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Orzechowska A, Czaderna-Lekka A, Trtílek M, Szymańska R, Trela-Makowej A, Wątor K. Novel technique for the ultra-sensitive detection of hazardous contaminants using an innovative sensor integrated with a bioreactor. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12836. [PMID: 38834660 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63631-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
This study introduces an evaluation methodology tailored for bioreactors, with the aim of assessing the stress experienced by algae due to harmful contaminants released from antifouling (AF) paints. We present an online monitoring system equipped with an ultra-sensitive sensor that conducts non-invasive measurements of algal culture's optical density and physiological stage through chlorophyll fluorescence signals. By coupling the ultra-sensitive sensor with flash-induced chlorophyll fluorescence, we examined the dynamic fluorescence changes in the green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii when exposed to biocides. Over a 24-h observation period, increasing concentrations of biocides led to a decrease in photosynthetic activity. Notably, a substantial reduction in the maximum quantum yield of primary photochemistry (FV/FM) was observed within the first hour of exposure. Subsequently, we detected a partial recovery in FV/FM; however, this recovery remained 50% lower than that of the controls. Integrating the advanced submersible sensor with fluorescence decay kinetics offered a comprehensive perspective on the dynamic alterations in algal cells under the exposure to biocides released from antifouling coatings. The analysis of fluorescence relaxation kinetics revealed a significant shortening of the fast and middle phases, along with an increase in the duration of the slow phase, for the coating with the highest levels of biocides. Combining automated culturing and measuring methods, this approach has demonstrated its effectiveness as an ultrasensitive and non-invasive tool for monitoring the physiology of photosynthetic cultures. This is particularly valuable in the context of studying microalgae and their early responses to various environmental conditions, as well as the potential to develop an AF system with minimal harm to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Orzechowska
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Krakow, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Anna Czaderna-Lekka
- Department of Machine Learning, Faculty of Informatics and Communication, University of Economics in Katowice, 1 Maja 50, 40-287, Katowice, Poland
| | - Martin Trtílek
- Photon Systems Instruments, Průmyslová 470, 664 24, Drásov, Czech Republic
| | - Renata Szymańska
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Krakow, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Trela-Makowej
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Krakow, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Wątor
- Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Krakow, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Kraków, Poland
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Fluorescence Analysis of Biocide Efficiency in Antifouling Coatings against Cyanobacteria. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054972. [PMID: 36902403 PMCID: PMC10003456 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study focused on the antifouling effect of copper oxide (Cu2O)- and zineb-based coatings against Cyanothece sp. ATCC 51142 by analysing photosynthetic activity using chlorophyll fluorescence. The photoautotrophically grown cyanobacterium was exposed to toxic coatings over a short-term period of 32 h. The study showed that Cyanothece cultures are particularly sensitive to biocides (i) released from antifouling paints and (ii) exhibited by contact with the coated surfaces. Changes in the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (FV/FM) were observed within the first 12 h of exposure to the coatings. Partial recovery of FV/FM in Cyanothece was revealed 24 h post exposure to a copper- and zineb-free coating. In this research, we proposed an analysis of the evaluation of fluorescence data to study the initial response of cyanobacterial cells to copper- and non-copper-based antifouling coatings formulated with zineb. We evaluated the dynamics of coating toxicity by determining the characteristic time constants of changes in the FV/FM. Within the most toxic paints studied, those formulated with the highest concentration of Cu2O and zineb, the estimated time constants were 3.9 times lower compared to the copper- and zineb-free paint. The use of zineb in copper-based antifouling coatings enhanced the toxic effect of paints and contributed to a faster decline in photosystem II activity in Cyanothece cells. The analysis we proposed, along with the fluorescence screening results, may be useful in evaluating the initial antifouling dynamic action against photosynthetic aquacultures.
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Venettacci S, Ponticelli GS, Tagliaferri F, Guarino S. Environmental and Economic Impact of an Innovative Biocide-Free Antifouling Coating for Naval Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:748. [PMID: 36676483 PMCID: PMC9860572 DOI: 10.3390/ma16020748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The work provides an economic sustainability and environmental impact analysis for the validation of a biocide-free antifouling coating for marine applications able to reduce fuel consumption during navigation, CO2 emissions, and the overall environmental impacts associated with shipping, thanks to the reduction of incrustation and the avoidance of biocides release into the water. The results, related to the life cycle of the coating of a motor yacht, with an average sailing life of 25 years, show around 8.8% reduction in overall costs compared to a conventional paint, thanks to a more efficient antifouling action, which reduces the annual fuel consumption by ~13,700 kg/y, or ~9.6%. This leads to a reduction in CO2 emissions, associated with fuel consumption, of ~43.3 ton/y, as well as a lowering of the overall environmental impacts associated with the life cycle of the paint, by almost 10% for the most impactful damage classes, ensuring a greater environmental sustainability of the innovative coating, for the overall service life of the yacht on which it is applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Venettacci
- Department of Engineering, University of Rome Niccolò Cusano, Via don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Flaviana Tagliaferri
- Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Hochschule Mittweida University of Applied Sciences, Technikumplatz 17, 09644 Mittweida, Germany
| | - Stefano Guarino
- Department of Engineering, University of Rome Niccolò Cusano, Via don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy
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Rossini P, Napolano L, Matteucci G. Biotoxicity and life cycle assessment of two commercial antifouling coatings in marine systems. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 237:124475. [PMID: 31549636 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Two commercial coating systems, each one consisting of both a primer and an antifouling ("System 1" based on Copper Oxide and "System 2" based on Zinc Oxide), have been analyzed in order to investigate their environmental impacts through Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and laboratory tests. A cradle-to-grave analysis has been performed in order to quantify the environmental footprint of each coating solution and to define which element, material, or process mainly affect the environmental impact of such products. Moreover, it was performed a comparison between the different products to determine the most environmentally sustainable choice. In addition to LCA, several incubations of coated metal samples, by means of an innovative incubation system developed by the authors, have also been performed in marine water (Gulf of Naples, Mediterranean Sea, Italy), as critical environment favoring metal corrosion and biofouling generation. The life cycle analysis has showed that the production phase presents the highest environmental impact in almost all categories, mainly due to the use of chemical compounds. Moreover, after the laboratory tests, strong biotoxicity and contaminant diffusion, contributing to the marine toxicity potential, have been observed for both the commercial paints. As a final remark, there are straightforward indications of a strong need for anti-Microbial-Induced-Corrosion commercial coatings to substitute the toxic compounds with others in order to develop a greener solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Rossini
- EMC Innovation Lab, via Nabucco 58, 47921, Rimini, Italy.
| | - Loredana Napolano
- STRESS Scarl, Sviluppo di Tecnologie e Ricerca per l'Edilizia Sismicamente Sicura ed EcoSostenibile, Vico II San Nicola Alla Dogana 9, 80133, Naples, Italy
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Piazza V, Gambardella C, Garaventa F, Massanisso P, Chiavarini S, Faimali M. A new approach to testing potential leaching toxicity of fouling release coatings (FRCs). MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 141:305-312. [PMID: 30274719 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fouling release coatings (FRCs) are today the main environment-friendly alternative to traditional self-polishing coatings, that continuously release biocides and/or heavy metals into water. FRCs are available on the market as environmentally friendly AF paints and most of them do not contain bioactive agents, however no complete and reliable assessment of their environmental impact has yet been carried out. Only few literature data proving their AF efficacy combined with a demonstrated lack of toxicological effects are available. Ecotoxicological bioassays are commonly used to predict the potential environmental impact of traditional AF paints. Standardized methodologies to obtain leaching products from biocide-based paints are available, while few studies propose experimental methods to assess the potential effects of biocide-free FRCs leachates on non-target organisms. The aim of this work is to propose an experimental protocol to obtain leaching products from biocide-free FRCs in order to evaluate the potential release of substances having toxic effects, by means of an ecotoxicological bioassay. Two ecotoxicological end-points with different sensitivity levels were considered (multi-end-point approach). Five silicone-based commercial coatings were used: their leaching products were collected after different immersion times following the developed experimental method and then two ecotoxicological end-points were evaluated on II stage nauplii of the crustacean Amphibalanus amphitrite as model organism. Moreover, chemical analyses were performed on leachates collected after each immersion time, focusing on the presence of metals in leaching products. From the results obtained from the bioassay, even if not indicative of the real environmental impact of FRCs, a release of toxic substances was observed from tested coatings during early immersion stages, likely to affect the exposed model organism. The potential leaching toxicity of the five tested products was compared. No clear correspondence could be identified between the concentrations of metals detected in leachates and the obtained ecotoxicological data, thus suggesting that other active components might be released by FRCs responsible for the toxic effects pointed out on A. amphitrite larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Piazza
- Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment (IAS), National Research Council (CNR), Via De Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy.
| | - Chiara Gambardella
- Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment (IAS), National Research Council (CNR), Via De Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy
| | - Francesca Garaventa
- Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment (IAS), National Research Council (CNR), Via De Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy
| | | | | | - Marco Faimali
- Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment (IAS), National Research Council (CNR), Via De Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy
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Bekiari V, Nikolaou K, Koromilas N, Lainioti G, Avramidis P, Hotos G, Kallitsis JK, Bokias G. Release of Polymeric Biocides from Synthetic Matrices for Marine Biofouling Applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aaspro.2015.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ribeiro SM, Rogers R, Rubem AC, Da Gama BAP, Muricy G, Pereira RC. Antifouling activity of twelve demosponges from Brazil. BRAZ J BIOL 2013; 73:501-6. [DOI: 10.1590/s1519-69842013000300006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Benthic marine organisms are constantly exposed to fouling, which is harmful to most host species. Thus, the production of secondary metabolites containing antifouling properties is an important ecological advantage for sessile organisms and may also provide leading compounds for the development of antifouling paints. High antifouling potential of sponges has been demonstrated in the Indian and Pacific oceans and in the Caribbean and Mediterranean seas. Brazilian sponges remain understudied concerning antifouling activities. Only two scientific articles reported this activity in sponges of Brazil. The objective of this study was to test crude extracts of twelve species of sponges from Brazil against the attachment of the mussel Perna perna through laboratorial assays, and highlight promising species for future studies. The species Petromica citrina, Amphimedon viridis, Desmapsamma anchorata, Chondrosia sp., Polymastia janeirensis, Tedania ignis, Aplysina fulva, Mycale angulosa, Hymeniacidon heliophila, Dysidea etheria, Tethya rubra, and Tethya maza were frozen and freeze-dried before extraction with acetone or dichloromethane. The crude extract of four species significantly inhibited the attachment of byssus: Tethya rubra (p = 0.0009), Tethya maza (p = 0.0039), Petromica citrina (p = 0.0277), and Hymeniacidon heliophila (p = 0.00003). These species, specially, should be the target of future studies to detail the substances involved in the ability antifouling well as to define its amplitude of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- SM. Ribeiro
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil
| | - R. Rogers
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil
| | - AC. Rubem
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil
| | | | - G. Muricy
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Abstract
Various antifouling (AF) coatings have been developed to protect submerged surfaces by deterring the settlement of the colonizing stages of fouling organisms. A review of the literature shows that effective AF compounds with specific targets are ones often considered non-toxic. Such compounds act variously on ion channels, quorum sensing systems, neurotransmitters, production/release of adhesive, and specific enzymes that regulate energy production or primary metabolism. In contrast, AF compounds with general targets may or may not act through toxic mechanisms. These compounds affect a variety of biological activities including algal photosynthesis, energy production, stress responses, genotoxic damage, immunosuppressed protein expression, oxidation, neurotransmission, surface chemistry, the formation of biofilms, and adhesive production/release. Among all the targets, adhesive production/release is the most common, possibly due to a more extensive research effort in this area. Overall, the specific molecular targets and the molecular mechanisms of most AF compounds have not been identified. Thus, the information available is insufficient to draw firm conclusions about the types of molecular targets to be used as sensitive biomarkers for future design and screening of compounds with AF potential. In this review, the relevant advantages and disadvantages of the molecular tools available for studying the molecular targets of AF compounds are highlighted briefly and the molecular mechanisms of the AF compounds, which are largely a source of speculation in the literature, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yuan Qian
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, HKSAR, China.
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Guardiola FA, Cuesta A, Meseguer J, Esteban MA. Risks of using antifouling biocides in aquaculture. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:1541-1560. [PMID: 22408407 PMCID: PMC3291976 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13021541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biocides are chemical substances that can deter or kill the microorganisms responsible for biofouling. The rapid expansion of the aquaculture industry is having a significant impact on the marine ecosystems. As the industry expands, it requires the use of more drugs, disinfectants and antifoulant compounds (biocides) to eliminate the microorganisms in the aquaculture facilities. The use of biocides in the aquatic environment, however, has proved to be harmful as it has toxic effects on the marine environment. Organic booster biocides were recently introduced as alternatives to the organotin compounds found in antifouling products after restrictions were imposed on the use of tributyltin (TBT). The replacement products are generally based on copper metal oxides and organic biocides. The biocides that are most commonly used in antifouling paints include chlorothalonil, dichlofluanid, DCOIT (4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one, Sea-nine 211®), Diuron, Irgarol 1051, TCMS pyridine (2,3,3,6-tetrachloro-4-methylsulfonyl pyridine), zinc pyrithione and Zineb. There are two types of risks associated with the use of biocides in aquaculture: (i) predators and humans may ingest the fish and shellfish that have accumulated in these contaminants and (ii) the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. This paper provides an overview of the effects of antifouling (AF) biocides on aquatic organisms. It also provides some insights into the effects and risks of these compounds on non-target organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maria Angeles Esteban
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +34-868887665; Fax: +34-868883963
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Cao S, Wang J, Chen H, Chen D. Progress of marine biofouling and antifouling technologies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-010-4158-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Karlsson J, Ytreberg E, Eklund B. Toxicity of anti-fouling paints for use on ships and leisure boats to non-target organisms representing three trophic levels. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2010; 158:681-7. [PMID: 19913342 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2009] [Revised: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Leachates of anti-fouling paints for use on ships and leisure boats are examined for their ecotoxicological potential. Paint leachates were produced in both 7 per thousand artificial (ASW) and natural seawater (NSW) and tested on three organisms, the bacterium Vibrio fischeri, the macroalga Ceramium tenuicorne, and the crustacean Nitocra spinipes. Generally, leaching in ASW produced a more toxic leachate and was up to 12 times more toxic to the organisms than was the corresponding NSW leachate. The toxicity could be explained by elevated concentrations of Cu and Zn in the ASW leachates. Of the NSW leachates, those from the ship paints were more toxic than those from leisure boat paints. The most toxic paint was the biocide-free leisure boat paint Micron Eco. This implies that substances other than added active agents (biocides) were responsible for the observed toxicity, which would not have been discovered without the use of biological tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Karlsson
- Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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Understanding the structure of the adhesive plaque of Amphibalanus reticulatus. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2009.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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A model to predict total chlorine residue in the cooling seawater of a power plant using iodine colorimetric method. Int J Mol Sci 2009; 9:542-553. [PMID: 19325768 PMCID: PMC2635685 DOI: 10.3390/ijms9040542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Revised: 02/25/2008] [Accepted: 04/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A model experiment monitoring the fate of total residue oxidant (TRO) in water at a constant temperature and salinity indicated that it decayed exponentially with time, and with TRO decaying faster in seawater than in distilled water. The reduction of TRO by temperature ( degrees K) was found to fit a curvilinear relationship in distilled water (r(2) = 0.997) and a linear relationship in seawater (r(2) = 0.996). Based on the decay rate, flow rate, and the length of cooling water flowing through at a given temperature, the TRO level in the cooling water of a power plant could be estimated using the equation developed in this study. This predictive model would provide a benchmark for power plant operators to adjust the addition of chlorine to levels necessary to control bio-fouling of cooling water intake pipelines, but without irritating ambient marine organisms.
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Briand JF. Marine antifouling laboratory bioassays: an overview of their diversity. BIOFOULING 2009; 25:297-311. [PMID: 19191083 DOI: 10.1080/08927010902745316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In aquatic environments, biofouling is a natural process of colonization of submerged surfaces, either living or artificial, involving a wide range of organisms from bacteria to invertebrates. Antifouling can be defined as preventing the attachment of organisms onto surfaces. This article reviews the laboratory bioassays that have been developed for studying the control of algae and invertebrates by epibiosis (chemical ecology) and the screening of new active compounds (natural products and biocides) to inhibit settlement or adhesion, ie fouling-release coatings. The assays utilize a range of organisms (mainly marine bacteria, diatoms, algae, barnacles). The main attributes of assays for micro- and macroorganisms are described in terms of their main characteristics and depending on the biological process assessed (growth, adhesion, toxicity, behavior). The validation of bioassays is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Francois Briand
- MAPIEM, Biofouling et Substances Naturelles Marines, Universite du Sud Toulon-Var, La Valette-du-Var, France.
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Olivero-Verbel J, Padilla-Bottet C, De la Rosa O. Relationships between physicochemical parameters and the toxicity of leachates from a municipal solid waste landfill. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2008; 70:294-9. [PMID: 17714783 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2007.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2007] [Revised: 05/10/2007] [Accepted: 05/27/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Landfills are used to dispose municipal solid wastes, and although on-site recycling in these places is an extensive practice in Latin America, diverse pollutants are incorporated into the leachates. The objective of this work was to establish relationships between composition and toxicity of leachates from the landfill of the city of Cartagena, Colombia. Leachates were characterized measuring Cd, Ni, Hg, Mn, Cu, and Pb concentrations, and physicochemical parameters including pH, conductivity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and hardness. Bioassays were conducted diluting with synthetic sea water, recording toxicity against Artemia franciscana as median lethal concentrations (LC50 values) after 24 and 48 h exposure. Average LC(50) values oscillated between 3.20% and 39.33% (v/v). Multivariate analysis showed that toxicity was dependent on Cd and COD. The slope of the concentration-response curve correlated with Ni concentration independently from toxicity. Results suggest toxicity of these leachates depends on Cd concentrations associated with organic matter, this effect being modulated by Ni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Olivero-Verbel
- Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia.
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Jelic-Mrcelic G, Sliskovic M, Antolic B. Biofouling communities on test panels coated with TBT and TBT-free copper based antifouling paints. BIOFOULING 2006; 22:293-302. [PMID: 17110353 DOI: 10.1080/08927010600912291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Formation of biofouling communities on the surfaces of steel panels coated with two different TBT-free copper-based and one TBT-based antifouling paint was examined following submersion for periods of 3, 6, 9 and 12 months in Kastela Bay, Croatia. Test panels coated with Shopprimer and anticorrosive paint were used as control panels. Thirty five taxa of benthic algae and 32 taxa of benthic animals were found. Diatomeae dominated by frequency and abundance on test panels coated with antifouling paints, while the animal species Serpula vermicularis, Mytilus galloprovincialis and Balanus amphitrite amphitrite dominated the fouling communities on control panels. On panels protected by antifouling paints, low values of biomass were found compared to the very high values associated with control panels.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Jelic-Mrcelic
- Maritime Faculty Split, Zrinskofrankopanska, Split, Croatia.
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