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Hu W, Li Z, Jia X, Feng X, Zhang D, Chen Y, Li X, Chen X, Zhu Z, Ji J, Luo D, Lu S. Chlorate and perchlorate in tea leaves from major producing regions in China and related human exposure risk. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:8510-8518. [PMID: 38182951 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31742-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Chlorate and perchlorate are emerging pollutants that may interfere with thyroid function. Since they are highly water soluble, chlorate and perchlorate in tea leaves cause health concerns but have scarcely been studied. In this study, chlorate and perchlorate concentrations in 216 tea samples from different regions of China were determined. Perchlorate was detected in all the samples with a median concentration of 44.1 μg kg-1, while the chlorate detection frequency was 15.7%. We observed regional differences in perchlorate contents in tea leaves, with the highest quantity found in the central region of China. Except for dark tea, the concentration of perchlorate in tea infusions decreased with the increased number of times the tea leaves were brewed. The hazard quotients (HQs) of chlorate and perchlorate in all the samples were less than 1, suggesting negligible health risks caused by these pollutants from tea consumption. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate chlorate and perchlorate contamination in tea infusions by simulating brewing behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanting Hu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Zihan Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Xiaohong Jia
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Xiaoling Feng
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Duo Zhang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Yining Chen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Xiangyu Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Xin Chen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Zhou Zhu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jiajia Ji
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Donghui Luo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Ocean University, Yangjiang, 529500, China
- Chaozhou Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Laboratory (Hanjiang Laboratory), Chaozhou, 521000, China
| | - Shaoyou Lu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
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2
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Li J, Tu F, Wan Y, Qian X, Mahai G, Wang A, Ma J, Yang Z, Xia W, Xu S, Zheng T, Li Y. Associations of Trimester-Specific Exposure to Perchlorate, Thiocyanate, and Nitrate with Childhood Neurodevelopment: A Birth Cohort Study in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:20480-20493. [PMID: 38015815 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Studies about the impacts of maternal exposure to perchlorate, thiocyanate, and nitrate on offspring neurodevelopment are scarce. Based on a birth cohort in China, 1,028 mothers provided urine samples at three trimesters for determination of the three target analytes, and their offspring neurodevelopment was evaluated at 2 years old. Associations of maternal exposure to the three chemicals with offspring neurodevelopment were estimated using three statistical methods. Trimester-specific analyses using generalized estimating equation models showed that double increment of thiocyanate and nitrate during the first trimester was associated with 1.56 (95% CI: -2.82, -0.30) and 1.22 (-2.40, -0.03) point decreases in the offspring mental development index (MDI), respectively. Weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression analyses showed that the mixture exposure at the first and second trimesters was negatively associated with the offspring MDI (β = -2.39, 95% CI: -3.85, -0.93; β = -1.75, 95% CI: -3.04, -0.47, respectively) and thiocyanate contributed the most to the association (65.0 and 91.6%, respectively). Bayesian kernel machine regression analyses suggested an inverted U-shape relationship of maternal urinary thiocyanate with the offspring MDI. These findings suggested that prenatal exposure to the three chemicals (at current levels), especially thiocyanate and nitrate, may impair neurodevelopment. Early pregnancy seems to be the sensitive window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juxiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | - Fengqin Tu
- Wuhan Institute for Food and Cosmetic Control, Key Laboratory of Edible Oil Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, Wuhan 430040, China
| | - Yanjian Wan
- Center for Public Health Laboratory Service, Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei 430024, PR China
| | - Xi Qian
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | - Gaga Mahai
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | - Aizhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | - Jiaolong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | | | - Wei Xia
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | - Shunqing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | - Tongzhang Zheng
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China
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Guan J, Wan Y, Li J, Zheng T, Xia W, Xu S, Li Y. Urinary perchlorate, thiocyanate, and nitrate and their associated risk factors among Chinese pregnant women. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 345:140467. [PMID: 37852377 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate are well-known inhibitors of iodide uptake and thyroid-disrupting chemicals. Widespread human exposure to them has been identified, whereas studies on their internal exposure levels among Chinese pregnant women are scarce and factors associated with them are not well recognized. The objective of this study is to determine their levels and identify the associated factors among pregnant women (n = 1120), based on a prospective birth cohort in Wuhan, central China, using repeated urine samples of three trimesters. Urinary perchlorate, thiocyanate, and nitrate were 100% detected in the samples, and specific gravity-adjusted median concentrations of them in all the samples were 12.6 ng/mL, 367 ng/mL, and 63.7 μg/mL, respectively. Their concentrations were weakly-to-moderately correlated with each other, with Spearman correlation coefficients ranging from 0.27 to 0.54. Poor reproducibility were observed for the three analytes over the three trimesters, with intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.07, 0.19, 0.04 for perchlorate, thiocyanate, and nitrate, respectively. The women who were overweight or used tap water as drinking water had significantly higher perchlorate concentrations, while those with excessive gestational weight gain had significantly higher thiocyanate concentrations (p < 0.05). The women with a college degree or above had lower nitrate concentrations (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the median concentration of perchlorate in urine samples collected in spring, thiocyanate in those collected in winter, and nitrate in those collected in autumn, was significantly higher compared to their median concentrations in the samples collected in other three seasons (p < 0.05), respectively. Urinary perchlorate and nitrate concentrations of pregnant women in this study were higher than the concentrations of pregnant women in other countries, while thiocyanate concentrations were lower than that of most other countries. This study suggested potential covariates for future epidemiological analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guan
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yanjian Wan
- Center for Public Health Laboratory Service, Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei, 430024, PR China.
| | - Juxiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Tongzhang Zheng
- School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Wei Xia
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Shunqing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
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Li Y, Li S, Ren J, Li J, Zhao Y, Chen D, Wu Y. Occurrence, spatial distribution, and risk assessment of perchlorate in tea from typical regions in China. Curr Res Food Sci 2023; 7:100606. [PMID: 37822319 PMCID: PMC10563047 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2023.100606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Perchlorate is a kind of persistent pollutant which occurs widely in the environment. The news of "high content of perchlorate detected in tea exported from China to Europe" has aroused public concerns on perchlorate in tea. However, limited data on its occurrence in tea and health risks for the tea consumers are available. To this end, this study explored the occurrence and spatial distribution of perchlorate based on 747 tea samples collected from the 13 major tea producing regions in China. Perchlorate was detected in 100% of tea samples. The average concentration of perchlorate was 163 μg/kg with the range from 1.2 μg/kg to 3132 μg/kg. From the perspective of spatial distribution, a remarkable difference was observed for perchlorate concentrations in tea samples between different regions (p < 0.0001), and the average concentration of perchlorate from the central China (409 μg/kg) was higher than that from the eastern (90.7 μg/kg) and western (140 μg/kg) regions. However, this study cannot obtain the difference of perchlorate concentrations between different tea categories. Furthermore, a human exposure assessment of perchlorate intake through tea consumption was performed by deterministic and probabilistic risk assessment. The average chronic daily intake (CDI) to perchlorate of Chinese tea consumers was 0.0183 μg/kg bw/day, however, CDI for high tea consumers (99% and 99.9%) was 0.1514-0.4675 μg/kg bw/day. The health risk assessment conducted with a hazard quotient showed that perchlorate exposure through tea consumption was under a safety threshold. Nevertheless, if other dietary exposure pathways were considered, health risks to perchlorate for high tea consumers would be paid attention to.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Sanitary Technology, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (No. 2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Shaohua Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (No. 2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, 100021, China
- Department of Rehabilitation, Wuyi University, Wuyishan, 354300, China
| | - Jun Ren
- Wuhai Inspection and Testing Center, Wuhai, 016000, China
| | - Jingguang Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (No. 2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yunfeng Zhao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (No. 2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Dawei Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (No. 2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yongning Wu
- Department of Sanitary Technology, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Research Unit (No. 2019RU014), China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, 100021, China
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Zheng Q, Qiu H, Zhu Z, Gong W, Zhang D, Ma J, Chen X, Yang J, Lin Y, Lu S. Perchlorate in fine particulate matter in Shenzhen, China, and implications for human inhalation exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:2857-2867. [PMID: 36076152 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01381-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The wide application of perchlorate in military and aerospace industries raises potential exposure risks for humans. Previous studies have mainly focused on perchlorate in drinking water, foodstuffs and dust, while its exposure in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has received less attention. Thus, we investigated its concentrations and temporal variability in PM2.5 from October 2020 to September 2021 in Shenzhen, southern China. We also assessed the native population's intake and uptake of perchlorate in PM2.5 via inhalation. Measured PM2.5 concentrations in samples from Shenzhen ranged from 2.0 to 91.9 μg m-3. According to air quality guidelines proposed by the World Health Organization, 12.7% of all the samples exceeded interim target 1 (> 35 μg m-3), and only 37.3% met interim target 3 (< 15 μg m-3). Logistic regression analysis showed that perchlorate concentrations positively correlated with the PM2.5 concentrations and negatively correlated with precipitation. The median estimated daily intake (EDI) was highest for infants (0.029 ng kg-1 day-1), and both EDIs and estimated daily uptakes (EDUs) gradually decreased with age. All the EDIs and EDUs were below the reference dose provided by the US National Academy of Sciences (NAS), indicating that exposure to perchlorate in PM2.5 posed negligible health risks for Shenzhen residents. However, the exposure of infants and specific groups who tend to be more highly exposed than average still warrants attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanzhi Zheng
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Hongmei Qiu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhou Zhu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Weiran Gong
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development On Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Duo Zhang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jiaojiao Ma
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Xin Chen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jialei Yang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yuli Lin
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Shaoyou Lu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
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Gao J, Xie S, Liu F, Liu J. Preparation and Synergy of Supported Ru 0 and Pd 0 for Rapid Chlorate Reduction at pH 7. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:3962-3970. [PMID: 36808945 PMCID: PMC9996829 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Chlorate (ClO3-) is a common water pollutant due to its gigantic scale of production, wide applications in agriculture and industry, and formation as a toxic byproduct in various water treatment processes. This work reports on the facile preparation, mechanistic elucidation, and kinetic evaluation of a bimetallic catalyst for highly active ClO3- reduction into Cl-. Under 1 atm H2 and 20 °C, PdII and RuIII were sequentially adsorbed and reduced on a powdered activated carbon support, affording Ru0-Pd0/C from scratch within only 20 min. The Pd0 particles significantly accelerated the reductive immobilization of RuIII as >55% dispersed Ru0 outside Pd0. At pH 7, Ru-Pd/C shows a substantially higher activity of ClO3- reduction (initial turnover frequency >13.9 min-1 on Ru0; rate constant at 4050 L h-1 gmetal-1) than reported catalysts (e.g., Rh/C, Ir/C, Mo-Pd/C) and the monometallic Ru/C. In particular, Ru-Pd/C accomplished the reduction of concentrated 100 mM ClO3- (turnover number > 11,970), whereas Ru/C was quickly deactivated. In the bimetallic synergy, Ru0 rapidly reduces ClO3- while Pd0 scavenges the Ru-passivating ClO2- and restores Ru0. This work demonstrates a simple and effective design for heterogeneous catalysts tailored for emerging water treatment needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Gao
- Department
of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Shaohua Xie
- Department
of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, Catalysis Cluster
for Renewable Energy and Chemical Transformations (REACT), NanoScience
Technology Center (NSTC), University of
Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Fudong Liu
- Department
of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, Catalysis Cluster
for Renewable Energy and Chemical Transformations (REACT), NanoScience
Technology Center (NSTC), University of
Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Jinyong Liu
- Department
of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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King L, Wang Q, Xia L, Wang P, Jiang G, Li W, Huang Y, Liang X, Peng X, Li Y, Chen L, Liu L. Environmental exposure to perchlorate, nitrate and thiocyanate, and thyroid function in Chinese adults: A community-based cross-sectional study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 171:107713. [PMID: 36565572 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence on environmental exposure to perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate, three thyroidal sodium iodine symporter (NIS) inhibitors, and thyroid function in the Chinese population remains limited. OBJECTIVE To investigate the associations of environmental exposure to perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate with markers of thyroid function in Chinese adults. METHODS A total of 2441 non-pregnant adults (mean age 50.4 years and 39.1% male) with a median urinary iodine of 180.1 μg/L from four communities in Shenzhen were included in this cross-sectional study. Urinary perchlorate, nitrate, thiocyanate, and thyroid profiles, including serum free thyroxine (FT4), total thyroxine (TT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3), total triiodothyronine (TT3), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), were measured. Generalized linear model was applied to investigate the single-analyte associations. Weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) models were used to examine the association between the co-occurrence of three anions and thyroid profile. RESULTS The median levels of urinary perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate were 5.8 μg/g, 76.4 mg/g, and 274.1 μg/g, respectively. After adjusting for confounders, higher urinary perchlorate was associated with lower serum FT4, TT4, and TT3, and higher serum FT3 and TSH (all P < 0.05). Comparing extreme tertiles, subjects in the highest nitrate tertile had marginally elevated TT3 (β: 0.02, 95% CI: 0.00-0.04). Each 1-unit increase in log-transformed urinary thiocyanate was associated with a 0.04 (95% CI: 0.02-0.06) pmol/L decrease in serum FT3. The WQS indices were inversely associated with serum FT4, TT4, and FT3 (all P < 0.05). In the BKMR model, the mixture of three anions was inversely associated with serum FT4, TT4, and FT3. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides evidence that individual and combined environmental exposure to perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate are associated with significant changes in thyroid function markers in the Chinese population with adequate iodine intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei King
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lili Xia
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pei Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guanhua Jiang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wanyi Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yue Huang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoling Liang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaolin Peng
- Department of Non-communicable Disease Prevention and Control, Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yonggang Li
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Applied Toxicology, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Liangkai Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Liegang Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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8
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Gensberger-Reigl S, Rodrigues Guimarães Abreu VL, Pischetsrieder M. Analysis of Chlorate in Chemical Leavening Agents Used for Bakery Products by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:14940-14946. [PMID: 36379029 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Chlorate is a food contaminant that is mainly attributed to the use of chlorinated water and disinfectants. The present study investigated if chlorate could also occur as a process contaminant in chemical leavening agents for baking products. Thus, a sensitive and rapid ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated. Chlorate was quantified using an isotopically labeled internal standard after complete degassing of carbonate-based products. The limit of detection/limit of quantification was 0.02 and 0.1 mg/kg, respectively, with recovery rates between 97.0 and 101.2% (concentration levels: 0.3, 1.4, or 5.0 mg/kg). Samples of baking powder, sodium bicarbonate, ammonium bicarbonate, and potassium carbonate were analyzed. Chlorate was detected in all samples of baking powder in concentrations of 0.23-1.87 mg/kg. Potassium carbonate contained the highest chlorate levels, with a maximum of 60.9 mg/kg. These results indicate that baking powder and, particularly, potassium carbonate can be relevant sources of chlorate in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Gensberger-Reigl
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Food Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Street 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vera L Rodrigues Guimarães Abreu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Food Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Street 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Monika Pischetsrieder
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Food Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Street 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Savin M, Vrkatić A, Dedić D, Vlaški T, Vorgučin I, Bjelanović J, Jevtic M. Additives in Children's Nutrition-A Review of Current Events. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13452. [PMID: 36294032 PMCID: PMC9603407 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Additives are defined as substances added to food with the aim of preserving and improving safety, freshness, taste, texture, or appearance. While indirect additives can be found in traces in food and come from materials used for packaging, storage, and technological processing of food, direct additives are added to food with a special purpose (canning). The use of additives is justified if it is in accordance with legal regulations and does not pose a health or danger to consumers in the prescribed concentration. However, due to the specificity of the child's metabolic system, there is a greater risk that the negative effects of the additive will manifest. Considering the importance of the potential negative impact of additives on children's health and the increased interest in the control and monitoring of additives in food for children, we have reviewed the latest available literature available through PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Expert data were taken from publicly available documents published from January 2010 to April 2022 by internationally recognized professional organizations. It was found that the most frequently present additives in the food consumed by children are bisphenols, phthalates, perfluoroalkyl chemicals, perchlorates, pesticides, nitrates and nitrites, artificial food colors, monosodium glutamate, and aspartame. Increasing literacy about the presence and potential risk through continuous education of parents and young people as well as active monitoring of newly registered additives and harmonization of existing legal regulations by competent authorities can significantly prevent the unwanted effects of additives on children's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijana Savin
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
- Institute for Child and Youth Health Care of Vojvodina, Hajduk Veljkova 10, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Vrkatić
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Danijela Dedić
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
- Emergency Service, Community Health Center Šid, Alekse Šantića 1, 22239 Šid, Serbia
| | - Tomislav Vlaški
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Ivana Vorgučin
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
- Institute for Child and Youth Health Care of Vojvodina, Hajduk Veljkova 10, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jelena Bjelanović
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
- Institute of Public Health of Vojvodina, Futoška 121, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Marija Jevtic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
- Institute of Public Health of Vojvodina, Futoška 121, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
- Research Center on Environmental Health and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
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Xu J, Zhu Z, Zhong B, Gong W, Du S, Zhang D, Chen Y, Li X, Zheng Q, Ma J, Sun L, Lu S. Health risk assessment of perchlorate and chlorate in red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 842:156889. [PMID: 35753452 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate and chlorate are both strong oxidants and thyroid toxicants that are widely distributed in soil, water and human foods. The red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) is a common aquatic organism that is popular in Chinese culinary dishes. Dietary intake is the main route of human exposure to perchlorate and chlorate, though the health risks of crayfish consumption are unknown. Thus, this study investigated the quantities of perchlorate and chlorate in red swap crayfish from sampling sites in five provinces located near the Yangtze River in China, along with the associated health risks of consuming this species. Perchlorate was detected in 55.6-100 % of crayfish samples in each sampling location, and chlorate was found in 100 % of samples cross all sites. Concentrations of perchlorate in crayfish from upstream provinces (Hubei, Hunan and Jiangxi) were higher than those from downstream provinces (Anhui and Jiangsu). Perchlorate and chlorate concentrations were positively correlated in crayfish, suggesting that chlorate may be a degradation byproduct of perchlorate. The quantities of both pollutants in hepatopancreas tissue were higher than in muscle tissues (p < 0.05), such that we do not recommend ingesting crayfish hepatopancreas. Hazard quotient (HQ) values for chlorate in crayfish were <1 across all provinces, suggesting no potential health risk of chlorate exposure through crayfish consumption. However, perchlorate concentrations in crayfish from the Jiangxi province had an associated HQ value >1, suggesting potential risks for human health. These results will be useful in informing mitigation measures aimed at reducing perchlorate exposure associated with crayfish consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Xu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zhou Zhu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Baisen Zhong
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Weiran Gong
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Sijin Du
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Duo Zhang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yining Chen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xiangyu Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Quanzhi Zheng
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jiaojiao Ma
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Litao Sun
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Shaoyou Lu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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Chen Y, Zhu Z, Wu X, Zhang D, Tong J, Lin Y, Yin L, Li X, Zheng Q, Lu S. A nationwide investigation of perchlorate levels in staple foods from China: Implications for human exposure and risk assessment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 439:129629. [PMID: 36104921 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Perchlorate is an emerging pollutant and thyroid toxicant frequently occurred in air, water, soil and various foodstuffs. Rice and wheat flour are the most common staple foods, which could accumulate perchlorate from contaminated soils and irrigation water. However, human exposure to perchlorate via rice and wheat flour consumption has only been investigated to a limited extent. Therefore, we collected 207 rice samples and 189 wheat flour samples from 19 provinces in China to assess the level of perchlorate. The levels of perchlorate in rice and wheat flour ranged from not detected (N.D.) to 28.7 ng/g and less than limits of quantification (<LOQ) to 147 ng/g, respectively, with detection rates in both rice and wheat flour samples exceeding 60 %. The estimated daily intake (EDI) and hazard quotient (HQ) were calculated to evaluate human exposure and potential health risk of perchlorate exposure via the consumption of rice and wheat flour. The HQ values for both rice and wheat flour were less than 1, which suggested that the consumption of these staple foods may not cause potential health risks. To our knowledge, this is the first nationwide monitoring, human exposure and risk assessment of perchlorate in both rice and wheat flour in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining Chen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Zhou Zhu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaoling Wu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Duo Zhang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Jianyu Tong
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Yuli Lin
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Liuyi Yin
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Xiangyu Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Quanzhi Zheng
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Shaoyou Lu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China.
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12
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Lin X, Wu X, Li X, Zhang D, Zheng Q, Xu J, Lu S. Infant exposure to trace elements in breast milk, infant formulas and complementary foods from southern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:156597. [PMID: 35690194 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Excessive intake of essential trace elements or exposure to potentially toxic elements above certain thresholds may cause adverse health effects in humans. To date, there is scarce evidence concerning Chinese infant exposure to trace elements and the associated risks. In this study, we collected 61 breast milk, 54 infant formula and 90 complementary food samples from southern China to investigate the levels of cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), selenium (Se), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni) and lead (Pb). The concentrations of these elements in the breast milk samples ranged from under the limit of detection (<LOD)-0.65, <LOD-65.5, 107-1040, 6.17-27.9, 820-10,160, <LOD-2.96, <LOD-0.52, <LOD-230, and <LOD-19.1 μg/L, respectively. In infant formula samples, the concentrations of these elements ranged from 2.77 to 7.56, 27.5-205, 188-4321, 69.7-322, 40,793-84,405, 2.47-12.2, 0.15-3.57, <LOD-505 and 2.19-26.5 μg/kg, respectively, while the concentrations detected in complementary food samples ranged from <LOD-23.7, <LOD-224, <LOD-3705, <LOD-219, 15,335-100,905, <LOD-159, <LOD-66.6, <LOD-502 and <LOD-25.6 μg/kg, respectively. The results showed that the levels of Cr, Cu and Se in 14.8-55.6 % of the infant formula and complementary food samples were lower than the reference values set by Codex Alimentarius or Chinese National Standards, while the levels of Zn in commercial food samples exceeded the corresponding reference values in 9.3-27.8 % of cases; these results suggest a potential risk via the consumption of commercial infant foods. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that has comprehensively assessed whether exposure to trace elements via food intake poses potential health risks to Chinese infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Lin
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xiaoling Wu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xiangyu Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Duo Zhang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Quanzhi Zheng
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jiayi Xu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Shaoyou Lu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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Presence of Chlorate and Perchlorate Residues in Raw Bovine Milk from Italian Farms. Foods 2022; 11:foods11182741. [PMID: 36140866 PMCID: PMC9497686 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorates and perchlorates are endocrine disruptors and emerging environmental contaminants found in various types of foods, including milk and dairy products. The presence of chlorate has been associated with the use of chlorine-based sanitizers to disinfect equipment and water used in food processing. Perchlorate, on the other hand, occurs naturally in the environment but is also released from anthropogenic sources. To protect consumers, the EU set an MRL for chlorate in milk but not for perchlorate. Considering that data on chlorates and perchlorates in this field are limited, the objective of this study was to assess the presence of these two anions in 148 samples of raw bovine milk collected from different farms of Lombardy and grouped in three different geographical zones. Chlorate was detected in 73% of the samples analyzed, at concentrations ranging from <LOQ to 18.70 μg kg−1 with an average value of 7.10 ± 5.88 μg kg−1 below the MRL; perchlorate with a frequency of 99%, in the range from <LOQ to 6.95 μg kg−1 and an average value of 4.06 ± 1.58 μg kg−1. No significant differences were detected among the three geographical zones. An evaluation of the estimated daily intake of perchlorate through milk confirmed the absence of risk for Italian consumers.
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Integration of probabilistic exposure assessment and risk characterization for perchlorate in infant formula and supplementary food. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 168:113347. [PMID: 35932970 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Infants are the primary susceptible population to perchlorate exposure-related adverse health effects, while information on their dietary intake of perchlorate via infant food remains limited. This study determined perchlorate in six categories of baby food commodities commonly consumed by 0-36 months infants. A probabilistic approach with Monte Carlo simulation was used to estimate perchlorate's daily intake (EDI) considering uncertainty and variability. Results showed that the average perchlorate concentration in infant food ranged from 3.42 to 22.26 μg/kg. The mean (SD) EDIs of perchlorate were 0.42(0.20), 0.62(0.20), and 0.46(0.14) μg/kg-bw/day for 0-6, 7-12, and 13-36-months infants, respectively. Infant formula was the major contributor (34%-74%) to EDIs of perchlorate in all age groups. Probabilistic risk characterization showed the cumulative probability of EDIs exceeding the RfD (0.70 μg/kg-bw/day) were 6.5%, 37.9%, and 4.5% for 0-6, 7-12, and 13-36-months infants, respectively. The cumulative risk of perchlorate exposure from different infant food intake should be noted.
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