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Park S, Won Y, Rim D. Formation and Transport of Secondary Contaminants Associated with Germicidal Ultraviolet Light Systems in an Occupied Classroom. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38922431 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Germicidal ultraviolet light (GUV) systems are designed to control airborne pathogen transmission in buildings. However, it is important to acknowledge that certain conditions and system configurations may lead GUV systems to produce air contaminants including oxidants and secondary organic aerosols (SOA). In this study, we modeled the formation and dispersion of oxidants and secondary contaminants generated by the operation of GUV systems employing ultraviolet C 254 and 222 nm. Using a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics model, we examined the breathing zone concentrations of chemical species in an occupied classroom. Our findings indicate that operating GUV 222 leads to an approximate increase of 10 ppb in O3 concentration and 5.2 μg·m-3 in SOA concentration compared to a condition without GUV operation, while GUV 254 increases the SOA concentration by about 1.2 μg·m-3, with a minimal impact on the O3 concentration. Furthermore, increasing the UV fluence rate of GUV 222 from 1 to 5 μW·cm-2 results in up to 80% increase in the oxidants and SOA concentrations. For GUV 254, elevating the UV fluence rate from 30 to 50 μW·cm-2 or doubling the radiating volume results in up to 50% increase in the SOA concentration. Note that indoor airflow patterns, particularly buoyancy-driven airflow (or displacement ventilation), lead to 15-45% lower SOA concentrations in the breathing zone compared to well-mixed airflow. The results also reveal that when the ventilation rate is below 2 h-1, operating GUV 254 has a smaller impact on human exposure to secondary contaminants than GUV 222. However, GUV 254 may generate more contaminants than GUV 222 when operating at high indoor O3 levels (>15 ppb). These results suggest that the design of GUV systems should consider indoor O3 levels and room ventilation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongjun Park
- Department of Architectural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Youngbo Won
- Department of Architectural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Donghyun Rim
- Department of Architectural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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Li L, Zhang W, Liu S, Wang W, Ji X, Zhao Y, Shima M, Yoda Y, Yang D, Huang J, Guo X, Deng F. Cardiorespiratory effects of indoor ozone exposure during sleep and the influencing factors: A prospective study among adults in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 924:171561. [PMID: 38458472 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Ambient ozone (O3) is recognized as a significant air pollutant with implications for cardiorespiratory health, yet the effects of indoor O3 exposure have received less consideration. Furthermore, while sleep occupies one-third of life, research on the health consequences of O3 exposure during this crucial period is scarce. This study aimed to investigate associations of indoor O3 during sleep with cardiorespiratory function and potential predisposing factors. A prospective study among 81 adults was conducted in Beijing, China. Repeated measurements of cardiorespiratory indices reflecting lung function, airway inflammation, cardiac autonomic function, blood pressure, systemic inflammation, platelet and glucose were performed on each subject. Real-time concentrations of indoor O3 during sleep were monitored. Associations of O3 with cardiorespiratory indices were evaluated using linear mixed-effect model. Effect modification by baseline lifestyles (diet, physical activity, sleep-related factors) and psychological status (stress and depression) were investigated through interaction analysis. The average indoor O3 concentration during sleep was 20.3 μg/m3, which was well below current Chinese indoor air quality standard of 160 μg/m3. O3 was associated with most respiratory indicators of decreased airway function except airway inflammation; whereas the cardiovascular effects were only manifested in autonomic dysfunction and not in others. An interquartile range increases in O3 at 6-h average was associated with changes of -3.60 % (95 % CI: -6.19 %, -0.93 %) and -9.60 % (95 % CI: -14.53 %, -4.39 %) in FVC and FEF25-75, respectively. Further, stronger effects were noted among participants with specific dietary patterns, poorer sleep and higher level of depression. This study provides the first general population-based evidence that low-level exposure to indoor O3 during sleep has greater effects on the respiratory system than on the cardiovascular system. Our findings identify the respiratory system as an important target for indoor O3 exposure, and particularly highlight the need for greater awareness of indoor air quality, especially during sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyi Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wenlou Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Shan Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wanzhou Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xuezhao Ji
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yetong Zhao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Masayuki Shima
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Yoda
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Di Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xinbiao Guo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Furong Deng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Center for Environment and Health, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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Liu S, Liu L, Ye X, Fu M, Wang W, Zi Y, Zeng X, Yu K. Ambient ozone and ovarian reserve in Chinese women of reproductive age: Identifying susceptible exposure windows. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 461:132579. [PMID: 37738852 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the association of ambient ozone with ovarian reserve. Based on a retrospective cohort study of 6008 women who attended a fertility center in Hubei, China, during 2018-2021, we estimated ozone exposure levels by calculating averages during the development of follicles (2-month [W1], 4-month [W2], 6-month [W3]) and 1-year before measurement (W4) according to Tracking Air Pollution in China database. We used multivariate logistic regression and linear regression models to investigate association of ozone exposure with anti-müllerian hormone (AMH), the preferred indicator of ovarian reserve. Each 10 μg/m3 increases in ozone were associated with 2.34% (0.68%, 3.97%), 2.08% (0.10%, 4.01%), 4.20% (1.67%, 6.67%), and 8.91% (5.79%, 11.93%) decreased AMH levels during W1-W4; AMH levels decreased by 15.85%, 11.90%, 16.92% in the fourth quartile during W1, W3, and W4 when comparing the extreme quartile, with significant exposure-response relationships during W4 (P < 0.05). Ozone exposure during W1 was positively associated with low AMH. Additionally, we detected significant effect modification by age, body mass index, and temperature in ozone-associated decreased AMH levels. Our findings highlight the potential adverse impact of ozone pollution on female ovarian reserve, especially during the secondary to small antral follicle stage and 1-year before measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangyan Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xin Ye
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Mingjian Fu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yunhua Zi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xinliu Zeng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Kuai Yu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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Peng S, Chen B, Li Z, Sun J, Liu F, Yin X, Zhou Y, Shen H, Xiang H. Ambient ozone pollution impairs glucose homeostasis and contributes to renal function decline: Population-based evidence. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 269:115803. [PMID: 38091674 PMCID: PMC10790241 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Particulate matter pollution could increase the risk of kidney disease, while evidence for ozone exposure is less well-established. Here, we aimed to evaluate the effect of ozone pollution on renal function and explore mechanisms. We first conducted a cross-sectional study based on Wuhan Chronic Disease Cohort Study baseline information. We recruited 2699 eligible participants, estimated their residential ozone concentrations, collected fasting peripheral blood samples for biochemical analysis and calculated the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). The linear regression model was applied to evaluate the long-term association between ozone pollution and eGFR. Then, we recruited another 70 volunteers as a panel with 8 rounds follow-up visits. We calculated the eGFR and measured fasting blood glucose and lipid levels. The linear mixed-effect model along with mediation analysis were performed to confirm the short-term association and explore potential mechanisms, respectively. For the long-term association, a 10.95 μg/m3 increment of 3-year ozone exposure was associated with 2.96 mL/min/1.73 m2 decrease in eGFR (95%CI: -4.85, -1.06). Furthermore, the drinkers exhibited a pronounced declination of eGFR (-7.46 mL/min/1.73 m2, 95%CI: -11.84, -3.08) compared to non-drinkers in relation to ozone exposure. Additionally, a 19.02 μg/m3 increase in 3-day ozone concentrations was related to 2.51 mL/min/1.73 m2 decrease in eGFR (95%CI: -3.78, -1.26). Hyperglycemia and insulin resistance mediated 12.2% and 16.5% of the aforementioned association, respectively. Our findings indicated that higher ozone pollution could affect renal function, and the hyperglycemia and insulin resistance linked to ozone might be the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouxin Peng
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, PR China; Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, PR China
| | - Bingbing Chen
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, PR China
| | - Zhaoyuan Li
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, PR China; Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, PR China
| | - Jinhui Sun
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, PR China; Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, PR China
| | - Feifei Liu
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, PR China; Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, PR China
| | - Xiaoyi Yin
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, PR China
| | - Huanfeng Shen
- School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, Hubei, PR China.
| | - Hao Xiang
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, PR China; Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei, PR China.
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Berg CD, Schiller JH, Boffetta P, Cai J, Connolly C, Kerpel-Fronius A, Kitts AB, Lam DCL, Mohan A, Myers R, Suri T, Tammemagi MC, Yang D, Lam S. Air Pollution and Lung Cancer: A Review by International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer Early Detection and Screening Committee. J Thorac Oncol 2023; 18:1277-1289. [PMID: 37277094 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2023.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The second leading cause of lung cancer is air pollution. Air pollution and smoking are synergistic. Air pollution can worsen lung cancer survival. METHODS The Early Detection and Screening Committee of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer formed a working group to better understand issues in air pollution and lung cancer. These included identification of air pollutants, their measurement, and proposed mechanisms of carcinogenesis. The burden of disease and the underlying epidemiologic evidence linking air pollution to lung cancer in individuals who never and ever smoked were summarized to quantify the problem, assess risk prediction models, and develop recommended actions. RESULTS The number of estimated attributable lung cancer deaths has increased by nearly 30% since 2007 as smoking has decreased and air pollution has increased. In 2013, the International Agency for Research on Cancer classified outdoor air pollution and particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 microns in outdoor air pollution as carcinogenic to humans (International Agency for Research on Cancer group 1) and as a cause of lung cancer. Lung cancer risk models reviewed do not include air pollution. Estimation of cumulative exposure to air pollution exposure is complex which poses major challenges with accurately collecting long-term exposure to ambient air pollution for incorporation into risk prediction models in clinical practice. CONCLUSIONS Worldwide air pollution levels vary widely, and the exposed populations also differ. Advocacy to lower sources of exposure is important. Health care can lower its environmental footprint, becoming more sustainable and resilient. The International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer community can engage broadly on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joan H Schiller
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Jing Cai
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and National Health Commission Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Casey Connolly
- The International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, Denver, Colorado
| | - Anna Kerpel-Fronius
- Department of Radiology National Korányi Institute for Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - David C L Lam
- University Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Anant Mohan
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Renelle Myers
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tejas Suri
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Martin C Tammemagi
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dawei Yang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Critical Care, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Stephen Lam
- Department of Medicine, British Columbia Cancer Agency and The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Zhang X, Zhang H, Wang Y, Bai P, Zhang L, Wei Y, Tang N. Characteristics and determinants of personal exposure to typical air pollutants: A pilot study in Beijing and Baoding, China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 218:114976. [PMID: 36460073 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Personal exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5), nitrogen oxides (NOx, NO2 and NO), ozone (O3) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) was repeatedly measured among fourteen office workers in Beijing and Baoding, China in summer, autumn and winter of 2019. Time-activity patterns were simultaneously recorded. Determinants of personal air pollution exposure were investigated for each pollutant via a linear mixed effect model. The personal concentrations of PM2.5, NO2, NO and O3 were higher in autumn and winter than those in summer. A decreasing trend was found in the personal PM2.5 level for a typical indoor population in Beijing, indicating that particulate pollution was effectively controlled in Beijing and its surrounding area. The personal levels of PM2.5, NO2, and O3 were weakly correlated with those monitored at ambient stations and were lower than the respective ambient levels except for PM2.5 in summer and NO2 in winter. This pilot study showed that the indoor air environment, ambient pollution, traffic-related variables and temperature were significant exposure sources for office workers. Our study highlighted the significance of controlling traffic emissions and improving the workplace air quality to protect the health of office workers. More importantly, we demonstrated the feasibility of model development for personal air pollution exposure prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hao Zhang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yan Wang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Pengchu Bai
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Lulu Zhang
- School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, China; Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yongjie Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, China.
| | - Ning Tang
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan; Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Science, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
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7
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Cole-Hunter T, Zhang J, So R, Samoli E, Liu S, Chen J, Strak M, Wolf K, Weinmayr G, Rodopolou S, Remfry E, de Hoogh K, Bellander T, Brandt J, Concin H, Zitt E, Fecht D, Forastiere F, Gulliver J, Hoffmann B, Hvidtfeldt UA, Jöckel KH, Mortensen LH, Ketzel M, Yacamán Méndez D, Leander K, Ljungman P, Faure E, Lee PC, Elbaz A, Magnusson PKE, Nagel G, Pershagen G, Peters A, Rizzuto D, Vermeulen RCH, Schramm S, Stafoggia M, Katsouyanni K, Brunekreef B, Hoek G, Lim YH, Andersen ZJ. Long-term air pollution exposure and Parkinson's disease mortality in a large pooled European cohort: An ELAPSE study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 171:107667. [PMID: 36516478 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The link between exposure to ambient air pollution and mortality from cardiorespiratory diseases is well established, while evidence on neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's Disease (PD) remains limited. OBJECTIVE We examined the association between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and PD mortality in seven European cohorts. METHODS Within the project 'Effects of Low-Level Air Pollution: A Study in Europe' (ELAPSE), we pooled data from seven cohorts among six European countries. Annual mean residential concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), black carbon (BC), and ozone (O3), as well as 8 PM2.5 components (copper, iron, potassium, nickel, sulphur, silicon, vanadium, zinc), for 2010 were estimated using Europe-wide hybrid land use regression models. PD mortality was defined as underlying cause of death being either PD, secondary Parkinsonism, or dementia in PD. We applied Cox proportional hazard models to investigate the associations between air pollution and PD mortality, adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS Of 271,720 cohort participants, 381 died from PD during 19.7 years of follow-up. In single-pollutant analyses, we observed positive associations between PD mortality and PM2.5 (hazard ratio per 5 µg/m3: 1.25; 95% confidence interval: 1.01-1.55), NO2 (1.13; 0.95-1.34 per 10 µg/m3), and BC (1.12; 0.94-1.34 per 0.5 × 10-5m-1), and a negative association with O3 (0.74; 0.58-0.94 per 10 µg/m3). Associations of PM2.5, NO2, and BC with PD mortality were linear without apparent lower thresholds. In two-pollutant models, associations with PM2.5 remained robust when adjusted for NO2 (1.24; 0.95-1.62) or BC (1.28; 0.96-1.71), whereas associations with NO2 or BC attenuated to null. O3 associations remained negative, but no longer statistically significant in models with PM2.5. We detected suggestive positive associations with the potassium component of PM2.5. CONCLUSION Long-term exposure to PM2.5, at levels well below current EU air pollution limit values, may contribute to PD mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Cole-Hunter
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jiawei Zhang
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rina So
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Evangelia Samoli
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Shuo Liu
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jie Chen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Maciej Strak
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Kathrin Wolf
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gudrun Weinmayr
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sophia Rodopolou
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Elizabeth Remfry
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Kees de Hoogh
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tom Bellander
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jørgen Brandt
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark; iClimate, interdisciplinary Centre for Climate Change, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Hans Concin
- Agency for Preventive and Social Medicine (aks), Bregenz, Austria
| | - Emanuel Zitt
- Agency for Preventive and Social Medicine (aks), Bregenz, Austria; Department of Internal Medicine 3, LKH Feldkirch, Feldkirch, Austria
| | - Daniela Fecht
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Forastiere
- Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Region Health Service / ASL Roma 1, Rome, Italy; MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Gulliver
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Environmental Health and Sustainability & School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Hoffmann
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Centre for Health and Society, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Karl-Heinz Jöckel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Laust H Mortensen
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Statistics Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthias Ketzel
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark; Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Diego Yacamán Méndez
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Leander
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Petter Ljungman
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Cardiology, Danderyd University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elodie Faure
- University Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, Gustave Roussy, "Exposome and Heredity" team, CESP UMR1018, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Pei-Chen Lee
- University Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, Gustave Roussy, "Exposome and Heredity" team, CESP UMR1018, 94805 Villejuif, France; Department of Public Health, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Alexis Elbaz
- University Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, Gustave Roussy, "Exposome and Heredity" team, CESP UMR1018, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Patrik K E Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gabriele Nagel
- Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Göran Pershagen
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Debora Rizzuto
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences, and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Stockholm Gerontology Research Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roel C H Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sara Schramm
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Massimo Stafoggia
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Region Health Service / ASL Roma 1, Rome, Italy
| | - Klea Katsouyanni
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bert Brunekreef
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Gerard Hoek
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Youn-Hee Lim
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Zorana J Andersen
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Sugg MM, Runkle JD, Dow K, Barnes J, Stevens S, Pearce J, Bossak B, Curtis S. Individually experienced heat index in a coastal Southeastern US city among an occupationally exposed population. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2022; 66:1665-1681. [PMID: 35759147 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-022-02309-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have characterized individually experienced temperatures or individually experienced heat indices, including new exposure metrics that capture dimensions of exposure intensity, frequency, and duration. Yet, few studies have examined the personal thermal exposure in underrepresented groups, like outdoor workers, and even fewer have assessed corresponding changes in physiologic heat strain. The objective of this paper is to examine a cohort of occupationally exposed grounds and public safety workers (n = 25) to characterize their heat exposure and resulting heat strain. In addition, a secondary aim of this work is to compare individually heat index exposure (IHIE) across exposure metrics, fixed-site in situ weather stations, and raster-derived urban heat island (UHI) measurements in Charleston, SC, a humid coastal climate in the Southeastern USA. A Bland-Altman (BA) analysis was used to assess the level of agreement between the personal IHIE measurements and weather-station heat index (HI) and Urban Heat Island (UHI) measurements. Linear mixed-effect models were used to determine the association between individual risk factors and in situ weather station measurements significantly associated with IHIE measurements. Multivariable stepwise Cox proportional hazard modeling was used to identify the individual and workplace factors associated with time to heat strain in workers. We also examined the non-linear association between heat strain and exposure metrics using generalized additive models. We found significant heterogeneity in IHIE measurements across participants. We observed that time to heat strain was positively associated with a higher IHIE, older age, being male, and among Caucasian workers. Important nonlinear associations between heat strain occurrence and the intensity, frequency, and duration of personal heat metrics were observed. Lastly, our analysis found that IHIE measures were significantly similar for weather station HI, although differences were more pronounced for temperature and relative humidity measurements. Conversely, our IHIE findings were much lower than raster-derived UHI measurements. Real-time monitoring can offer important insights about unfolding temperature-health trends and emerging behaviors during thermal extreme events, which have significant potential to provide situational awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M Sugg
- Department of Geography and Planning, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA.
| | - Jennifer D Runkle
- North Carolina Institute for Climate Studies, North Carolina State University, Asheville, NC, USA
| | - Kirstin Dow
- Department of Geography, University of South Carolina at Columbia, Columbia, SC, USA
| | | | - Scott Stevens
- North Carolina Institute for Climate Studies, North Carolina State University, Asheville, NC, USA
| | - John Pearce
- Department of Public Health Services, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Brian Bossak
- Department of Health and Human Performance, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Scott Curtis
- Department of Physics and Lt. Col. James B. Near, Jr., USAF, '77 Center for Climate Studies, The Citadel, Charleston, SC, USA
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9
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Xia Y, Niu Y, Cai J, Liu C, Meng X, Chen R, Kan H. Personal ozone exposure and stress hormones in the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal and sympathetic-adrenal-medullary axes. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 159:107050. [PMID: 34923369 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.107050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of ozone exposure on neuroendocrine responses in humans has not been fully studied. METHODS We conducted a longitudinal panel study with four rounds of visits among 43 college students in Shanghai, China, from May to October 2016. For each visit, we monitored personal real-time ozone exposure for consecutive 3 days (from 8:00 a.m. to 6:00p.m. each day), followed by blood sample collection. We measured serum levels of three hormones in the hypothalamus-pituitaryadrenal (HPA) axis, including corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and cortisol, and three catacholamines indicating sympathetic-adrenal-medullary (SAM) axis activation, including adrenaline, noradrenaline, and dopamine. We applied linear mixed-effect models to evaluate the associations between ozone exposure and these neurohormones and further compared models using personal and fixed-site ozone measurements. MAIN RESULTS At lag 0-8 h, personal ozone exposure ranged from 4.5 ppb to 104.3 ppb with an average of 21.0 ± 14.7 ppb, which was approximately half of the ambient ozone concentration. Per 10-ppb increase in personal ozone exposure (lag 0-8 h) was associated with increases of 5.60% [95% confidence interval (CI): 2.30%, 9.01%] in CRH, 5.91% (95% CI: 0.55%, 11.56%) in cortisol, and 10.13% (95% CI: 2.75%, 18.05%) in noradrenaline, whereas associated with a 12.15% (95% CI: 1.23%, 21.87%) decrease in dopamine. Overall, models using personal ozone measurements yielded larger effect estimates and better model fits than models using fixed-site measurements. CONCLUSIONS Short-term exposure to low levels of ozone may lead to activation of the HPA and SAM axes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Xia
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yue Niu
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jing Cai
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Cong Liu
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xia Meng
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Renjie Chen
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Typhoon Institute/CMA, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health, Shanghai 200030, China.
| | - Haidong Kan
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health, Shanghai 201102, China.
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10
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Kitagawa YKL, Kumar P, Galvão ES, Santos JM, Reis NC, Nascimento EGS, Moreira DM. Exposure and dose assessment of school children to air pollutants in a tropical coastal-urban area. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 803:149747. [PMID: 34487895 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study estimates exposure and inhaled dose to air pollutants of children residing in a tropical coastal-urban area in Southeast Brazil. For that, twenty-one children filled their time-activities diaries and wore the passive samplers to monitor NO2. The personal exposure was also estimated using data provided by the combination of WRF-Urban/GEOS-Chem/CMAQ models, and the nearby monitoring station. Indoor/outdoor ratios were used to consider the amount of time spent indoors by children in homes and schools. The model's performance was assessed by comparing the modelled data with concentrations measured by urban monitoring stations. A sensitivity analyses was also performed to evaluate the impact of the model's height on the air pollutant concentrations. The results showed that the mean children's personal exposure to NO2 predicted by the model (22.3 μg/m3) was nearly twice to those measured by the passive samplers (12.3 μg/m3). In contrast, the nearest urban monitoring station did not represent the personal exposure to NO2 (9.3 μg/m3), suggesting a bias in the quantification of previous epidemiological studies. The building effect parameterisation (BEP) together with the lowering of the model height enhanced the air pollutant concentrations and the exposure of children to air pollutants. With the use of the CMAQ model, exposure to O3, PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 was also estimated and revealed that the daily children's personal exposure was 13.4, 38.9, 32.9, and 9.6 μg/m3, respectively. Meanwhile, the potential inhalation daily dose was 570-667 μg for PM2.5, 684-789 μg for PM10, and 163-194 μg for PM1, showing to be favourable to cause adverse health effects. The exposure of children to air pollutants estimated by the numerical model in this work was comparable to other studies found in the literature, showing one of the advantages of using the modelling approach since some air pollutants are poorly spatially represented and/or are not routinely monitored by environmental agencies in many regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Kaore Lago Kitagawa
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil; Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, United Kingdom; Centro Integrado de Manufatura e Tecnologia (SENAI CIMATEC), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Elson Silva Galvão
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Jane Meri Santos
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Neyval Costa Reis
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | | | - Davidson Martins Moreira
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil; Centro Integrado de Manufatura e Tecnologia (SENAI CIMATEC), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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11
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IRIE MS, DIETRICH L, SOUZA GLD, SOARES PBF, MOURA CCG, SILVA GRD, PARANHOS LR. Ozone disinfection for viruses with applications in healthcare environments: a scoping review. Braz Oral Res 2022; 36:e006. [DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2022.vol36.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lia DIETRICH
- Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Brazil
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12
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Wang W, Liu X, Bi J, Liu Y. A machine learning model to estimate ground-level ozone concentrations in California using TROPOMI data and high-resolution meteorology. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 158:106917. [PMID: 34624589 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Estimating ground-level ozone concentrations is crucial to study the adverse health effects of ozone exposure and better understand the impacts of ground-level ozone on biodiversity and vegetation. However, few studies have attempted to use satellite retrieved ozone as an indicator given their low sensitivity in the boundary layer. Using the Troposphere Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI)'s total ozone column together with the ozone profile information retrieved by the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), as TROPOMI ozone profile product has not been released, we developed a machine learning model to estimate daily maximum 8-hour average ground-level ozone concentration at 10 km spatial resolution in California. In addition to satellite parameters, we included meteorological fields from the High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) system at 3 km resolution and land-use information as predictors. Our model achieved an overall 10-fold cross-validation (CV) R2 of 0.84 with root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.0059 ppm, indicating a good agreement between model predictions and observations. Model predictions showed that the suburb of Los Angeles Metropolitan area had the highest ozone levels, while the Bay Area and the Pacific coast had the lowest. High ozone levels are also seen in Southern California and along the east side of the Central Valley. TROPOMI data improved the estimate of extreme values when compared to a similar model without it. Our study demonstrates the feasibility and value of using TROPOMI data in the spatiotemporal characterization of ground-level ozone concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Wang
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xiong Liu
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jianzhao Bi
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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13
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Kim CS, Rohr AC. Review and analysis of personal-ambient ozone measurements. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2021; 71:1333-1346. [PMID: 34156323 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2021.1942318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ambient ozone measurements are often used as surrogates for personal exposures. Due to the limited number of central ozone monitors and varying personal behavioral patterns, some level of variability between ambient and personal exposures is expected. Low-cost sensors and different ways to capture personal activity patterns are being developed as an effort to improve the accuracy of exposure assessment. However, it is still most common to use the traditional approach of using unadjusted ambient concentrations as surrogates for personal exposures. To our knowledge, there has not been a meta-analysis that summarizes the findings from studies that investigated the differences between personal and ambient ozone. We conducted a literature search in PubMed and Science Direct for peer-reviewed studies reporting at least one of the following in a numeric format: 1) personal-ambient measurements, 2) personal-ambient slopes, or 3) personal-ambient correlations to identify and summarize existing studies that investigated personal and ambient ozone concentrations. Twenty-two articles met inclusion criteria and were included in our review. Ambient concentrations almost always overestimated personal exposures. A meta-analysis of slopes showed an overall personal-ambient slope of 0.21 (95% CI: 0.15, 0.27) with high heterogeneity (97%) across studies. The correlations between personal and ambient ozone varied dramatically across subjects from a strong positive (0.77) to a moderate negative correlation (-0.43). Our study found that ambient measurements are not accurate representations of personal exposure, while the magnitude of exposure measurement error varied across studies. Different sources of ozone and how they contribute to true exposure levels for individuals in complementary ways need to be better addressed. The effort to better understand the impact of traditional exposure assessment on the risk estimates must be emphasized along with efforts to improve the current exposure assessment approaches to provide context for interpreting the results from ozone epidemiological studies. Implications: The traditional approach of using ambient ozone measurements as surrogates for personal exposures is likely to result in exposure misclassification, which is a well-recognized source of bias in epidemiological studies. There are efforts to characterize the differences between ambient and personal ozone measurements, though, to our knowledge, there has not been a meta-analysis that summarizes the findings of different studies. Better understanding of the pattern and magnitude of exposure error for ambient and personal ozone can provide directions for future studies and context for interpreting the results from ozone epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe S Kim
- Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Annette C Rohr
- Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), Palo Alto, California, USA
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14
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Fan Z, Huang B, Peng C, Lin J, Liao Y. Simulation of average monthly ozone exposure concentrations in China: A temporal and spatial estimation method. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 199:111271. [PMID: 34010623 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ozone has adverse effects on human health, it is necessary to obtain the refined ozone exposure concentration. At present, most of existing ozone exposure research is based on ground air quality monitoring station (MS) which gather urban area information only. It is diffcult to estimate the ozone in the areas where MSs are scarce. OBJECTIVE By combining accurate but uneven data of outdoor ozone exposure concentrations based on MSs and unbiased coverage data based on RS in China, we can improve the accuracy of simulation of average monthly ozone exposure concentrations in monitor-free area. Since ozone concentrations are usually low at night, ozone exposure is assessed during the day (e.g., 10:00-18:00). METHODS We proposed a space-time geostatistical kriging interpolation based on the composite space/time mean trend model (CSTM) to predict ozone exposure in mainland China, having obtained a refined ozone exposure concentration interpolation map from an MS. We verified the accuracy of the interpolation results and remote sensing (RS) data, while simultaneously determining the distance threshold (according to the data accuracy) to improve the accuracy of the hybrid map. RESULTS We used a refined smoothing filter to reduce the influence of spatial and seasonal trends on ozone concentration. We found a cutoff separation distance of 175 km at which the two data showed an equal estimation accuracy, and the estimation result was fused with RS data through the distance threshold. Finally, The multi-source data with the best accuracy were fused to obtain the refined map. In China, ozone exposure concentration mainly gathers in the northern and eastern regions as well as part of the central mainland. CONCLUSIONS RS data can be used to characterize ground ozone exposure concentrations when 24th-layer data and MS data for monitoring ozone exposure concentrations are combined to estimate temporal and spatial ozone exposure in China. Ozone exposure in China can be explored further to provide suggestions for human health and regional economic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhirui Fan
- College of Oceanography and Space Informatics, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Binghu Huang
- College of Oceanography and Space Informatics, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Chao Peng
- China Electronics Technology Group Corp 28th Research Institute, Nanjing, 210007, China
| | - Jiayu Lin
- Department of Computer Science, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Yilan Liao
- The State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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15
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Barkjohn KK, Norris C, Cui X, Fang L, Zheng T, Schauer JJ, Li Z, Zhang Y, Black M, Zhang JJ, Bergin MH. Real-time measurements of PM 2.5 and ozone to assess the effectiveness of residential indoor air filtration in Shanghai homes. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:74-87. [PMID: 32649780 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Portable air cleaners are increasingly used in polluted areas in an attempt to reduce human exposure; however, there has been limited work characterizing their effectiveness at reducing exposure. With this in mind, we recruited forty-three children with asthma from suburban Shanghai and deployed air cleaners (with HEPA and activated carbon filters) in their bedrooms. During both 2-week filtration and non-filtration periods, low-cost PM2.5 and O3 air monitors were used to measure pollutants indoors, outdoors, and for personal exposure. Indoor PM2.5 concentrations were reduced substantially with the use of air cleaners, from 34 ± 17 to 10 ± 8 µg/m3 , with roughly 80% of indoor PM2.5 estimated to come from outdoor sources. Personal exposure to PM2.5 was reduced from 40 ± 17 to 25 ± 14 µg/m3 . The more modest reductions in personal exposure and high contribution of outdoor PM2.5 to indoor concentrations highlight the need to reduce outdoor PM2.5 and/or to clean indoor air in multiple locations. Indoor O3 concentrations were generally low (mean = 8±4 ppb), and no significant difference was seen by filtration status. The concentrations of pollutants and the air cleaner effectiveness were highly variable over time and across homes, highlighting the usefulness of real-time air monitors for understanding individual exposure reduction strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christina Norris
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Xiaoxing Cui
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lin Fang
- School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Tongshu Zheng
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - James J Schauer
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Zhen Li
- Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Shi, China
| | - Yinping Zhang
- School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Junfeng Jim Zhang
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michael H Bergin
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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16
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Barkjohn KK, Norris C, Cui X, Fang L, He L, Schauer JJ, Zhang Y, Black M, Zhang J, Bergin MH. Children's microenvironmental exposure to PM 2.5 and ozone and the impact of indoor air filtration. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2020; 30:971-980. [PMID: 32963288 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-020-00266-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In highly polluted urban areas, personal exposure to PM2.5 and O3 occur daily in various microenvironments. Identifying which microenvironments contribute most to exposure can pinpoint effective exposure reduction strategies and mitigate adverse health impacts. METHODS This work uses real-time sensors to assess the exposures of children with asthma (N = 39) in Shanghai, quantifying microenvironmental exposure to PM2.5 and O3. An air cleaner was deployed in participants' bedrooms where we hypothesized exposure could be most efficiently reduced. Monitoring occurred for two 48-h periods: one with bedroom filtration (portable air cleaner with HEPA and activated carbon filters) and the other without. RESULTS Children spent 91% of their time indoors with the majority spent in their bedroom (47%). Without filtration, the bedroom and classroom environments were the largest contributors to PM2.5 exposure. With filtration, bedroom PM2.5 exposure was reduced by 75% (45% of total exposure). Although filtration status did not impact O3, the largest contribution of O3 exposure also came from the bedroom. CONCLUSIONS Actions taken to reduce bedroom PM2.5 and O3 concentrations can most efficiently reduce total exposure. As real-time pollutant monitors become more accessible, similar analyses can be used to evaluate new interventions and optimize exposure reductions for a variety of populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoline K Barkjohn
- Duke University, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 121 Hudson Hall, Box 90287, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
| | - Christina Norris
- Duke University, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 121 Hudson Hall, Box 90287, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Xiaoxing Cui
- Duke University, Nicholas School of the Environment, 9 Circuit Dr, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Lin Fang
- Tsinghua University, School of Architecture, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Linchen He
- Duke University, Nicholas School of the Environment, 9 Circuit Dr, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - James J Schauer
- University of Wisconsin at Madison, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1415 Engineering Dr, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Tsinghua University, School of Architecture, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Marilyn Black
- Underwriters Laboratories Inc., 2211 Newmarket Parkway, Marietta, GA, 30067, USA
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- Duke University, Nicholas School of the Environment, 9 Circuit Dr, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Michael H Bergin
- Duke University, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 121 Hudson Hall, Box 90287, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
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17
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Lei X, Chen R, Wang C, Shi J, Zhao Z, Li W, Bachwenkizi J, Ge W, Sun L, Li S, Cai J, Kan H. Necessity of personal sampling for exposure assessment on specific constituents of PM 2.5: Results of a panel study in Shanghai, China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 141:105786. [PMID: 32428842 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many epidemiological studies have evaluated the health risks of ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5). However, few studies have investigated the potential exposure misclassification caused by using ambient PM2.5 concentrations as proxy for individual exposure to PM2.5 in regions with high-level of air pollution. This study aimed to compare the differences between personal and ambient PM2.5 constituent concentrations, and to predict the personal exposure of sixteen PM2.5 constituents. We collected 141 72-h personal exposure filter samples from a panel of 36 healthy non-smoking college students in Shanghai, China. We then used the liner mixed effects models to predict personal constituent-specific exposure using ambient observations and several possible influencing factors including time-activity patterns, temporal variables, and meteorological conditions. The final model of each component was further evaluated by determination coefficient (R2) and root mean square error (RMSE) from leave-one-out-cross-validation (LOOCV). We observed ambient concentrations were higher than personal concentrations for all PM2.5 components except for Mn, Fe, Ca, and V. Especially, ambient NH4+, As, and NO3- concentrations were 3.65, 5.65 and 7.33-fold higher than their corresponding personal concentrations, respectively. The ambient level was the strongest predictor of their corresponding personal PM2.5 components with the highest marginal R2 (RM2: 0.081 ~ 0.901), meteorological conditions (RM2: 0.000 ~ 0.357), time-activity pattern (RM2: 0.000 ~ 0.083) and temporal indicators (RM2: 0.031 ~ 0.562) were also important predictors. Our final models predicted at least 50% of the variance of all personal PM2.5 constituents and even over 90% for K, Pb, and SO42-. LOOCV analysis showed that R2 and RMSE ranged from 0.251 to 0.907 and 0.000 to 0.092 μg/m3, respectively. Our results showed that ambient concentration of most PM2.5 constituents along with time-activity patterns, temporal variables, and meteorological conditions, could adequately predict personal exposure concentration. Prediction models of individual PM2.5 constituent may help to improve the accuracy of exposure measurement in future epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Lei
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Renjie Chen
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cuicui Wang
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjin Shi
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuohui Zhao
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weihua Li
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of National Population and Family Planning Commission, Shanghai Institute of Planned Research, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jovine Bachwenkizi
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenzhen Ge
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., NY 10591, USA
| | - Li Sun
- School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shanqun Li
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jing Cai
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health, Shanghai 200030, China.
| | - Haidong Kan
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of National Population and Family Planning Commission, Shanghai Institute of Planned Research, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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18
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Zhou H, Lin J, Shen Y, Deng F, Gao Y, Liu Y, Dong H, Zhang Y, Sun Q, Fang J, Tang S, Wang Y, Du Y, Cui L, Ruan S, Kong F, Liu Z, Li T. Personal black carbon exposure and its determinants among elderly adults in urban China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 138:105607. [PMID: 32142915 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Personal exposure to air pollution is affected by its concentration in the microenvironment and individual time-activity patterns. To investigate personal black carbon (BC) exposure levels and identify their potential determinants, we conducted a panel study among 67 elderly residents aged 60-69 years in Jinan, China. Personal BC exposure was measured using portable real-time monitors, while corresponding ambient BC concentrations and meteorological conditions were also collected from the local central site. Time-activity and household characteristics were recorded. A linear mixed-effects model was used to identify potential determinants of personal BC exposure. The daily average personal BC exposure concentration was 4.1 ± 2.0 μg/m3 (±standard deviation, SD), which was significantly lower than the ambient concentration (4.6 ± 2.5 μg/m3) (p < 0.001). Strong correlation (Spearman's r = 0.63, p < 0.001) was found between personal and ambient BC concentrations. The fixed-site monitoring ambient concentration cannot fully reflect the actual personal exposure concentration. Ambient BC concentration, ambient temperature, relative humidity, education level and air purifier use were significant determinants of personal BC exposure. Our findings highlight the need for detailed assessment of personal exposure on health risk assessment of BC and also help develop strategies for targeted risk reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huichan Zhou
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Lin
- Shandong Provincial Eco-environmental Monitoring Center, Jinan, China
| | - Yu Shen
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Fuchang Deng
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Gao
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Haoran Dong
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yingjian Zhang
- Jinan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Qinghua Sun
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jianlong Fang
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Song Tang
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yanwen Wang
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yanjun Du
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Liangliang Cui
- Jinan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Shiman Ruan
- Jinan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Fanling Kong
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Zhaorong Liu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Tiantian Li
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
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19
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Yao M, Weschler CJ, Zhao B, Zhang L, Ma R. Breathing-rate adjusted population exposure to ozone and its oxidation products in 333 cities in China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 138:105617. [PMID: 32155513 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
While PM2.5 (particles with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 µm) concentrations in China are beginning to decline because of pollution abatement measures, ozone (O3) concentrations continue to rise. In this study, we have used a Monte Carlo approach to estimate breathing-rate adjusted (BRA) population exposure to ozone and its oxidation products based on hourly O3 measurements collected in 2017 from monitoring stations in 333 Chinese cities. The median measured outdoor O3 concentration in these cities was 31 ppb, while the median calculated indoor concentrations of ozone and ozone-derived oxidation products were 7.5 ppb and 21 ppb, respectively. The median BRA O3 exposure concentration was 12 ppb, ranging from 2.2 ppb to 18 ppb among the cities. Eastern and central cities had higher exposure concentrations, while northeastern and western cities had lower. On average, the residents of these cities spent 88% of their time indoors. Consequently, even with breathing rate adjustments, indoor O3 exposure averaged 50% of the total O3 exposure nationwide. The median BRA exposure concentration for ozone-derived products was 18 ppb, ranging from 4.5 ppb to 32 ppb among the cities. On average, BRA exposure concentrations were 1.6 times larger for oxidation products than for ozone, while seasonal variations of exposure concentrations were smaller for oxidation products than for ozone. As many of the products of indoor ozone chemistry are toxic, the health consequences of exposure to such products should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyao Yao
- Department of Building Science, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Charles J Weschler
- Department of Building Science, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Building Science, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Lin Zhang
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, China
| | - Rui Ma
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, China
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20
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Kalimeri KK, Bartzis JG, Sakellaris IA, de Oliveira Fernandes E. Investigation of the PM 2.5, NO 2 and O 3 I/O ratios for office and school microenvironments. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 179:108791. [PMID: 31605869 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Differentiation of the exposure to PM2.5 (particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter), NO2 and O3 i.e. pollutants of outdoor origin, due to the occupation of office and school microenvironments, was investigated through the quantification of the respective Indoor to Outdoor (I/O) ratios, in simple statistical terms. For that cause, indoor and outdoor observation data were retrieved from the HEALS EDMS database, and more specifically the data from the OFFICAIR and the SINPHONIE EU projects. The I/O ratios were produced and were statistically analyzed in order to be able to study the influence of the indoor environment against the pollutants coming from outdoors. The present statistical approach highlighted also the differences of I/O ratios between the two studied microenvironments for each pollutant. For exposure estimation to the above-mentioned pollutants, the probability and cumulative distribution function (pdf/cdf) empirical approximations led to the conclusion that for offices the I/O ratios of PM2.5 follow a normal distribution, while NO2 and O3 a gamma distribution. Respectively, for schools the I/O ratios of all pollutants follow a lognormal distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystallia K Kalimeri
- Environmental Technology Laboratory, Dep. of Mechanical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, Bakola & Sialvera, 50132, Kozani, Greece.
| | - John G Bartzis
- Environmental Technology Laboratory, Dep. of Mechanical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, Bakola & Sialvera, 50132, Kozani, Greece.
| | - Ioannis A Sakellaris
- Environmental Technology Laboratory, Dep. of Mechanical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, Bakola & Sialvera, 50132, Kozani, Greece.
| | - Eduardo de Oliveira Fernandes
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Management, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.
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21
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Huang Y, Yang Z, Gao Z. Contributions of Indoor and Outdoor Sources to Ozone in Residential Buildings in Nanjing. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16142587. [PMID: 31331082 PMCID: PMC6678623 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16142587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ozone has become one of the most serious air pollutants in China in recent years. Since people spend most of their time indoors, the ozone in the indoor environment could be a major factor affecting the occupants’ health. The indoor ozone in residential buildings mainly comes from two sources: outdoor atmosphere and indoor ozone produced by electrical devices. In this study, a typical residence in Nanjing was taken as an example to calculate and compare the contributions of indoor and outdoor sources to ozone in the building. A questionnaire survey about the type, the placement, and the frequency of use of the ozone emission devices was performed to provide the basis for the settings of indoor ozone sources. The multi-zone software CONTAM was used hourly to simulate the ozone concentration in summer and in winter with inner doors either closed or open, and it was noted whether there were ozone emission devices indoors or not. Source contribution was quantified and compared by three methods in this paper: (1) the average indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratio, (2) the I/O ratio frequency, and (3) the ratio of indoor ozone concentration without ozone sources to that with ozone sources. The results showed that the contribution of outdoor sources was much greater than that of indoor sources in summer, but in winter, the frequency of I/O > 1 could reach 55.8% of the total seasonal time, and the ratio of indoor ozone concentration without sources to that with sources could reach as high as 74.3%. This meant that the indoor concentration had the potential to exceed the outdoor. Furthermore, human respiratory exposure in different ages and genders was calculated. It was found that teenagers aged 10–18 years old and female adults had a higher respiratory exposure level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Huang
- School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zhe Yang
- School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zhi Gao
- School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, China.
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22
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Xiang J, Weschler CJ, Zhang J, Zhang L, Sun Z, Duan X, Zhang Y. Ozone in urban China: Impact on mortalities and approaches for establishing indoor guideline concentrations. INDOOR AIR 2019; 29:604-615. [PMID: 31077433 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Reducing indoor ozone levels may be an effective strategy to reduce total exposure and associated mortality. Here we estimate (a) premature mortalities attributable to ozone for China's urban population ≥25 years of age; (b) the fraction of total exposure occurring indoors; and (c) mortalities that can be potentially avoided through meeting current and more stringent indoor ozone standards/guidelines based on 1-hour daily maxima. To estimate ozone-attributable premature mortalities, we used hourly outdoor ozone concentrations measured at 1497 monitoring stations located in 339 Chinese cities and a published concentration-response model. We proceeded to estimate province-specific infiltration factors and co-occurring hourly indoor ozone concentrations. For the year 2015, we estimated that indoor exposures accounted for 59% (95% confidence interval (CI): 26%-79%) of the total ozone exposure that resulted in 70800 (95% CI: 35 900-137 700) premature all-cause mortalities in urban China. If the current Chinese indoor ozone standards (80 ppbv (160 µg/m3 ); 56 ppbv (112 µg/m3 )) were met, the mean estimates of reduction in mortalities would be indistinguishable from zero. With stricter 1-hour indoor ozone guidelines, the expected mortality reductions increase exponentially per unit decrease in indoor ozone. The analysis in this paper should help facilitate formulating present and future indoor ozone guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbang Xiang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Charles J Weschler
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- Global Health Institute and the Nicholas School of Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- Global and Environmental Health, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoli Duan
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
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23
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Sugg MM, Stevens S, Runkle JD. Estimating personal ambient temperature in moderately cold environments for occupationally exposed populations. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 173:497-507. [PMID: 30986652 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite high mortality and morbidity rates in the winter season, few studies have investigated the health effects from working in moderately cold environments, especially among vulnerable outdoor worker populations in the southeastern US. Yet recent research has shown that the mortality risk from cold events is greatest in southern cities compared to other US locations. We performed repeated personal cold exposure measurements in outdoor grounds management workers in the southeastern US using consumer-based sensors. We recruited outdoor workers from two locations (Raleigh, NC and Boone, NC) each characterized by climatological differences in cold temperature to participate in a 3-week data collection period at the peak of the winter (Jan/Feb 2018). Lower personal ambient temperatures were observed among participants who worked in a warmer climate (Raleigh, NC). The relative risk for cold symptomatology was higher in moderately cold personal ambient temperatures (0 °C to 20 °C) than extremely cold personal ambient temperatures (less than 0 °C). A weak significant relationship was observed between personal ambient temperatures and weather station measurements highlighting that epidemiological researchers should be cautious when investigating the health effects of ambient temperatures based on fixed site measurements. As mobile technology progresses, real-time temperature health monitoring and analysis of environmental conditions at the individual level across multiple occupational-settings will become more feasible and ultimately, we believe, a digitally enhanced workforce will become standard practice in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M Sugg
- Department of Geography and Planning, Appalachian State University, P.O. Box 32066, Boone, NC, 28608, USA.
| | - Scott Stevens
- North Carolina Institute for Climate Studies, North Carolina State University, 151 Patton Avenue, Asheville, NC, 28801, USA.
| | - Jennifer D Runkle
- North Carolina Institute for Climate Studies, North Carolina State University, 151 Patton Avenue, Asheville, NC, 28801, USA.
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24
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Xia Y, Niu Y, Cai J, Lin Z, Liu C, Li H, Chen C, Song W, Zhao Z, Chen R, Kan H. Effects of Personal Short-Term Exposure to Ambient Ozone on Blood Pressure and Vascular Endothelial Function: A Mechanistic Study Based on DNA Methylation and Metabolomics. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:12774-12782. [PMID: 30259740 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b03044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Short-term exposure to ambient ozone is associated with adverse cardiovascular effects, with inconsistent evidence on the molecular mechanisms. We conducted a longitudinal panel study among 43 college students in Shanghai to explore the effects of personal ozone exposure on blood pressure (BP), vascular endothelial function, and the potential molecular mechanisms. We measured real-time personal ozone exposure levels, serum angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and endothelin-1 (ET-1), and locus-specific DNA methylation of ACE and EDN1 (coding ET-1). We used an untargeted metabolomic approach to explore potentially important metabolites. We applied linear mixed-effect models to examine the effects of ozone on the above biomarkers. An increase in 2 h-average ozone exposure was significantly associated with elevated levels of BP, ACE, and ET-1. ACE and EDN1 methylation decreased with ozone exposure, but the magnitude differed by genomic loci. Metabolomics analysis showed significant changes in serum lipid metabolites following ozone exposure that are involved in maintaining vascular endothelial function. Our findings suggested that acute exposure to ambient ozone can elevate serum levels of ACE and ET-1, decrease their DNA methylation, and alter the lipid metabolism, which may be partly responsible for the effects of ozone on BP and vascular endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Xia
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment , Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Yue Niu
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment , Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Jing Cai
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment , Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Zhijing Lin
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment , Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Cong Liu
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment , Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Huichu Li
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment , Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment , Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Weimin Song
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment , Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Zhuohui Zhao
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment , Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Renjie Chen
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment , Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 , China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3) , Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Haidong Kan
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment , Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 , China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3) , Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 , China
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of National Population and Family Planning Commission, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research , Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 , China
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25
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Salonen H, Salthammer T, Morawska L. Human exposure to ozone in school and office indoor environments. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 119:503-514. [PMID: 30053738 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although it is recognized that ozone causes acute and chronic health effects and that even trace amounts of ozone are potentially deleterious to human health, information about global and local exposures to ozone in different indoor environments is limited. To synthesize the existing knowledge, this review analyzes the magnitude of and the trends in global and local exposure to ozone in schools and offices and the factors controlling the exposures. METHODS In conducting the literature review, Web of Science, SCOPUS, Google Scholar, and PubMed were searched using 38 search terms and their combinations to identify manuscripts, reports, and directives published between 1973 and 2018. The search was then extended to the reference lists of relevant articles. RESULTS The calculated median concentration of ozone both in school (8.50 μg/m3) and office (9.04 μg/m3) settings was well below the WHO guideline value of 100 μg/m3 as a maximum 8 h mean concentration. However, a large range of average concentrations of ozone was reported, from 0.8-114 μg/m3 and from 0 to 96.8 μg/m3 for school and office environments, respectively, indicating situations where the WHO values are exceeded. Outdoor ozone penetrating into the indoor environment is the main source of indoor ozone, with median I/O ratios of 0.21 and 0.29 in school and office environments, respectively. The absence of major indoor ozone sources and ozone sinks, including gas-phase reactions and deposition, are the reasons for lower indoor than outdoor ozone concentrations. However, there are indoor sources of ozone that are of significance in certain indoor environments, including printers, photocopiers, and many other devices and appliances designed for indoor use (e.g., air cleaners), that release ozone either intentionally or unintentionally. Due to significantly elevated outdoor ozone concentrations during summer, summer indoor concentrations are typically elevated. In addition, the age of a building and various housing aspects (carpeting, air conditioning, window fans, and window openings) have been significantly associated with indoor ozone levels. CONCLUSIONS The existing means for reducing ozone and ozone reaction products in school and office settings are as follows: 1) reduce penetration of outdoor ozone indoors by filtering ozone from the supply air; 2) limit the use of printers, photocopiers, and other devices and appliances that emit ozone indoors; 3) limit gas-phase reactions by limiting the use of materials and products (e.g. cleaning chemicals) the emissions of which react with ozone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Salonen
- Aalto University, Department of Civil Engineering, PO Box 12100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland; Queensland University of Technology, International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, 2 George Street, Brisbane Q 4001, Australia.
| | - Tunga Salthammer
- Queensland University of Technology, International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, 2 George Street, Brisbane Q 4001, Australia; Fraunhofer WKI, Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Lidia Morawska
- Queensland University of Technology, International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, 2 George Street, Brisbane Q 4001, Australia
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26
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Niu Y, Chen R, Xia Y, Cai J, Lin Z, Liu C, Chen C, Peng L, Zhao Z, Zhou W, Chen J, Kan H. Personal Ozone Exposure and Respiratory Inflammatory Response: The Role of DNA Methylation in the Arginase-Nitric Oxide Synthase Pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:8785-8791. [PMID: 29985591 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Little is known regarding the molecular mechanisms behind respiratory inflammatory response induced by ozone. We performed a longitudinal panel study with four repeated measurements among 43 young adults in Shanghai, China from May to October in 2016. We collected buccal samples and measured the fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) after 3-day personal ozone monitoring. In buccal samples, we measured concentrations of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and arginase (ARG), and DNA methylation of NOS2A and ARG2. We used linear mixed-effect models to analyze the effects of ozone on FeNO, two enzymes and their DNA methylation. A 10 ppb increase in ozone (lag 0-8 h) was significantly associated with a 3.89% increase in FeNO, a 36.33% increase in iNOS, and a decrease of 0.36 in the average methylation (%5mC) of NOS2A. Ozone was associated with decreased ARG and elevated ARG2 methylation, but the associations were not significant. These effects were more pronounced among allergic subjects than healthy subjects. The effects were much stronger when using personal exposure monitoring than fixed-site measurements. Our study demonstrated that personal short-term exposure to ozone may result in acute respiratory inflammation, which may be mainly modulated by NOS2A hypomethylation in the arginase-nitric oxide synthase pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Niu
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment , Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Renjie Chen
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment , Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 , China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health , Shanghai 200030 , China
| | - Yongjie Xia
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment , Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Jing Cai
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment , Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Zhijing Lin
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment , Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Cong Liu
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment , Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment , Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Li Peng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health , Shanghai 200030 , China
| | - Zhuohui Zhao
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment , Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Wenhao Zhou
- Department of Neonates, Children's Hospital , Fudan University , Shanghai 201102 , China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , China
| | - Haidong Kan
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment , Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 , China
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of National Population and Family Planning Commission, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, Institute of Reproduction and Development , Fudan University , Shanghai 200032 , China
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