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Meldrum K, Evans SJ, Burgum MJ, Doak SH, Clift MJD. Determining the toxicological effects of indoor air pollution on both a healthy and an inflammatory-comprised model of the alveolar epithelial barrier in vitro. Part Fibre Toxicol 2024; 21:25. [PMID: 38760786 PMCID: PMC11100169 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-024-00584-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Exposure to indoor air pollutants (IAP) has increased recently, with people spending more time indoors (i.e. homes, offices, schools and transportation). Increased exposures of IAP on a healthy population are poorly understood, and those with allergic respiratory conditions even less so. The objective of this study, therefore, was to implement a well-characterised in vitro model of the human alveolar epithelial barrier (A549 + PMA differentiated THP-1 incubated with and without IL-13, IL-5 and IL-4) to determine the effects of a standardised indoor particulate (NIST 2583) on both a healthy lung model and one modelling a type-II (stimulated with IL-13, IL-5 and IL-4) inflammatory response (such as asthma).Using concentrations from the literature, and an environmentally appropriate exposure we investigated 232, 464 and 608ng/cm2 of NIST 2583 respectively. Membrane integrity (blue dextran), viability (trypan blue), genotoxicity (micronucleus (Mn) assay) and (pro-)/(anti-)inflammatory effects (IL-6, IL-8, IL-33, IL-10) were then assessed 24 h post exposure to both models. Models were exposed using a physiologically relevant aerosolisation method (VitroCell Cloud 12 exposure system).No changes in Mn frequency or membrane integrity in either model were noted when exposed to any of the tested concentrations of NIST 2583. A significant decrease (p < 0.05) in cell viability at the highest concentration was observed in the healthy model. Whilst cell viability in the "inflamed" model was decreased at the lower concentrations (significantly (p < 0.05) after 464ng/cm2). A significant reduction (p < 0.05) in IL-10 and a significant increase in IL-33 was seen after 24 h exposure to NIST 2583 (464, 608ng/cm2) in the "inflamed" model.Collectively, the results indicate the potential for IAP to cause the onset of a type II response as well as exacerbating pre-existing allergic conditions. Furthermore, the data imposes the importance of considering unhealthy individuals when investigating the potential health effects of IAP. It also highlights that even in a healthy population these particles have the potential to induce this type II response and initiate an immune response following exposure to IAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty Meldrum
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park Campus, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Stephen J Evans
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park Campus, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Michael J Burgum
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park Campus, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Shareen H Doak
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park Campus, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Martin J D Clift
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park Campus, Swansea, Wales, SA2 8PP, UK.
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Paavanen-Huhtala S, Kalichamy K, Pessi AM, Häkkilä S, Saarto A, Tuomela M, Andersson MA, Koskinen PJ. Biomonitoring of Indoor Air Fungal or Chemical Toxins with Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020161. [PMID: 36839433 PMCID: PMC9964051 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Bad indoor air quality due to toxins and other impurities can have a negative impact on human well-being, working capacity and health. Therefore, reliable methods to monitor the health risks associated with exposure to hazardous indoor air agents are needed. Here, we have used transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans nematode strains carrying stress-responsive fluorescent reporters and evaluated their ability to sense fungal or chemical toxins, especially those that are present in moisture-damaged buildings. Liquid-based or airborne exposure of nematodes to mycotoxins, chemical agents or damaged building materials reproducibly resulted in time- and dose-dependent fluorescent responses, which could be quantitated by either microscopy or spectrometry. Thus, the C. elegans nematodes present an easy, ethically acceptable and comprehensive in vivo model system to monitor the response of multicellular organisms to indoor air toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anna-Mari Pessi
- Aerobiology Unit, Biodiversity Unit of the University of Turku, FI-20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Sirkku Häkkilä
- Aerobiology Unit, Biodiversity Unit of the University of Turku, FI-20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Annika Saarto
- Aerobiology Unit, Biodiversity Unit of the University of Turku, FI-20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Marja Tuomela
- Co-op Bionautit, Helsinki, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria A. Andersson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Aalto University, FI-02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Päivi J. Koskinen
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, FI-20500 Turku, Finland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-29-450-4218
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Wierzbicka A, Omelekhina Y, Saber AT, Bloom E, Gren L, Poulsen SS, Strandberg B, Pagels J, Jacobsen NR. Indoor PM 2.5 from occupied residences in Sweden caused higher inflammation in mice compared to outdoor PM 2.5. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e13177. [PMID: 36567521 PMCID: PMC10107884 DOI: 10.1111/ina.13177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We spend most of our time indoors; however, little is known about the effects of exposure to aerosol particles indoors. We aimed to determine differences in relative toxicity and physicochemical properties of PM2.5 collected simultaneously indoors (PM2.5 INDOOR ) and outdoors (PM2.5 OUTDOOR ) in 15 occupied homes in southern Sweden. Collected particles were extracted from filters, pooled (indoor and outdoor separately), and characterized for chemical composition and endotoxins before being tested for toxicity in mice via intratracheal instillation. Various endpoints including lung inflammation, genotoxicity, and acute-phase response in lung and liver were assessed 1, 3, and 28 days post-exposure. Chemical composition of particles used in toxicological assessment was compared to particles analyzed without extraction. Time-resolved particle mass and number concentrations were monitored. PM2.5 INDOOR showed higher relative concentrations (μg mg-1 ) of metals, PAHs, and endotoxins compared to PM2.5 OUTDOOR . These differences may be linked to PM2.5 INDOOR causing significantly higher lung inflammation and lung acute-phase response 1 day post-exposure compared to PM2.5 OUTDOOR and vehicle controls, respectively. None of the tested materials caused genotoxicity. PM2.5 INDOOR displayed higher relative toxicity than PM2.5 OUTDOOR under the studied conditions, that is, wintertime with reduced air exchange rates, high influence of indoor sources, and relatively low outdoor concentrations of PM. Reducing PM2.5 INDOOR exposure requires reduction of both infiltration from outdoors and indoor-generated particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Wierzbicka
- Ergonomics and Aerosol TechnologyLund UniversityLundSweden
- Centre for Healthy Indoor EnvironmentsLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Yuliya Omelekhina
- Ergonomics and Aerosol TechnologyLund UniversityLundSweden
- Centre for Healthy Indoor EnvironmentsLund UniversityLundSweden
| | | | - Erica Bloom
- Division of Built EnvironmentRISE Research Institutes of SwedenStockholmSweden
| | - Louise Gren
- Ergonomics and Aerosol TechnologyLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Sarah Søs Poulsen
- The National Research Centre for the Working EnvironmentCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Bo Strandberg
- Division of Occupational and Environmental MedicineLund UniversityLundSweden
- Department of Occupational and Environmental MedicineRegion SkåneLundSweden
| | - Joakim Pagels
- Ergonomics and Aerosol TechnologyLund UniversityLundSweden
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Marika M, Marketa D, Lada S, Marian R, Filip K, Adam V, Věra V, Kristina K, Dagmar J, Tuula H. New approach methods for assessing indoor air toxicity. Curr Res Toxicol 2022; 3:100090. [PMID: 36281315 PMCID: PMC9587284 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2022.100090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoor air is typically a mixture of many chemicals at low concentrations without any adverse health effects alone, but in mixtures they may cause toxicity and risks to human health. The aim of this study was by using new approach methods to assess the potential toxicity of indoor air condensates. In specific, different in vitro test methods including cyto-and immunotoxicity, skin sensitization and endocrine disruption were applied. In addition to biological effects, the indoor air samples were subjected to targeted analysis of 25 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and Genapol X-80 (a nonionic emulsifier) suspected to be present in the samples, and to a non-targeted "total chemical scan" to find out whether the chemical composition of the samples is associated with the biological effects. The results confirm that assessing health risks of indoor air by analysing individual chemicals is not an adequate approach: We were not able to detect the VOCs and Genapol X-80 in the indoor air samples, yet, several types of toxicity, namely, cytotoxicity, immunotoxicity, skin sensitization and endocrine disruption were detected. In the non-targeted total chemical scan of the indoor air samples, a larger number of compounds were found in the cytotoxic samples than in the non-cytotoxic samples supporting the biological findings. If only one biological method would be selected for the screening of indoor air quality, THP-1 macrophage/WST-1 assay would best fit for the purpose as it is sensitive and serves as a good representative for different sub-toxic end points, including immunotoxicity, (skin) sensitization and endocrine disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mannerström Marika
- The Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Arvo Ylpön katu 1, 33014 Tampere University, Finland,Corresponding author at: Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, 33014 Tampere University, Finland.
| | - Dvorakova Marketa
- National Institute of Public Health, Srobarova 49/48, 100 00 Prague 10, Czech Republic
| | - Svobodova Lada
- National Institute of Public Health, Srobarova 49/48, 100 00 Prague 10, Czech Republic,Medical Faculty of Palacky University, Hnevotinska 976/3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Rucki Marian
- National Institute of Public Health, Srobarova 49/48, 100 00 Prague 10, Czech Republic
| | - Kotal Filip
- National Institute of Public Health, Srobarova 49/48, 100 00 Prague 10, Czech Republic
| | - Vavrouš Adam
- National Institute of Public Health, Srobarova 49/48, 100 00 Prague 10, Czech Republic
| | - Vrbíková Věra
- National Institute of Public Health, Srobarova 49/48, 100 00 Prague 10, Czech Republic
| | - Kejlova Kristina
- National Institute of Public Health, Srobarova 49/48, 100 00 Prague 10, Czech Republic
| | - Jirova Dagmar
- National Institute of Public Health, Srobarova 49/48, 100 00 Prague 10, Czech Republic
| | - Heinonen Tuula
- The Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Arvo Ylpön katu 1, 33014 Tampere University, Finland
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