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Lu ZJ, Shi WJ, Ma DD, Zhang JG, Long XB, Li SY, Gao FZ, Zhang QQ, Ying GG. The azole biocide climbazole induces oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in fish gut. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 923:171475. [PMID: 38453063 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Climbazole is an azole biocide that has been widely used in formulations of personal care products. Climbazole can cause developmental toxicity and endocrine disruption as well as gut disturbance in aquatic organisms. However, the mechanisms behind gut toxicity induced by climbazole still remain largely unclear in fish. Here, we evaluate the gut effects by exposing grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) to climbazole at levels ranging from 0.2 to 20 μg/L for 42 days by evaluating gene transcription and expression, biochemical analyses, correlation network analysis, and molecular docking. Results showed that climbazole exposure increased cyp1a mRNA expression and ROS level in the three treatment groups. Climbazole also inhibited Nrf2 and Keap1 transcripts as well as proteins, and suppressed the transcript levels of their subordinate antioxidant molecules (cat, sod, and ho-1), increasing oxidative stress. Additionally, climbazole enhanced NF-κB and iκBα transcripts and proteins, and the transcripts of NF-κB downstream pro-inflammatory factors (tnfα, and il-1β/6/8), leading to inflammation. Climbazole increased pro-apoptosis-related genes (fadd, bad1, and caspase3), and decreased anti-apoptosis-associated genes (bcl2, and bcl-xl), suggesting a direct reaction to apoptosis. The molecular docking data showed that climbazole could form stable hydrogen bonds with CYP1A. Mechanistically, our findings suggested that climbazole can induce inflammation and oxidative stress through CYP450s/ROS/Nrf2/NF-κB pathways, resulting in cell apoptosis in the gut of grass carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jie Lu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wen-Jun Shi
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Dong-Dong Ma
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jin-Ge Zhang
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Long
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Si-Ying Li
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Fang-Zhou Gao
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qian-Qian Zhang
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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2
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Lu ZJ, Shi WJ, Gao FZ, Ma DD, Zhang JG, Li SY, Long XB, Zhang QQ, Ying GG. An azole fungicide climbazole damages the gut-brain axis in the grass carp. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133463. [PMID: 38219582 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Azole antifungal climbazole has frequently been detected in aquatic environments and shows various effects in fish. However, the underlying mechanism of toxicity through the gut-brain axis of climbazole is unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of climbazole at environmental concentrations on the microbiota-intestine-brain axis in grass carp via histopathological observation, gene expression and biochemical analyses, and high-throughput sequencing of the 16 S rRNA. Results showed that exposure to 0.2 to 20 μg/L climbazole for 42 days significantly disrupted gut microbiota and caused brain neurotoxicity in grass carp. In this study, there was an alteration in the phylum and genus compositions in the gut microbiota following climbazole treatment, including reducing Fusobacteria (e.g., Cetobacterium) and increasing Actinobacteria (e.g., Nocardia). Climbazole disrupted intestinal microbial abundance, leading to increased levels of lipopolysaccharide and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the gut, serum, and brain. They passed through the impaired intestinal barrier into the circulation and caused the destruction of the blood-brain barrier through the gut-brain axis, allowing them into the brain. In the brain, climbazole activated the nuclear factor kappaB pathway to increase inflammation, and suppressed the E2-related factor 2 pathway to produce oxidative damage, resulting in apoptosis, which promoted neuroinflammation and neuronal death. Besides, our results suggested that this neurotoxicity was caused by the breakdown of the microbiota-gut-brain axis, mediated by reduced concentrations of dopamine, short chain fatty acids, and intestinal microbial activity induced by climbazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jie Lu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wen-Jun Shi
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Fang-Zhou Gao
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Dong-Dong Ma
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jin-Ge Zhang
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Si-Ying Li
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Long
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qian-Qian Zhang
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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3
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Zhang Z, Sangion A, Wang S, Gouin T, Brown T, Arnot JA, Li L. Hazard vs. exposure: Does it make a difference in identifying chemicals with persistence and mobility concerns? WATER RESEARCH 2023; 245:120610. [PMID: 37717328 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Persistent and mobile (PM) chemicals are considered emerging threats to the environment and drinking water because they can be transported over long distances, penetrate natural and artificial barriers, and resist removal by traditional water treatment procedures. Current chemical regulatory frameworks raise concerns over PM chemicals due to their potential to cause high human exposure through drinking water contamination. However, the criteria used to screen and identify these chemicals often rely on hazard properties related to stability and sorption, such as biodegradation half-lives and organic-carbon-normalized sorption coefficients as respective measures of P and M. Here, we conduct a model-based assessment to examine the consistency between hazard-based and exposure-based approaches in assessing PM chemicals, by evaluating whether chemicals identified as highly P and M are consistently associated with high drinking water exposure potential (DWEP). We discover that chemicals with the top DWEPs tend to be PM chemicals, but the reverse is not always true, because DWEPs are also impacted by volatilization for air-distributed chemicals and advective particle-bound transport for particle-bound chemicals. Our findings suggest that the hazard metrics are better suited for de-prioritizing, as opposed to prioritizing, chemicals that are unlikely to result in significant human exposure through drinking water, as unfavorable values of hazard metrics are a necessary but not sufficient condition for a high DWEP. We also find that distinct mechanisms determine the DWEP in different sources of drinking water: Sorption and stability are more influential on the DWEP of chemicals in groundwater and surface water, respectively, whereas both sorption and stability equally impact water undergoing riverbank filtration. Future studies should focus on optimizing the identification of persistent and mobile chemicals to ensure that exposure potential is taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhizhen Zhang
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664, N. Virginia Street, Reno, Nevada 89557-274, United States
| | | | - Shenghong Wang
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664, N. Virginia Street, Reno, Nevada 89557-274, United States
| | - Todd Gouin
- TG Environmental Research, Sharnbrook, Bedford MK44 1PL, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor Brown
- ARC Arnot Research & Consulting, Toronto, Ontario M4M 1W4, Canada
| | - Jon A Arnot
- ARC Arnot Research & Consulting, Toronto, Ontario M4M 1W4, Canada; Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Li Li
- School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664, N. Virginia Street, Reno, Nevada 89557-274, United States.
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Lu ZJ, Shi WJ, Gao FZ, Ma DD, Zhang JG, Li SY, Long XB, Zhang QQ, Ying GG. Climbazole causes cell apoptosis and lipidosis in the liver of grass carp. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 263:106698. [PMID: 37722153 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Climbazole, an azole, is widely used in personal care products, pharmaceuticals, and pesticides and is frequently detected in surface water. Climbazole has showed endocrine-disrupting effects. However, the effects of climbazole in fish are still largely unclear. In this study, grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and liver cell lines (L8824 cells) were treated with climbazole at concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 20 μg/L for 42 days in vivo and 24 h in vitro to evaluate the effects on the liver, respectively. Pathological, biochemical, and gene transcription and expression analyses were conducted to examine the hepatotoxicity. Our results showed that climbazole significantly decreased the hepatosomatic index, caused cell apoptosis in vivo and in vitro, and finally accumulated lipids in the liver. Beside, climbazole increased ROS levels, reduced Nrf2 and Keap1 mRNA and protein levels, and further decreased transcription of Nrf2-dependent downstream antioxidant enzyme genes, causing oxidative stress. Moreover, climbazole increased transcription and protein levels of apoptosis-related genes. Finally, climbazole damaged mitochondrial function and structure, disrupted liver lipid metabolism. Overall, climbazole caused hepatotoxicity, leading to a high ecological risk for aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jie Lu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wen-Jun Shi
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Fang-Zhou Gao
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Dong-Dong Ma
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jin-Ge Zhang
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Si-Ying Li
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Long
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qian-Qian Zhang
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China
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5
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Ren P, Wang M, Zheng H, Gao Z, Han Z, Liu Y, Cai M. Spatial distribution and risk assessment of conazole fungicides in surface seawater of the East China Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 189:114796. [PMID: 36898271 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Conazole fungicides (CFs), the common-used pesticide in agriculture distributed widely in the environment. This research analyzed the occurrence, potential sources, and risks of eight CFs in the East China Sea surface seawater in the early summer of 2020. The total CF concentration ranged from 0.30 to 6.20 ng/L, with an average value of 1.64 ± 1.24 ng/L. Fenbuconazole, hexaconazole, and triadimenol were the major CFs that comprised >96 % of the total concentration. The Yangtze River was identified as the significant source of CFs from the coastal regions to the off-shore inputs. Ocean current was the first-order factor controlling the content and distribution of CFs in the East China Sea. Although risk assessment revealed CFs posed a low or no substantial risk to ecology and human health, long-term monitoring was also encouraged. This study provided a theoretical foundation for assessing CFs' pollution levels and potential risks in the East China Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Ren
- Deep-Sea Multidisciplinary Research Center, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Hongyuan Zheng
- Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, 451 Jinqiao Road, Shanghai 200136, China
| | - Zhiwei Gao
- Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, 451 Jinqiao Road, Shanghai 200136, China
| | - Zheyi Han
- Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, 451 Jinqiao Road, Shanghai 200136, China
| | - Yanguang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Metallogeny, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Qingdao 266061, China.
| | - Minghong Cai
- Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, 451 Jinqiao Road, Shanghai 200136, China; School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China.
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6
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Redman AD, Bietz J, Davis JW, Lyon D, Maloney E, Ott A, Otte JC, Palais F, Parsons JR, Wang N. Moving persistence assessments into the 21st century: A role for weight-of-evidence and overall persistence. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2022; 18:868-887. [PMID: 34730270 PMCID: PMC9299815 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Assessing the persistence of chemicals in the environment is a key element in existing regulatory frameworks to protect human health and ecosystems. Persistence in the environment depends on many fate processes, including abiotic and biotic transformations and physical partitioning, which depend on substances' physicochemical properties and environmental conditions. A main challenge in persistence assessment is that existing frameworks rely on simplistic and reductionist evaluation schemes that may lead substances to be falsely assessed as persistent or the other way around-to be falsely assessed as nonpersistent. Those evaluation schemes typically assess persistence against degradation half-lives determined in single-compartment simulation tests or against degradation levels measured in stringent screening tests. Most of the available test methods, however, do not apply to all types of substances, especially substances that are poorly soluble, complex in composition, highly sorptive, or volatile. In addition, the currently applied half-life criteria are derived mainly from a few legacy persistent organic pollutants, which do not represent the large diversity of substances entering the environment. Persistence assessment would undoubtedly benefit from the development of more flexible and holistic evaluation schemes including new concepts and methods. A weight-of-evidence (WoE) approach incorporating multiple influencing factors is needed to account for chemical fate and transformation in the whole environment so as to assess overall persistence. The present paper's aim is to begin to develop an integrated assessment framework that combines multimedia approaches to organize and interpret data using a clear WoE approach to allow for a more consistent, transparent, and thorough assessment of persistence. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2022;18:868-887. © 2021 ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jens Bietz
- Clariant Produkte (Deutschland) GmbHSulzbachGermany
| | - John W. Davis
- Dow, Inc.MidlandMichiganUSA
- John Davis Consulting, LLCMidlandMichiganUSA
| | | | | | - Amelie Ott
- Newcastle University, School of EngineeringNewcastle upon TyneUK
- European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals (ECETOC)BrusselsBelgium
| | | | - Frédéric Palais
- SOLVAY, HSE PRA‐PS, RICL—Antenne de GenasSaint‐FonsCedexFrance
| | - John R. Parsons
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem DynamicsUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Neil Wang
- TotalEnergies Marketing & ServicesParis la DéfenseFrance
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7
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Katti PA, Goundadkar BB. Azole pharmaceuticals induce germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) in preovulatory oocytes of zebrafish (Danio rerio): an in vitro study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:3694-3702. [PMID: 32929672 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10719-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Azoles, the antifungal pharmaceuticals are emerging as a new class of water contaminants with a potential to influence the endocrine physiology of surrounding aquatic fauna. In this study, we made an attempt to assess the relative efficacy of widely used azoles belonging to two subclasses, i.e., (i) triazoles (letrozole, fluconazole, itraconazole) and (ii) imidazoles (ketaconazole, ornidazole, clotrimazole), on the onset of germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) (an initial step in the final maturation of oocytes) in fully grown preovulatory oocytes of zebrafish (Danio rerio) using an in vitro model. Oocytes (> 650 μm) isolated manually from gravid ovaries were exposed to (i) 0.01 and/or 0.1, 1.0, 5.0, 10, 15, and 20 ng/ml and (ii) 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, and 5.0 μg/ml of drugs. Zebrafish Ringer's solution (vehicle) and 0.01% ethyl alcohol (solvent) were used as negative controls. 17α, 20 β-Dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17α-DHP) and diethylstibestrol (DES), potent inducers of GVBD in fish, were used as positive controls. GVBD was scored hourly from 0-6 h. In negative controls, there were no indications of GVBD even at the 6th hour, while in 17α-DHP- and DES-exposed oocytes, GVBD was initiated from the 1st hour, reaching 80% and 76% respectively at the 6th hour. Among azoles, letrozole induced GVBD in 73-85%, fluconazole (30-33%), itraconazole (23-33%), ketaconazole (46-53%), ornidazole (36-40%), and clotrimazole (30-33%) of oocytes. These results suggest that azole pharmaceuticals induce GVBD in fish oocytes that may be attributed to their variable degree of cytochrome P450 enzyme inhibitor activity.
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Guan M, Xia P, Tian M, Chen D, Zhang X. Molecular fingerprints of conazoles via functional genomic profiling of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 69:104998. [PMID: 32919014 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Conazoles were designed to inhibit ergosterol biosynthesis. Conazoles have been widely used as agricultural fungicides and are frequently detected in the environment. Although conazoles have been reported to have adverse effects, such as potential carcinogenic effects, the underlying molecular mechanisms of toxicity remain unclear. Here, the molecular fingerprints of five conazoles (propiconazole (Pro), penconazole (Pen), tebuconazole (Teb), flusilazole (Flu) and epoxiconazole (Epo)) were assessed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) via functional genome-wide knockout mutant profiling. A total of 169 (4.49%), 176 (4.67%), 198 (5.26%), 218 (5.79%) and 173 (4.59%) responsive genes were identified at three concentrations (IC50, IC20 and IC10) of Pro, Pen, Teb, Flu and Epo, respectively. The five conazoles tended to have similar gene mutant fingerprints and toxicity mechanisms. "Ribosome" (sce03010) and "cytoplasmic translation" (GO: 0002181) were the common KEGG pathway and GO biological process term by gene set enrichment analysis of the responsive genes, which suggested that conazoles influenced protein synthesis. Conazoles also affected fatty acids synthesis because "biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids" pathway was among the top-ranked KEGG pathways. Moreover, two genes, YGR037C (acyl-CoA-binding protein) and YCR034W (fatty acid elongase), were key fingerprints of conazoles because they played vital roles in conazole-induced toxicity. Overall, the fingerprints derived from the yeast functional genomic screening provide an alternative approach to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of environmental pollutant conazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Ave., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Rd., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
| | - Pu Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Ave., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Mingming Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Ave., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Dong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Ave., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, 176 North Jiangdong Rd., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210036, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Ave., Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
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9
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Jia YW, Huang Z, Hu LX, Liu S, Li HX, Li JL, Chen CE, Xu XR, Zhao JL, Ying GG. Occurrence and mass loads of biocides in plastic debris from the Pearl River system, South China. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 246:125771. [PMID: 31918091 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chemical pollution in the plastic debris is an increasing global concern as most pollutants might transfer from the environment to living organisms via plastic debris. In this study, biocides in the plastic debris floating on the surface water of the Pearl River system were investigated. The abundances of large plastic debris and microplastics in the surface water were 0.07 ± 0.13 and 0.94 ± 1.87 items/m3, respectively. Totally, 15 and 16 out of 19 biocides were detected in the large plastic debris and microplastics, with the concentration of each biocide in the ranges of 22.6-2460 ng/g and 16.9-2890 ng/g, respectively. Meanwhile, the concentration ranges of the detected biocides were 0.01-215 ng/L in surface water. Triclosan, triclocarban, methylparaben, and N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) were the frequently detected compounds in the plastic samples and surface water. The partition coefficients (Kd) of biocides between the plastic debris and surface water showed a weak positive correlation with Kow values. Biocides were also detected on the natural floats (tree leaves and branches) at concentrations of 13.7-786 ng/g. The annual mass load of biocides in plastic debris at each site was up to 265 g/y, thereby suggesting that plastic debris might be an important carrier for the emerging contaminants, such as biocides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wei Jia
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Zheng Huang
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Li-Xin Hu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Shan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China; Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Heng-Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China; Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Jin-Ling Li
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Chang-Er Chen
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Xiang-Rong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, PR China; Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China.
| | - Jian-Liang Zhao
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
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10
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Chen Q, Dong J, Zhang T, Yi Q, Zhang J, Hu L. A method to study antibiotic emission and fate for data-scarce rural catchments. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 127:514-521. [PMID: 30981022 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Estimations of antibiotic emission and fate and thereby ecological risk in rural catchments still lack feasible methods due to data scarcity. This study developed a new framework to evaluate the emission and fate of typical antibiotics for data-scarce catchments with uncertainty analysis. We estimated antibiotic discharge through questionnaire surveys; predicted antibiotic fate in air, water, soil, and sediment phases using a multimedia fugacity model; and analyzed the uncertainties of predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) and ecological risks of antibiotics. The developed method was tested in the Meijiang River catchment in China, and the uncertainty was systematically analyzed. Results showed that the discharge of tetracycline antibiotics (TCs) in the studied watershed was 8.56 t/a, with approximately 93% from veterinary medicine. TCs existed dominantly in the soil phase, accounting for 87.3% of total discharge. TC levels at the equilibrium states were the highest in sediment and soil, followed by water and air. The emission levels of TCs may cause slight risk to algae, daphniids, and fish in the receiving water based on the ecological risk evaluation of PECs. Despite of some uncertainties, the developed method provided an effective alternative to evaluate the ecological risks of antibiotics in catchments where sufficient monitored data are unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing 210029, China; Center for Eco-Environmental Research, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | - Jianwei Dong
- Center for Eco-Environmental Research, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Center for Eco-Environmental Research, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Qitao Yi
- Center for Eco-Environmental Research, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Jianyun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | - Liuming Hu
- Center for Eco-Environmental Research, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing 210029, China
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11
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Yao L, Lv YZ, Zhang LJ, Liu WR, Zhao JL, Yang YY, Jia YW, Liu YS, He LY, Ying GG. Bioaccumulation and risks of 24 personal care products in plasma of wild fish from the Yangtze River, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 665:810-819. [PMID: 30790753 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We used a hybrid precipitation method to simultaneously extract and analyze 24 personal care products (PCPs), including 16 biocides, 4 synthetic musks, and 4 benzotriazoles, in the plasma of fish. The method's performance was validated for plasma samples with and without β-glucuronidase/aryl-sulfatase hydrolysis. The recoveries were in the range of 70-120% for most of the PCPs, except N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET), clotrimazole (CTZ), miconazole and itraconazole at spiking concentration of 20 and 5 ng/mL. The quantification limits ranged between 0.89 and 17.9 ng/mL (hydrolyzed plasma) and 0.85-18.5 ng/mL (non-hydrolyzed plasma), except CTZ at 77.5 ng/mL and 76.3 ng/mL. Totally, 13 PCPs were detected in plasma samples of fish collected from the Yangtze River, with a maximum concentration of 58.4 ng/mL (galaxolide). Compounds with the phenol hydroxyl groups of parabens or triclosan in hydrolyzed plasma showed higher concentrations than those in unhydrolyzed plasma with the ratio of conjugation (glucuronides + sulfates) forms up to 86%. The median values for the logarithm of bioaccumulation factors were between 1.39 and 4.15, which were 2-3 orders of magnitude higher than the theoretical logarithm of bioconcentration factors. Using the fish plasma model, the effect ratios (effect concentration/measured plasma concentration ratios) of tonalide, galaxolide, benzotriazole, triclosan, and DEET reached 0.35, 4.15, 3.78, 7.52, and 9.24, respectively. These are recognized as priority chemicals for further risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yao
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; China National Analytical Center (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Yin-Zhi Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Li-Juan Zhang
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Ministry of Ecology and Environment of PRC, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Wang-Rong Liu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Ministry of Ecology and Environment of PRC, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Jian-Liang Zhao
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yuan-Yuan Yang
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yu-Wei Jia
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - You-Sheng Liu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Liang-Ying He
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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12
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Pan CG, Peng FJ, Ying GG. Removal, biotransformation and toxicity variations of climbazole by freshwater algae Scenedesmus obliquus. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 240:534-540. [PMID: 29758527 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Climbazole (CBZ) is an antibacterial and antifungal agent widely used in personal care products. In this study, we investigated the interactions between climbazole (CBZ) and freshwater microalgae Scenedesmus obliquus (S. obliquus). Dose-effect relationships between CBZ concentrations and growth inhibitions or chlorophyll a content were observed. After 12 days of incubation, the algae density and chlorophyll a content in 2 mg/L treatment group was 56.6% and 15.8% of those in the control group, respectively. Biotransformation was the predominant way to remove CBZ in the culture solution, whereas the contribution of bioaccumulation and bioadsorption were negligible. More than 88% of CBZ was removed by S. obliquus across all treatments after 12 days of incubation, and the biotransformation of CBZ followed the first order kinetic model with half-lives of approximately 4.5 days at different treatments. CBZ-alcohol (CBZ-OH) was the only biotransformation product identified in algal solution. Moreover, the toxicity of biotransformation products was much lower than its corresponding precursor compound (CBZ). The results of this study revealed that S. obliquus might have a great impact on the environmental fates of CBZ and could be further applied to remove organic pollutants in aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Gui Pan
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
| | - Feng-Jiao Peng
- Department of Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700, AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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13
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Liu WR, Yang YY, Liu YS, Zhao JL, Zhang QQ, Yao L, Zhang M, Jiang YX, Wei XD, Ying GG. Biocides in the river system of a highly urbanized region: A systematic investigation involving runoff input. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 624:1023-1030. [PMID: 29929219 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of 19 biocides in the aquatic environments (including runoffs) of a highly urbanized region, and then analyze the sources and ecological risks of target biocides in the river system. The investigated results showed that 19 target biocides were universally detected in surface water (17), sediment (19) and rainfall runoff (18). The tributaries of the river system were seriously contaminated by the biocides compared to the main stream. The prominent biocides in the riverine environment were methylparaben, climbazole and N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) for surface water, climbazole, triclosan and triclocarban for sediment, and DEET and carbendazim for rainfall runoff. The biocides source analysis based on the mass contribution suggested that domestic wastewater was a dominant input source for most biocides in the riverine environment, while rainfall runoff was another crucial input source for some biocides, especially for DEET and carbendazim. The ecological risk assessment revealed that some high levels biocides (e.g. clotrimazole, carbendazim, and triclosan) could pose potential ecological risks to aquatic organisms. Therefore, it is essential that some efficient measures should be taken to reduce the input of biocides to river system from different sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Rong Liu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection of PRC, Guangzhou 510655, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - You-Sheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jian-Liang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qian-Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Li Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yu-Xia Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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14
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van Wijnen J, Ragas AMJ, Kroeze C. River export of triclosan from land to sea: A global modelling approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 621:1280-1288. [PMID: 29079081 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Triclosan (TCS) is an antibacterial agent that is added to commonly used personal care products. Emitted to the aquatic environment in large quantities, it poses a potential threat to aquatic organisms. Triclosan enters the aquatic environment mainly through sewage effluent. We developed a global, spatially explicit model, the Global TCS model, to simulate triclosan transport by rivers to coastal areas. With this model we analysed annual, basin-wide triclosan export for the year 2000 and two future scenarios for the year 2050. Our analyses for 2000 indicate that triclosan export to coastal areas in Western Europe, Southeast Asia and the East Coast of the USA is higher than in the rest of the world. For future scenarios, the Global TCS model predicts an increase in river export of triclosan in Southeast Asia and a small decrease in Europe. The number of rivers with an annual average triclosan concentration at the river mouth that exceeds a PNEC of 26.2ng/L is projected to double between 2000 and 2050. This increase is most prominent in Southeast Asia, as a result of fast population growth, increasing urbanisation and increasing numbers of people connected to sewerage systems with poor wastewater treatment. Predicted triclosan loads correspond reasonably well with measured values. However, basin-specific predictions have considerable uncertainty due to lacking knowledge and location-specific data on the processes determining the fate of triclosan in river water, e.g. sorption, degradation and sedimentation. Additional research on the fate of triclosan in river systems is therefore recommended. CAPSULE We developed a global spatially explicit model to simulate triclosan export by rivers to coastal seas. For two future scenarios this Global TCS model projects an increase in river export of triclosan to several seas around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jikke van Wijnen
- Department of Science, Faculty of Management, Science &Technology, Open University, Heerlen, The Netherlands.
| | - Ad M J Ragas
- Department of Science, Faculty of Management, Science &Technology, Open University, Heerlen, The Netherlands; Radboud University Nijmegen, Institute for Water & Wetland Research, Department of Environmental Science, POB 9010, NL-6500, GL, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Carolien Kroeze
- Department of Science, Faculty of Management, Science &Technology, Open University, Heerlen, The Netherlands; Water Systems and Global Change Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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15
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Bonnell MA, Zidek A, Griffiths A, Gutzman D. Fate and exposure modeling in regulatory chemical evaluation: new directions from retrospection. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2018; 20:20-31. [PMID: 29271440 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00510e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The development and application of fate and exposure modeling has undergone fundamental changes over the last 20 years. This has, in part, been driven by different needs within the regulatory community to address chemicals of concern using different approaches. Here we present a retrospective look at fate and exposure model application over the last two decades keeping an international regulatory perspective and using the Government of Canada's Chemicals Management Plan to illustrate concepts. We discuss the important role fate and exposure modeling has played to help address key data gaps when evaluating the risk of chemicals for both human health and ecological reasons. Yet limitations for more widespread model application within a regulatory context remain. Consequently, we identify specific data gaps and regulatory needs with an eye towards new directions for 21st century chemical evaluation. We suggest that one factor limiting greater model application is the need for increased awareness and agreement of what chemical exposure assessment encompasses within the risk assessment paradigm. This is of particular importance today because of the increased availability of computational and high-throughput data and methods for chemical assessment allowing evaluators to potentially examine exposure from site of release to site of toxic action, thus linking exposure with toxicology. We further suggest there is a need for discussion at a global level to promote the awareness of new tools and approaches available for fate and exposure modeling and suggest that this could be organized using the aggregate exposure pathways concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Bonnell
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 351 St. Joseph Blvd., Gatineau, Québec K1A 0H3, Canada.
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16
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Liu WR, Yang YY, Liu YS, Zhang LJ, Zhao JL, Zhang QQ, Zhang M, Zhang JN, Jiang YX, Ying GG. Biocides in wastewater treatment plants: Mass balance analysis and pollution load estimation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 329:310-320. [PMID: 28183020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the occurrence and removal of 19 biocides in ten different wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), then estimate the usages and emissions per capita of 19 biocides based on mass balance analysis approach. The results showed that target biocides were universally detected in the WWTPs and their receiving rivers, and 19 for liquid samples and 18 for solid samples. The prominent compound for liquid was DEET (N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide), with its maximum concentration of 393ng/L in influent; while that for solid was triclocarban with its maximum concentration of 2.11×103ng/g in anaerobic sludge. Most biocides were readily removed from the liquid phase of ten WWTPs, and the mean removal rate to ∑19 biocides was up to 75%. The removals of target biocides were attributed to biodegradation and adsorption onto activated sludge. The mean input per capita for ∑19 biocides based on influent was 907μg/d/person, while the emissions per capita were 187μg/d/person for effluent, and 121μg/d/person for excess sludge. As demonstrated, the biocides contamination of the receiving rivers could pose potential ecological risks for aquatic organisms. Therefore, advanced wastewater treatment technologies should be developed to reduce the emission of biocides into the receiving environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Rong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environment Protection, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - You-Sheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Li-Juan Zhang
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environment Protection, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Jian-Liang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Qian-Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Jin-Na Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Yu-Xia Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China.
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17
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Zhong Y, Chen ZF, Liu SS, Dai X, Zhu X, Zheng G, Liu S, Liu G, Cai Z. Analysis of azole fungicides in fish muscle tissues: Multi-factor optimization and application to environmental samples. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 324:535-543. [PMID: 27856051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Azole fungicides have been reported to be accumulated in fish tissue. In this study, a sensitive and robust method using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry combined with ultrasonic extraction, solid-liquid clean-up, liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction (SPE) for enrichment and purification have been proposed for determination of azole fungicides in fish muscle samples. According to the results of non-statistical analysis and statistical analysis, ethyl acetate, primary secondary amine (PSA) and mixed-mode cation exchange cartridge (MCX) were confirmed as the best extraction solvent, clean-up sorbent and SPE cartridge, respectively. The satisfied recoveries (81.7-104%) and matrix effects (-6.34-7.16%), both corrected by internal standards, were performed in various species of fish muscle matrices. Method quantification limits of all azoles were in the range of 0.07-2.83ng/g. This optimized method was successfully applied for determination of the target analytes in muscle samples of field fish from Beijiang River and its tributaries. Three azole fungicides including climbazole, clotrimazole and carbendazim were detected at ppb levels in fish muscle tissues. Therefore, this analytical method is practical and suitable for further clarifying the contamination profiles of azole fungicides in wild fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhong Zhong
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhi-Feng Chen
- Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resources Utilization & Cultivation, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China.
| | - Shuang-Shuang Liu
- Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaoxin Dai
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resources Utilization & Cultivation, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Xinping Zhu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resources Utilization & Cultivation, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Guangming Zheng
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resources Utilization & Cultivation, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Shugui Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resources Utilization & Cultivation, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China
| | - Guoguang Liu
- Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
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18
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Liu WR, Ying GG, Zhao JL, Liu YS, Hu LX, Yao L, Liang YQ, Tian F. Photodegradation of the azole fungicide climbazole by ultraviolet irradiation under different conditions: Kinetics, mechanism and toxicity evaluation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 318:794-801. [PMID: 27378240 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Climbazole (CZ) has been known to persist in various environmental media, and may cause potential risks to aquatic organisms. This study investigated the photodegradation of CZ by ultraviolet (UV, 254nm) under different conditions. The results revealed that CZ could be effectively degraded in aqueous solutions under UV-254 irradiation with a half-life of 9.78min (pH=7.5), and the photodegradation followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. pH had almost no effect on its rate constants and quantum yields; but the water quality of natural waters could affect the photolysis of CZ, and the coexisting constituents such as Fe(3+), NO3(-), and HA obviously inhibited its photolysis. The addition of different radical scavengers also inhibited the photodegradation of CZ due to the reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). CZ underwent direct and self-sensitized photolysis involving ROS. Based on the identified photodegradation by-products, the proposed pathways included hydroxylative dechlorination, dechlorination and de-pinacolone. Moreover, toxicity evaluation using duckweed found significant toxicity reduction in the photodegradation system of CZ after the irradiation of UV-254, and the remaining by-products did not pose extra toxicity compared with CZ itself. These findings from present study suggest that CZ in effluent could be further reduced by applying UV photolysis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Rong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China.
| | - Jian-Liang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - You-Sheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Li-Xin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Li Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Yan-Qiu Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Fei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
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19
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Karlsson MV, Marshall S, Gouin T, Boxall ABA. Routes of uptake of diclofenac, fluoxetine, and triclosan into sediment-dwelling worms. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2016; 35:836-42. [PMID: 25892588 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the route and degree of uptake of 2 ionizable pharmaceuticals (diclofenac and fluoxetine) and 1 ionizable compound used in personal care products (triclosan) into the sediment-dwelling worm Lumbriculus variegatus. Studies were done on complete worms ("feeding") and worms where the head was absent ("nonfeeding") using (14) C-labeled ingredients. Biota sediment accumulation factors (BSAF), based on uptake of (14) C, for feeding worms increased in the order fluoxetine (0.3) < diclofenac (0.5) < triclosan (9), which is correlated with a corresponding increase in log octanol-water partition coefficient. Biota sediment accumulation factor estimates are representative of maximum values because the degree of biotransformation in the worms was not quantified. Although no significant differences were seen between the uptake of diclofenac and that of fluoxetine in feeding and nonfeeding worms, uptake of the more hydrophobic antimicrobial, triclosan, into the feeding worms was significantly greater than that in the nonfeeding worms, with the 48-h BSAF for feeding worms being 36% higher than that for the nonfeeding worms. The results imply that dietary uptake contributes to the uptake of triclosan, which may be a result of the high hydrophobicity of the compound. Models that estimate exposure of ionizable substances may need to consider uptake from both the water column and food, particularly when assessing risks from dynamic exposures to organic contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja V Karlsson
- Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
| | | | - Todd Gouin
- Unilever Research, Colworth, Bedfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair B A Boxall
- Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
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20
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Chen ZF, Ying GG. Occurrence, fate and ecological risk of five typical azole fungicides as therapeutic and personal care products in the environment: A review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 84:142-153. [PMID: 26277639 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Azole fungicides are widely used to treat fungal infection in human. After application, these chemicals may reach to the receiving environment via direct or indirect discharge of wastewaters, thus posing potential risks to non-target organisms. We aimed to review the occurrence, fate and toxicological effects of some representative household azole fungicides in the environment. Azole fungicides were widely detected in surface water and sediment of the aquatic environment due to their incomplete removal in wastewater treatment plants. These chemicals are found resistant to microbial degradation, but can undergo photolysis under UV irradiation. Due to different physiochemical properties, azole fungicides showed different environmental behaviors. The residues of azole fungicides could cause toxic effects on aquatic organisms such as algae and fish. The reported effects include regulation changes in expression of cytochrome P450-related genes and alteration in CYP450-regulated steroidogenesis causing endocrine disruption in fish. Further studies are essential to investigate the removal of azole fungicides by advanced treatment technologies, environmental fate such as natural photolysis, and toxic pathways in aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Feng Chen
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Tropical & Subtropical Fishery Resources Utilization & Cultivation, Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510380, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control Research, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control Research, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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21
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Liu WR, Zhao JL, Liu YS, Chen ZF, Yang YY, Zhang QQ, Ying GG. Biocides in the Yangtze River of China: spatiotemporal distribution, mass load and risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 200:53-63. [PMID: 25697474 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Nineteen biocides were investigated in the Yangtze River to understand their spatiotemporal distribution, mass loads and ecological risks. Fourteen biocides were detected, with the highest concentrations up to 166 ng/L for DEET in surface water, and 54.3 ng/g dry weight (dw) for triclocarban in sediment. The dominant biocides were DEET and methylparaben, with their detection frequencies of 100% in both phases. An estimate of 152 t/y of 14 biocides was carried by the Yangtze River to the East China Sea. The distribution of biocides in the aquatic environments was significantly correlated to Gross Domestic Product (GDP), total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN), suggesting dominant input sources from domestic wastewater of the cities along the river. Risk assessment showed high ecological risks posed by carbendazim in both phases and by triclosan in sediment. Therefore, proper measures should be taken to reduce the input of biocides into the river systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Rong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Jian-Liang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - You-Sheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Zhi-Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Qian-Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China.
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22
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Lombardo A, Franco A, Pivato A, Barausse A. Food web modeling of a river ecosystem for risk assessment of down-the-drain chemicals: a case study with AQUATOX. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 508:214-227. [PMID: 25481250 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Conventional approaches to estimating protective ecotoxicological thresholds of chemicals, i.e. predicted no-effect concentrations (PNEC), for an entire ecosystem are based on the use of assessment factors to extrapolate from single-species toxicity data derived in the laboratory to community-level effects on ecosystems. Aquatic food web models may be a useful tool to improve the ecological realism of chemical risk assessment because they enable a more insightful evaluation of the fate and effects of chemicals in dynamic trophic networks. A case study was developed in AQUATOX to simulate the effects of the anionic surfactant linear alkylbenzene sulfonate and the antimicrobial triclosan on a lowland riverine ecosystem. The model was built for a section of the River Thames (UK), for which detailed ecological surveys were available, allowing for a quantification of energy flows through the whole ecosystem. A control scenario was successfully calibrated for a simulation period of one year, and tested for stability over six years. Then, the model ecosystem was perturbed with varying inputs of the two chemicals. Simulations showed that both chemicals rapidly approach steady-state, with internal concentrations in line with the input bioconcentration factors throughout the year. At realistic environmental concentrations, both chemicals have insignificant effects on biomass trends. At hypothetical higher concentrations, direct and indirect effects of chemicals on the ecosystem dynamics emerged from the simulations. Indirect effects due to competition for food sources and predation can lead to responses in biomass density of the same magnitude as those caused by direct toxicity. Indirect effects can both exacerbate or compensate for direct toxicity. Uncertainties in key model assumptions are high as the validation of perturbed simulations remains extremely challenging. Nevertheless, the study is a step towards the development of realistic ecological scenarios and their potential use in prospective risk assessment of down-the-drain chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lombardo
- LASA - Environmental Systems Analysis Lab, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Antonio Franco
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook MK441LQ, UK
| | - Alberto Pivato
- Environmental Group - Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Alberto Barausse
- LASA - Environmental Systems Analysis Lab, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy.
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Mackay D, Hughes DM, Romano ML, Bonnell M. The role of persistence in chemical evaluations. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2014; 10:588-594. [PMID: 24753402 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.1545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The initial stage in the assessment and priority setting of chemicals for their potential to cause harm to humans and the environment is usually a hazard assessment employing metrics for persistence, bioaccumulation, and inherent toxicity. This hazard assessment is followed, when necessary, by the more demanding task of risk assessment. Hazard assessment of data and processes influencing persistence are discussed, leading to a number of suggestions for more effective evaluation. These include 1) an initial focus on accurate data for intensive chemical partitioning and reaction half-life properties that are universally applicable as distinct from extensive properties that can be included later on a location-specific basis; 2) separate treatments of near-field and far-field exposures; 3) a focus on persistence and its effect on levels of exposure, especially for substances for which "time to exposure" is less than "time to degradation" and have been termed "pseudo-persistent." We show that "continuously present" is a better descriptor of this concern. Case studies illustrate and support these suggestions. Data on the intensive properties and on exposure pathways are best combined in evaluative multimedia mass balance models that can provide a clear depiction of the likely chemical fate, exposure routes, and levels. The information generated by the mass balance models can serve to justify and direct a full risk assessment that includes region-specific information on chemical quantities, estimates of exposure, and potential for adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Mackay
- Canadian Centre for Environmental Modelling and Chemistry, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
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Sun Q, Lv M, Li M, Yu CP. Personal Care Products in the Aquatic Environment in China. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2014_284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Hodges JEN, Holmes CM, Vamshi R, Mao D, Price OR. Estimating chemical emissions from home and personal care products in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2012; 165:199-207. [PMID: 22154979 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
China's economy has grown significantly and concomitantly so has the demand for home and personal care (HPC) products. The detection of chemicals used in HPC products is increasing in profile as China strives to improve its environmental management. China is developing robust exposure models for use in regulatory risk-based assessments of chemicals, including those chemicals used in HPC products. Accurate estimates of chemical emissions play an important role within this. A methodology is presented to derive spatially refined emissions from demographic and economic indicators with large variations in emissions calculated, showing product usage being higher in East and South China. The less affordable a product, the greater the influence per capita Gross Domestic Product has on the product distribution. Lastly, more spatially resolved input data highlights greater variation of product use. Linking product sales data with population density increased the observed variability in absolute usage distribution of HPC products at the county > province > regional > country scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E N Hodges
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Bedfordshire, MK44 1LQ, UK.
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