1
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Hrudey SE, Bischel HN, Charrois J, Chik AHS, Conant B, Delatolla R, Dorner S, Graber TE, Hubert C, Isaac-Renton J, Pons W, Safford H, Servos M, Sikora C. Wastewater Surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Canada. Facets (Ott) 2022. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2022-0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Wastewater surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 RNA is a relatively recent adaptation of long-standing wastewater surveillance for infectious and other harmful agents. Individuals infected with COVID-19 were found to shed SARS-CoV-2 in their faeces. Researchers around the world confirmed that SARS-CoV-2 RNA fragments could be detected and quantified in community wastewater. Canadian academic researchers, largely as volunteer initiatives, reported proof-of-concept by April 2020. National collaboration was initially facilitated by the Canadian Water Network. Many public health officials were initially skeptical about actionable information being provided by wastewater surveillance even though experience has shown that public health surveillance for a pandemic has no single, perfect approach. Rather, different approaches provide different insights, each with its own strengths and limitations. Public health science must triangulate among different forms of evidence to maximize understanding of what is happening or may be expected. Well-conceived, resourced, and implemented wastewater-based platforms can provide a cost-effective approach to support other conventional lines of evidence. Sustaining wastewater monitoring platforms for future surveillance of other disease targets and health states is a challenge. Canada can benefit from taking lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic to develop forward-looking interpretive frameworks and capacity to implement, adapt, and expand such public health surveillance capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve E. Hrudey
- Professor Emeritus, Analytical & Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3 Canada
| | - Heather N. Bischel
- Associate Professor, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Jeff Charrois
- Senior Manager, Analytical Operations and Process Development Teams, EPCOR Water Services Inc, Edmonton, AB T5K 0A5 Canada
| | - Alex H. S. Chik
- Project Manager, Wastewater Surveillance Initiative, Ontario Clean Water Agency, Mississauga, ON L5A 4G1 Canada
| | - Bernadette Conant
- Past Chief Executive Officer, Canadian Water Network, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Rob Delatolla
- Professor, Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Sarah Dorner
- Professor, Civil, Geological & Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, PQ H3T 1J4 Canada
| | - Tyson E. Graber
- Associate Scientist, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1 Canada
| | - Casey Hubert
- Professor, Campus Alberta Innovates Program Chair in Geomicrobiology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4 Canada
| | - Judy Isaac-Renton
- Professor Emerita, Dept. Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Calgary, AB, T2N 3V9 Canada
| | - Wendy Pons
- Professor, Bachelor of Environmental Health Program Conestoga College Institute of Technology and Advanced Learning, Kitchener, ON N2P 2N6 Canada
| | - Hannah Safford
- Associate Director of Science Policy, Federation of American Scientists, Arlington, VA 22205 USA
| | - Mark Servos
- Professor & Canada Research Chair, Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Christopher Sikora
- Medical Officer of Health, Edmonton Region, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, AB T5J 3E4 Canada
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2
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Hasan H, Parker A, Pollard SJT. Whither regulation, risk and water safety plans? Case studies from Malaysia and from England and Wales. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 755:142868. [PMID: 33348485 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We explore the interplay between preventative risk management and regulatory style for the implementation of water safety plans in Malaysia and in England and Wales, two jurisdictions with distinct philosophies of approach. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 32 water safety professionals in Malaysia, 23 in England and Wales, supported by 6 Focus Group Discussions (n = 53 participants). A grounded theory approach produced insights on the transition from drinking water quality surveillance to preventative risk management. Themes familiar to this type of regulatory transition emerged, including concerns about compliance policy; overseeing the risk management controls of regulatees with varied competencies and funds available to drive change; and the portfolio of interventions suited to a more facilitative regulatory style. Because the potential harm from waterborne illness is high where pathogen exposures occur, the transition to risk-informed regulation demands mature organisational cultures among water utilities and regulators, and a laser-like focus on ensuring risk management controls are delivered within water supply systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafizah Hasan
- Cranfield University, Cranfield Water Science Institute, School of Water, Energy and Environment, College Road, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, United Kingdom; Ministry of Health Malaysia, Engineering Services Division, Federal Government Administrative Centre, 62590 Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | - Alison Parker
- Cranfield University, Cranfield Water Science Institute, School of Water, Energy and Environment, College Road, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J T Pollard
- Cranfield University, Cranfield Water Science Institute, School of Water, Energy and Environment, College Road, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, United Kingdom.
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3
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Kayser G, Loret J, Setty K, De Thé CB, Martin J, Puigdomenech C, Bartram J. Water safety plans for water supply utilities in China, Cuba, France, Morocco and Spain: costs, benefits, and enabling environment elements. URBAN WATER JOURNAL 2019; 16:277-288. [PMID: 31768148 PMCID: PMC6876626 DOI: 10.1080/1573062x.2019.1669191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Water Safety Plans (WSPs) are a management tool to identify and prioritize risks and implement appropriate control measures throughout the water supply chain, from catchment to consumer. WSPs have been implemented in over 90 countries; yet, costs, benefits and the enabling environment elements necessary for WSP implementation are under-studied. To better understand these factors, we conducted interviews with WSP implementation management teams from 20 private urban water utilities in China, Cuba, France, Morocco and Spain in 2014. Collectively, these utilities serve 10.6 million consumers and supply over 2.2 million m3/day of water to consumers. Time for WSP implementation to achieve certification averaged 13 months. The main startup cost was staff time, averaging 16.2 full-time equivalent person-months. Additional costs, averaging €16,777, were for training staff, hiring consultants, purchasing equipment, and certifying WSPs. Benefits commonly reported included improved hazard control, treatment practices, record keeping, and client and health agency confidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Kayser
- The Gillings School of Global Public Health, Water
Institute, Environmental Sciences and Engineering, The University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and
Public Health, Division of Global Health, The University of California, San Diego,
La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - J.F. Loret
- SUEZ, Centre International de Recherche sur l’Eau et
l’Environnement (CIRSEE), Le Pecq, France
| | - K. Setty
- The Gillings School of Global Public Health, Water
Institute, Environmental Sciences and Engineering, The University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - J. Martin
- Aigües de Barcelona, Empresa Metropolitana de
Gestió del Cicle Integral de l’Aigua, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C. Puigdomenech
- Cetaqua, Water Technology Center (CETAQUA), Cornellà
de Llobregat, Spain
| | - J. Bartram
- The Gillings School of Global Public Health, Water
Institute, Environmental Sciences and Engineering, The University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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4
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Chalker RTC, Pollard SJT, Leinster P, Jude S. Appraising longitudinal trends in the strategic risks cited by risk managers in the international water utility sector, 2005-2015. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 618:1486-1496. [PMID: 29103652 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report dynamic changes in the priorities for strategic risks faced by international water utilities over a 10year period, as cited by managers responsible for managing them. A content analysis of interviews with three cohorts of risk managers in the water sector was undertaken. Interviews probed the focus risk managers' were giving to strategic risks within utilities, as well as specific questions on risk analysis tools (2005); risk management cultures (2011) and the integration of risk management with corporate decision-making (2015). The coding frequency of strategic (business, enterprise, corporate) risk terms from 18 structured interviews (2005) and 28 semi-structured interviews (12 in 2011; 16 in 2015) was used to appraise changes in the perceived importance of strategic risks within the sector. The aggregated coding frequency across the study period, and changes in the frequency of strategic risks cited at three interview periods identified infrastructure assets as the most significant risk over the period and suggests an emergence of extrinsic risk over time. Extended interviews with three utility risk managers (2016) from the UK, Canada and the US were then used to contextualise the findings. This research supports the ongoing focus on infrastructure resilience and the increasing prevalence of extrinsic risk within the water sector, as reported by the insurance sector and by water research organisations. The extended interviews provided insight into how strategic risks are now driving the implementation agenda within utilities, and into how utilities can secure tangible business value from proactive risk governance. Strategic external risks affecting the sector are on the rise, involve more players and are less controllable from within a utility's own organisational boundaries. Proportionate risk management processes and structures provide oversight and assurance, whilst allowing a focus on the tangible business value that comes from managing strategic risks well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary T C Chalker
- Cranfield University, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J T Pollard
- Cranfield University, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, United Kingdom.
| | - Paul Leinster
- Cranfield University, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Jude
- Cranfield University, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
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5
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Assmuth T, Simola A, Pitkänen T, Lyytimäki J, Huttula T. Integrated frameworks for assessing and managing health risks in the context of managed aquifer recharge with river water. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2016; 12:160-173. [PMID: 25953621 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.1660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Integrated assessment and management of water resources for the supply of potable water is increasingly important in light of projected water scarcity in many parts of the world. This article develops frameworks for regional-level waterborne human health risk assessment of chemical and microbiological contamination to aid water management, incorporating economic aspects of health risks. Managed aquifer recharge with surface water from a river in Southern Finland is used as an illustrative case. With a starting point in watershed governance, stakeholder concerns, and value-at-risk concepts, we merge common methods for integrative health risk analysis of contaminants to describe risks and impacts dynamically and broadly. This involves structuring analyses along the risk chain: sources-releases-environmental transport and fate-exposures-health effects-socio-economic impacts-management responses. Risks attributed to contaminants are embedded in other risks, such as contaminants from other sources, and related to benefits from improved water quality. A set of models along this risk chain in the case is presented. Fundamental issues in the assessment are identified, including 1) framing of risks, scenarios, and choices; 2) interaction of models and empirical information; 3) time dimension; 4) distributions of risks and benefits; and 5) uncertainties about risks and controls. We find that all these combine objective and subjective aspects, and involve value judgments and policy choices. We conclude with proposals for overcoming conceptual and functional divides and lock-ins to improve modeling, assessment, and management of complex water supply schemes, especially by reflective solution-oriented interdisciplinary and multi-actor deliberation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Assmuth
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Environmental Policy Centre, Helsinki, Finland
- University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Simola
- Government Institute for Economic Research (VATT), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tarja Pitkänen
- Finnish National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Water and Health Unit, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jari Lyytimäki
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Environmental Policy Centre, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Huttula
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Freshwater Centre, Jyväskylä, Finland
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6
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An Online Monitoring System Installed to Alarm on Pollution Incidents in Douhe Reservoir in Tangshan, China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.707.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Douhe Reservoir (DR) is the most important water source for the city of Tangshan, China. In this paper, a new online monitoring and management system is developed for the purposes of water quality management and human health protection. The system includes two parts: an online monitoring system, consisting of a biological early warning system (BEWS) and a physical factor monitoring system (PFMS), and an environmental management system. Once BEWS warns of changes in water quality, PFMS is used to determine whether there has been a water pollution accident. If an accident has occurred, then optimal allocation of source water in DR is initiated on the basis of the results of the online monitoring and management system. Meanwhile, an emergency treatment procedure for accidental pollution of DR, which includes laboratory testing of water quality and the treatment of polluted water, is carried out. Therefore, the online monitoring and management system will provide an effective approach to make water management and human health protection.
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7
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Wu JL, Ho CR, Huang CC, Srivastav AL, Tzeng JH, Lin YT. Hyperspectral sensing for turbid water quality monitoring in freshwater rivers: Empirical relationship between reflectance and turbidity and total solids. SENSORS 2014; 14:22670-88. [PMID: 25460816 PMCID: PMC4299033 DOI: 10.3390/s141222670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Total suspended solid (TSS) is an important water quality parameter. This study was conducted to test the feasibility of the band combination of hyperspectral sensing for inland turbid water monitoring in Taiwan. The field spectral reflectance in the Wu river basin of Taiwan was measured with a spectroradiometer; the water samples were collected from the different sites of the Wu river basin and some water quality parameters were analyzed on the sites (in situ) as well as brought to the laboratory for further analysis. To obtain the data set for this study, 160 in situ sample observations were carried out during campaigns from August to December, 2005. The water quality results were correlated with the reflectivity to determine the spectral characteristics and their relationship with turbidity and TSS. Furthermore, multiple-regression (MR) and artificial neural network (ANN) were used to model the transformation function between TSS concentration and turbidity levels of stream water, and the radiance measured by the spectroradiometer. The value of the turbidity and TSS correlation coefficient was 0.766, which implies that turbidity is significantly related to TSS in the Wu river basin. The results indicated that TSS and turbidity are positively correlated in a significant way across the entire spectrum, when TSS concentration and turbidity levels were under 800 mg·L−1 and 600 NTU, respectively. Optimal wavelengths for the measurements of TSS and turbidity are found in the 700 and 900 nm range, respectively. Based on the results, better accuracy was obtained only when the ranges of turbidity and TSS concentration were less than 800 mg·L−1 and less than 600 NTU, respectively and used rather than using whole dataset (R2 = 0.93 versus 0.88 for turbidity and R2 = 0.83 versus 0.58 for TSS). On the other hand, the ANN approach can improve the TSS retrieval using MR. The accuracy of TSS estimation applying ANN (R2 = 0.66) was better than with the MR approach (R2 = 0.58), as expected due to the nonlinear nature of the transformation model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiunn-Lin Wu
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo Kuang Rd., Taichung 402, Taiwan.
| | - Chung-Ru Ho
- Department of Marine Environmental Informatics, National Taiwan Ocean University, 2 Pei-Ning Rd., Keelung 202, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Ching Huang
- Department of Soil and Environment Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo Kuang Rd., Taichung 402, Taiwan.
| | - Arun Lal Srivastav
- Department of Soil and Environment Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo Kuang Rd., Taichung 402, Taiwan.
| | - Jing-Hua Tzeng
- Department of Soil and Environment Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo Kuang Rd., Taichung 402, Taiwan.
| | - Yao-Tung Lin
- Department of Soil and Environment Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo Kuang Rd., Taichung 402, Taiwan.
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8
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Dunn G, Bakker K, Harris L. Drinking Water Quality Guidelines across Canadian provinces and territories: jurisdictional variation in the context of decentralized water governance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:4634-51. [PMID: 24776725 PMCID: PMC4053895 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110504634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This article presents the first comprehensive review and analysis of the uptake of the Canadian Drinking Water Quality Guidelines (CDWQG) across Canada’s 13 provinces and territories. This review is significant given that Canada’s approach to drinking water governance is: (i) highly decentralized and (ii) discretionary. Canada is (along with Australia) only one of two Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) member states that does not comply with the World Health Organization’s (WHO) recommendation that all countries have national, legally binding drinking water quality standards. Our review identifies key differences in the regulatory approaches to drinking water quality across Canada’s 13 jurisdictions. Only 16 of the 94 CDWQG are consistently applied across all 13 jurisdictions; five jurisdictions use voluntary guidelines, whereas eight use mandatory standards. The analysis explores three questions of central importance for water managers and public health officials: (i) should standards be uniform or variable; (ii) should compliance be voluntary or legally binding; and (iii) should regulation and oversight be harmonized or delegated? We conclude with recommendations for further research, with particular reference to the relevance of our findings given the high degree of variability in drinking water management and oversight capacity between urban and rural areas in Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Dunn
- Program on Water Governance, University of British Columbia, 439-2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Karen Bakker
- Program on Water Governance, University of British Columbia, 439-2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Leila Harris
- Program on Water Governance, University of British Columbia, 439-2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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9
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Jalba DI, Cromar NJ, Pollard SJT, Charrois JW, Bradshaw R, Hrudey SE. Effective drinking water collaborations are not accidental: interagency relationships in the international water utility sector. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 470-471:934-944. [PMID: 24239814 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The role that deficient institutional relationships have played in aggravating drinking water incidents over the last 30 years has been identified in several inquiries of high profile drinking water safety events, peer-reviewed articles and media reports. These indicate that collaboration between water utilities and public health agencies (PHAs) during normal operations, and in emergencies, needs improvement. Here, critical elements of these interagency collaborations, that can be integrated within the corporate risk management structures of water utilities and PHAs alike, were identified using a grounded theory approach and 51 semi-structured interviews with utility and PHA staff. Core determinants of effective interagency relationships are discussed. Intentionally maintained functional relationships represent a key ingredient in assuring the delivery of safe, high quality drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- D I Jalba
- School of Medicine, Flinders University, GPO 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - N J Cromar
- School of the Environment, Flinders University, GPO 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
| | - S J T Pollard
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - J W Charrois
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - R Bradshaw
- Cranfield Water Science Institute, Cranfield University, Bedfordshire, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - S E Hrudey
- Analytical & Environmental Toxicology Division, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, 10-102 Clinical Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
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10
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Song K, Li L, Tedesco LP, Li S, Clercin NA, Hall BE, Li Z, Shi K. Hyperspectral determination of eutrophication for a water supply source via genetic algorithm-partial least squares (GA-PLS) modeling. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 426:220-232. [PMID: 22521166 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 03/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Morse Reservoir (MR), a major source of the water supply for the Indianapolis metropolitan region, is now experiencing nuisance cyanobacterial blooms. These blooms cause water quality degradation, as well as reducing the aesthetic quality of water by producing toxins, scums, and foul odors. Hyperspectral remote sensing data from both in situ and airborne AISA measurements were applied to GA-PLS by relating the spectral signal with measured water eutrophication parameters, e.g., chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), phycocyanin (PC), total suspended matter (TSM), and Secchi disk depth (SDD). Our results indicate that GA-PLS relating field sensor acquired spectral reflectance to the above-mentioned four parameters yielded low root mean square error between measured and estimated Chl-a (RMSE=10.4; Range (R): 1.8-215.8 μg/L), PC (RMSE=18.6; R: 1.4-371.0 μg/L), TSM (RMSE=3.8; R: 3.6-81.4 mg/L), SDD (RMSE=5.8; R: 25-135 cm) for MR. The GA-PLS model also yielded high performance with AISA image spectra, and the RMSEs were 12.1 μg/L, 25.3 μg/L, 5.9 mg/L and 5.7 cm, respectively for Chl-a, PC, TSM, and SDD. Four water quality parameters were mapped with GA-PLS using AISA hyperspectral image. Based on these results, in situ and airborne hyperspectral remote sensors can provide both quantitative and qualitative information on the distribution and concentration of cyanobacteria, suspended matter, and transparency in MR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaishan Song
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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11
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Austin Z, Alcock RE, Christley RM, Haygarth PM, Heathwaite AL, Latham SM, Mort M, Oliver DM, Pickup R, Wastling JM, Wynne B. Policy, practice and decision making for zoonotic disease management: water and Cryptosporidium. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2012; 40:70-78. [PMID: 22280930 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Decision making for zoonotic disease management should be based on many forms of appropriate data and sources of evidence. However, the criteria and timing for policy response and the resulting management decisions are often altered when a disease outbreak occurs and captures full media attention. In the case of waterborne disease, such as the robust protozoa, Cryptosporidium spp, exposure can cause significant human health risks and preventing exposure by maintaining high standards of biological and chemical water quality remains a priority for water companies in the UK. Little has been documented on how knowledge and information is translated between the many stakeholders involved in the management of Cryptosporidium, which is surprising given the different drivers that have shaped management decisions. Such information, coupled with the uncertainties that surround these data is essential for improving future management strategies that minimise disease outbreaks. Here, we examine the interplay between scientific information, the media, and emergent government and company policies to examine these issues using qualitative and quantitative data relating to Cryptosporidium management decisions by a water company in the North West of England. Our results show that political and media influences are powerful drivers of management decisions if fuelled by high profile outbreaks. Furthermore, the strength of the scientific evidence is often constrained by uncertainties in the data, and in the way knowledge is translated between policy levels during established risk management procedures. In particular, under or over-estimating risk during risk assessment procedures together with uncertainty regarding risk factors within the wider environment, was found to restrict the knowledge-base for decision-making in Cryptosporidium management. Our findings highlight some key current and future challenges facing the management of such diseases that are widely applicable to other risk management situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë Austin
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK.
| | - Ruth E Alcock
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Robert M Christley
- National Centre for Zoonosis Research, University of Liverpool Veterinary School, Leahurst, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, UK; Institute of Infection and Global Health, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZJ, UK
| | - Philip M Haygarth
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | | | - Sophia M Latham
- National Centre for Zoonosis Research, University of Liverpool Veterinary School, Leahurst, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, UK; Institute of Infection and Global Health, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZJ, UK
| | - Maggie Mort
- Department of Sociology and School of Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YT, UK
| | - David M Oliver
- Biological & Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
| | - Roger Pickup
- Biomedical and Life Sciences Division, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Jonathan M Wastling
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZJ, UK
| | - Brian Wynne
- ESRC Centre for Economic and Social Aspects of Genomics, Cesagen, Lancaster University, LA1 4YD, UK
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