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Megha KB, Anvitha D, Parvathi S, Neeraj A, Sonia J, Mohanan PV. Environmental impact of microplastics and potential health hazards. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024:1-31. [PMID: 38915217 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2024.2344572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Microscopic plastic (microplastic) pollutants threaten the earth's biodiversity and ecosystems. As a result of the progressive fragmentation of oversized plastic containers and products or manufacturing in small sizes, microplastics (particles of a diameter of 5 mm with no lower limit) are used in medicines, personal care products, and industry. The incidence of microplastics is found everywhere in the air, marine waters, land, and even food that humans and animals consume. One of the greatest concerns is the permanent damage that is created by plastic waste to our fragile ecosystem. The impossibility of the complete removal of all microplastic contamination from the oceans is one of the principal tasks of our governing body, research scientists, and individuals. Implementing the necessary measures to reduce the levels of plastic consumption is the only way to protect our environment. Cutting off the plastic flow is the key remedy to reducing waste and pollution, and such an approach could show immense significance. This review offers a comprehensive exploration of the various aspects of microplastics, encompassing their composition, types, properties, origins, health risks, and environmental impacts. Furthermore, it delves into strategies for comprehending the dynamics of microplastics within oceanic ecosystems, with a focus on averting their integration into every tier of the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Megha
- Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (Govt. of India), Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - D Anvitha
- Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (Govt. of India), Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - S Parvathi
- Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (Govt. of India), Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - A Neeraj
- Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (Govt. of India), Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - J Sonia
- Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (Govt. of India), Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - P V Mohanan
- Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (Govt. of India), Thiruvananthapuram, India
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Li J, Jiang H, Qin J, Qin Y, Zhou X, Shi S, Shu Z, Gao Y, Tan J. Unexpectedly high levels and health risks of atmospheric polychlorinated biphenyls in modern mechanical dismantling of obsolete electrical equipment: Investigations in a large integrated e-waste dismantling industrial estate. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 182:108333. [PMID: 37995389 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Large industrial estates for electrical and electronic waste (e-waste) mechanical dismantling and recycling are gradually replacing outmoded small factories and intensive domestic workshops for e-waste manual and chemical dismantling. However, the air pollution and health risks of persistent organic pollutants during the modern mechanical processing of e-waste, especially obsolete electrical equipment, still remain unclear. Here, unexpectedly high levels (409.3 ng/m3) and health risks of airborne polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were found during the mechanical processing of obsolete electric equipment or parts in a large integrated dismantling industrial estate, which is comparable to or a dozen times higher than those reported during chemical processing. In contrast, the levels (936.0 pg/m3) and health risks of particulate polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were all lower than those of previous studies. PCB emissions (44.9-3300.5 ng/m3) varied significantly across six mechanical dismantling places specifically treating waste motors, electrical appliances, hardware, transformers, and metals, respectively. The high PCB content and mass processing number of obsolete electrical equipment probably result in the highest PCB emissions from the mechanical dismantling of obsolete motors, followed by waste electrical appliances and metals. The PCB non-cancer and cancer risks associated with inhalation and dermal exposure in different mechanical dismantling places were all above the given potential risk limits. In particular, the health risks of dismantling obsolete motor exceeded the definite risk levels. Little difference in PCB emissions and health risks between working and non-working time suggested the importance of PCB volatilization from most e-waste. Such high PCB emissions and health risks of PCBs undoubtedly posed a severe threat to frontline workers, but fortunately, they decreased significantly with the increasing distance from the industrial estate. We highlight that PCB emissions and associated health risks from obsolete electrical equipment with high PCB content during mechanical dismantling activities should be of great concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingnan Li
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haoyu Jiang
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China.
| | - Juanjuan Qin
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Qin
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xueming Zhou
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shaoxuan Shi
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhao Shu
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuwei Gao
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jihua Tan
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Li H, Wang Z, He J, Zhang N, Mao X, Ma J, Gao H, Yang Z, Ma H. Deca-BDE emissions, validation, and environmental fate in China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 459:132223. [PMID: 37586240 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Decabromodiphenyl ether (Deca-BDE) was officially listed in Annex A of the Stockholm Convention for persistent organic pollutants (POPs). It is necessary to establish its emission inventory to help reduce Deca-BDE contamination in the environment. We established a comprehensive Deca-BDE emission inventory in China. The results reveal that, from 2015 to 2017, the Deca-BDE emissions in its production source (source I) were less altered but increased annually in flame retarded plastics processing (source II), Deca-BDE-containing products usage (source III), and electronic waste (e-waste) treatment (source IV). We show that Deca-BDE emissions declined significantly in sources I and II but grew in source III and source IV from 2017 to 2018. We set up the provincial emission inventory to a gridded map on a spatial resolution of 0.25°× 0.25° latitude/longitude. The gridded inventory was incorporated into ChnMETOP model to simulate Deca-BDE concentrations in air and soil, and the modeled concentrations were compared to field-sampling data. The results show that the Deca-BDE emission inventory developed in this study agreed well with observed data, demonstrating that the Deca-BDE inventory in China developed in the present study is reliable. The inventory provides a support for quantifying human exposure risk to Deca-BDE and developing effective mitigation measures to mitigate Deca-BDE emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Li
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems Stems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Zhanxiang Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518000, PR China
| | - Jian He
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems Stems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems Stems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Xiaoxuan Mao
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems Stems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China.
| | - Jianmin Ma
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems Stems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, PR China
| | - Hong Gao
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems Stems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Zhaoli Yang
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems Stems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Haibo Ma
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems Stems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
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4
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Chen A, Chen C, Zhang S, Li L, Zhang Z, Chen J, Jing Q, Liu J. Emission and environmental distribution of decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) in China from 2006 to 2026: Retrospection, forecasting, and implications for assessment and management. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 327:121536. [PMID: 37003589 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) is the main alternative to decabromodiphenyl ether (deca-BDE) in commercial use. However, there is increasing evidence show that DBDPE is a potential persistent organic pollutant, and it has been found ubiquitously in environmental media across China in recent years. Monitoring studies have not been able to determine the overall levels and temporal trends of DBDPE contamination in China, and have been unable to explain how emission patterns can affect their environmental distribution. Therefore, this study estimated the temporal variance of DBDPE emissions and environmental concentrations in five regions of China from 2006 to 2026 using the PROduction-To-EXposure (PROTEX) mass balance model. The results showed that Guangdong Province was the greatest DBDPE pollution hotspot in China due to emissions from plastics manufacturing and e-waste disposal; there was also severe pollution in Shandong Province, where almost all the DBDPE in China is produced. The DBDPE concentrations in indoor and outdoor environments increased substantially in all regions during 2006-2021. Furthermore, in Guangdong Province and Shandong Province, the ratio of indoor/outdoor air concentrations was greater than or close to 1, indicative of significant outdoor emission sources of DBDPE. In contrast, the ratios for the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, East China, and Southwest China were below 1 due to the indoor use of electronic equipment containing DBDPE. The temporal trends of these ratios indicated that DBDPE contamination has gradually spread from high-concentration environments with strong emission sources to low-concentration environments. The outcomes of this study have important implications for the risk assessment of DBDPE use in China and can be used to establish contamination-mitigation actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Chengkang Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shaoxuan Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Li Li
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Zhizhen Zhang
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Jiazhe Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Qiaonan Jing
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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Pozo K, Oyola G, Jorquera H, Gomez V, Galbán-Malagón C, Mena-Carrasco M, Audy O, Příbylová P, Guida Y, Estellano VH, Lammel G, Klánová J. Environmental signature and health risk assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) emitted from a landfill fire in Santiago de Chile. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 330:121648. [PMID: 37088251 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been flame retardants used in building materials, electronics, furnishings, vehicles, airplanes, plastics, polyurethane foams, and textiles for many years. Currently, the primary commercial mixtures, penta-, octa-, and deca-BDE, are globally restricted. Still, products containing PBDEs are expected to impact waste management and the environment for many years. In January 2016, an open fire in the Santa Marta landfill close to Santiago de Chile affected the city and surroundings. The fire caused several acute health effects and an increase in emergency hospitalizations. PBDE levels in the areas affected by the fire were determined in the air (gaseous and particulate), soil and the PBDE emissions were estimated using a dispersion model. The results showed an increase in the PBDE concentrations by a factor of 2-4 one day after the start of the fire. However, PBDE concentrations measured in PM10 and the gas phase after the fire were considered low compared to other regions. Interestingly, PBDEs' patterns differed across the sites; however, BDE209 was the dominant congener for all environmental matrices. A preliminary risk assessment was conducted using the daily exposure dose (DED) by air inhalation estimation. The results showed low DED values for adults and children and suggested no direct health risk due to PBDE exposure. This study contributes new data useful for future solid waste management initiatives in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Pozo
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic; Universidad San Sebastián, Facultad de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Lientur 1457, 4030000, Concepción, Chile.
| | - Germán Oyola
- Ministry of the Environment (MMA), Air Quality and Climate Change Division, San Martín 73, 8320000, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hector Jorquera
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Bioprocesos, Avda. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago, 7820436, Chile; Centro de Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable (CEDEUS), Los Navegantes 1963, Santiago, 7520245, Chile
| | - Victoria Gomez
- GEMA Center for Genomics, Ecology & Environment, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Piramide, 5750, Huechuraba, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristobal Galbán-Malagón
- GEMA Center for Genomics, Ecology & Environment, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Piramide, 5750, Huechuraba, Santiago, Chile; Institute of Environment, Florida International University, University Park, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Marcelo Mena-Carrasco
- Center for Climate Action, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Ondřej Audy
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Příbylová
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Yago Guida
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Micropoluentes Jan Japenga, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Victor Hugo Estellano
- Consultant in Geographic Information System and Ecotoxicology. l'Aubier 18, 1217, Meyrin, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Lammel
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic; Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Dept., Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jana Klánová
- Masaryk University, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
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Azizi M, Mami S, Noorimotlagh Z, Mirzaee SA, Silva Martinez S, Bazgir N. The role of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the induction of cancer: a systematic review of insight into their mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:9271-9289. [PMID: 36469279 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24538-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution caused by persistent organic pollutants (POPs) has increased the challenge for the scientific communities. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), classified as POPs, are widely applied in various materials as brominated flame retardants (BFRs). Because of the nature of these chemical compounds including toxicity, stability, and capability to bioaccumulate and biomagnify, PBDEs have posed a great challenge and risk to human health and wildlife. Therefore, the side effects of exposure to PBDEs as ubiquitous pollutants in the environment on cancer progression were investigated using a systematic review (SR) survey. To achieve this goal, forty studies were considered after defining the search terms and inclusion criteria, and/or exclusion criteria; the eligible records were collected from the international bibliographic databases. Based on the findings of the reviewed records, environmental exposure to the BFRs including PBDEs has a positive association with different mechanisms that induce cancer progression. However, the findings of the reviewed studies were not totally consistent with the mode of action and side effects are yet to be fully elucidated. Several articles have reported that BFRs can be carcinogenic and induce epithelial to mesenchymal transition via different mechanisms. The main mode of action involved in the environmental exposure to BFRs and the risk of cancer progression is endoplasmic reticulum and oxidative stress (OS). Generally, the imbalance of antioxidant mechanisms, reactive nitrogen species (RNSs) and reactive oxygen species (ROSs), during damage in cells, and stress caused OS, which increases tumorigenesis via multiple mechanisms, such as DNA damage, inflammation, and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Azizi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sanaz Mami
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Zahra Noorimotlagh
- Health and Environment Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Seyyed Abbas Mirzaee
- Health and Environment Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
| | - Susana Silva Martinez
- Centro de Investigación en Ingeniería Y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, 62210, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Nasrin Bazgir
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
- Department of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
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Trivedi A, Vishwakarma A, Saawarn B, Mahanty B, Hait S. Fungal biotechnology for urban mining of metals from waste printed circuit boards: A review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 323:116133. [PMID: 36099867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Rapid surge in electronic waste (e-waste) and its unscientific handling has an adverse impact on humans and the environment. Waste printed circuit board (WPCB), an integrated component of e-waste, has a high metallic content that includes both toxic and precious metals. Therefore, metal recovery is essential not just to avoid environmental degradation but also for economic growth. The current literature analysis focuses on one such eco-friendly approach, known as fungal biotechnology, for extracting metals from WPCBs. Among diverse bioleaching agents, fungi have shown promising metal extraction efficiency (Al: 65-96%; Co: 45-90%; Cu: 34-100%; Ni: 8-95%; Mn: 70-95%; Pb: 27-95%; Zn: 54-99%) and the ability to work in a wide pH range. However, in terms of metal recovery from WPCBs, fungal bioleaching has been less explored. This review, thus, assesses the fungal biotechnology for metal extraction from WPCBs and discusses the associated mechanism and kinetics involved. Different process parameters affecting the fungal bioleaching have also been discussed briefly. The review highlights that, while this process has enough potential, some associated drawbacks hinder its practical applicability on an industrial scale. Lastly, some suggestions for scaling up and reducing the cost of the process have been made, which need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Trivedi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar, 801 106, India
| | - Anusha Vishwakarma
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar, 801 106, India
| | - Bhavini Saawarn
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar, 801 106, India
| | - Byomkesh Mahanty
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar, 801 106, India
| | - Subrata Hait
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar, 801 106, India.
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Sun B, Schnoor JL, Zeng EY. Decadal Journey of E-Waste Recycling: What Has It Achieved? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:12785-12792. [PMID: 36067032 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
E-waste recycling has been a hot topic around the world. This Feature revisits the issues raised by our previous Feature 10 years ago, i.e., the environmental, economic, and social benefits of e-waste recycling, using China as an example. The decadal journey of e-waste recycling has witnessed a giant leap from haphazard disposal initially to regulated disassembly presently. Specific successful stories include cleaned environment and reduced human exposure, significant advantages of urban mining over mineral mining, additional employment opportunities, and improved legislation system related to e-waste recycling. Strict legislation systems related to e-waste management based on the principle of Extended Producer Responsibility are key to the sustainable development of the e-waste recycling sector in China. The experiences and lessons learned in China would provide valuable guidelines for other developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Sun
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Jerald L Schnoor
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Research Center of Low Carbon Economy for Guangzhou Region, Key Laboratory of Philosophy and Social Science in Guangdong Province of Community of Life for Man and Nature, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Ma Q, Liu Y, Yang X, Guo Y, Xiang T, Wang Y, Yan Y, Li D, Nie T, Li Z, Qu G, Jiang G. Effect-directed analysis for revealing aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonists in sediment samples from an electronic waste recycling town in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 308:119659. [PMID: 35738515 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to electronic and electrical waste (e-waste) has been related to a few adverse health effects. In this study, sediment samples from an e-waste recycling town in China were collected, and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonists in the samples were identified using an effect-directed analysis (EDA) strategy. The CBG2.8D cell line reporter gene bioassay was used as a toxicity test, while suspect screening against chemical databases was performed for potential AhR agonist identification where both gas chromatography- and liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry analyses were run. When the original sample extract showed high AhR-mediated activity, sample fractionation was performed, and fractions exhibiting high bioactivity were chemically analyzed again to reveal the corresponding AhR agonists. In total, 23 AhR agonists were identified, including 14 commonly known ones and 9 new ones. Benzo [k]fluoranthene and 6-nitrochrysene were the dominant AhR agonists, covering 16-71% and 2.7-12%, respectively, of the AhR activation effects measured in the parent extracts. The newly identified AhR-active chemicals combined explained 0.13-0.20% of the parent extracts' effects, with 7,12-dimethylbenz [a]anthracene and 8,9,11-trimethylbenz [a]anthracene being the major contributors. A diagnostic isomer ratio analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons suggested that the major source of AhR agonists identified in these e-waste related sediment samples were probably petroleum product combustion and biomass combustion. In the future, for a more comprehensive AhR agonist investigation, in-house chemical synthesis and purification, and, when necessary, a secondary sample fractionation, would be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianchi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yanna Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Xiaoxi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yunhe Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tongtong Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuhao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Danyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tong Nie
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China
| | - Zikang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guangbo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Science, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, China; Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China
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Cai M, Zhou J, Hao T, Du K. Tolerance of phyllospheric Wickerhamomyces anomalus to BDE-3 and heavy metals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:56555-56561. [PMID: 35347617 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19798-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Few research have focused on the potential microorganism and gene resources for plant resistance to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) and heavy metal (HM) co-contamination. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of phyllospheric Wickerhamomyces anomalus bioremediation ability on PBDE and HM co-contamination. The results showed that the toleration capability of W. anomalus to cadmium (Cd2+) was higher than that to chromium (Cr) or 4-bromodiphenyl ether (BDE-3) contamination. The threshold levels of W. anomalus tolerance to BDE-3, Cd2+, and Cr were 30 mg/L, 500 mg/L, 30 mg/L, respectively. The use of the higher concentration of BDE-3 (30 mg/L) as a carbon source may improve tolerance to Cd2+ and Cr (10 mg/L Cd2+ and 10 mg/L Cr). Overexpression of Wapdr15 gene of ABCG subfamily from W. anomalus improved the tolerance to BDE-3 (10 mg/mL) and Cd2+ (0.5 mg/mL) significantly in transgenic tobacco lines. The synergism effect of BDE-3 and Cd2+ stress existed similarly in W. anomalus and transgenic lines. The findings suggest that W. anomalus should be taken into account for providing an efficient method in improving crops' tolerance during PBDE and HM co-contamination in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Cai
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, China
- Key Laboratory of Tree Species Germplasm Resources and Forest Protection of Hebei Province, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596 Lekai South Road, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Tian Hao
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Kejiu Du
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Tree Species Germplasm Resources and Forest Protection of Hebei Province, Hebei Agricultural University, 2596 Lekai South Road, Baoding, 071000, China.
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11
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Wang H, Hao R, Nie L, Zhang X, Zhang Y. Pollution characteristics and risk assessment of air multi-pollutants from typical e-waste dismantling activities. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 294:118630. [PMID: 34871645 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the characteristics of air multi-pollutants emitted during typical electronic waste (e-waste) dismantling processes and assessed their risks to the environment and human health. Concentrations of total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a typical e-waste dismantling workshop were 137 μg/m3, 135 ng/m3 and 42 ng/m3, respectively, which were lower than those without emission control measures. The partial removal of pollutants due to the emission control measures also decreased the ozone formation potential and non-cancer risk of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In the workshop, the lifetime cancer risk (LCR) of VOCs (8.1 × 10-5) was close to the recommended values. Conversely, the LCR of PAHs (3.6 × 10-5) and the total exposure index of PBDEs (19 ng/d) were remarkably lower than the recommended values of 10-3 and that without emission control measures, respectively. Meanwhile, the concentrations of TVOCs, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs), PBDEs, and PAHs in the outlet were approximately 10-30 times higher than those in the workshop. In addition, the LCR of TVOCs within a 5-km radius area remained higher than the accepted value (10-6), and the inhalation exposure risk of PCDD/Fs within a 20-km radius area was five times higher than the recommended value. Therefore, the emissions from e-waste recycling processes should be considered as an important source of air pollution, and more efficient control measures should be taken in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Prevention and Treatment Technology Application, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environment Protection, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Run Hao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Prevention and Treatment Technology Application, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environment Protection, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Lei Nie
- Beijing Key Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Prevention and Treatment Technology Application, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environment Protection, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China; Yanshan Earth Critical Zone and Surface Fluxes Research Station, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China.
| | - Yuanxun Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China; Yanshan Earth Critical Zone and Surface Fluxes Research Station, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
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Ohoro CR, Adeniji AO, Semerjian L, Okoh AI, Okoh OO. Occurrence and Risk Assessment of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Surface Water and Sediment of Nahoon River Estuary, South Africa. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27030832. [PMID: 35164097 PMCID: PMC8839697 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The concentrations, potential sources, and compositional profile of PBDEs in the surface water and sediment of Nahoon Estuary, East London, South Africa, were investigated with solid-phase extraction and ultra-sonication, respectively, followed by gas-chromatography-electron capture detection. The seasonal range of the contaminants’ concentrations in water and sediment samples in spring season were ∑PBDE 329 ± 48.3 ng/L (25.32–785 ng/L) and ∑PBDE 4.19 ± 0.35 ng/g dw (1.91–6.57 ng/g), but ∑PBDE 62.1 ± 1.50 ng/L (30.1–110 ng/L) and ∑PBDE 65.4 ± 15.9 ng/g dw (1.98–235 ng/g) in summer, respectively. NH1 (first sampling point) was the most contaminated site with PBDE in the Estuary. The potential source of pollution is attributed to the stormwater runoff from a creek emptying directly into the Estuary. This study’s dominant PBDE congener is BDE-17, ranging from below detection limit to 247 ng/L and 0.14–32.1 ng/g in water and sediment samples, respectively. Most detected at all the sites were BDE-17, 47, 66, and 100. Most BDE-153 and 183 are found in sediment in agreement with the fact that higher brominated congeners of PBDE adsorb to solid materials. There was no correlation between the congeners and organic carbon and organic matter. However, the human health risk assessment conducted revealed that the PBDE concentration detected in the estuary poses a low eco-toxicological risk. Nevertheless, constant monitoring should be ensured to see that the river remains safe for the users, as it serves as a form of recreation to the public and a catchment to some neighbourhoods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinemerem Ruth Ohoro
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa; (A.O.A.); (A.I.O.); (O.O.O.)
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
- Correspondence:
| | - Abiodun Olagoke Adeniji
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa; (A.O.A.); (A.I.O.); (O.O.O.)
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, National University of Lesotho, Roma P.O. Box 180, Lesotho
| | - Lucy Semerjian
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Anthony Ifeanyi Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa; (A.O.A.); (A.I.O.); (O.O.O.)
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates;
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
| | - Omobola Oluranti Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa; (A.O.A.); (A.I.O.); (O.O.O.)
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice 5700, South Africa
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Laskaris Z, Batterman SA, Arko-Mensah J, Mukherjee B, Fobil JN, O’Neill MS, Robins TG. Opportunities and challenges in reducing personal inhalation exposure to air pollution among electronic waste recovery workers in Ghana. Am J Ind Med 2021; 64:381-397. [PMID: 33522624 PMCID: PMC8046737 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.23229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Informal sector electronic waste (e-waste) recovery produces toxic emissions resulting from burning e-waste to recover valuable metals. OBJECTIVES To identify high-risk worker groups by measuring relative levels of personal inhalation exposure to particulate matter (PM) of fine (≤2.5 µm) and coarse (2.5-10 µm) fractions (PM2.5 and PM2.5-10, respectively) across work activities among e-waste workers, and to assess how wind conditions modify levels of PM by activity and site location. METHODS At the Agbogbloshie e-waste site, 170 partial-shift PM samples and time-activity data were collected from participants (N = 105) enrolled in the GeoHealth cohort study. Personal sampling included continuous measures of size-specific PM from the worker's breathing zone and time-activity derived from wearable cameras. Linear mixed models were used to estimate changes in personal PM2.5 and PM2.5-10 associated with activities and evaluate effect modification by wind conditions. RESULTS Mean (±standard deviation) personal PM2.5 and PM2.5-10 concentrations were 80 (± 81) and 123 (± 139) µg m-3 , respectively. The adjusted mean PM2.5 concentration for burning e-waste was 88 µg m-3 , a 28% increase above concentrations during non-recovery activities (such as eating). Transportation-related and burning activities were associated with the highest PM2.5-10 concentrations. Frequent changes in wind direction were associated with higher PM2.5 concentrations when burning, and high wind speeds with higher PM2.5-10 concentrations when dismantling e-waste downwind of the burning zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoey Laskaris
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School
of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Stuart A. Batterman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of
Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - John Arko-Mensah
- Department of Biological, Environmental and Occupational
Health Sciences, University of Ghana School of Public Health, Accra, Ghana
| | - Bhramar Mukherjee
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School
of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Julius N. Fobil
- Department of Biological, Environmental and Occupational
Health Sciences, University of Ghana School of Public Health, Accra, Ghana
| | - Marie S. O’Neill
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School
of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of
Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Thomas G. Robins
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of
Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
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Environmental contamination and public health effects of electronic waste: an overview. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2021; 19:1209-1227. [PMID: 34150306 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-021-00654-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Purpose In recent years, electronic waste has become the fastest growing waste stream globally with potential deleterious environmental and public health effects from its hazardous constituents. This review aims at providing an up-to-date information on the environmental and public health effects of e- wastes, and also identify research gaps that could form basis of further innovative studies on this important subject. Methods We carried out literature survey using several search engines. All available literature which reported directly on environmental contamination of air, soil, and water by e-wastes, and their effects on exposed plants, animals, and humans were used in other to generate an updated information. Results High production volume coupled with indiscriminate disposal and informal recycling has made electronic waste (e-waste) to become a global public and environmental health issue. E-waste is made up of different hazardous substances such as heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants with the capacity to contaminate the environment if processed or recycled inappropriately. Humans and animals become exposed to e-waste constituents via ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact. Several health effects have been linked to e-wastes. The most susceptible were children, pregnant women, and workers in primitive recycling sites. Generation of e-waste is predicted to increase drastically in the next decade with the potential complex interactive effects of its constituents. Conclusion This review is an up-to-date assessment of studies and reports on e-waste environmental contamination and public health effects. The review has shown that e-waste contains constituents that caused adverse environmental effects and toxicity to the biota. However, there is an enormous data gap between exposure quantification and possible health effects. More studies are needed to elucidate and provide holistic information on environmental and public health dangers posed by e-waste constituents.
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Yang WD, Sun Q, Ni HG. Cost-benefit analysis of metal recovery from e-waste: Implications for international policy. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 123:42-47. [PMID: 33561768 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The e-waste problem needs be tackled under a global framework, based upon the understanding that e-waste is a global issue and thus a shared responsibility. To illustrate this point, a cost-benefit analysis of metal recovery from e-waste was conducted with Europe, North America and China as representative regions of e-waste producers. The final profit associated with the entire e-waste recycling process was estimated by deducing the energy costs of metal recovery from the revenues of the manually dismantling stage and the metal recovery stage. Then, the potential job opportunities were estimated based on the final profit from the local e-waste recycling and average wage per year. Overall, profits of manually dismantling 1 ton of e-waste varied widely, but the final profits were positive. The potential job opportunities generated by local e-waste recycling ranged from 4.65 × 105 person/year for North America to 2.03 × 106 for China person/year. According to our study, the environmental load of 1 kg of e-waste would be 1-9 USD, indicating that this is the cost required to offset the environmental consequences of each kilogram of e-waste. By applying environmental load to per capita, the concept can act as a tool to encourage countries to fairly share the environmental responsibility of e-waste based on their e-waste generation. Based on this, we propose an e-waste emissions trading system that set a cap on the total amount of e-waste that could be generated globally and per country, to reduce e-waste and carbon emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Dong Yang
- School of Urban Planning and Design, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qing Sun
- School of Urban Planning and Design, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hong-Gang Ni
- School of Urban Planning and Design, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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Li Y, Ma F, Li Z, Yu Y, Yan H, Tahir A, Zheng W, Li X, Huang T, Ge RS. Exposure to 4-bromodiphenyl ether during pregnancy blocks testis development in male rat fetuses. Toxicol Lett 2021; 342:38-49. [PMID: 33582287 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
4-Bromodiphenyl ether (BDE3) is a photodegradation product of higher polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants and is known as an endocrine disruptor. However, it is unclear whether and how BDE3 affects the development of fetal testes. This study aimed to investigate the effect of in utero exposure to BDE3 on fetal testicular development in rats. From gestational day (GD) 12-21, BDE3 (0, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) was daily gavaged to female pregnant Sprague Dawley rats. BDE3 significantly reduced serum testosterone levels of male pups starting at 50 mg/kg. BDE3 reduced fetal Leydig cell number at a dose of 200 mg/kg without affecting fetal Leydig cell cluster frequency and Sertoli cell number. In addition, BDE3 down-regulated the expression of fetal Leydig cell genes (Cyp11a1, Hsd3b1, Cyp17a1, and Hsd17b3) and their proteins at 100 and/or 200 mg/kg. RNA-seq analysis showed that genes responsive to cAMP (Ass1, Gpd1, Rpl13a) were down-regulated and hypoxia-related genes (Egln3 and P4ha1) were up-regulated at 200 mg/kg. In utero exposure to BDE3 can promote autophagy and apoptosis of fetal Leydig cells via increasing the levels of Beclin1, LC3-II, BAX, and by decreasing the levels of p62 and BCL2. In conclusion, in utero exposure to BDE3 blocks the development of fetal rat testes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Feifei Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Zengqiang Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yige Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Haoni Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Anam Tahir
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Wenwen Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Xiaoheng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Tongliang Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan West Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China.
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Li QQ, Wang T, Zeng Y, Fan Y, Chen SJ, Mai BX. Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in PM 2.5 associated with various source sectors in southern China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2021; 23:179-187. [PMID: 33427269 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00443j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigates legacy and novel brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in atmospheric PM2.5 associated with various urban source sectors in a city and electronic waste (e-waste) recycling facilities in southern China. The concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and novel BFRs (∑2NBFRs) at the urban industrial park (UIP) sites varied greatly from 22.0 to 105 pg m-3 and from to 29.7 to 459 pg m-3, respectively, and higher concentrations were generally found at sites involving industrial sectors of electronics, plastics, and machinery. Their spatial variations at other urban potential source sites were small suggesting a lack of strong point emissions. The levels of PBDEs and ∑2NBFRs at the e-waste facilities (220-2356 pg m-3 and 83.6-569 pg m-3) were significantly higher and did not temporally decline, indicating that improvement in e-waste recycling techniques does not significantly reduce emissions of PBDEs. NBFRs dominated the BFRs at the urban sites (55% on average), while PBDEs were still dominant (78%) at the e-waste sites. PBDE congener profiles in PM2.5 were substantially different from those in commercial mixtures. The congener profiles as well as their correlations suggested frequent formation of lower brominated PBDEs from degradation of highly brominated congeners in this region, which became appreciable due to the reduced emissions. The significant correlations among the lower brominated congeners also reflected similar environmental behaviors due to similar physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Qi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yuan Zeng
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yun Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - She-Jun Chen
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Bi-Xian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Beristain-Montiel E, Villalobos-Pietrini R, Nuñez-Vilchis A, Arias-Loaiza GE, Hernández-Paniagua IY, Amador-Muñoz O. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and organochloride pesticides in the organic matter of air suspended particles in Mexico valley: A diagnostic to evaluate public policies. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115637. [PMID: 33254712 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The presence of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) was analysed in air particulate matter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5) and ≤10 μm (PM10) collected in the Metropolitan Zone of Mexico Valley (MZMV), during 2013 and 2014, respectively. Spatial and seasonal distributions of PM and their organic content named solvent extracted organic matter (SEOM) were determined. PM mass concentration and SEOM/PM ratios were compared with previous studies in 2006 in Mexico City. PM2.5 concentration was like found in 2006, however, PM10 decreased ∼43%. The SEOM/PM10 ratio was kept constant, suggesting a decrease in SEOM as well as PM10 emitted from natural sources, probably as a result of changes in the land use due to urban growth. A decrease ∼50% SEOM/PM2.5 ratio was observed in the same period, linked to adequate strategies and public policies applied by the local and federal governments to control the organic matter emitted from anthropogenic sources. Seven out of sixteen OCPs and five out of six PBDEs were found. The most common POPs were endosulfan I, endosulfan II, endosulfan sulfate, BDE-47 and BDE-99, present on >90% of the sampling days. OCPs in PM2.5 and PBDEs in PM10 showed seasonal variability. Higher PBDEs concentration in both particle sizes were observed at east and southeast of the MZMV, where one of the biggest landfills and wastewater treatment plants are located. OCPs in PM10 were mainly emitted from agricultural areas located to the southwest, southeast and east of the MZMV. OCPs in PM2.5 showed a regional contribution from the north and introduced into the valley. OCP degradation products were dominant over native OCPs, indicating no fresh OCP use. POPs comparison with other cities was made. Agreements and commissions created by the Mexican government reduced OCPs emissions, however, more effort must be made to control PBDE emission sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Beristain-Montiel
- Atmospheric Organic Aerosols Chemical Speciation Group. Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
| | - R Villalobos-Pietrini
- Atmospheric Organic Aerosols Chemical Speciation Group. Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
| | - A Nuñez-Vilchis
- Atmospheric Organic Aerosols Chemical Speciation Group. Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
| | - G E Arias-Loaiza
- Atmospheric Organic Aerosols Chemical Speciation Group. Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
| | - I Y Hernández-Paniagua
- Physicochemical of the Atmosphere Research Group. Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
| | - O Amador-Muñoz
- Atmospheric Organic Aerosols Chemical Speciation Group. Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico.
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Li W, Achal V. Environmental and health impacts due to e-waste disposal in China - A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 737:139745. [PMID: 32516663 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
E-waste is discarded and shipped mostly to developing countries located in Asian continent for disposal from other developed countries. Especially 70% of the world's e-waste ends up in Guiyu, a small town located in Guangdong Province of China. As little as 25% is recycled in formal recycling centers with adequate protection for workers and the other e-waste arrived in those areas is not handled in organized manner. As per reports only roughly 12.5% of e-waste is actually recycled, and the recycling efforts in those regions are primitive and result in toxic substances being leached into the surrounding ecosystems. In addition to persistent organic pollutants, there are many heavy metals found in the ground and river sediments in Guiyu, exceeding the threshold set to protect human health. Those areas are no longer suitable for growing food, and water is unsafe for drinking, due to the amount of toxins leached into the groundwater and land. Hazardous threats to environment and human health due to hazardous substances of e-waste all around China, as well as the current e-waste management were documented in this review. The article concludes with controlled contamination sources, and eco-friendly and efficient remediation technologies to solve e-waste problem in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weila Li
- Environmental Engineering Program, Guangdong Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Shantou 515063, China; Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Varenyam Achal
- Environmental Engineering Program, Guangdong Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Shantou 515063, China; Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.
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20
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Zeng Y, Pan W, Ding N, Kang Y, Man YB, Zeng L, Zhang Q, Luo J. Brominated flame retardants in home dust and its contribution to brominated flame retardants bioaccumulation in children hair. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2020; 55:1528-1533. [PMID: 32990159 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2020.1826191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in house dust have raised significant concern around the world. However, few studies have reported the correlation between BFR concentrations in house dust and children's hair samples. In this study, BFR concentrations in house dust and children's hair were measured. Chemical analysis showed that the total concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in house dust ranged from 334 to 4444 ng g-1, with a median of 442 ng g-1, and the concentrations in children's hair ranged from 352 to 655 ng g-1, with a median of 530 ng g-1. In addition, two alternative flame retardants, pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB) and hexabromobenzene, were frequently detected in house dust and human hair. BDE209 was the most abundant PBDE congener detected in both house dust and children's hair. A significant correlation was found between the integrated PCA score of BFR concentrations in house dust and in children's hair (r2 = 0.31, P < 0.05), indicating the great contribution of house dust to the bodily burden of PBDEs in children. Risk assessment indicated that children's exposure to PBDEs via non-dietary intake of house dust should be recognized as an important exposure pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Zeng
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Weijian Pan
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Na Ding
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yuan Kang
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, PR China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Drinking Water Safety, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yu Bon Man
- Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), and Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Lixuan Zeng
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, PR China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Drinking Water Safety, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Qiuyun Zhang
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, PR China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Drinking Water Safety, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jiwen Luo
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, PR China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Drinking Water Safety, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, PR China
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21
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Guo J, Patton L, Wang J, Xu Z. Fate and migration of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in a workshop for waste printed circuit board de-soldering. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:30342-30351. [PMID: 32451903 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06735-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are released from the recycling process of PBDE-containing waste printed circuit board (WPCB), but studies on the mechanism of PBDE emission and migration are limited. In this study, PBDE concentrations in particulate matter (PM), dust, and fumes collected in a pilot-scale workshop for the WPCB de-soldering process were measured, and PBDE emission after gas treatment was estimated. The results showed that the mean concentrations of ∑8PBDEs in TSP and PM2.5 in the workshop were 20.3 ng/m3 (24.7 μg/g) and 16.1 ng/m3 (115 μg/g), respectively. In practice, the fumes containing gaseous and particulate PBDEs were treated by the combination of alkaline solution absorption and activated carbon adsorption. Compared to PBDE concentration in workshop floor dust (2680 ng/g), PBDE concentrations in solution scum (68,000 ng/g) and hood inside dust (20,200 ng/g) were condensed. The concentrations of ∑6PBDEs at the stack outlet (416 pg/m3) after gas treatment were lower than those in the stack pipe (1310 pg/m3) and hood inside (7440 pg/m3). The PBDEs in fumes were removed through physical adsorption of alkaline solution and activated carbon, and solution scum constituted the main mass discharges of PBDEs. The emission factor of PBDEs at the stack outlet was 47.3 ng ∑6PBDEs/kg WPCB. As a result, the WPCB de-soldering process is an important source of PBDE pollution, and gas treatment of solution absorption and activated carbon adsorption can reduce PBDE emission to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Guo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Luorong Patton
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianbo Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenming Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Dotel J, Gong P, Wang X, Pokhrel B, Wang C, Nawab J. Determination of dry deposition velocity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons under the sub-tropical climate and its implication for regional cycling. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 261:114143. [PMID: 32066057 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric dry deposition is a major pathway for removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the atmosphere. Despite its significance in the atmospheric environment, measurements of the dry deposition velocity (VDD) and deposition fluxes (FDD) of PAHs are relatively limited. In this study, a passive dry deposition (PAS-DD) collector was co-deployed with passive air sampler polyurethane foam (PAS-PUF) from November 2015 to November 2016 in two major cities (Kathmandu and Pokhara), Nepal, to investigate the VDD and FDD of PAHs. The VDD of PAHs ranged from 0.25 to 0.5 cm s-1 and the annual average was recorded as 0.37 ± 0.08 cm s-1. On the basis of measured VDD, the FDD of ∑15PAHs in Kathmandu and Pokhara were estimated as 66 and 5 kg yr-1 respectively. According to the measured VDD of Kathmandu and Pokhara in this study, and the previously published VDD data of Toronto, Canada, where the same PAS-DD collector was used, a significant multi-linear correlation (r2 = 0.79, p < 0.05) was found between VDD of higher molecular weight (HMW with MW ≥ 228.3 and ≥ 4 rings) PAHs and meteorological parameters (precipitation and wind speed) and vapor pressure of PAHs. To the best of our knowledge, this enabled the development of an empirical model that can exhibit the combined effects of meteorological conditions on the VDD of HMW PAHs. The model was used to estimate the VDD values for major cities in the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) region and the maximum estimated proportion of HMW PAHs deposited by dry deposition reached up to 60% of total emissions. Although PAH emissions in the IGP region pose global risks, the results of this study highlight the considerable risk for local IGP residents, due to the large dry deposition proportion of HMW PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagdish Dotel
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ping Gong
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Balram Pokhrel
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Department of Environmental Science, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal
| | - Chuanfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Javed Nawab
- Department of Environmental Sciences Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, 23200, Pakistan
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23
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Goodman D, Arisco N, Jaacks LM. Synthetic Chemical Trade as a Potential Driver of Global Health Disparities and Data Gaps on Synthetic Chemicals in Vulnerable Populations. Curr Environ Health Rep 2020; 7:1-12. [PMID: 32006347 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-020-00261-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Most research on toxic exposures in vulnerable populations focuses on air pollution. Synthetic chemical production, however, is a multi-billion-dollar industry that lacks appropriate international regulation to protect those exposed to toxic chemicals. This paper aims to describe the country-level import and export of key groups of synthetic chemicals using data from the United Nations Comtrade Database and provide a narrative review of the evidence from January 2018 to August 2019 on exposure to, health effects of, and interventions to reduce synthetic chemicals in vulnerable populations around the world. RECENT FINDINGS Generally, a small number of high-income countries export the majority of synthetic chemicals, while most low-income countries import more chemicals than they export, which may contribute to higher levels of synthetic chemicals in those settings. However, few studies have quantified exposures to synthetic chemicals in low- and middle-income countries, the health effects of such exposures, or interventions to mitigate exposures. Synthetic chemicals continue to enter markets despite our limited knowledge of their effects on human health, particularly in the most vulnerable populations. We need more research to understand the health impacts of these pervasive exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Goodman
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave, Building 1, Room 1211, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Nicholas Arisco
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave, Building 1, Room 1211, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Lindsay M Jaacks
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave, Building 1, Room 1211, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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24
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Awere E, Obeng PA, Bonoli A, Obeng PA. E-waste recycling and public exposure to organic compounds in developing countries: a review of recycling practices and toxicity levels in Ghana. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/21622515.2020.1714749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Awere
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering (DICAM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Coast Technical University, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Peter Appiah Obeng
- Department of Water and Sanitation, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Alessandra Bonoli
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering (DICAM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Panin Asirifua Obeng
- Department of Civil Engineering, Cape Coast Technical University, Cape Coast, Ghana
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25
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Liang Z, Li G, Mai B, An T. Biodegradation of typical BFRs 2,4,6-tribromophenol by an indigenous strain Bacillus sp. GZT isolated from e-waste dismantling area through functional heterologous expression. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 697:134159. [PMID: 31491624 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Legacy wastewater contaminants from e-waste dismantling process such as 2,4,6-tribromophenol (TBP), one of the most widely used brominated flame retardants (BFRs), have raised concern owing to their toxicity and recalcitrance. Our previously isolated Bacillus sp. GZT from river sludge in e-waste dismantling area is a good candidate for bioremediation of BFRs contaminated sites considering its remarkable degradability of TBP and its intermediates. However, there exists a new challenge because bio-degrader cannot produce enough biomass or metabolic activity to cleanup TBP in practice complex environment. Here, we heterologously expressed and functionally characterized the genes and enzymes responsible for TBP degradation to examine the feasibility of enhancing the ability of this microorganism to detoxify TBP. Results demonstrated that five recombinant strains containing functional genes, designated tbpA, tbpB, tbpC, tbpD, and tbpE, become more tolerant toward a wide range of brominated compounds than the nontransgenic strain. Cytochrome P450 reductase encoded by tbpA gene could greatly increase efficiency to remove TBP (98.8%), as compared to wild-type strain GZT (93.2%). Its debromination intermediates 2,4-dibromophenol, 2,6-dibromo-4-methylphenol and 2-bromophenol were significantly metabolized by halophenol dehalogenases encoded by tbpB, tbpC, and tbpD, respectively. Finally, under the function of tbpE gene encoding enzyme, further debrominated product (phenol) was dramatically detoxified. To reduce the risk of these xenobiotics, the expression of these genes can be induced and significantly up-regulated during exposure to them. These results open broad scope for future study in developing genetic engineering technologies for more efficient remediation wastewater of e-waste recycling sites contaminated with TBP, which would certainly be important steps to lower TBP exposures and prevent potential health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhishu Liang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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26
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Jiang Y, Yuan L, Lin Q, Ma S, Yu Y. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the environment and human external and internal exposure in China: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 696:133902. [PMID: 31470322 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used as brominated flame retardants. Because of their toxicity and persistence, some PBDEs were restricted under the Stockholm Convention in 2009. Since then, many studies have been carried out on PBDEs in China and in many other countries. In the present review, the occurrences and contamination of PBDEs in air, water, sediment, soil, biota and daily food, human blood, hair, and other human tissues in China are comprehensively reviewed and described. The human exposure pathways and associated health risks of PBDEs are summarized. The data showed no obvious differences between North and South China, but concentrations from West China were generally lower than in East China, which can be mainly attributed to the production and widespread use of PBDEs in eastern regions. High levels of PBDEs were generally observed in the PBDE production facilities (e.g., Jiangsu Province and Shandong Province, East China) and e-waste recycling sites (Taizhou City, Zhejiang Province, East China, and Guiyu City and Qingyuan City, both located in Guangdong Province, South China) and large cities, whereas low levels were detected in rural and less-developed areas, especially in remote regions such as the Tibetan Plateau. Deca-BDE is generally the major congener. Existing problems for PBDE investigations in China are revealed, and further studies are also discussed and anticipated. In particular, non-invasive matrices such as hair should be more thoroughly studied; more accurate estimations of human exposure and health risks should be performed, such as adding bioaccessibility or bioavailability to human exposure assessments; and the degradation products and metabolites of PBDEs in human bodies should receive more attention. More investigations should be carried out to evaluate the quantitative relationships between internal and external exposure so as to provide a scientific basis for ensuring human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Jiang
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Longmiao Yuan
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Qinhao Lin
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Shentao Ma
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou 515100, China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
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27
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Wei X, Yin H, Peng H, Chen R, Lu G, Dang Z. Reductive debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether by iron sulfide-coated nanoscale zerovalent iron: mechanistic insights from Fe(II) dissolution and solvent kinetic isotope effects. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 253:161-170. [PMID: 31306823 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism that iron sulfide-coated nanoscale zero valent iron (S-nZVI) has better reduction activity towards organic pollutants than nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) has long been debated. In this work, a systematic study was investigated to compare differences of main influences, BDE-209 degradation pathway, degradation kinetics and reduction mechanism of BDE-209 between nZVI and S-nZVI systems. The observed transformation rate of BDE-209 (kobs) by S-nZVI was 58.3 and 7.1 times greater than that by S2- and nZVI, respectively. The valence change of Fe and S on S-nZVI surface before and after BDE-209 degradation process based on XPS characterization confirmed that both Fe0 and iron sulfide were the reduction entity of the surface-mediated reaction. The presence of tetrahydrofuran (THF) promoted the surface contact of BDE-209 with S-nZVI, thus accelerating the BDE-209 degradation process. Compared with nZVI, the iron sulfide coated on the Fe0 core surface could not only greatly reduce unnecessary electron loss via Fe0 corrosion with water, but also accelerate the transmission of electrons from Fe0 core to organic pollutants according to Fe(II) dissolution and solvent kinetic isotope effects investigations. These findings help to clarify the synergistic degradation mechanism between Fe0 core and iron sulfide shell layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xipeng Wei
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Hua Yin
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruxia Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Guining Lu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
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28
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Akram R, Natasha, Fahad S, Hashmi MZ, Wahid A, Adnan M, Mubeen M, Khan N, Rehmani MIA, Awais M, Abbas M, Shahzad K, Ahmad S, Hammad HM, Nasim W. Trends of electronic waste pollution and its impact on the global environment and ecosystem. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:16923-16938. [PMID: 31025281 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04998-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Electronic waste (e-waste) is used for all electronic/electrical devices which are no more used. Conventionally, waste management policies are desfighandle the traditional waste. Although e-waste contains toxic materials, however, its management is rarely focused by policy makers; therefore, its negative impact on the global environment, ecosystem, and human health is aggravated. The review outlines the categories of e-waste materials, major pollutants including ferrous/non-ferrous metals, plastics, glass, printed circuit boards, cement, ceramic, and rubber beside, some valuable metals (such as copper, silver, gold, platinum). Toxic elements from e-waste materials, released in the air, water, and soil, include arsenic, cadmium, chromium, mercury, and lead, causing pollution. Although their roles in biological systems are poorly identified, however, they possess significant toxic and carcinogenic potential. It is therefore critical to monitor footprint and device strategies to address e-waste-linked issues from manufacturing, exportation, to ultimate dumping, including technology transmissions for its recycling. This review traces a plausible link among e-waste condition at a worldwide dimension, as far as settlement procedures to keep it secure and carefully monitored when traded. Their fate in the three spheres of the earth, i.e., water, soil, and air, impacts human health. The strategies and regulation to handle e-waste generation at the global level have been discussed. Graphical abstract .
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Affiliation(s)
- Rida Akram
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Vehari, 61100, Pakistan
| | - Natasha
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Vehari, 61100, Pakistan
| | - Shah Fahad
- Department of Agriculture, The University of Swabi, Ambar, KPK, Pakistan.
| | | | - Abdul Wahid
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Bhauddin Zakerya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Adnan
- Department of Agriculture, The University of Swabi, Ambar, KPK, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Mubeen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Vehari, 61100, Pakistan
| | - Naeem Khan
- Department of Plant Science, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammadd Awais
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Mazhar Abbas
- Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Vehari, 61100, Pakistan
| | - Khurram Shahzad
- Central Cotton Research Institute (CCRI), Multan, Pakistan
- Department of Agronomy, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture (MNSUA), Multan, Pakistan
| | - Shakeel Ahmad
- Department of Agronomy, Bhauddin Zakerya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Mohkum Hammad
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Vehari, 61100, Pakistan
| | - Wajid Nasim
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Vehari, 61100, Pakistan.
- Department of Agronomy, University College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur (IUB), Bahawalpur, Pakistan.
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WEEE Treatment in Developing Countries: Environmental Pollution and Health Consequences-An Overview. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16091595. [PMID: 31067685 PMCID: PMC6539380 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16091595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the last few decades, the rapid technological evolution has led to a growing generation of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). Not rarely, it has been exported from industrialized to developing countries, where it represents a secondary source of valuable materials such as gold, copper, and silver. The recycling of WEEE is often carried out without any environmental and health protection. This paper reviews recent literature dealing with the informal treatment of WEEE in developing regions, gathering and analyzing data on concentration of both inorganic and organic pollutants in the environment. Open burning practices are revealed as most polluting ‘technology’, followed by mechanical treatment and leaching. Significant levels of pollutants have been detected in human bodies, both children and adults, working in or living in areas with informal WEEE treatment.
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Da C, Wu K, Ye J, Wang R, Liu R, Sun R. Temporal trends of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the sediment cores from different areas in China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 171:222-230. [PMID: 30611040 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.12.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper presented the historical data on the temporal trends of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the sediment cores collected from the Huaihe River, Yellow River and Chaohu Lake, China. Among the 40 targeted PBDE congeners, only 10, 6, and 9 of them were detected respectively in the samples from the Huaihe River, Yellow River and Chaohu Lake. On average, the total PBDEs concentrations in sediments were highest in Chaohu Lake followed by the Huaihe River and the Yellow River. As compared to other PBDE congeners, BDE-209 had higher concentrations and detection rates. The similar down core variation between PBDEs and total organic carbon (TOC) suggests that TOC is an important factor influencing PBDEs distribution in the sediments. The total PBDEs concentrations showed an increasing trend from bottom to upper sediments before a decreasing trend in the topmost sediments. The rapid urbanization and industrialization of these regions in recent decades may cause the historically increasing concentrations of sedimentary PBDEs, especially BDE-209. The decreasing PBDEs concentrations in topmost sediments was probably related to the strict environmental policies at present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunnian Da
- Department of Biology and Environment Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei, Anhui 230022,China; Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas(SOA), Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ke Wu
- Department of Biology and Environment Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei, Anhui 230022,China
| | - Jingsong Ye
- Department of Biology and Environment Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei, Anhui 230022,China
| | - Ruwei Wang
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Rongqiong Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241003, China
| | - Ruoyu Sun
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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31
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Guo J, Ji A, Wang J, Ogunseitan OA, Xu Z. Emission characteristics and exposure assessment of particulate matter and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) from waste printed circuit boards de-soldering. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 662:530-536. [PMID: 30699373 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Heating processes for the removal of electronic components from waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) is an important step in the chain of electronic waste recycling, and toxic fumes are generated during the de-soldering process, causing environmental pollution and posing health risks for the workers. This study is aimed to characterize emission and deposition fluxes of respirable particulate matter (PM), and assess exposure of workers to particle-bound polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). An electrical low-pressure impactor was used to measure the real-time PM concentrations inside and outside the hood during the WPCBs de-soldering process. The results show that PM mass concentration inside the hood (204 mg/m3) was significantly higher than outside the hood (9.4 mg/m3), representing 95.4% PM removal by the hood. According to the International Commission on Radiological Protection model, the total deposition fluxes of PM in head airways region, tracheobronchial region, and alveolar region were determined as 1930, 74.0, and 123 μg/h, respectively. The deposition flux for coarse particles (2.5-10 μm) in the head airways was the largest (1830 μg/h), accounting for 86.1% of total PM deposited in respiratory system. The ∑8PBDEs concentration in PM10 inside the WPCBs de-soldering workshop was 20,300 pg/m3, and the ∑8PBDEs inhalation exposure for the worker was 1.46 ng/kg/day. This study improves understanding of PM emission mechanisms and provides fundamental data for health assessments during WPCBs de-soldering process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Guo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; Department of Population Health and Disease Prevention & School of Social Ecology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3957, USA
| | - Ang Ji
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jianbo Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Oladele A Ogunseitan
- Department of Population Health and Disease Prevention & School of Social Ecology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3957, USA
| | - Zhenming Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
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Ghimire A, Dela Cruz ALN, Wong R, Navasumrit P, Cormier S, Lomnicki SM. Polybrominated Diphenylethers (PBDEs) in ambient air samples at the electronic waste (e-waste) reclamation site. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 1:79-89. [PMID: 33134850 DOI: 10.1007/s42768-019-00002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Polybrominated Diphenylethers (PBDEs) were used as flame-retardants in various building materials, plastic and other polymers, airplanes, electronics etc. All or some of their congeners have been already banned in many countries, due to their persistency and adverse health effects. In this study, we are focusing on the e-wastes as a source of emission of PBDEs in ambient air during reclamation processes. The ambient air particulate matter (PM) samples were collected at and near e-waste reclamation site in Bangkok, Thailand. Results showed the presence of various homologues viz: tri, tetra, penta, hexa, and hepta-PBDEs on both PM2.5 and Total Suspended Particle (TSP) samples. The comparison of samples as a function of distance from reclamation site indicated elevated levels of PBDEs in the close proximity to e-waste site. Interestingly, a shift in the congener pattern was observed with lower brominated PBDEs being more prevalent on nearby off-site samples as compared to the PM collected at the e-waste site. The total penta-PBDEs concentration is about double on e-waste site PM2.5 compared to control site samples. For TSP, tetra, penta, and hepta-PBDEs congeners are at higher concentrations at e-waste sites and its vicinity compared to reference sites. Overall, a clear trend can be observed indicating a debromination of PBDEs to more toxic tri and tetra congeners during reclamation process and PBDEs are being translocated from treated materials to ambient air PM. BDE 30 congener is identified as a specific marker of thermal reclamation processes of e-wastes as a most stable degradation product. This work indicates potential hazards related to the reclamation of e-wastes and remediation of sites containing PBDEs. In particular, thermal treatment methods can lead to congener transformation and increased emissions of more toxic lower-brominated congeners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Ghimire
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Louisiana State University A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Albert Leo N Dela Cruz
- Department of Environmental Services, City of Baton Rouge, 345 Chippewa St., Baton Rouge, LA 70805
| | - Roberto Wong
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Louisiana State University A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Panida Navasumrit
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Stephania Cormier
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Slawomir M Lomnicki
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Louisiana State University A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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He W, Liu WX, Qin N, Kong XZ, He QS, Xu FL. Impact of organic matter and meteorological factors on the long-term trend, seasonality, and gas/particle partitioning behavior of atmospheric PBDEs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 659:1058-1070. [PMID: 31096321 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We extended our knowledge of the impact of organic matter (OM) and meteorological factors on the long-term trend, seasonality and gas/particle partitioning behavior of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). In Lake Chaohu, PBDEs had an increasing trend, with a doubling time of 13.4 years at the urban site, and a decreasing trend, with a halving time of 6.1 years at the rural site. At the urban site, the negative association of OM with most congeners indicated that the graphene-like carbonaceous components might carry or release PBDEs, and the negative association of long-term rain fall and wind speed with most congeners was suggested to dilute or increase the transport speed of PBDEs in the atmosphere. At the rural site, the negative association with PM10 and positive association with OM indicated that the PBDEs-buried OM was mainly from non-local sources. Restricted to the temperature seasonality, the frequency of PBDE congeners decreased with seasonality from 64% and 43% to 50% and 43% at the urban and rural sites, respectively. The slope of the simplified Pankow adsorption model in samples with larger absolute OM content (>10 μgC m-3) was steeper than that with lower absolute OM content (<5 μgC m-3), indicating that OM facilitated the gas-particle partitioning equilibrium. Interestingly, the theoretic partitioning coefficients were much lower than the measured ones for less brominated BDEs, whereas the highly brominated BDEs did the opposite. The theoretic partitioning coefficient should be further modified by considering the molecular weight distribution of the OM and the corresponding activity coefficients of the target compound in a specific type of OM phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Environmental Evolution, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China; MOE Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wen-Xiu Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ning Qin
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Beijing University of Science and Technology, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiang-Zhen Kong
- MOE Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qi-Shuang He
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Fu-Liu Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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Kim S, Xu X, Zhang Y, Zheng X, Liu R, Dietrich K, Reponen T, Ho SM, Xie C, Sucharew H, Huo X, Chen A. Metal concentrations in pregnant women and neonates from informal electronic waste recycling. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2019; 29:406-415. [PMID: 30111780 PMCID: PMC6377357 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-018-0054-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Electronic waste (e-waste) is the fastest growing solid waste stream worldwide and mostly ends up in developing countries where residents use primitive methods for recycling. The most infamous e-waste recycling town, Guiyu in Southeast China, has been recycling since the mid-1990s. E-waste contains several harmful chemicals, including lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), and manganese (Mn). In 2011-12, the e-waste Recycling Exposures and Community Health (e-REACH) Study enrolled 634 pregnant women living in Guiyu and Haojiang, a control site, both in Shantou, China. The women completed a questionnaire and gave maternal blood, cord blood, and maternal urine, which were analyzed for Pb, Cd, Cr, and Mn. Maternal blood Pb, Cd, and Cr concentrations were significantly higher in Guiyu compared to Haojiang. In Guiyu, the geometric mean of Pb concentration in maternal blood was 6.66 µg/dL (range: 1.87-27.09 µg/dL) and was 1.74-fold greater than in Haojiang (95% CI: 1.60, 1.89). In cord blood, Pb concentration was 1.53-fold higher in Guiyu (95% CI: 1.38, 1.68). In maternal urine, Cd (ratio: 2.15, 95% CI: 1.72, 2.69) and Mn (ratio: 2.60, 95% CI: 2.04, 3.31) concentrations were significantly higher in Guiyu in comparison to Haojiang. In conclusion, pregnant women in Guiyu were at risk for increased exposure to heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephani Kim
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Xijin Xu
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease and Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yuling Zhang
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease and Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xiangbin Zheng
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease and Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Rongju Liu
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease and Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Kim Dietrich
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Tiina Reponen
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Shuk-Mei Ho
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Changchun Xie
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Heidi Sucharew
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Xia Huo
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Aimin Chen
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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35
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Wu Q, Leung JYS, Du Y, Kong D, Shi Y, Wang Y, Xiao T. Trace metals in e-waste lead to serious health risk through consumption of rice growing near an abandoned e-waste recycling site: Comparisons with PBDEs and AHFRs. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 247:46-54. [PMID: 30654253 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the endeavour to eradicate informal e-waste recycling, remediation of polluted sites is not mandatory in many developing countries and thus the hazard of pollutants remaining in soil is often overlooked. It is noteworthy that a majority of previous studies only analysed a few pollutants in e-waste to reflect the impact of informal e-waste recycling. However, the actual impact may have been largely underestimated since e-waste contains various groups of pollutants and the effect of some emerging pollutants in e-waste remains unexplored. Thus, this study examined the contamination of metals, PBDEs and AHFRs in the vicinity of an abandoned e-waste recycling site. The accumulation and translocation of these pollutants in rice plants cultivated at the nearby paddy field were measured to estimate the health risk through rice consumption. We revealed that the former e-waste burning site was still seriously contaminated with some metals (e.g. Sn, Sb and Ag, Igeo > 5), PBDEs (Igeo > 3) and AHFRs (Igeo > 3), which can disperse to the nearby paddy field and stream. The rice plants can effectively absorb some metals (e.g. Mo, Cr and Mn, BCF > 1), but not PBDEs and AHFRs (BCF < 0.15), from soil and translocate them to the leaves. Alarmingly, the health risk through rice consumption was high primarily due to Sb and Sn (HQ > 20), whereas PBDEs and AHFRs had limited contribution (HQ < 0.08). Our results imply that abandoned e-waste recycling sites still act as the pollution source, jeopardising the surrounding environment and human health. Since some trace metals (e.g. Sb and Sn) are seldom monitored, the impact of informal e-waste recycling would be more notorious than previously thought. Remediation work should be conducted promptly in abandoned e-waste recycling sites to protect the environment and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihang Wu
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jonathan Y S Leung
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia.
| | - Yongming Du
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Deguan Kong
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yongfeng Shi
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuqi Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Tangfu Xiao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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36
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Ye L, Zhang C, Han D, Ji Z. Characterization and Source Identification of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in Air in Xi'an: Based on a Five-Year Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16030520. [PMID: 30759827 PMCID: PMC6388259 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16030520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In order to assess polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) atmospheric pollution levels in Xi’an, air samples were collected using a large flow air sampler from July 2008 to April 2013. In total, 134 samples were collected and 12 PBDE congeners were detected. Total PBDE concentrations (both gaseous and particulate phase) were 36.38–1054 pg/m3, with an average of 253.2 ± 198.4 pg/m3. BDE-209 was identified as the main PBDE component, with a corresponding concentration of 0.00–1041 pg/m3, accounting for 89.4% of total PBDEs. Principal component analysis results showed that PBDEs in Xi’an’s atmosphere mainly originated from commercial products containing penta-BDE, octa-BDE, and deca-BDE. The relative natural logarithm for partial pressure (RP) of PBDEs (gaseous phase) was calculated using the Clausius–Clapeyron equation. The gas flow trajectories at high, middle, and low RP values were analyzed by applying the backward trajectory model. These data indicated that the difference between trajectory distribution and concentration load on trajectories was huge under different RP values. PBDE concentrations (gaseous phase) weighted trajectory showed that the central and southwestern parts of Henan Province and the northwestern area of Hubei Province exhibited the darkest colors, and the daily average concentration contribution of PBDEs to the receiving point was >9 pg/m3, which indicates that these areas might be the main potential source areas of PBDEs in Xi’an’s atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ye
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Chengzhong Zhang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Deming Han
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Zheng Ji
- School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi, China.
- International Joint Research Centre of Shaanxi Province for Pollutant Exposure and Eco-Environmental Health, Xi'an 710119, Shaanxi, China.
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Qin Q, Xu X, Dai Q, Ye K, Wang C, Huo X. Air pollution and body burden of persistent organic pollutants at an electronic waste recycling area of China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2019; 41:93-123. [PMID: 30171476 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-018-0176-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews the concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in atmosphere of an electronic waste (e-waste) recycling town, Guiyu, in Southeast China, focusing on polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). We assess the evidence for the association between air pollution and human body burden, to provide an indication of the severity of respiratory exposure. Compared with standards and available existing data for other areas, it clearly shows that four typical POPs, derived from recycling processes, lead to serious atmospheric pollution and heavy body burden. From published data, the estimated respiratory exposure doses of Guiyu adults and children, varied between 2.48-10.37 and 3.25-13.6 ng kg-1 body weight (bw) day-1 for PBDEs, 2.31-7.6 and 4.09-13.58 pg World Health Organization-Toxic Equivalent Quantity (WHO-TEQ) kg-1 bw day-1 for PCDD/Fs, 5.57 and 20.52 ng kg-1 bw day-1 for PCBs, and 8.59-50.01 and 31.64-184.14 ng kg-1 bw day-1 for PAHs, respectively. These results show that air pollution is more harmful to children. Furthermore, except for PBDEs, the hazard quotient (HQ) of the other three pollutants was rated more than 1 by respiratory exposure only, and all of them are at risk of carcinogenesis. So we speculate these pollutants enter the body mainly through air inhalation, making respiratory exposure may be more important than dietary exposure in the Guiyu e-waste recycling area. Effective management policies and remediation techniques are urgently needed to prevent the deterioration of ambient air quality in the e-waste recycling area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilin Qin
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, 855 East Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou, 511486, Guangdong, China
| | - Xijin Xu
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, and Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Qingyuan Dai
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, 855 East Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou, 511486, Guangdong, China
| | - Kai Ye
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, 855 East Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou, 511486, Guangdong, China
| | - Chenyang Wang
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, and Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Xia Huo
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, 855 East Xingye Avenue, Guangzhou, 511486, Guangdong, China.
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38
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Reche C, Viana M, Querol X, Corcellas C, Barceló D, Eljarrat E. Particle-phase concentrations and sources of legacy and novel flame retardants in outdoor and indoor environments across Spain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 649:1541-1552. [PMID: 30308922 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Levels of particle-phase legacy polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and novel brominated and chlorinated flame retardants, such as decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and Dechlorane Plus (DP), were measured in ambient outdoor air, indoor workplace air and indoor dust, in different locations across Spain. PBDE concentrations were generally higher in outdoor ambient air samples than in indoor air, ranging between 1.18 and 28.6 pg m-3, while DP was the main flame retardant (FR) in indoor air (2.90-42.6 pg m-3). A different behavior of legacy versus novel FRs was observed in all the environments and matrices considered, which seemed to indicate a progressive replacement of the former. Although the emission sources could not be fully identified, certain evidences suggested that high outdoor PBDE concentrations could be associated with old goods in landfills and recycling centers, while high indoor DP concentrations were linked to the presence of new electronic devices. A direct impact of land use on outdoor atmospheric DP concentrations was observed, with DP concentrations correlating with high density of buildings within a city. In addition, DP concentrations outdoors correlated with inorganic species with FR properties (e.g., Cr, Cu). Significant differences in the fraction of anti-DP to the total DP (Fanti ratio) were observed between indoor air (PM2.5) and dust (PM10), which could be related with: a) a dependence on particle size, suggesting a higher relative abundance of the anti-isomer in PM10 than in PM2.5, while similar concentrations were recorded for the syn-isomer; b) a higher deposition rate of the anti-isomer compared to the syn-isomer; and/or c) a more accentuated preferential degradation of the anti-isomer linked to artificial light or other agents coexisting in the air. The detectable presence of all the FR families analyzed in indoor air and dust points to the importance of monitoring these compounds in order to minimize human exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Reche
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), Spain.
| | - M Viana
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), Spain
| | - X Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), Spain
| | - C Corcellas
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), Spain
| | - D Barceló
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Spain
| | - E Eljarrat
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), Spain
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Bai XY, Lu SY, Xie L, Zhang B, Song SM, He Y, Ouyang JP, Zhang T. A pilot study of metabolites of organophosphorus flame retardants in paired maternal urine and amniotic fluid samples: potential exposure risks of tributyl phosphate to pregnant women. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:124-132. [PMID: 30427354 DOI: 10.1039/c8em00389k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus flame retardants (OPs) are of wide concern due to their presence in human urine and their considerable endocrine disruption and neuro-development toxicity. It has been confirmed that electronic waste (e-waste) dismantling activities have contributed to human exposure to OPs. However, assessments of OP exposure and the health risks for pregnant women and fetuses living in areas associated with e-waste dismantling have been impeded by a lack of data. In this study, six OP metabolites (mOPs) were measured in paired maternal urine and amniotic fluid samples collected from an e-waste dismantling area in Guangdong Province, China. All mOPs were detectable in maternal urine, whereas two were found in amniotic fluid. Dibutyl phosphate (DBP) was the predominant mOP in both maternal urine (geometric mean (GM): 2.9 ng ml-1) and amniotic fluid (1.3 ng ml-1); and diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) was the secondary one found (0.94 ng ml-1 in maternal urine, 0.12 ng ml-1 in amniotic fluid). The GM urinary concentrations of DBP and DPHP were two and seven times higher than those in amniotic fluid, respectively. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) and tributyl phosphate (TnBP) by pregnant women were calculated from their daily urine excretion rate as fractions of OP metabolized to the corresponding metabolite (FUE). Our results showed high exposure levels to TPHP (median: 273 or 613 ng per kg bw per day) and TnBP (404 ng per kg bw per day) for pregnant women living in the e-waste associated area. Most importantly, 13% of mothers had EDITnBP levels that exceeded the reference dose (RfD: 2400 ng per kg bw per day), suggesting potential health risks from TnBP exposure for pregnant women living in areas associated with e-waste dismantling. This study, as a pilot study, presents the first measurements of mOPs in human amniotic fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Yuan Bai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, 135 Xingang West Street, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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Li H, La Guardia MJ, Liu H, Hale RC, Mainor TM, Harvey E, Sheng G, Fu J, Peng P. Brominated and organophosphate flame retardants along a sediment transect encompassing the Guiyu, China e-waste recycling zone. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 646:58-67. [PMID: 30048869 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
e-Waste recycling using crude techniques releases a complex, yet incompletely characterized mixture of hazardous materials, including flame retardants (FRs), to the environment. Their migration downstream and the associated risks also remain undocumented. We examined 26 FRs (18 brominated (BFRs: 12 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners, plus 6 alternatives) and 8 organophosphate esters (OPEs)) in surficial sediments of the Lian River. Sampling encompassed the river's origin, through the Guiyu e-waste recycling zone, to its mouth, as well as associated tributaries. OPE exceeded BFR concentrations in most sediments, despite their far greater water solubilities. Among OPEs, tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate dominated upstream, but shifted to triphenyl phosphate in Guiyu and downstream sediments. For PBDEs, Deca-BDE dominated upstream, but Penta-BDE prevailed in Guiyu and at many downstream sites. Among emerging alternative BFRs, decabromodiphenyl ethane dominated upstream, transitioning to 1,2-bis(2,4,6,-tribromophenoxy)ethane in Guiyu sediments. Penta-BDE (BDE-47 + -99, 668-204,000 ng g-1, ∑PBDEs 2280-287,000 ng g-1), tetrabromobisphenol A (2,720-41,200 ng g-1), 1,2-bis(2,4,6,-tribromophenoxy)ethane (222-9870 ng g-1) and triphenyl phosphate (4260-1,710,000 ng g-1, OPEs 6010-2,120,000 ng g-1) concentrations in Guiyu sediments were among the highest reported in the world to date. The continuing dominance of these e-waste indicative FRs in sediments downstream of Guiyu suggested that FR migration from Guiyu occurred. Hazard quotients >1.0 indicated that the extreme sediment concentrations of individual FRs posed ecological risks in most Guiyu reach and downstream areas. Simultaneous exposure to multiple FRs likely increased risks. However, risks may be mediated if FRs were associated with strong sorbents, e.g. carbon black from burned debris, hydrophobic polymer fragments, or resided as additives within polymer fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiru Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Mark J La Guardia
- Department of Aquatic Health Sciences, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, United States
| | - Hehuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Robert C Hale
- Department of Aquatic Health Sciences, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, United States.
| | - T Matteson Mainor
- Department of Aquatic Health Sciences, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, United States
| | - Ellen Harvey
- Department of Aquatic Health Sciences, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062, United States
| | - Guoying Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jiamo Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ping'an Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Die Q, Nie Z, Huang Q, Yang Y, Fang Y, Yang J, He J. Concentrations and occupational exposure assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in modern Chinese e-waste dismantling workshops. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 214:379-388. [PMID: 30267911 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were determined in air, dust and fly ash samples from three legal waste electrical and electronic equipment dismantling plants with strict pollution controls. The risks posed by PBDEs to workers at the plants were assessed. The atmospheric concentrations of PBDEs in the different e-waste recycling workshops were 0.58-2.89 × 103 ng/m3, and predominantly distributed in the particle phase (90.7%-99.9%). The concentrations of the PBDEs in the floor dust and fly ash samples from bag-type dust collectors in different workshops were 2.39-125 μg/g, 5.84-128 μg/g, respectively. The contributions of BDE-209 in air, floor dust and fly ash samples were 84.0%-97.9%, 11.2%-95.3% and 74.0%-94.9%, respectively, indicating that deca-BDE commercial formulations were their major sources. Daily exposure to PBDEs was also lower than has been found for workers in other recycling workshops. Human exposures to BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-153, and BDE-209 were all below the levels considered to pose appreciable risks. Dust ingestion was the main exposure route for manual recyclers, and inhalation was the main exposure route for waste transportation workers. The results of this study indicate that PBDEs emissions and risks are lower in modern, legal e-waste recycling facilities with effective pollution controls. However, the effectiveness of the pollution controls need to be further researched in plastic crushing areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqi Die
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Zhiqiang Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Qifei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Yufei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yanyan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jinzhong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jie He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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Yang C, Wong CM, Wei J, Chung ACK, Cai Z. The brominated flame retardant BDE 47 upregulates purine metabolism and mitochondrial respiration to promote adipocyte differentiation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 644:1312-1322. [PMID: 30743844 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Adipocyte differentiation is closely associated with obesity and obesity-induced metabolic disorders. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated the association of obesity with environmental pollutants, such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), common flame retardants in various consumer products. However, their obesogenic effects and mechanism are underexplored. We employed non-targeted metabolomics studies based on liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry to determine how 2,2',4,4'-tetra-brominated biphenyl ether (BDE 47), one of the main congeners of PBDEs detected in human tissue, promotes adipocyte differentiation of mouse preadipocyte 3 T3-L1 cells. The promoting effects of BDE 47 exposure (5 or 10 μM) on adipocyte differentiation were confirmed by enhancing lipid accumulation and expression levels of biomarkers of adipogenesis. For the first time, we demonstrated that BDE 47 upregulated purine metabolism and altered glutathione metabolism to promote oxidative stress and uric acid production in adipocytes. BDE 47 also elevated mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis in adipocytes to induce more ATP to combat oxidative stress. Antioxidant treatments, including the suppression of xanthine oxidase, inhibited the effects of BDE 47 on inducing oxidative stress and lipid accumulation. BDE 47 may be a potential environmental obesogen by providing a permissive oxidative environment to induce adipocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi-Ming Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Juntong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Arthur C K Chung
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; HKBU Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; HKBU Institute for Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China.
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Ilankoon IMSK, Ghorbani Y, Chong MN, Herath G, Moyo T, Petersen J. E-waste in the international context - A review of trade flows, regulations, hazards, waste management strategies and technologies for value recovery. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 82:258-275. [PMID: 30509588 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
E-waste, or waste generated from electrical and electronic equipment, is considered as one of the fastest-growing waste categories, growing at a rate of 3-5% per year in the world. In 2016, 44.7 million tonnes of e-waste were generated in the world, which is equivalent to 6.1 kg for each person. E-waste is classified as a hazardous waste, but unlike other categories, e-waste also has significant potential for value recovery. As a result it is traded significantly between the developed and developing world, both as waste for disposal and as a resource for metal recovery. Only 20% of global e-waste in 2016 was properly recycled or disposed of, with the fate of the remaining 80% undocumented - likely to be dumped, traded or recycled under inferior conditions. This review paper provides an overview of the global e-waste resource and identifies the major challenges in the sector in terms of generation, global trade and waste management strategies. It lists the specific hazards associated with this type of waste that need to be taken into account in its management and includes a detailed overview of technologies employed or proposed for the recovery of value from e-waste. On the basis of this overview the paper identifies future directions for effective e-waste processing towards sustainable waste/resource management. It becomes clear that there is a strong divide between developed and developing countries with regard to this sector. While value recovery is practiced in centralised facilities employing advanced technologies in a highly regulated industrial environment in the developed world, in the developing world such recovery is practiced in a largely unregulated artisanal industry employing simplistic, labour intensive and environmentally hazardous approaches. Thus value is generated safely in the hi-tech environment of the developed world, whereas environmental burdens associated with exported waste and residual waste from simplistic processing remain largely in developing countries. It is argued that given the breadth of available technologies, a more systematic evaluation of the entire e-waste value chain needs to be conducted with a view to establishing integrated management of this resource (in terms of well-regulated value recovery and final residue disposal) at the appropriately local rather than global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M S K Ilankoon
- Discipline of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, Malaysia; Global Asia in the 21st Century (GA21) Multidisciplinary Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, Malaysia.
| | - Yousef Ghorbani
- Department of Civil, Environmental & Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden.
| | - Meng Nan Chong
- Discipline of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, Malaysia; Global Asia in the 21st Century (GA21) Multidisciplinary Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, Malaysia; Sustainable Water Alliance, Advanced Engineering Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, Malaysia
| | - Gamini Herath
- Global Asia in the 21st Century (GA21) Multidisciplinary Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, Malaysia; School of Business, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Selangor Darul Ehsan 47500, Malaysia
| | - Thandazile Moyo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
| | - Jochen Petersen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
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Zhou Y, Liu J. Emissions, environmental levels, sources, formation pathways, and analysis of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:33082-33102. [PMID: 30269281 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3307-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) were labeled potential persistent organic pollutants by the Stockholm Convention and have structures and toxicities similar to those of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), which has caused considerable concern. This article reviews the current available literature on the status, sources, formation pathways, and analysis of PBDD/Fs. PBDD/Fs are widely generated in industrial thermal processes, such as those for brominated flame retardant (BFR) products, e-waste dismantling, metal smelting processes, and waste incineration. PBDD/Fs can form via the following routes: precursor formation, de novo formation, biosynthesis, and natural formation. The levels of PBDD/Fs in the environment and in organisms and humans have increased due to extensive consumption and the increasing inventory of BFRs; thus, the risk of human exposure to PBDD/Fs is expected to be high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxiao Zhou
- Zhejiang University of Technology, No.18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinsong Liu
- Zhejiang University of Technology, No.18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, Zhejiang, China.
- Zhejiang Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, China.
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Katima ZJ, Olukunle OI, Kalantzi OL, Daso AP, Okonkwo JO. The occurrence of brominated flame retardants in the atmosphere of Gauteng Province, South Africa using polyurethane foam passive air samplers and assessment of human exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:1894-1903. [PMID: 30064875 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polyurethane foam passive samplers were deployed between May 2016 and January 2017 to evaluate concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), selected alternative flame retardants (AFRs) and total hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) (sum of α-, β-, and γ-HBCDD). The PUF air samplers were deployed in semi-urban, urban, industrial and landfill sites in Gauteng Province, South Africa. The acquired results presented a clear semi urban-industrial-urban-landfill concentration gradient for all BFRs measured. Taking into account 2 sampling periods (cold and warm periods) (n = 16), the atmospheric concentrations of ∑9PBDEs, HBCDDs and ∑AFRs were 100-2820 pg m-3, 12-117 pg m-3 and 41-4660 pg m-3, respectively, for the sparsely populated residential area, densely populated residential area, industrial area and the landfill area. In all cases, BDE 47, 99, and 209 were the most dominant congeners with high detection frequencies. The highest calculated daily exposure dose in Gauteng Province atmosphere was 0.61 and 1.54 ng kg -1 - bw d -1 for adults and children respectively. The estimated total intake of PBDEs was 0.47-33.4 ng kg -1 - bw d -1, which was generally below the lowest adverse effect limit (LOAEL), suggesting that the residents of Gauteng Province may not be significantly affected as a result of their exposure to these pollutants through inhalation. However, this does not necessarily suggest that the pollutants are harmless to human health, since they have the tendency to bioaccumulate in biological systems. Incidentally, this is the first study from Africa to report on the atmospheric concentrations of PBDEs, HBCDDs and AFRs in urban, landfill and industrial areas. The findings from this study further highlight the contributory role of landfills as potential sources of BFRs into the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab J Katima
- Environmental Chemistry Research Group, Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; University of Dar es Salaam, College of Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical and Mining Engineering, P.O. Box 35131, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Olubiyi I Olukunle
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, 702N Walnut Grove Avenue, Bloomington, 47405, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Adegbenro P Daso
- Environmental Chemistry Research Group, Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Jonathan O Okonkwo
- Environmental Chemistry Research Group, Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
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Cao Z, Zhao L, Meng X, Liu X, Wu P, Fan X, Wang S, Jie J, Miao Z, Xu X, Shen M, Bu Q. Amplification effect of haze on human exposure to halogenated flame retardants in atmospheric particulate matter and the corresponding mechanism. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 359:491-499. [PMID: 30086519 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.07.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The health impact of haze is of great concern; however, few air quality studies have investigated trace pollutant contamination in the air. Size-segregated atmospheric particles (nine size fractions derived from PM10) were collected in dwelling (indoor) and traffic (outdoor) environments in Xinxiang, China, during light pollution conditions (air quality index (AQI), 60-90) and heavy pollution conditions (AQI, 350-550), and they were analysed for halogenated flame retardants (HFRs), including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) and Dechlorane Plus (DP) isomers. HFR occurrence levels generally decreased in the order of PBDEs > NBFRs > DPs. The total mean abundance ratios of heavy pollution/light pollution were 4.0, 2.9, 4.4 and 3.6 for PBDEs, NBFRs, DPs and HFRs, respectively. Meteorological conditions played distinctive roles in the HFR distribution in the air. Apparent differences were found for the particle size distribution of HFRs under light and heavy pollution conditions. In general, for adults, the estimated hazard quotient (HQ) and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCRBDE-209) values were approximately 1.7 × 10-2 and 9.3 × 10-9 in heavy pollution conditions, respectively, which were significantly higher than those in light pollution conditions (1.8 × 10-3 and 2.1 × 10-9, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Cao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China; School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Leicheng Zhao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xuejie Meng
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xiaotu Liu
- School of Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKLESPC), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Peipei Wu
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xinyi Fan
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Shihua Wang
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Jianye Jie
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Zheng Miao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xiaopeng Xu
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Mohai Shen
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China.
| | - Qingwei Bu
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
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Peng J, Wu D, Jiang Y, Zhang J, Lin X, Lu S, Han P, Zhou J, Li S, Lei Y, Chen J. Spatiotemporal variability of polybrominated diphenyl ether concentration in atmospheric fine particles in Shenzhen, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 238:749-759. [PMID: 29625299 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widely used as flame retardants for various products and have become ubiquitous pollutants in environmental media. However, little is known about PBDE levels in Shenzhen, a manufacturing center of electronic products. This study aimed to investigate spatiotemporal variability of PBDE concentration in atmospheric fine particles (PM2.5) and to estimate the daily inhalation exposure doses for local residents in Shenzhen, China. A total of 36 samples were collected and 8 PBDE compounds (BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 and 209) were analyzed by isotope dilution high-resolution gas chromatograph/high-resolution mass spectrometer (HRGC/HRMS). Mean concentrations of Σ8PBDEs and BDE-209 in PM2.5 in Shenzhen were 33.47 pg/m3 and 24.75 pg/m3, respectively, which were lower than those for other reported cities from China. The mean concentration of Σ8PBDEs was higher in the winter + spring than that in summer + autumn, and both concentrations of BDE-28 and BDE-47 in PM2.5 were significantly higher in winter + spring than those in summer + autumn. Among the 8 congeners, BDE-209 was predominant, accounting for 73.9% of the Σ8PBDEs concentrations. Traffic area, industrial area, residential area and discharge of electronic industries had significant positive influences on PBDE concentrations in PM2.5. Both vegetation area and water area were significantly negatively correlated with PBDE levels in PM2.5. Significantly negative correlation was also found between PBDE concentrations in PM2.5 and the relative humidity. The ranking of estimated inhalation exposure doses of PBDEs via PM2.5 inhalation were toddlers (1.74 pg/kg b.w./day) > children (1.33 pg/kg b.w./day) > adults (1.26 pg/kg b.w./day) > teenagers (0.64 pg/kg b.w./day), and toddlers had a highest risk to expose to PBDEs by PM2.5. To our knowledge, the present study is the first to reveal the spatiotemporal variability of PBDEs in PM2.5 of Shenzhen, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinling Peng
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Dongting Wu
- School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, PR China
| | - Yousheng Jiang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China.
| | - Jianqing Zhang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Xiaoshi Lin
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Shaoyou Lu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Pengpeng Han
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 518055, PR China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Shengnong Li
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Yixiong Lei
- School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510182, PR China.
| | - Jinsong Chen
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 518055, PR China
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Cong X, Xu X, Xu L, Li M, Xu C, Qin Q, Huo X. Elevated biomarkers of sympatho-adrenomedullary activity linked to e-waste air pollutant exposure in preschool children. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 115:117-126. [PMID: 29558634 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cardiovascular regulatory changes in childhood contribute to the development and progression of cardiovascular events at older ages. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of air pollutant exposure on the child sympatho-adrenomedullary (SAM) system, which plays a vital role in regulating and controlling the cardiovascular system. Two plasma biomarkers (plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine) of SAM activity and heart rate were measured in preschool children (n = 228) living in Guiyu, and native (n = 104) and non-native children (n = 91) living in a reference area (Haojiang) for >1 year. Air pollution data, over the 4-months before the health examination, was also collected. Environmental PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2 and CO, plasma norepinephrine and heart rate of the e-waste recycling area were significantly higher than for the non-e-waste recycling area. However, there was no difference in plasma norepinephrine and heart rate between native children living in the non-e-waste recycling area and non-native children living in the non-e-waste recycling area. PM2.5, PM10, SO2 and NO2 data, over the 30-day and the 4-month average of pollution before the health examination, showed a positive association with plasma norepinephrine level. PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2 and CO concentrations, over the 24 h of the day of the health examination, the 3 previous 24-hour periods before the health examination, and the 24 h after the health examination, were related to increase in heart rate. At the same time, plasma norepinephrine and heart rate on children in the high air pollution level group (≤50-m radius of family-run workshops) were higher than those in the low air pollution level group. Our results suggest that air pollution exposure in e-waste recycling areas could result in an increase in heart rate and plasma norepinephrine, implying e-waste air pollutant exposure impairs the SAM system in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Cong
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Xijin Xu
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China.
| | - Long Xu
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Minghui Li
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Cheng Xu
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Qilin Qin
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Guangzhou and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Xia Huo
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Guangzhou and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China.
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