov
- Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 30 Lenin Avenue, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
- Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Mental Health Research Institute, 4 Aleutskaya, 634014 Tomsk, Russia
- Correspondence:
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Towards Asymmetrical Methylene Blue Analogues: Synthesis and Reactivity of 3-N′-Arylaminophenothiazines. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27093024. [PMID: 35566375 PMCID: PMC9103869 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27093024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for new ways to obtain analogues of the well-known Methylene Blue dye is an important synthetic task. Herein, we proposed and developed an approach to the synthesis of 3-N′-arylaminophenothiazines and asymmetrical 3,7-di(N′-arylamino)phenothiazines. This approach included the optimization of synthetic strategy by quantification analysis of the positive charge distribution in the cation of 3-N′-arylaminophenothiazine derivative. The obtained experimental data are confirmed by DFT studies. Two synthetic routes for asymmetrical phenothiazine diarylamino derivatives were suggested and verified. The developed convenient and versatile synthetic approach makes it easy to obtain aromatic Methylene Blue isostructural analogues with various substituents. As a result, a series of novel 3-N′-arylaminophenothiazines and asymmetrical 3,7-di(N′-arylamino)phenothiazines containing ester, tert-butoxycarbonyl, sulfonic acid, hydroxyl and amine groups were obtained in high yields.
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Svalova TS, Medvedeva MV, Kozitsina AN. A “Clickable” Electrodeposited Polymer Films Based on 3‐Ethynylthiophene for the Covalent Immobilization of Proteins. Application to a Label‐free Electrochemical Immunosensor for Escherichia Coli and Staphylococcus Aureus Determination. ELECTROANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202100320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. S. Svalova
- Institute of Chemical Technology Ural Federal University Yekaterinburg 620002 Russian Federation
| | - M. V. Medvedeva
- Institute of Chemical Technology Ural Federal University Yekaterinburg 620002 Russian Federation
| | - A. N. Kozitsina
- Institute of Chemical Technology Ural Federal University Yekaterinburg 620002 Russian Federation
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Arylamine Analogs of Methylene Blue: Substituent Effect on Aggregation Behavior and DNA Binding. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115847. [PMID: 34072560 PMCID: PMC8198855 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of new phenothiazine derivatives, analogs of Methylene Blue, is of particular interest in the design of new drugs, as well as in the development of a new generation of agents for photodynamic therapy. In this study, two new derivatives of phenothiazine, i.e., 3,7-bis(4-aminophenylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium chloride dihydrochloride (PTZ1) and 3,7-bis(4-sulfophenylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium chloride (PTZ2), are synthesized for the first time and characterized by NMR, IR spectroscopy, HRMS and elemental analysis. The interaction of the obtained compounds PTZ1 and PTZ2 with salmon sperm DNA is investigated. It is shown by UV-Vis spectroscopy and DFT calculations that substituents in arylamine fragments play a crucial role in dimer formation and interaction with DNA. In the case of PTZ1, two amine groups promote H-aggregate formation and DNA interactions through groove binding and intercalation. In the case of PTZ2, sulfanilic acid fragments prevent any dimer formation and DNA binding due to electrostatic repulsion. DNA interaction mechanisms are studied and confirmed by UV-vis and fluorescence spectroscopy in comparison with Methylene Blue. The obtained results open significant opportunities for the development of new drugs and photodynamic agents.
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