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Hayes F, Harmens H, Mills G, Bender J, Grünhage L. Ozone critical levels for (semi-)natural vegetation dominated by perennial grassland species. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:15090-15098. [PMID: 33230797 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11724-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
New critical levels for ozone based on accumulated flux through stomata (phytotoxic ozone dose, POD), for temperate perennial grassland (semi-)natural vegetation, have been agreed for use within the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution. These were based on data from several experiments conducted under naturally fluctuating environmental conditions that were combined and analysed to give linear dose-response relationships. Dose-response functions and flux-based critical levels were derived based on biomass and flower number. These parameters showed a statistically significant decline with increasing accumulated stomatal ozone flux. The functions and critical levels derived are based on sensitive species and can be used for risk assessments of the damaging effect of ozone on temperate vegetation communities dominated by perennial grassland species. The critical level based on flower number was lower than that for biomass, representing the greater sensitivity of flower number to ozone pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicity Hayes
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK.
| | - Harry Harmens
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Gina Mills
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Jürgen Bender
- Thünen Institute of Biodiversity, Bundesallee 65, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ludger Grünhage
- Institut für Pflanzenökologie, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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Calvete-Sogo H, González-Fernández I, García-Gómez H, Alonso R, Elvira S, Sanz J, Bermejo-Bermejo V. Developing ozone critical levels for multi-species canopies of Mediterranean annual pastures. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 220:186-195. [PMID: 27751637 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) critical levels (CLe) are still poorly developed for herbaceous vegetation. They are currently based on single species responses which do not reflect the multi-species nature of semi-natural vegetation communities. Also, the potential effects of other factors like the nitrogen (N) input are not considered in their derivation, making their use uncertain under natural conditions. Exposure- and dose-response relationships were derived from two open-top chamber experiments exposing a mixture of 6 representative annual Mediterranean pasture species growing in natural soil to 4 O3 fumigation levels and 3 N inputs. The Deposition of O3 and Stomatal Exchange model (DO3SE) was modified to account for the multi-species nature of the canopy following a big-leaf approach. This new approach was used for estimating a multi-species phytotoxic O3 dose (PODy-MS). Response relationships were derived based on O3 exposure (AOT40) and flux (PODy-MS) indices. The treatment effects were similar in the two seasons: O3 reduced the aboveground biomass growth and N modulated this response. Gas exchange rates presented a high inter-specific variability and important inter-annual fluctuations as a result of varying growing conditions during the two years. The AOT40-based relationships were not statistically significant except when the highest N input was considered alone. In contrast, PODy-MS relationships were all significant but for the lowest N input level. The influence of the N input on the exposure- and dose-response relationships implies that N can modify the O3 CLe. However, this is an aspect that has not been considered so far in the methodologies for establishing O3 CLe. Averaging across N input levels, a multi-species O3 CLe (CLef-MS) is proposed POD1-MS = 7.9 mmol m-2, accumulated over 1.5 month with a 95% confidence interval of (5.9, 9.8). Further efforts will be needed for comparing the CLef-MS with current O3 CLef based on single species responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Calvete-Sogo
- Ecotoxicology of Air Pollutants CIEMAT (Ed.70), Avda. Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - I González-Fernández
- Ecotoxicology of Air Pollutants CIEMAT (Ed.70), Avda. Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - H García-Gómez
- Ecotoxicology of Air Pollutants CIEMAT (Ed.70), Avda. Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - R Alonso
- Ecotoxicology of Air Pollutants CIEMAT (Ed.70), Avda. Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - S Elvira
- Ecotoxicology of Air Pollutants CIEMAT (Ed.70), Avda. Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - J Sanz
- Ecotoxicology of Air Pollutants CIEMAT (Ed.70), Avda. Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - V Bermejo-Bermejo
- Ecotoxicology of Air Pollutants CIEMAT (Ed.70), Avda. Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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Hewitt DKL, Mills G, Hayes F, Davies W. The climate benefits of high-sugar grassland may be compromised by ozone pollution. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 565:95-104. [PMID: 27161131 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
High sugar ryegrasses (HSG) have been developed to improve the uptake, digestion and nitrogen (N)-utilisation of grazing stock, with the potential to increase production yields and benefit climate by reducing methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from livestock farming. In this study, the effects of tropospheric ozone pollution on the seasonal growth dynamics of HSG pasture mesocosms containing Lolium perenne cv. AberMagic and Trifolium repens cv. Crusader were investigated. Species-specific ozone (O3) dose-response relationships (seasonal means: 35, 41, 47, 51, 59 & 67ppb) based on the Phytotoxic Ozone Dose (PODy) were constructed for above and below ground biomass, injury, N-fixation and forage quality. The dynamics of effects of ozone exposure on HSG pasture changed over the course of a season, with the strongest responses occurring in the first 4-8weeks. Overall, strong negative responses to ozone flux were found for root biomass, root nodule mass and N-fixation rates, and ozone adversely impacted a range of forage quality parameters including total sugar content and relative and consumable food values. These results indicate that increasing ozone pollution could decrease the N-use efficiency and reduce the sugar content of managed pasture, and thereby partially detract from some of the suggested benefits of HSG.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K L Hewitt
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deinol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK,; Lancaster University, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster, Lancashire LA1 4YQ, UK,.
| | - G Mills
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deinol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
| | - F Hayes
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deinol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
| | - W Davies
- Lancaster University, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster, Lancashire LA1 4YQ, UK
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Wagg S, Mills G, Hayes F, Wilkinson S, Cooper D, Davies WJ. Reduced soil water availability did not protect two competing grassland species from the negative effects of increasing background ozone. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2012; 165:91-99. [PMID: 22420992 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Two common (semi-) natural temperate grassland species, Dactylis glomerata and Ranunculus acris, were grown in competition and exposed to two watering regimes: well-watered (WW, 20-40% v/v) and reduced-watered (RW, 7.5-20% v/v) in combination with eight ozone treatments ranging from pre-industrial to predicted 2100 background levels. For both species there was a significant increase in leaf damage with increasing background ozone concentration. RW had no protective effect against increasing levels of ozone-induced senescence/injury. In high ozone, based on measurements of stomatal conductance, we propose that ozone influx into the leaves was not prevented in the RW treatment, in D. glomerata because stomata were a) more widely open than those in less polluted plants and b) were less responsive to drought. Total seasonal above ground biomass was not significantly altered by increased ozone; however, ozone significantly reduced root biomass in both species to differing amounts depending on watering regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Wagg
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK.
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Ye L, Fu X, Ge F. Enhanced sensitivity to higher ozone in a pathogen-resistant tobacco cultivar. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:1341-7. [PMID: 22090443 PMCID: PMC3276094 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Investigations of the effects of elevated ozone (O(3)) on the virus-plant system were conducted to inform virus pathogen management strategies better. One susceptible cultivar of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Yongding) and a resistant cultivar (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Vam) to Potato virus Y petiole necrosis strain (PVY(N)) infection were grown in open-top chambers under ambient and elevated O(3) concentrations. Above-ground biomass, foliage chlorophyll, nitrogen and total non-structural carbohydrate (TNCs), soluble protein, total amino acid (TAA) and nicotine content, and peroxidase (POD) activity were measured to estimate the effects of elevated O(3) on the impact of PVY(N) in the two cultivars. Results showed that under ambient O(3), the resistant cultivar possessed greater biomass and a lower C/N ratio after infection than the susceptible cultivar; however, under elevated O(3), the resistant cultivar lost its biomass advantage but maintained a lower C/N ratio. Variation of foliar POD activity could be explained as a resistance cost which was significantly correlated with biomass and C/N ratio of the tobacco cultivar. Chlorophyll content remained steady in the resistant cultivar but decreased significantly in the susceptible cultivar when stressors were applied. Foliar soluble protein and free amino acid content, which were related to resistance cost changes, are also discussed. This study indicated that a virus-resistant tobacco cultivar showed increased sensitivity to elevated O(3) compared to a virus-sensitive cultivar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lefu Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Agricultural Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Xue Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
- College of Agricultural Resource and Environment, HeiLongjiang University, Harbin 150086, PR China
| | - Feng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
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Dawnay L, Mills G. Relative effects of elevated background ozone concentrations and peak episodes on senescence and above-ground growth in four populations of Anthoxanthum odoratum L. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2009; 157:503-510. [PMID: 18980787 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2008] [Revised: 09/09/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Four populations of Anthoxanthum odoratum from North Wales, UK, were exposed to the following combinations of mean background and peak concentrations of ozone for 12 weeks in solardomes: LL (14.3 ppb, 18.9 ppb, respectively), LH (14.8 ppb, 52.3 ppb), HL (28.9 ppb, 35.7 ppb) and HH (30.5 ppb, 72.1 ppb). Elevated ozone rapidly induced premature senescence, with effect increasing in the order: LL<LH<HL<HH. By week 11, the LH and HL treatments had induced similar amounts of whole plant senescence even though the AOT40(12) values (accumulated between 8 am and 8 pm) were very different at 10.6 ppmh and 4.1 ppmh, respectively. Overall, linear correlations between whole plant senescence were stronger for AOT0 than for AOT40. Intraspecific variation in the senescence response to the different profiles was observed after 11 weeks of exposure. Effects on growth and tillering were less pronounced than effects on senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Dawnay
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL572UW, UK
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Bilgin DD, Aldea M, O'Neill BF, Benitez M, Li M, Clough SJ, DeLucia EH. Elevated ozone alters soybean-virus interaction. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2008; 21:1297-308. [PMID: 18785825 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-21-10-1297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Increasing concentrations of ozone (O(3)) in the troposphere affect many organisms and their interactions with each other. To analyze the changes in a plant-pathogen interaction, soybean plants were infected with Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) while they were fumigated with O(3). In otherwise natural field conditions, elevated O(3) treatment slowed systemic infection and disease development by inducing a nonspecific resistance against SMV for a period of 3 weeks. During this period, the negative effect of virus infection on light-saturated carbon assimilation rate was prevented by elevated O(3) exposure. To identify the molecular basis of a soybean nonspecific defense response, high-throughput gene expression analysis was performed in a controlled environment. Transcripts of fungal, bacterial, and viral defense-related genes, including PR-1, PR-5, PR-10, and EDS1, as well as genes of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathways (and concentrations of their end products, quercetin and kaempherol derivatives) increased in response to elevated O(3). The drastic changes in soybean basal defense response under altered atmospheric conditions suggest that one of the elements of global change may alter the ecological consequences and, eventually, coevolutionary relationship of plant-pathogen interactions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damla D Bilgin
- Institute of Genomic Biolog, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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