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Liang C, He Y, Mo XJ, Guan HX, Liu LY. Universal occurrence of organophosphate tri-esters and di-esters in marine sediments: Evidence from the Okinawa Trough in the East China Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 248:118308. [PMID: 38281563 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Despite numerous data on organophosphate tri-esters (tri-OPEs) in the environment, literatures on organophosphate di-esters (di-OPEs) in field environment, especially marine sediments remain scarce. This study addresses this gap by analyzing 35 abyssal sediment samples from the middle Okinawa Trough in the East China Sea. A total of 25 tri-OPEs and 10 di-OPEs were determined, but 13 tri-OPEs and 2 di-OPEs were nondetectable in any of these sediment samples. The concentrations of ∑12tri-OPE and ∑8di-OPE were 0.108-32.2 ng/g (median 1.11 ng/g) and 0.548-15.0 ng/g (median 2.74 ng/g). Chlorinated (Cl) tri-OPEs were the dominant tri-esters, accounting for 47.5 % of total tri-OPEs on average, whereas chlorinated di-OPEs represented only 19.2 % of total di-OPEs. This discrepancy between the relatively higher percentage of Cl-tri-OPEs and lower abundance of Cl-di-OPEs may be ascribed to the stronger environmental persistence of chlorinated tri-OPEs. Source assessment suggested that di-OPEs were primarily originated from the degradation of tri-OPEs rather than industrial production. Long range waterborne transport facilitated by oceanic currents was an important input pathway for OPEs in sediments from the Okinawa Trough. These findings enhance the understanding of the sources and transport of OPEs in marine sediments, particularly in the Okinawa Trough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Liang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Yong He
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Gas Hydrate, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Mo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Hong-Xiang Guan
- Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Key Lab of Submarine Geosciences and Prospecting Techniques, MOE and College of Marine Geosciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
| | - Liang-Ying Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China.
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Chen C, He W, Ni Z, Zhang X, Cui Y, Song X, Feng J. Bioaccumulation, trophic transfer and risk assessment of polycyclic musk in marine food webs of the Bohai Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 202:116353. [PMID: 38598929 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Galaxolide (HHCB) and tonalide (AHTN) are dominant musks added to personal care products. However, the accumulate and trophic transfer of SMs through the marine food chain are unclear. In this study, organisms were collected from three bays in Bohai Sea to investigate the bioaccumulation, trophic transfer, and health risk of SMs. The HHCB and AHTN concentrations in the muscles range from 2.75 to 365.40 μg/g lw and 1.04-4.94 μg/g lw, respectively. The median HHCB concentrations in muscles were the highest in Bohai Bay, followed by Laizhou Bay and Liaodong Bay, consistent with the HHCB concentrations in sediments. The different fish tissues from Bohai Bay were analyzed, and the HHCB and AHTN concentrations followed the heart > liver > gill > muscles. The trophic magnification factors (TMF) were lower than 1 and the health risk assessment showed no adverse health effects. The results provide insights into the bioaccumulation and trophic transfer behavior of SMs in marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuihong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education)/Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Wanyu He
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education)/Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhenyang Ni
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Coal-based Ecological Carbon Sequestration Technology of the Ministry of Education, Shanxi Datong University, 037009, China
| | - Yuxiao Cui
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education)/Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiaojing Song
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education)/Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jianfeng Feng
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education)/Tianjin Engineering Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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3
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Yu L, He X, Gao C, Li G, Wang Y, Wang Y. An emission model for inhalable chemicals from children's play mats based on partition coefficients. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1721:464855. [PMID: 38569298 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Inhalable chemicals found in children's play mats can be slowly released into indoor environments and consequently threaten human health. In this study, the partition coefficients of seven inhalable chemicals between play mats and air were calculated by headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry based on the law of conservation of mass and the principle of equilibrium of headspace bottles. Furthermore, an emission source model for the residual ratio of the inhalable chemicals in play mats was established. Most substances found in play mats have large partition coefficients owing to the complex void structure of the mats, which adsorbs a large number of organic pollutants. The partition coefficient is not only related to the boiling point and environmental temperature, but also the specific material and the adsorption of the organic pollutant onto the material. The emission source model for children's play mats developed in this study can characterize the decay of the inhalable chemicals over time. The data showed that after eight days of placing the play mat in a ventilated environment, the residual ratio of seven inhalable chemicals did not exceed 15 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Yu
- Shandong Institute for Product Quality Inspection, Jinan 250102, China
| | - Xiangke He
- Shandong Institute for Product Quality Inspection, Jinan 250102, China
| | - Cuiling Gao
- Shandong Institute for Product Quality Inspection, Jinan 250102, China.
| | - Guixiao Li
- Shandong Institute for Product Quality Inspection, Jinan 250102, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Shandong Institute for Product Quality Inspection, Jinan 250102, China
| | - Yunbo Wang
- Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, 250101, China
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4
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Sun B, Zhou C, Zhu M, Wang S, Zhang L, Yi C, Ling H, Xiang M, Yu Y. Leaching kinetics and bioaccumulation potential of additive-derived organophosphate esters in microplastics. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 347:123671. [PMID: 38442824 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Considerable research has been conducted to evaluate microplastics (MPs) as vehicles for the transfer of hazardous pollutants in organisms. However, little effort has been devoted to the chemical release of hazardous additive-derived pollutants from MPs in gut simulations. This study looked at the leaching kinetics of organophosphate esters (OPFRs) from polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PS) MPs in the presence of gut surfactants, specifically sodium taurocholate, at two biologically relevant temperatures for marine organisms. Diffusion coefficients of OPFRs ranged from 1.71 × 10-20 to 4.04 × 10-18 m2 s-1 in PP and 2.91 × 10-18 to 1.51 × 10-15 m2 s-1 in PS. The accumulation factors for OPFRs in biota-plastic and biota-sediment interactions ranged from 1.52 × 10-3-69.1 and 0.02-0.7, respectively. Based on B3LYP/6-31G (d,p) calculations, the biodynamic model analysis revealed a slight increase in the bioaccumulation of OPFRs at a minor dose of 0.05% MPs. However, at higher concentrations (0.5% and 5% MPs), there was a decrease in bioaccumulation compared to the lower concentration for most OPFR compounds. In general, the ingestion of PE MPs notably contributed to the bioaccumulation of OPFRs in lugworms, whereas the contribution of PP and PS MPs was minimal. This could vary among sites exhibiting varying levels of MP concentrations or MPs displaying stronger affinities towards chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Sun
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Chang Zhou
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, 404100, China
| | - Ming Zhu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Siqi Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Liuyi Zhang
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, 404100, China
| | - Chuan Yi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Pollution Damage Assessment and Environmental Health Risk Prevention and Control, Hubei Academy of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Haibo Ling
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Pollution Damage Assessment and Environmental Health Risk Prevention and Control, Hubei Academy of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Mingdeng Xiang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Yunjiang Yu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510530, China.
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5
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Qin H, Bu D, Zhang Z, Han G, Huang K, Liu C. Organophosphorus flame retardants in fish from the middle reaches of the Yangtze River: Tissue distribution, age-dependent accumulation and ecological risk assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 354:141663. [PMID: 38479684 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Two fish species from the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, China, were sampled to investigate the occurrence, tissue distribution, age-dependent accumulation and ecological risk assessment of 24 organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs). Seventeen OPFRs were detected in tissue samples with a total concentration ranging from not detected (ND) to 1092 ng g-1 dw. Cl-OPFRs were predominant in all tissues (mean: 145 ng g-1 dw, median: 72.9 ng g-1 dw) and the concentrations of OPFRs in brain were the greatest (crucian carp: 525 ng g-1 dw, silver carp: 56.0 ng g-1 dw) compared with the other three organs (e.g., liver, muscle and gonad). Furthermore, the total concentrations of OPFRs in crucian carp tissues were significantly greater than those in silver carp (P < 0.01). Age-dependent accumulation of OPFRs was observed in the two fish species, but the accumulation profiles in the two fish species were different. Ecological risk assessment demonstrated that both fish species were at medium to high risk, and TDCIPP was a main contributor (>50%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyu Qin
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Dianping Bu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zihan Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Guixin Han
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Kai Huang
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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6
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Han X, Li W, Zhao Y, Zhuang Y, Jia Q, Guan H, Liu J, Wu C. Organophosphate Esters in Building Materials from China: Levels, Sources, Emissions, and Preliminary Assessment of Human Exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:2434-2445. [PMID: 38265760 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Source characteristics and health risks of indoor organophosphate esters (OPEs) are limited by the lack of knowledge on emission processes. This study attempted to integrate the contents and emissions of OPEs from indoor building materials to assess human health effects. Thirteen OPEs were investigated in 80 pieces of six categories of building materials. OPEs are ubiquitous in the building materials and ∑13OPE contents varied significantly (p < 0.05) from 72.8 ng/g (seam agent) to 109,900 ng/g (wallpaper). Emission characteristics of OPEs from the building materials were examined based on a microchamber method. Depending on the sample category, the observed initial area-specific emission rates of ∑13OPEs varied from 154 ng/m2/h (carpet) to 2760 ng/m2/h (wooden floorboard). Moreover, the emission rate model was developed to predict the release levels of individual OPEs, quantify source contributions, and assess associated exposure risks. Source apportionments of indoor OPEs exhibited heterogeneities in multiple environmental media. The joint OPE contribution of wallpaper and wooden floorboard to indoor dust was up to 94.8%, while latex paint and wooden floorboard were the main OPE contributors to indoor air (54.2%) and surface (76.1%), respectively. Risk assessment showed that the carcinogenic risks of tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (3.35 × 10-7) were close to the acceptable level (1 × 10-6) and deserved special attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Han
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wenhui Li
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yanjun Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qi Jia
- China Testing & Certification International Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100024, China
| | - Hongyan Guan
- China Testing & Certification International Group Co., Ltd., Beijing 100024, China
| | - Jiemin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing 102600, China
| | - Chuandong Wu
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
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7
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He W, Ding J, Gao N, Zhu L, Zhu L, Feng J. Elucidating the toxicity mechanisms of organophosphate esters by adverse outcome pathway network. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:233-250. [PMID: 37864630 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03624-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
With the widespread use of organophosphate esters (OPEs), the accumulation and toxicity effect of OPEs in biota are attracting more and more concern. In order to clarify the mechanism of toxicity of OPEs to organisms, this study reviewed the OPEs toxicity and systematically identified the mechanism of OPEs toxicity under the framework of adverse outcome pathway (AOP). OPEs were divided into three groups (alkyl-OPEs, aryl-OPEs, and halogenated-OPEs) and biota was divided into aquatic organism and mammals. The results showed that tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) mainly caused neurotoxicity, reproductive, and hepatotoxicity in different mechanisms. According to the constructed AOP network, the toxicity mechanism of OPEs on aquatic organisms and mammals is different, which is mainly attributed to the different biological metabolic systems of aquatic organisms and mammals. Interestingly, our results indicate that the toxicity effect of the three kinds of OPEs on aquatic organisms is different, while there was no obvious difference in the mechanism of toxicity of OPEs on mammals. This study provides a theoretical basis for OPEs risk assessment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyu He
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jiaqi Ding
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Ning Gao
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jianfeng Feng
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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Ali N, Ismail IMI, Alamri SH, Alhakamy NA, Summan A, Rehan M, Alshareef BS, Rajeh N, Eqani SAMAS. Toxic trespassers: Uncovering phthalates and organophosphate flame retardants in children's rooms and their health implications. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 903:166663. [PMID: 37652382 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardants (OPEs) and phthalates have garnered significant attention due to their widespread presence in indoor environments. Many recent investigations have reported extensive contamination of indoor dust, air, children's toys, and other environmental compartments with these chemicals. This research aimed to analyze OPEs and phthalates in air (PM10) and dust samples collected from the bedrooms of children (N = 30) residing in various households in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. High mean levels (ng/g) of phthalates namely DEHP (1438600) and DnBP (159200) were found in indoor dust while TPhP (5620) was the major OPEs in indoor dust. Similarly, DEHP and DnBP were the predominant phthalates in PM10 samples, exhibiting mean levels of 560 and 680 ng/m3, respectively. However, TCPP was the main OPEs with average levels of 72 ng/m3 in PM10 samples. The majority of individual phthalates and OPEs were detected in 90-100 % of the dust samples, whereas in PM10 samples, their presence ranged from 25 % to 100 %. The concentrations of OPEs were notably greater than those of PBDEs and other BFRs previously reported in these samples, suggesting their broader use than alternative BFRs. The estimated long-term non-carcinogenic risk, hazardous index (HI) and daily exposure via dust for children was above threshold levels for DEHP. On the other hand, the cumulative risk of cancer was below the concerning levels. Further research is required to explore diverse groups of chemicals in indoor microenvironments particularly significant for children, such as kindergartens, primary schools, and their rooms at home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem Ali
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Iqbal M I Ismail
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Environment, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan H Alamri
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nabil A Alhakamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Center of Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Mohamed Saeed Tamer Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Summan
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Environment, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Rehan
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Nisreen Rajeh
- Department of Clinical Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Zhao E, Xiong X, Hu H, Li X, Wu C. Phthalates in plastic stationery in China and their exposure risks to school-aged children. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 339:139763. [PMID: 37558002 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates have been strictly banned in children's products in many countries. However, as a product with a high frequency of daily contact with children, stationery is not strictly regulated for phthalates in many countries and the occurrences and risks of phthalates in stationery are rarely reported. In this study, the contents of sixteen types of common phthalates in stationery were determined and the exposure risk of these phthalates to children was also estimated. The total contents of phthalates in all stationery ranged from 5.56 to 3.46 × 105 μg/g, with a median value of 1.48 × 104 μg/g. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) desk mats (DMs) contained the highest contents of phthalates among all types of stationery. Percutaneous absorption and hand-to-mouth ingestion levels of phthalates for school-age children from the DMs were 2.03 × 10-5 - 10.14 μg/kg-Bw/day and 2.14 × 10-5 - 10.67 μg/kg-Bw/day, respectively. Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) had the highest proportion, detection rate, and exposure level among all measured phthalates. Our study revealed that phthalates in PVC stationery, especially classroom DMs, at both contents and exposure risks, were higher than those in many other children's plastic products. It was necessary to strengthen the management of plastic stationery from the perspective of materials and phthalates addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Xiong Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Hongjuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Chenxi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
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Zhang R, Li J, Wang Y, Jiang G. Distribution and exposure risk assessment of chlorinated paraffins and novel brominated flame retardants in toys. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 447:130789. [PMID: 36641847 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) and novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) were examined in children's toys collected from 13 families in China. The concentrations of short-chain CPs (SCCPs), medium-chain CPs (MCCPs) and NBFRs in toys were 32.8-1,220,954 ng/g, not detected-2,688,656 ng/g and 0.08-103,461 ng/g, respectively. Median concentrations of SCCPs and MCCPs in toys were 1355 and 1984 ng/g, respectively, while except for pentabromobenzene (median:0.04 ng/g), the median concentrations of the other 8 NBFRs were below method detection limits. Rubber and foam toys contained higher amounts of CPs and NBFRs. Among the SCCPs and MCCPs monitored, Cl6-8-SCCPs/MCCPs and C14-MCCPs were the most abundant congener groups. On the other hand, decabromodiphenyl ethane was the predominant NBFR in toys. Moreover, to understand the role of toys in children's daily exposure to CPs and NBFRs, hand-to-mouth contact, mouthing, and dermal exposure were assessed for children aged 3 months to 6 years. Hand-to-mouth contact is the primary exposure route for children's exposure to CPs (25.4-536 ng/kg/day) and NBFRs (1.24-26.2 ng/kg/day) through toys. A low deleterious risk associated with children's toys concerning CPs and NBFRs was investigated based on the margin of exposure and hazard quotient values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruirui Zhang
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Juan Li
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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11
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Wang C, Su ZH, He MJ. Dynamic variation and inhalation exposure of organophosphates esters and phthalic acid esters in face masks. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120703. [PMID: 36403876 PMCID: PMC9671703 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) has posed a huge global health threat since December 2019. Wearing face masks is known as an effective measure for controlling the wide spread of COVID-19 and its variants. But on the other hand, face masks could be a potential source of organophosphate esters (OPEs) and phthalic acid esters (PAEs) as they are extensively added in masks. However, knowledge associated with the occurrence as well as inhalation risks of OPEs and PAEs in masks is limited. In this study, OPEs and PAEs were determined in different types of mask samples collected from the local market. OPEs and PAEs were detected in mask samples ranging from 36.7 to 855 ng/g, and from 251 to 3830 ng/g, respectively. Relatively lower OPEs and PAEs concentrations were observed in disposable mask for toddlers. Simulated inhalation experiment indicated that the mass loss of OPEs and PAEs was 136 and 3910 ng/mask in disposable masks, 71.9 and 763 ng/mask in disposable mask for toddlers, 924 and 1020 ng/mask in N95 mask after 12 h, respectively. Significantly negative correlations were exhibited between the decrement of OPEs in masks and the increment of OPEs in corresponding polyurethane foams (PUFs) during the course, elucidating OPEs released from masks could be well captured by PUFs. With regard to the variation over time, predominant OPE and PAE analogues showed semblable release and absorption tendency in mask and corresponding PUF. Inhalation exposure risk of OPEs and PAEs was estimated based on the increment of pollutants in PUF. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs), hazard index (HI) and carcinogenic risk (CR) were also calculated and they were within the threshold levels. This study provides the evidence of OPEs and PAEs releasing from the face masks during wearing and unveiled a potential source of OPEs and PAEs exposure to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Zi-Han Su
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Ming-Jing He
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Chongqing, 400716, China.
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Guo Y, Liang C, Zeng MX, Wei GL, Zeng LX, Liu LY, Zeng EY. An overview of organophosphate esters and their metabolites in humans: Analytical methods, occurrence, and biomonitoring. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 848:157669. [PMID: 35926632 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
With the strict regulation of brominated flame retardants, organophosphate esters (OPEs) have been extensively used as replacements. Increasing concerns on OPEs have aroused due to their extensive distribution in the environment and humans, as well as their potential toxicities. Recent studies have demonstrated that some organophosphate di-esters are even more toxic than their respective tri-esters. This review summarized the current state of knowledge on the analytical methodologies (including sample collection and preparation, instrumental analysis, and the feasibility of each potential human matrix), as well as the occurrences of OPEs and/or their metabolites (m-OPEs) in various human matrices. Organophosphate esters are readily metabolized in human thus only limited studies reported their occurrences in blood and breast milk, whereas abundant studies are available regarding the occurrences of m-OPEs rather than OPEs in urine. Since none of the matrix is suitable all the time, appropriate matrix should be selected depending on the aims of biomonitoring studies, e.g., high throughput screening or body burden estimation. Biomonitoring with non-invasive matrices such as hair and/or nail is useful to screen specific populations that might be under high exposure risks while urine is more suitable to provide valuable information on body burden. In terms of urinary monitoring, specific biomarkers have been identified for some OPE compounds, including tri(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate, tri(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate, tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate and tri(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate. Further studies are required to identify suitable urinary biomarkers for other OPE compounds, especially the emerging ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Guo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Chan Liang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Meng-Xiao Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Gao-Ling Wei
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Managements, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Li-Xi Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Liang-Ying Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
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13
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Zhang R, Li N, Li J, Zhao C, Luo Y, Wang Y, Jiang G. Percutaneous absorption and exposure risk assessment of organophosphate esters in children's toys. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 440:129728. [PMID: 35969952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The percutaneous penetration and exposure risk of organophosphate esters (OPEs) from children's toys remains largely unknown. Percutaneous penetration of OPEs was evaluated by EPISkin™ model. Chlorinated OPEs (Cl-OPEs) and alkyl OPEs, except tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate, exhibited a fast absorption rate and good dermal penetration ability with cumulative absorptions of 57.6-127 % of dosed OPEs. Cumulative absorptions of OPEs through skin cells were inversely associated with their molecular weight and log octanol-water partition coefficient. Additionally, a quantitative structure-activity relationship model indicated that topological charge and steric features of OPEs were closely related to the transdermal permeability of these chemicals. With the clarification of the factors affecting the transdermal penetration of OPEs, the level and exposure risk of OPEs in actual toys were studied. The summation of 18 OPE concentrations in 199 toy samples collected from China ranged from 6.82 to 228,254 ng/g, of which Cl-OPEs presented the highest concentration. Concentrations of OPEs in toys exhibited clear type differences. Daily exposure to OPEs via dermal, hand-to-mouth contact, and mouthing was evaluated, and dermal contact was a significant route for children's exposure to OPEs. Hazard quotients for noncarcinogenic risk assessment were below 1, indicating that the health risk of OPEs via toys was relatively low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruirui Zhang
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ningqi Li
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Juan Li
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Chunyan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yadan Luo
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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14
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Vail GM, Walley SN, Yasrebi A, Maeng A, Degroat TJ, Conde KM, Roepke TA. Implications of estrogen receptor alpha (ERa) with the intersection of organophosphate flame retardants and diet-induced obesity in adult mice. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2022; 85:397-413. [PMID: 35045790 PMCID: PMC8916992 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2022.2026849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Previously, organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) were found to produce intersecting disruptions of energy homeostasis using an adult mouse model of diet-induced obesity. Using the same mixture consisting of 1 mg/kg/day of each triphenyl phosphate, tricresyl phosphate, and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate, the current study aimed to identify the role of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) in OPFR-induced disruption, utilizing ERα knockout (ERαKO) mice fed either a low-fat diet (LFD) or high-fat diet (HFD). Body weight and composition, food intake patterns, glucose and insulin tolerance, circulating peptide hormones, and expression of hypothalamic genes associated with energy homeostasis were measured. When fed HFD, no marked direct effects of OPFR were observed in mice lacking ERα, suggesting a role for ERα in generating previously reported wildtype (WT) findings. Male ERαKO mice fed LFD experienced decreased feeding efficiency and altered insulin tolerance, whereas their female counterparts displayed less fat mass and circulating ghrelin when exposed to OPFRs. These effects were not noted in the previous WT study, indicating that loss of ERα may sensitize animals fed LFD to alternate pathways of endocrine disruption by OFPRs. Collectively, these data demonstrate both direct and indirect actions of OPFRs on ERα-mediated pathways governing energy homeostasis and support a growing body of evidence urging concern for risk of human exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwyndolin M. Vail
- Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ. USA
| | - Sabrina N. Walley
- Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ. USA
| | - Ali Yasrebi
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental & Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ. USA
| | - Angela Maeng
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental & Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ. USA
| | - Thomas J. Degroat
- Graduate Program in Endocrinology and Animal Biosciences, School of Environmental & Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ. USA
| | - Kristie M. Conde
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ. USA
| | - Troy A. Roepke
- Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ. USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental & Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ. USA
- Graduate Program in Endocrinology and Animal Biosciences, School of Environmental & Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ. USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ. USA
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15
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Vail GM, Walley SN, Yasrebi A, Maeng A, Degroat TJ, Conde KM, Roepke TA. Implications of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARY) with the intersection of organophosphate flame retardants and diet-induced obesity in adult mice. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2022; 85:381-396. [PMID: 35000574 PMCID: PMC8897244 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2021.2023716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Previously, organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) were demonstrated to dysregulate homeostatic parameters of energy regulation within an adult mouse model of diet-induced obesity. Using the same OPFR mixture consisting of 1 mg/kg/day of each triphenyl phosphate, tricresyl phosphate, and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate, the current study examined the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) in OPFR-induced disruption by utilizing mice with brain-specific deletion of PPARγ (PPARγKO) fed either a low-fat diet (LFD) or high-fat diet (HFD). Body weight and composition, feeding behavior, glucose and insulin tolerance, circulating peptide hormones, and expression of hypothalamic genes associated with energy homeostasis were recorded. When fed HFD, the effects of OPFR on body weight and feeding behavior observed in the previous wild-type (WT) study were absent in mice lacking neuronal PPARγ. This posits PPARγ as an important target for eliciting OPFR disruption in a diet-induced obesity model. Interestingly, female PPARγKO mice, but not males, experienced many novel OPFR effects not noted in WT mice, including decreased fat mass, altered feeding behavior and efficiency, improved insulin sensitivity, elevated plasma ghrelin and hypothalamic expression of its receptor. Taken together, these data suggest both direct roles for PPARγ in OPFR disruption of obese mice and indirect sensitization of pathways alternative to PPARγ when neuronal expression is deleted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwyndolin M. Vail
- Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ. USA
| | - Sabrina N. Walley
- Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ. USA
| | - Ali Yasrebi
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental & Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ. USA
| | - Angela Maeng
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental & Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ. USA
| | - Thomas J. Degroat
- Graduate Program in Endocrinology and Animal Biosciences, School of Environmental & Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ. USA
| | - Kristie M. Conde
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ. USA
| | - Troy A. Roepke
- Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ. USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental & Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ. USA
- Graduate Program in Endocrinology and Animal Biosciences, School of Environmental & Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ. USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ. USA
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16
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Wang X, Luu T, Beal MA, Barton-Maclaren TS, Robaire B, Hales BF. The Effects of Organophosphate Esters Used as Flame Retardants and Plasticizers on Granulosa, Leydig, and Spermatogonial Cells Analyzed Using High-Content Imaging. Toxicol Sci 2022; 186:269-287. [PMID: 35135005 PMCID: PMC8963303 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfac012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The replacement of regulated brominated flame retardants and plasticizers with organophosphate esters (OPEs) has led to their pervasive presence in the environment and in biological matrices. Further, there is evidence that exposure to some of these chemicals is associated with reproductive toxicity. Using a high-content imaging approach, we assessed the effects of exposure to 9 OPEs on cells related to reproductive function: KGN human granulosa cells, MA-10 mouse Leydig cells, and C18-4 mouse spermatogonial cells. The effects of OPEs were compared with those of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), a legacy brominated flame retardant. Alterations in several important cell features, including cell survival, mitochondrial dynamics, oxidative stress, lysosomes, and lipid droplets, were analyzed. Most of the OPEs tested displayed higher cytotoxicity than BDE-47 in all 3 cell lines. Effects on phenotypic parameters were specific for each cell type. Several OPEs increased total mitochondria, decreased lysosomes, increased the total area of lipid droplets, and induced oxidative stress in KGN cells; these endpoints were differentially affected in MA-10 and C18-4 cells. Alterations in cell phenotypes were highly correlated in the 2 steroidogenic cell lines for a few triaryl OPEs. Potency ranking using 2 complementary approaches, Toxicological Prioritization Index analyses and the lowest benchmark concentration/administered equivalent dose method, revealed that while most of the OPEs tested were more potent than BDE-47, others showed little to no effect. We propose that these approaches serve as lines of evidence in a screening strategy to identify the potential for reproductive and endocrine effects of emerging chemicals and assist in regulatory decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Trang Luu
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Marc A Beal
- Existing Substances Risk Assessment Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Tara S Barton-Maclaren
- Existing Substances Risk Assessment Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Bernard Robaire
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Barbara F Hales
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Room 110, Montreal, QC H3G1Y6, Canada. E-mail:
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17
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Li J, Zhang Y, Bi R, Ye L, Su G. High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Screening of Emerging Organophosphate Esters (OPEs) in Wild Fish: Occurrence, Species-Specific Difference, and Tissue-Specific Distribution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:302-312. [PMID: 34898183 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
There is a dearth of information regarding the pollution status of emerging organophosphate esters (OPEs) in wild fish. Here, we optimized and validated a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) pretreatment method, which was further applied for target, suspect, and nontarget screening of OPEs in n = 48 samples of wild fishes from Taihu Lake (eastern China). This integrated technique allows us to fully identify 20 OPEs, and 9 out of them are emerging OPEs detected in wild fish for the first time. Importantly, some of the emerging OPEs, i.e., tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate (TDtBPP), 4-tert-butylphenyl diphenyl phosphate (BPDP), and 2-isopropylphenyl diphenyl phosphate (IPDP), exhibited greater or at least comparable contamination levels as compared to traditional ones. There were no statistically significant interspecies (n = 6) differences regarding OPE concentrations. However, we observed significant differences on OPE concentrations among different tissues of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), for which the intestine has the highest OPE mean concentration (46.5 ng/g wet weight (ww)), followed by the liver (20.1 ng/g ww) ≈ brain (20.0 ng/g ww) > gill (14.8 ng/g ww) > muscle (11.4 ng/g ww). An interesting exception is IPDP, which presents an unexpectedly high concentration in the brain (0.510 ng/g ww). Collectively, this study expands our understanding of OPE contamination in wild fish and clearly shows that emerging TDtBPP, IPDP, and BPDP could play an equally important role as traditional OPEs in contribution of OPE pollution in wild fish samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Yayun Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Ruifeng Bi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Langjie Ye
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Guanyong Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
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18
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Huang J, Li R, Shi T, Ye J, Zhang H, Jin S, Gao H, Wang Q, Na G. Determination of multiple organic flame retardants in maricultural water using High-volume/High-throughput Solid-phase extraction followed by liquid/gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1663:462766. [PMID: 34971860 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and efficient analytical method is proposed and optimized for the enrichment, extraction and instrument analysis of four typical organic flame retardants (OFRs), including organophosphate esters (OPEs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDs) and dechlorane compounds (Dechloranes) in maricultural waters using High-volume/High-throughput Solid-phase extraction with in-situ ultrasonic technique followed by high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS) instrumental detection. The optimized pretreatment conditions were that the analytes were enriched by XAD-2 resins and eluted repeatedly with 50 mL hexane/acetone (1:1, v:v) for 5 min. The results of method validation exhibited that the developed method can be used for quantitative detection of 11 OPEs, 13 PBDEs, 3 HBCDs and 5 Dechloranes in water samples. The method detection limits (MDLs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) are 0.4-26.2 pg/L and 1.5-87.4 pg/L for OPEs, 23.3-35.4 pg/L and 77.5-117.9 pg/L for HBCDs, 0.8-97.4 pg/L and 2.6-324.7 pg/L for PBDEs and 9.3-78.5 pg/L and 31.0-261.8 pg/L for Dechloranes, respectively. The method was successfully applied in lagoon maricultural areas in Hainan province, and the results showed that 4 OFRs were detected in almost all water samples. Total concentrations of 18 water samples were 1.89-39.97 ng/L for OPEs, 0.18-5.40 ng/L for PBDEs, ND-0.24 ng/L for HBCDs and 0.01-1.77 ng/L for Dechloranes, respectively. The optimized analytical method is highly sensitive and efficient with expectation to play an essential role in monitoring the ultra-trace organic pollutants and providing an effective risk assessment in ecological environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajin Huang
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Ruijing Li
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Tengda Shi
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China; College of Marine Technology and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jiandong Ye
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Shuaichen Jin
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Hui Gao
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Qian Wang
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Guangshui Na
- Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya, 572022, China; Yazhou Bay Innovation Institute of Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya, 572025, China.
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19
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Li Z, Zhu Y, Wang D, Zhang X, Jones KC, Ma J, Wang P, Yang R, Li Y, Pei Z, Zhang Q, Jiang G. Modeling of Flame Retardants in Typical Urban Indoor Environments in China during 2010-2030: Influence of Policy and Decoration and Implications for Human Exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:11745-11755. [PMID: 34410710 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Novel flame retardants (FRs) are of increasing concern, given growing evidence of health effects and use to replace polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). This study modeled combined effects of use policies and decoration on indoor FRs and human exposure for 18 widely used PBDEs, organophosphate esters (OPEs), and novel brominated flame retardants in typical urban indoor environments in China. The current estimated indoor emission rates and average concentrations in air and dust of the 18 FRs were 102-103 ng/h, 561 ng/m3, and 1.5 × 104 ng/g, respectively, with seven OPEs dominant (>69%). Different use patterns exist between China and the US and Europe. Scenarios modeled over 2010-2030 suggested that decoration would affect indoor concentrations of FRs more than use policies, and use policies were mainly responsible for shifts of FR composition. Additional use of hexabromobenzene and 2,3,4,5,6-pentabromotoluene and removal of BDE-209 would make the total human exposure to the modeled FR mixture increase after the restriction of penta- and octa-BDE but decrease after deca-BDE was banned. Better knowledge of the toxicity of substitutes is needed for a complete understanding of the health implications of such changes. Toddlers may be more affected by use changes than adults. Such studies are supportive to the management of FR use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Dou Wang
- Laboratory (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xianming Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street, West Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jianmin Ma
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Pu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ruiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zhiguo Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Li L, Lv L, Zhang G, Zhang H. Associations between the exposure to organophosphate flame retardants during early pregnancy and the risk of spontaneous abortion based on metabolomics combined with tandem mass spectrometry. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1305. [PMID: 34532442 PMCID: PMC8422145 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-3109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As potential substitutes for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) have been frequently detected in the environment. They have been suggested to impair fetal growth and development in toxicological studies. However, there are few studies on their maternal effects before or during early pregnancy. METHODS This study was designed to investigate whether exposure to OPFRs before or during early pregnancy is associated with the risk of spontaneous abortion (SAB), using a nested case-control design based on the case data from clinical examinations in Shanghai, China. A total of 110 cases from this cohort project in 2019-2020 were included. The concentrations of OPFRs in maternal urine samples collected in early pregnancy were determined using Ultra high performance liquid chromatography- triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (UHPLC-MS/MS), and pregnancy outcomes were extracted from the medical records. Meanwhile, ultra high performance liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometer (UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS)-based metabonomics was used to obtain urine metabolic profiles of 110 women in early pregnancy. RESULTS According to the quantitative results, the content of bis(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate (BCIPP) in urine was significantly different between the SAB patients and the healthy pregnant women. Besides, metabolic profile analysis showed a significant difference in the urine metabolism profile in early pregnancy between SAB cases and controls. Twenty-five different metabolites were screened out, which showed different degrees of correlation with the urinary BCIPP concentration. CONCLUSIONS Based on these results, it suggests that there may be a certain correlation between BCIPP concentration in the urine and the risk of SAB from a metabolomics perspective, and its effect may be related to the metabolism of tryptophan and fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Lv
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoqing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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21
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Wang X, Hales BF, Robaire B. Effects of flame retardants on ovarian function. Reprod Toxicol 2021; 102:10-23. [PMID: 33819575 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Flame retardants have been added to a variety of consumer products and are now found ubiquitously throughout the environment. Epidemiological, in vivo, and in vitro studies have shown that polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants may have a negative impact on human health; this has resulted in their phase-out and replacement by alternative flame retardants, such as hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), and organophosphate esters (OPEs). Evidence suggests that some of these chemicals induce ovarian dysfunction and thus may be detrimental to female fertility; however, the effects of many of these flame retardants on the ovary remain unclear. In this review, we present an overview of the effects of brominated and organophosphate ester flame retardants on ovarian function and discuss the possible mechanisms which may mediate these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Wang
- Departments of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Barbara F Hales
- Departments of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bernard Robaire
- Departments of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Obstetrics and Gynecology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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22
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Vail GM, Roepke TA. Organophosphate Flame Retardants Excite Arcuate Melanocortin Circuitry and Increase Neuronal Sensitivity to Ghrelin in Adult Mice. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5910086. [PMID: 32961558 PMCID: PMC7575050 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are a class of chemicals that have become near ubiquitous in the modern environment. While OPFRs provide valuable protection against flammability of household items, they are increasingly implicated as an endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC). We previously reported that exposure to a mixture of OPFRs causes sex-dependent disruptions of energy homeostasis through alterations in ingestive behavior and activity in adult mice. Because feeding behavior and energy expenditure are largely coordinated by the hypothalamus, we hypothesized that OPFR disruption of energy homeostasis may occur through EDC action on melanocortin circuitry within the arcuate nucleus. To this end, we exposed male and female transgenic mice expressing green fluorescent protein in either neuropeptide Y (NPY) or proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons to a common mixture of OPFRs (triphenyl phosphate, tricresyl phosphate, and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate; each 1 mg/kg bodyweight/day) for 4 weeks. We then electrophysiologically examined neuronal properties using whole-cell patch clamp technique. OPFR exposure depolarized the resting membrane of NPY neurons and dampened a hyperpolarizing K+ current known as the M-current within the same neurons from female mice. These neurons were further demonstrated to have increased sensitivity to ghrelin excitation, which more potently reduced the M-current in OPFR-exposed females. POMC neurons from female mice exhibited elevated baseline excitability and are indicated in receiving greater excitatory synaptic input when exposed to OPFRs. Together, these data support a sex-selective effect of OPFRs to increase neuronal output from the melanocortin circuitry governing feeding behavior and energy expenditure, and give reason for further examination of OPFR impact on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwyndolin M Vail
- Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Troy A Roepke
- Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental & Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
- Rutgers Center for Lipid Research, Center for Nutrition, Microbiome, and Health, and New Jersey Institute of Food, Nutrition, and Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
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23
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Doherty BT, Pearce JL, Anderson KA, Karagas MR, Romano ME. Assessment of Multipollutant Exposures During Pregnancy Using Silicone Wristbands. Front Public Health 2020; 8:547239. [PMID: 33117768 PMCID: PMC7550746 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.547239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Silicone wristbands can assess multipollutant exposures in a non-invasive and minimally burdensome manner, which may be suitable for use among pregnant women. We investigated silicone wristbands as passive environmental samplers in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study, a prospective pregnancy cohort. We used wristbands to assess exposure to a broad range of organic chemicals, identified multipollutant exposure profiles using self-organizing maps (SOMs), and assessed temporal consistency and determinants of exposures during pregnancy. Participants (n = 255) wore wristbands for 1 week at 12 gestational weeks. Of 1,530 chemicals assayed, 199 were detected in at least one wristband and 16 were detected in >60% of wristbands. A median of 23 (range: 12,37) chemicals were detected in each wristband, and chemicals in commerce and personal care products were most frequently detected. A subset of participants (n=20) wore a second wristband at 24 gestational weeks, and concentrations of frequently detected chemicals were moderately correlated between time points (median intraclass correlation: 0.22; range: 0.00,0.69). Women with higher educational attainment had fewer chemicals detected in their wristbands and the total number of chemicals detected varied seasonally. Triphenyl phosphate concentrations were positively associated with nail polish use, and benzophenone concentrations were highest in summer. No clear associations were observed with other a priori relations, including certain behaviors, season, and socioeconomic factors. SOM analyses revealed 12 profiles, ranging from 2 to 149 participants, captured multipollutant exposure profiles observed in this cohort. The most common profile (n = 149) indicated that 58% of participants experienced relatively low exposures to frequently detected chemicals. Less common (n ≥ 10) and rare (n < 10) profiles were characterized by low to moderate exposures to most chemicals and very high and/or very low exposure to a subset of chemicals. Certain covariates varied across SOM profile membership; for example, relative to women in the most common profile who had low exposures to most chemicals, women in the profile with elevated exposure to galaxolide and benzyl benzoate were younger, more likely to be single, and more likely to report nail polish use. Our study illustrates the utility of silicone wristbands for measurement of multipollutant exposures in sensitive populations, including pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett T Doherty
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - John L Pearce
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Kim A Anderson
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Margaret R Karagas
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Megan E Romano
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, United States
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Xing L, Tao M, Zhang Q, Kong M, Sun J, Jia S, Liu CH. Occurrence, spatial distribution and risk assessment of organophosphate esters in surface water from the lower Yangtze River Basin. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 734:139380. [PMID: 32464373 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are extensively used as flame retardants and plasticizers in China; however, their potential carcinogenicity causes great concern. To date, their environmental distribution in water samples from the lower Yangtze River Basin still remains uncharacterized. This study systematically investigated the occurrence and spatial distribution of 13 OPEs, as well as their associated potential risks, in water samples from the lower Yangtze River and its 88 major inflowing rivers. The total OPE (ΣOPEs) concentrations ranged from 55.6 to 5071 ng/L, with a median of 144 ng/L. Among them, halogenated OPEs were the dominant group with an average of 61.6%, and tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (12.6-450 ng/L, median: 53.38 ng/L) and tris(2-choroethyl) phosphate (11.0-1202 ng/L, median: 36.4 ng/L) were the most abundant OPEs. Significantly different concentrations were found with spatial variations (p < 0.01), and were higher in southern cities than in northern cities of the lower Yangtze River Basin. Principal component analysis with multiple linear regression and Spearman correlations showed that the main sources were likely emission of vehicular and marine traffic. Ecological risk analysis showed that the risk quotient (RQ) values of samples remained below 1, but the percentage of 0.1 < RQ ≤ 1 was 26.9%, indicating a medium risk of OPEs in water samples. Moreover, ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate predominantly contributed to the ecological risk, accounting for >89.2% of the total ecological risk of ΣOPEs. However, the total non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks of ΣOPEs were negligible at the detected concentrations, even in a high exposure scenario. The risks from major inflowing rivers of the lower Yangtze River were almost one order of magnitude higher than those of the mainstream lower Yangtze River.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Nanjing University & Yancheng Academy of Environmental Protection Technology and Engineering, Yancheng 224000, China
| | - Meng Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, No.8 Jiangwangmiao Street, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Ming Kong
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, No.8 Jiangwangmiao Street, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Suzhou Capital Greinworth Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd, Suzhou 215216, China
| | - Shuyu Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Chang-Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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25
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Vail GM, Walley SN, Yasrebi A, Maeng A, Conde KN, Roepke TA. The interactions of diet-induced obesity and organophosphate flame retardant exposure on energy homeostasis in adult male and female mice. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2020; 83:438-455. [PMID: 32546061 PMCID: PMC7337410 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2020.1777235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Previously, sex-dependent alterations in energy homeostasis were reported in adult mice fed a standard chow attributed to exposure to a mixture of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) via estrogen receptors (ERα). In this study, adult male and female mice (C57BL/6J; Taconic) were treated with the same mixture of OPFRs (1 mg/kg each of tricresyl phosphate (TCP), triphenyl phosphate (TPP), and tris(1-3-dichloro-2propyl)phosphate (TDCPP)) for 7 weeks on a low-fat diet (LFD, 10% kcal fat) or a high fat (HFD, 45% kcal fat) in a diet-induced obesity model. Consistent with our previous observations, OPFRs altered weight gain in males, differentially with diet, while females remained unaffected. OPFR treatment also revealed sex-dependent perturbations in metabolic activity. During the night (approximately 0100-0400 hr), males exhibited elevated activity and oxygen consumption, while in females these parameters were decreased, irrespective of diet. OPFR disrupted feeding behavior and abolished diurnal water intake patterns in females while increasing nighttime fluid consumption in males. Despite no marked effect of OPFRs on glucose or insulin tolerance, OPFR treatment altered circulating insulin and leptin in females and ghrelin in males. Data indicate that adult OPFR exposure might influence, and perhaps exacerbate, the effects of diet-induced obesity in adult mice by altering activity, ingestive behavior, and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwyndolin M. Vail
- Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ. USA
| | - Sabrina N. Walley
- Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ. USA
| | - Ali Yasrebi
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental & Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ. USA
| | - Angela Maeng
- Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ. USA
| | - Kristie N. Conde
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ. USA
| | - Troy A. Roepke
- Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ. USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental & Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ. USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ. USA
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