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Lyons-Darden T, Heim KE, Han L, Haines L, Sayes CM, Oller AR. Bioaccessibility of Metallic Nickel and Nickel Oxide Nanoparticles in Four Simulated Biological Fluids. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:877. [PMID: 38786832 PMCID: PMC11123708 DOI: 10.3390/nano14100877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Bioaccessibility of metals from substances and alloys is increasingly used as part of the assessment to predict potential toxicity. However, data are sparse on the metal bioaccessibility from nanoparticle (NP) size metal substances. This study examines nickel ion release from metallic nickel and nickel oxide micron particles (MPs) and NPs in simulated biological fluids at various timepoints including those relevant for specific routes of exposure. The results suggest that MPs of both metallic nickel and nickel oxide generally released more nickel ions in acidic simulated biological fluids (gastric and lysosomal) than NPs of the same substance, with the largest differences being for nickel oxide. In more neutral pH fluids (interstitial and perspiration), nickel metal NPs released more nickel ions than MPs, with nickel oxide results showing a higher release for MPs in interstitial fluid yet a lower release in perspiration fluid. Various experimental factors related to the particle, fluid, and extraction duration were identified that can have an impact on the particle dissolution and release of nickel ions. Overall, the results suggest that based on nickel release alone, nickel NPs are not inherently more hazardous than nickel MPs. Moreover, analyses should be performed on a case-by-case basis with consideration of various experimental factors and correlation with in vivo data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Lyons-Darden
- NiPERA, Inc., 2525 Meridian Parkway, Suite 240, Durham, NC 27713, USA;
| | - Katherine E. Heim
- NiPERA, Inc., 2525 Meridian Parkway, Suite 240, Durham, NC 27713, USA;
| | - Li Han
- RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; (L.H.); (L.H.)
| | - Laura Haines
- RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; (L.H.); (L.H.)
| | - Christie M. Sayes
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX 76798, USA;
| | - Adriana R. Oller
- Oller Consulting, 722 Gaston Manor Drive, Durham, NC 27703, USA;
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Marin Villegas CA, Zagury GJ. Metal(loid) speciation in dermal bioaccessibility extracts from contaminated soils and permeation through synthetic skin. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 455:131523. [PMID: 37150097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Dermal exposure to metal(loid)s from contaminated soils can contribute to health risk. Metal(loid) speciation will influence their bioaccessibility in sweat and subsequent permeation across the skin. Therefore, the speciation of the bioaccessible fraction of metal(loid)s in two synthetic sweat formulations (sweat A (pH 6.5) and B (pH 4.7)) was assessed using chemical equilibrium modelling (Visual MINTEQ). Permeation through synthetic skin and the influence of sebum in the permeation of As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn were also investigated using Franz cells. Following dermal bioaccessibility tests for five Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA)-contaminated soils and one certified soil (SQC001), mean metal(loid) bioaccessibility (%) was higher in sweat B (2.33-18.8) compared to sweat A (0.12-7.53). Arsenic was almost entirely found as As(V) in both sweats. In sweat A, comparable concentrations of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) were found whereas in sweat B, Cr was primarily present as Cr(III). Copper was primarily found as Cu2+. Bioaccessible Cr extracted from nearly all soils permeated through the Strat-M membrane when it was coated with sebum. The Cr permeation coefficient (Kp) ranged between 0.004 and 0.13 cm/h and the Kp for Cu was higher (0.024-0.52 cm/h). As, Ni, Pb, and Zn did not permeate the synthetic skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Marin Villegas
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Gerald J Zagury
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada.
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3
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Wang B, Tian L, Tian L, Wang X, He Y, Ji R. Insights into Health Risks of Face Paint Application to Opera Performers: The Release of Heavy Metals and Stage-Light-Induced Production of Reactive Oxygen Species. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:3703-3712. [PMID: 36820615 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Face paints used by opera performers have been shown to contain high levels of heavy metals. However, whether frequent exposure, via dermal contact and inadvertent oral ingestion, results in occupational diseases is unknown, as is the potential exacerbation of toxicity by high-intensity irradiation from stage lights. In this study, we examined the release of Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn from 40 face paints and the consequent health risks posed by different practical scenarios involving their use. The results showed that the in vitro bioaccessibility (IVBA) of Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn in the tested products was, on average, 7.0, 5.5, 19.9, and 7.9% through oral ingestion and 1.1, 2.2, 1.6, and 1.2% through dermal contact, respectively. Stage light irradiation significantly increased the IVBA associated with dermal contact, to the average of 4.8, 34.9, 5.7, and 1.9% for Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn, respectively. The increase was mainly due to the light-induced generation of reactive oxygen species, particularly hydroxyl free radicals. The vitality and transcriptional response of 3D skin models as well as a quantitative risk assessment of skin sensitization indicated that dermal contact with face paints may induce predictable skin damage and potentially other skin diseases. Long-term exposure to face paints on stage may also pose a non-carcinogenic health risk. The demonstrated health risks to opera performers of face paint exposure should lead to strict regulations regarding the content of theatrical face paints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Liyan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lili Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xisheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yujie He
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Quanzhou Institute for Environment Protection Industry, Nanjing University, Quanzhou 362000, China
| | - Rong Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Quanzhou Institute for Environment Protection Industry, Nanjing University, Quanzhou 362000, China
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Marin Villegas CA, Zagury GJ. Incorporating oral, inhalation and dermal bioaccessibility into human health risk characterization following exposure to Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA)-contaminated soils. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 249:114446. [PMID: 38321665 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to potentially toxic metal(loid)s (PTMs) in soil may happen via ingestion, inhalation, and dermal pathway. A more accurate risk characterization should consider PTM bioavailability. Using ten soil samples collected in the Montreal area (Canada) near CCA-treated utility poles, this study aims to characterize non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic human health risks associated with As, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn through a multi-pathway exposure approach. This innovative study incorporates, for the first time, the bioaccessible fraction of the metal(loid)s for three exposure routes and two different scenarios. For the residential and industrial scenarios, the oral and dermal pathways yielded a hazard index (HI) much higher than 1 with and without bioaccessibility considerations (range 1.7 - 349 without bioaccessibility and 0.8-134 with bioaccessibility), whereas the inhalation pathway caused a lower hazard (HI < 1). For the dermal pathway, the hazard quotient was higher when bioaccessibility of field-collected samples was considered due to inherent assumptions from the US EPA soil approach to calculate the dermal dose. For carcinogenic risk, As and Pb were the most significant contributors to risk for the oral pathway, followed by the same elements for the dermal pathway. The overall carcinogenic risk was higher than the acceptable risk ( > 10-4) with and without bioaccessibility considerations (range 1.9E-4 - 9.6E-3 without bioaccessibility and 6.8E-5 - 3.8E-3 with bioaccessibility). Bioaccessibility tests provide a more accurate assessment of exposure to PTMs compared to total concentrations in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Marin Villegas
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Gerald J Zagury
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada.
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Taxell P, Huuskonen P. Toxicity assessment and health hazard classification of stainless steels. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 133:105227. [PMID: 35817207 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Stainless steels are widely used iron-based alloys that contain chromium and, typically, other alloying elements. The chromium(III)-rich surface oxide of stainless steels efficiently limits the release (bioaccessibility) of their metal constituents in most physiological environments, influencing the toxicity of the alloy. Of the constituents and impurities of stainless steels, nickel and cobalt are of particular interest, primarily due to skin sensitization and repeated-dose inhalation toxicity of nickel, and (inhalation) carcinogenicity of cobalt. A review of the available toxicological data on stainless steels, and the toxicological, mechanistic, and bioaccessibility data on their constituent metals supports the low toxicity and non-carcinogenicity of stainless steels. The comparative metal release, rather than the bulk composition of stainless steels, needs to be considered when assessing their health hazard classification according to the UN Globally Harmonized System, and the corresponding EU CLP regulation. As an illustrative example, a 28-day inhalation toxicity study on stainless steel powder showed no signs of lung toxicity at exposure levels at which significant toxicity would have been expected on the basis of its bulk nickel content. This finding is associated with the low bioaccessibility of nickel from the alloy in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piia Taxell
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, PO Box 40, FI-00032, Työterveyslaitos, Finland.
| | - Pasi Huuskonen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, PO Box 40, FI-00032, Työterveyslaitos, Finland
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Verougstraete V, Danzeisen R, Viegas V, Marsh P, Oller A. A tiered approach to investigate the inhalation toxicity of cobalt substances. Tier 1: Bioaccessibility testing. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 129:105124. [PMID: 35093462 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Bioelution tests measure in vitro the release of metal ion in surrogate physiological conditions (termed "bioaccessibility") and estimate the potential bioavailability relative to that of a known reference metal substance. Bioaccessibility of cobalt ion from twelve cobalt substances was tested in three artificial lung fluids (interstitial, alveolar and lysosomal) to gather information about the substances' fate and potential bioavailability in the respiratory tract after inhalation. The results can be used as one line of evidence to support grouping and read-across for substances lacking in vivo data, and where in vivo testing is not readily justifiable. Strong differences were observed in the dissolution behaviour of the substances in the different fluids, with the cobalt substances generally being less soluble in neutral pH fluids and more soluble in the acidic pH fluid. The resulting database, presented with its strengths and limitations, was used to support the formulation of an initial grouping of these cobalt substances into three categories.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruth Danzeisen
- Cobalt Institute, 18 Jeffries Passage, Guildford, GU1 4AP, UK
| | - Vanessa Viegas
- Cobalt Institute, 18 Jeffries Passage, Guildford, GU1 4AP, UK
| | - Paul Marsh
- Cobalt Institute, 18 Jeffries Passage, Guildford, GU1 4AP, UK
| | - Adriana Oller
- NiPERA Inc, 2525 Meridian Parkway suite 240, Durham, NC, 27713, USA
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Miler M. Airborne particles in city bus: concentrations, sources and simulated pulmonary solubility. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:2757-2780. [PMID: 33179202 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00770-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations in Ljubljana city bus were monitored during entire shift, and individual particles were morphologically and chemically characterised in order to determine PM concentration variability, particle sources, solubility in simulated pulmonary environment and effects on human health. PM measurements revealed high mean PM10 (82.8 μg/m3) and PM2.5 (47 μg/m3), which were highest and most variable during rush hours with fluid traffic and lowest during traffic jams with standing vehicles. Individual particle analysis showed that airborne particles were dominated by metal-bearing phases, particularly small-sized (Cr,Mn,Zn)-bearing Fe-oxyhydroxides and Al-/Fe-Al-oxides, large (Fe,Cr,Ni)- and (Cu,Zn,Ni)-alloys, and small-sized Sb-sulphide and Ba-sulphate. Non-metallic phases were represented by (Ca,Mg)-carbonates, Al-silicates, Na-chloride and Ca-sulphate. Comparison with possible source materials (vehicle exhaust emissions, brake disc dust and road sediment) showed that primary sources of these metal-bearing phases were wear of brake discs, brake pads and tyres, and also wear of engine components and catalytic converters. Most non-metallic phases originated from resuspension of road sediment, containing road sanding materials, but also from emissions of burned fuel and lubricating oil (Ca-sulphate). Assessment of effects on human health indicated that mean PM concentrations, which significantly exceeded daily limit values, increased mortality (by 2-3%) and morbidity (by 7-8%) risk for bus drivers. Simplified PHREEQC calculations of airborne metal-bearing phase solubility in aqueous solutions simulating pulmonary environment showed that metallic Fe, Ba-sulphate, Sb-sulphide and Al-oxide, partly also Cu-bearing metal alloys, were soluble under reducing and oxidising conditions, but released metals were removed from solution by precipitation of stable secondary metal-bearing phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miloš Miler
- Geological Survey of Slovenia, Dimičeva ulica 14, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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8
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Marin Villegas CA, Zagury GJ. Comparison of Synthetic Sweat and Influence of Sebum in the Permeation of Bioaccessible Metal(loid)s from Contaminated Soils through a Synthetic Skin Membrane. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:8215-8222. [PMID: 34039002 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dermal exposure to metal(loid)s from contaminated soils has received less attention than oral and inhalation exposure. Still, it can be a relevant pathway for some contaminants. Comparison of synthetic sweats (donor solutions), the influence of sebum, and the characterization of diffusion parameters through a synthetic membrane (acting as skin surrogate) in the permeation of metal(loid)s (As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and, Zn) from polluted soils is missing. The dermal bioaccessibility tests were performed using two sweat compositions [EN 1811, pH 6.5 (sweat A) and NIHS 96-10, pH 4.7 (sweat B)]. Diffusion parameters of soluble metal(loid)s using the Franz cell methodology were calculated using the Strat-M membrane. The influence of synthetic sebum in the permeation of metal(loid)s was also investigated. The metal(loid) bioaccessibility percentage was higher for sweat B (pH 4.7) compared to sweat A (pH 6.5), attributed to lower pH of sweat B. Among the six elements tested, only chromium and copper permeated the membrane. Permeation coefficient (Kp) was higher for chromium in sweat A (0.05-0.11 cm h-1) than sweat B (0.0007-0.0037 cm h-1) likely due to a higher pH and thus more permeable Cr species. The presence of sebum increased lag times for copper permeation. Additional studies regarding speciation of metal(loid)s following extractions in synthetic sweat and comparison of synthetic membrane Strat-M and human skin in the permeation of metal(loid)s are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Marin Villegas
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Gerald J Zagury
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3A7, Canada
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Sauer UG, Werle K, Waindok H, Hirth S, Hachmöller O, Wohlleben W. Critical Choices in Predicting Stone Wool Biodurability: Lysosomal Fluid Compositions and Binder Effects. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:780-792. [PMID: 33464877 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The hazard potential, including carcinogenicity, of inhaled man-made vitreous fibers (MMVFs) is correlated with their biodurability in the lung, as prerequisite for biopersistence. Abiotic dissolution testing serves to predict biodurability. We re-analyzed the International Agency for Research on Cancer Monograph on MMVFs and found that the correlation between in vivo biopersistence and abiotic dissolution presented therein confounded different simulant fluids and further confounded evaluation of leaching vs structural elements. These are critical choices for abiotic dissolution testing, as are binder removal and the rate of the flow that removes ions during testing. Therefore, we experimentally demonstrated how fluid composition and binder affect abiotic dissolution of a representative stone wool MMVF. We compared six simulant fluids (all pH 4.5, reflecting the environment of alveolar macrophage lysosomes) that differed in organic acids, which have a critical role in their ability to modulate the formation of Si-rich gels on the fiber surfaces. Removing the binder accelerates the average dissolution rate by +104% (max. + 273%) across the fluids by suppression of gel formation. Apart from the high-citrate fluid that predicted a 10-fold faster dissolution than is observed in vivo, none of the five other fluids resulted in dissolution rates above 400 ng/cm2/h, the limit associated with the exoneration from classification for carcinogenicity in the literature. These findings were confirmed with and without binder. For corroboration, five more stone wool MMVFs were assessed with and without binder in one specific fluid. Again, the presence of the binder caused gel formation and reduced dissolution rates. To enhance the reliability and robustness of abiotic predictions of biodurability, we recommend replacing the critically influential citric acid in pH 4.5 fluids with other organic acids. Also, future studies should consider structural transformations of the fibers, including changes in fiber length, fiber composition, and reprecipitation of gel layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula G Sauer
- Scientific Consultancy - Animal Welfare, 85579 Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Kai Werle
- Department of Material Physics and Analytics, BASF SE, Advanced Materials Research, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Hubert Waindok
- Department of Material Physics and Analytics, BASF SE, Advanced Materials Research, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Sabine Hirth
- Department of Material Physics and Analytics, BASF SE, Advanced Materials Research, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Oliver Hachmöller
- Department of Material Physics and Analytics, BASF SE, Advanced Materials Research, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Wendel Wohlleben
- Department of Material Physics and Analytics, BASF SE, Advanced Materials Research, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
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Dutton MD, Thorn R, Lau W, Vasiluk L, Hale B. Gastric bioaccessibility is a conservative measure of nickel bioavailability after oral exposure: Evidence from Ni-contaminated soil, pure Ni substances and Ni alloys. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115830. [PMID: 33162217 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Oral bioaccessibility (BAc) is a surrogate for the bioavailability (BAv) of a broad range of substances, reflecting the value that the approach offers for assessing oral exposure and risk. BAc is generally considered to have been validated as a proxy for oral BAv for the important soil contaminants Pb, Cd, and As. Here, using literature data for Ni BAc and BAv, we confirmed that Ni BAc (gastric only, with HCl mimicking stomach conditions) is a conservative measure of BAv for the oral exposure pathway. Measured oral BAv of Ni in soil was shown to be 50-100 times less than the simplest oral BAc estimates (%BAv = 0.012(%BAc) - 0.023 (r = 0.701, 95%CI [0.456, 0.847], n = 30)) in rats, demonstrating a significant conservatism for exposure assessment. The relationship between the oral BAv and BAc of nickel sulfate hexahydrate (NSHH) was comparable to that of soil, with measured oral BAv of NSHH (1.94%) being a small fraction of NSHH gastric BAc (91.1%). BAc and BAv reflect the underlying Ni speciation of the sample, with the bioaccessible leaching limits being represented by the highly soluble Ni salts and the poorly soluble Ni monoxide, and the environmental (e.g. soil properties) or gastric (e.g. food present) conditions. BAc has potential utility for chemical classification purposes because pure Ni substances can be grouped by %BAc values(using standardized methodologies for the relevant exposure routes), these groupings reflecting the underlying chemistry and speciation of the samples of substances tested here, with 0.008% %BAc for alloys (SS304, SS316, Inconel, Monel), <1% in green NiO and Ni metal massives, 0.9-23.6% for Ni powders, 9.8-22.7% for Ni sulfides, 26.3-29.6% for black oxidic Ni, and 82-91% for the soluble Ni salts. Oral BAc provides realistic yet conservative estimates of BAv for the hazard classification and risk assessment of Ni substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Dutton
- BioProcess Assist (BPA) Ltd, 8579 Appleby Line, Campbellville, ON, L0P 1B0, Canada.
| | - Ryan Thorn
- Stantec, 420 Joseph Street, New Hamburg, ON, Canada.
| | - Wilson Lau
- Pinchin, 2470 Milltower Court, Mississauga, ON, L5N 7W5, Canada.
| | - Luba Vasiluk
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Beverly Hale
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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11
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Delbeke K, Baken S, Simbor LP, Rodriguez PH, Brouwers T, Verougstraete V, Binks S, Oller A, Danzeisen R, Gilles M. Copper alloys’ metal migration and bioaccessibility in saliva and gastric fluid. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 117:104754. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Polezer G, Godoi RHM, Potgieter-Vermaak S, de Souza RAF, Andreoli RV, Yamamoto CI, Oliveira A. Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Methods to Access the Metal Solubility of Aerosols in Artificial Lung Fluid. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 74:932-939. [PMID: 32031006 DOI: 10.1177/0003702820906422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies to quantify the health risks that fine particulate matter with an aerodynamic less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) pose use in vitro approaches. One of these approaches is to incubate PM2.5 in artificial lysosomal fluid for a given period at body temperature. These body fluids used have a high ionic strength and as such can be challenging samples to analyze with atomic spectroscopy techniques. As PM2.5 is a primary health hazard because it is tiny enough to penetrate deep into the lungs and could, in addition, dissolve in the lung fluid it is important to quantify elements of toxic and/or carcinogenic concerns, reliably and accurately. Sophisticated instrumentation and expensive pre-treatment of challenging samples are not always available, especially in developing countries. To evaluate the applicability of graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) without Zeeman correction capability to detect trace quantities of heavy metals leached from PM2.5 on to artificial lung fluid, univariate and multivariate approaches have been used for optimization purposes. The limits of quantification, LOQ, obtained by the optimized method were: 2 µg L-1 (Cu), 3 µg L-1 (Cr), 1 µg L-1 (Mn), and 10 µg L-1 (Pb). The addition/recovery experiments had a mean accuracy of: (Cu) 99 ± 7%; 110 ± 8% (Cr); 95 ± 9% (Mn), and 96 ± 11% (Pb). The average soluble fractions of PM2.5 incubated in artificial lysosomal fluid (ALF) for 1 h were: 1.2 ± 0.01 ng m-3 Cu, 0.4 ± 0.01 ng m-3 Cr, 0.6 ± 0.01 ng m-3 Mn, and 4.8 ± 0.03 ng m-3 Pb. Using historical elemental averages of PM2.5 in Curitiba (Cu 3.3 ng m-3, Cr 2.1 ng m-3, Mn 6.1 ng m-3, Pb 21 ng m-3), the percentage bioaccessibility were determined to be Cu 38%, Cr 20%, Mn 10%, and Pb 23%. The elemental values of the atmospheric soluble fraction of Cu, Cr, and Mn were below the inhalation risk concentrations. However, for Pb, the atmospheric soluble fraction exceeded the inhalation unit risk of 0.012 ng m-3. This robust and straightforward GF AAS method is pivotal for low and middle-income countries were most air pollution adverse effects occur and established lower-cost technologies are likely unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Polezer
- Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Ricardo H M Godoi
- Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Sanja Potgieter-Vermaak
- Ecology and Environment Research Centre, Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Rita V Andreoli
- State University of Amazonas, Meteorology Department, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Carlos I Yamamoto
- Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Andrea Oliveira
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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13
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Wang X, Odnevall Wallinder I, Hedberg Y. Bioaccessibility of Nickel and Cobalt Released from Occupationally Relevant Alloy and Metal Powders at Simulated Human Exposure Scenarios. Ann Work Expo Health 2020; 64:659-675. [PMID: 32320011 PMCID: PMC7328476 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxaa042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nickel (Ni) and cobalt (Co) release from chromium-alloy powders (different stainless steels and a nickel-based Inconel alloy) compared with Ni and Co metal powders was investigated at simulated human exposure scenarios (ingestion, skin contact, and inhalation) between 2 and 168 h. All investigated powders consisted of particles sized within the respirable range. The powder particles and their surface reactivity were studied by means of nitrogen adsorption and electrochemical, spectroscopic (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic absorption spectroscopy), light scattering, and microscopic techniques. The release of both Ni and Co was highest in the acidic and complexing fluids simulating the gastric environment and an inhalation scenario of small powders (artificial lysosomal fluid). Relatively high corrosion resistance and lower levels of released Ni and Co were observed in all fluids for all alloy powders compared with the corresponding pure metals. The extent of released metals was low for powders with a passive surface oxide. This study strongly emphasizes the importance of considering alloying effects in toxicological classification and/or regulation of Ni and Co in alloys and metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuying Wang
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, Drottning Kristinas v. 51, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Inger Odnevall Wallinder
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, Drottning Kristinas v. 51, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yolanda Hedberg
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, Drottning Kristinas v. 51, Stockholm, Sweden
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Heim KE, Danzeisen R, Verougstraete V, Gaidou F, Brouwers T, Oller AR. Bioaccessibility of nickel and cobalt in synthetic gastric and lung fluids and its potential use in alloy classification. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 110:104549. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.104549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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15
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Marin Villegas CA, Guney M, Zagury GJ. Comparison of five artificial skin surface film liquids for assessing dermal bioaccessibility of metals in certified reference soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 692:595-601. [PMID: 31539967 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Dermal exposure to metals has previously received less attention than oral/inhalation exposure. Nonetheless, human health risk is significant for certain contaminants and exposure scenarios. The present study aims to (1) characterize two certified reference soils (SQC001, BGS 102); and (2) assess Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn dermal bioaccessibility via in vitro assays using three synthetic sweat formulations (EN 1811, pH 6.5 (Sweat A), NIHS 96-10, pH 4.7 (Sweat B), and a more complex pH 5.5 formulation containing amino acids (Sweat C)) and two sebum formulations. Metals bioaccessibility in sweat followed Sweat B > Sweat C > Sweat A, attributed to sweat B lower pH. Dermal bioaccessibility in both sebum formulations was lower than 1% for Ni and Pb and below 9% for Cr and Zn, possibly due to low affinity of metals for non-polar lipids. It must be noted that bioaccessible Zn in BGS 102 was higher when extracted with synthetic sebum compared to any of the synthetic sweat formulations. Metal bioaccessibility in sweat was considerably higher for SQC001 (up to 76.6% for Zn using Sweat B) than for BGS 102 (ranging between 0.02 and 1.3% for all elements and all sweat formulations), attributed to higher pH, higher organic carbon, and higher cation exchange capacity of reference soil BGS 102. Sebum formulations spiked with metals generally entailed low metal recovery (except for Zn), which may explain overall low bioaccessibility values for sebum. Sebum and sweat formulation, and soil properties seem to control in vitro dermal bioaccessibility of metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Marin Villegas
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, H3C 3A7 Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Mert Guney
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nazarbayev University, 010000 Astana, Kazakhstan; The Environment and Resource Efficiency Cluster (EREC), Nazarbayev University, 010000 Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Gerald J Zagury
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, H3C 3A7 Montréal, QC, Canada.
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16
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Suh M, Casteel S, Dunsmore M, Ring C, Verwiel A, Proctor DM. Bioaccessibility and relative oral bioavailability of cobalt and nickel in residential soil and dust affected by metal grinding operations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 660:677-689. [PMID: 30641396 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Including measures of relative bioavailability (RBA) improves the accuracy of site-specific risk assessment when evaluating metals bound in matrices that resist acid digestion (alloys, slag, tailings). In vitro gastrointestinal bioaccessibility and in vivo RBA assessments were conducted using baghouse dust, surface dust, and soil collected in a neighborhood near a metal forge, which emitted metals in the form of corrosion resistant alloys. The study objective was to characterize the in vitro bioaccessibility and relative bioavailability (RBA) of cobalt and nickel when ingested as freely soluble forms (ionic salts used as the basis for oral toxicity criteria), compared to when incidentally ingested in the forms found in the environment. Test materials and standard reference materials-cobalt chloride and nickel sulfate-were administered daily for 14 or 21 days, twice daily, to juvenile swine. Daily intake doses for cobalt were ≤229 μg/kg-day, and for nickel, ≤1419 μg/kg-day. Concentrations of cobalt and nickel were measured in various tissues; 24-hour urinary excretion of each metal was also measured. Multiple linear regression modeling was performed for tissue concentration or urinary excretion vs. dose in each material, with weighting as inverse variance in each dose group. Liver, urine, and kidney provided the optimal data. Although RBA values were affected by limited absolute bioavailability of cobalt and nickel in reference materials, trends across the different biological matrices consistently showed significantly reduced bioavailability of cobalt and nickel in soil and dust, with RBAs ranging from 0.2% to 12%. Bioaccessibility of cobalt and nickel in soil and dust were 1% to 5%, and similar results were found for baghouse dust. The data demonstrate that cobalt and nickel in soil and dust affected by alloys are resistant to bioelution and absorption. This study provides useful information for site-specific risk assessments and insights for planning future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Suh
- ToxStrategies, Inc., Mission Viejo, CA 92691, United States of America.
| | - Stan Casteel
- University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, MO 65211, United States of America
| | - Margaret Dunsmore
- University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, MO 65211, United States of America
| | - Caroline Ring
- ToxStrategies, Inc., Austin, TX 78759, United States of America
| | - Ann Verwiel
- ToxStrategies, Inc., San Rafael, CA 94901, United States of America
| | - Deborah M Proctor
- ToxStrategies, Inc., Mission Viejo, CA 92691, United States of America
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17
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Liu Y, Wang S, Hu J, Wu B, Huang C, He C, Zheng Z, Gao P. Bioaccessibility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in central air conditioner filter dust and its occupational exposure to shopping mall employees. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 246:896-903. [PMID: 31159139 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.12.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The assessment of the human health risk of dust exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has been hampered by a lack of data on the bioaccessibility. The purpose of this study was to apply in vitro methods using simulated lungs with artificial lysosomal fluid (ALF) and Gamble's solution and digestive fluid to assess the bioaccessibility of 8 high molecular weight PAH (PAH8) in central air conditioner (AC) filter dust from a shopping mall in northeast China. Overall, the bioaccessible PAH8 concentration (μg/g) in AC filter dust samples after ALF and Gamble's solution extraction for 24 h were notable, with a mean of 1.71 ± 0.6 and 1.92 ± 0.5 in the sales areas, and a mean of 1.61 ± 0.2 and 1.85 ± 0.2 in the office areas. AC filter dust exposed to simulated digestive fluid had a mean bioaccessible PAH8 concentration (μg/g) of 1.60 ± 0.4 in the sales areas and 1.15 ± 0.2 in the office areas. Benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF) made the most significant contribution to the total and bioaccessible PAH8 concentrations in all of the AC filter dust after simulated digestive fluid extraction, while the bioaccessibility was driven by chrysene (Chr, sales areas) and indeno[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene (Ind, office areas). Both the bioaccessibility and concentration of PAH8 in simulated lung fluid were mainly driven by benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). This study highlights the need to conduct bioaccessibility experiments for an adequate exposure assessment of health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Suhan Wang
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jian Hu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Bing Wu
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Cunrui Huang
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Chuan He
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Zelin Zheng
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
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18
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Gao P, Guo H, Zhang Z, Ou C, Hang J, Fan Q, He C, Wu B, Feng Y, Xing B. Bioaccessibility and exposure assessment of trace metals from urban airborne particulate matter (PM 10 and PM 2.5) in simulated digestive fluid. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:1669-1677. [PMID: 30077404 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We describe a batch-extraction with simulated digestive fluid (salivary fluid, gastric fluid and intestinal fluid) to estimate the bioaccessibility of inhaled trace metals (TMs) in particulate matter less than 10 and 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10 and PM2.5). Concentrations of the assayed TMs (As, Cd, Cr, Ni, Mn, Cu, Zn, Sb, Hg and Pb) were determined in PM10 and PM2.5 samples by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The TMs with the largest soluble fractions for airborne PM collected from winter and summer in saliva were Mn and Sb, respectively; in seasons this became Co in gastric fluid and Cu in intestinal fluid. Clearly, bioaccessibility is strongly dependent on particle size, the component of simulated digestive fluids (e.g., pH, digestive enzymes pepsin and trypsin), and the chemical properties of metal ions. The particle size and seasonal variation affected the inhaled bioaccessible fraction of PM-bound TMs during mucociliary clearance, which transported PM from the tracheal and the bronchial region to the digestive system. This study provides direct evidence for TMs in airborne PM being bioaccessible TMs are likely to possess an enhanced digestive toxic potential due to airborne PM pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Gao
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Huiyuan Guo
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Zhaohan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Cuiyun Ou
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Jian Hang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Qi Fan
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Chuan He
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Bing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Yujie Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China.
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
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19
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Lison D, van den Brule S, Van Maele-Fabry G. Cobalt and its compounds: update on genotoxic and carcinogenic activities. Crit Rev Toxicol 2018; 48:522-539. [PMID: 30203727 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2018.1491023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This article summarizes recent experimental and epidemiological data on the genotoxic and carcinogenic activities of cobalt compounds. Emphasis is on the respiratory system, but endogenous exposure from Co-containing alloys used in endoprostheses, and limited data on nanomaterials and oral exposures are also considered. Two groups of cobalt compounds are differentiated on the basis of their mechanisms of toxicity: (1) those essentially involving the solubilization of Co(II) ions, and (2) metallic materials for which both surface corrosion and release of Co(II) ions act in concert. For both groups, identified genotoxic and carcinogenic mechanisms are non-stochastic and thus expected to exhibit a threshold. Cobalt compounds should, therefore, be considered as genotoxic carcinogens with a practical threshold. Accumulating evidence indicates that chronic inhalation of cobalt compounds can induce respiratory tumors locally. No evidence of systemic carcinogenicity upon inhalation, oral or endogenous exposure is available. The scarce data available for Co-based nanosized materials does not allow deriving a specific mode of action or assessment for these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lison
- Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - S van den Brule
- Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - G Van Maele-Fabry
- Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (LTAP), Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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20
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Lombaert N, Mackie C, Verougstraete V, Brouwers T, Van Assche F, Oller A. Use of Bioelution as a Screening Tool for Characterisation of Substances. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.4236/ajac.2018.93012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Leclercq B, Alleman LY, Perdrix E, Riffault V, Happillon M, Strecker A, Lo-Guidice JM, Garçon G, Coddeville P. Particulate metal bioaccessibility in physiological fluids and cell culture media: Toxicological perspectives. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 156:148-157. [PMID: 28342961 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
According to the literature, tiny amounts of transition metals in airborne fine particles (PM2.5) may induce proinflammatory cell response through reactive oxygen species production. The solubility of particle-bound metals in physiological fluids, i.e. the metal bioaccessibility is driven by factors such as the solution chemical composition, the contact time with the particles, and the solid-to-liquid phase ratio (S/L). In this work, PM2.5-bound metal bioaccessibility was assessed in various physiological-like solutions including cell culture media in order to evidence the potential impact on normal human bronchial epithelial cells (NHBE) when studying the cytotoxicity and inflammatory responses of PM2.5 towards the target bronchial compartment. Different fluids (H2O, PBS, LHC-9 culture medium, Gamble and human respiratory mucus collected from COPD patients), various S/L conditions (from 1/6000 to 1/100,000) and exposure times (6, 24 and 72h) were tested on urban PM2.5 samples. In addition, metals' total, soluble and insoluble fractions from PM2.5 in LHC-9 were deposited on NHBE cells (BEAS-2B) to measure their cytotoxicity and inflammatory potential (i.e., G6PDH activity, secretion of IL-6 and IL-8). The bioaccessibility is solution-dependent. A higher salinity or organic content may increase or inhibit the bioaccessibiliy according to the element, as observed in the complex mucus matrix. Decreasing the S/L ratio also affect the bioaccessibility depending on the solution tested while the exposure time appears less critical. The LHC-9 culture medium appears to be a good physiological proxy as it induces metal bioaccessibilities close to the mucus values and is little affected by S/L ratios or exposure time. Only the insoluble fraction can be linked to the PM2.5-induced cytotoxicity. By contrast, both soluble and insoluble fractions can be related to the secretion of cytokines. The metal bioaccessibility in LHC-9 of the total, soluble, and insoluble fractions of the PM2.5 under study did not explain alone, the cytotoxicity nor the inflammatory response observed in BEAS-2B cells. These findings confirm the urgent need to perform further toxicological studies to better evaluate the synergistic effect of both bioaccessible particle-bound metals and organic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bérénice Leclercq
- IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Lille, SAGE - Département Sciences de l'Atmosphère et Génie de l'Environnement, F-59000 Lille, France; Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, EA4483-IMPECS, France
| | - Laurent Yves Alleman
- IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Lille, SAGE - Département Sciences de l'Atmosphère et Génie de l'Environnement, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Esperanza Perdrix
- IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Lille, SAGE - Département Sciences de l'Atmosphère et Génie de l'Environnement, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Véronique Riffault
- IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Lille, SAGE - Département Sciences de l'Atmosphère et Génie de l'Environnement, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Mélanie Happillon
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, EA4483-IMPECS, France
| | | | | | - Guillaume Garçon
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, EA4483-IMPECS, France
| | - Patrice Coddeville
- IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Lille, SAGE - Département Sciences de l'Atmosphère et Génie de l'Environnement, F-59000 Lille, France
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22
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Guney M, Bourges CMJ, Chapuis RP, Zagury GJ. Lung bioaccessibility of As, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn in fine fraction (<20μm) from contaminated soils and mine tailings. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 579:378-386. [PMID: 27887839 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims (1) to characterize contaminated soils (n=6) and mine tailings samples (n=3) for As, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn content; and (2) to assess elemental lung bioaccessibility in fine fraction (d<20μm which might contribute to airborne particulate matter (PM) and thus be inhaled) by means of in vitro tests using Gamble's solution (GS) and an artificial lysosomal fluid (ALF). Elemental concentrations were high in the majority of samples, particularly for As (up to 2040mg·kg-1), Fe (up to 30.7%), Mn (up to 4360mg·kg-1), and Zn (up to 4060mg·kg-1); and elemental concentrations (As, Cu, and Ni) in the sieved fraction (d<20μm) obtained from contaminated soils were significantly higher than in the bulk fraction (<160μm). In vitro tests with ALF yielded much higher bioaccessibility than tests with GS, and the use of ALF in addition to GS is recommended to assess lung bioaccessibility. Bioaccessibility in ALF was high for all elements after 2weeks of testing both in terms of concentration (e.g. up to 1730mg·kg-1 for As) and percentages (e.g. up to 81% for Pb). The elemental solubilization rate generally declined rapidly and continuously with time. Similarly, bioaccessibility increased rapidly and tended to reach a plateau with time for most samples and metals. However, it is not possible to recommend a general testing duration as the solubilization behavior was highly element and sample-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mert Guney
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, H3C 3A7 Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Clothilde M-J Bourges
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, H3C 3A7 Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Robert P Chapuis
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, H3C 3A7 Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Gerald J Zagury
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, H3C 3A7 Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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Pawar G, Abdallah MAE, de Sáa EV, Harrad S. Dermal bioaccessibility of flame retardants from indoor dust and the influence of topically applied cosmetics. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2017; 27:100-105. [PMID: 26732374 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2015.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite extensive literature on their potential adverse health effects, there is a lack of information on human dermal exposure to organic flame retardant chemicals (FRs). This study applies an in vitro physiologically based extraction test to provide new insights into the dermal bioaccessibility of various FRs from indoor dust to synthetic sweat/sebum mixture (SSSM). The bioaccessible fractions of α-, β- and γ-hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) to 1:1 (sweat/sebum) mixture were 41%, 47%, 50% and 40%, respectively. For Tris-2-chloroethyl phosphate (TCEP), tris (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP) and tris-1,3-dichloropropyl phosphate (TDCIPP), bioaccessible fractions were 10%, 17% and 19%. Composition of the SSSM and compound-specific physicochemical properties were the major factors influencing the bioaccessibility of target FRs. Except for TBBPA, the presence of cosmetics (moisturising cream, sunscreen lotion, body spray and shower gel) had a significant effect (P<0.05) on the bioaccessibility of the studied FRs. The presence of cosmetics decreased the bioaccessibility of HBCDs from indoor dust, whereas shower gel and sunscreen lotion enhanced the bioaccessibility of target PFRs. Our bioaccessibility data were applied to estimate the internal exposure of UK adults and toddlers to the target FRs via dermal contact with dust. Our worst-case scenario exposure estimates fell far below available health-based limit values for TCEP, TCIPP and TDCIPP. However, future research may erode the margin of safety for these chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal Pawar
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mohamed Abou-Elwafa Abdallah
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University Assiut, Egypt
| | - Eugenia Villaverde de Sáa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Stuart Harrad
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Guney M, Chapuis RP, Zagury GJ. Lung bioaccessibility of contaminants in particulate matter of geological origin. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:24422-24434. [PMID: 27080406 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6623-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to particulate matter (PM) has been associated with adverse health effects. While inhalation exposure to airborne PM is a prominent research subject, exposure to PM of geological origin (i.e., generated from soil/soil-like material) has received less attention. This review discusses the contaminants in PM of geological origin and their relevance for human exposure and then evaluates lung bioaccessibility assessment methods and their use. PM of geological origin can contain toxic elements as well as organic contaminants. Observed/predicted PM lung clearance times are long, which may lead to prolonged contact with lung environment. Thus, certain exposure scenarios warrant the use of in vitro bioaccessibility testing to predict lung bioavailability. Limited research is available on lung bioaccessibility test development and test application to PM of geological origin. For in vitro tests, test parameter variation between different studies and concerns about physiological relevance indicate a crucial need for test method standardization and comparison with relevant animal data. Research is recommended on (1) developing robust in vitro lung bioaccessibility methods, (2) assessing bioaccessibility of various contaminants (especially polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)) in PM of diverse origin (surface soils, mine tailings, etc.), and (3) risk characterization to determine relative importance of exposure to PM of geological origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mert Guney
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Robert P Chapuis
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Gerald J Zagury
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3A7, Canada.
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Surface passivity largely governs the bioaccessibility of nickel-based powder particles at human exposure conditions. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 81:162-170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Metal release from stainless steel in biological environments: A review. Biointerphases 2016; 11:018901. [DOI: 10.1116/1.4934628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Mörsdorf A, Odnevall Wallinder I, Hedberg Y. Bioaccessibility of micron-sized powder particles of molybdenum metal, iron metal, molybdenum oxides and ferromolybdenum--Importance of surface oxides. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 72:447-57. [PMID: 26032492 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The European chemical framework REACH requires that hazards and risks posed by chemicals, including alloys and metals, that are manufactured, imported or used in different products (substances or articles) are identified and proven safe for humans and the environment. Metals and alloys need hence to be investigated on their extent of released metals (bioaccessibility) in biologically relevant environments. Read-across from available studies may be used for similar materials. This study investigates the release of molybdenum and iron from powder particles of molybdenum metal (Mo), a ferromolybdenum alloy (FeMo), an iron metal powder (Fe), MoO2, and MoO3 in different synthetic body fluids of pH ranging from 1.5 to 7.4 and of different composition. Spectroscopic tools and cyclic voltammetry have been employed to characterize surface oxides, microscopy, light scattering and nitrogen absorption for particle characterization, and atomic absorption spectroscopy to quantify released amounts of metals. The release of molybdenum from the Mo powder generally increased with pH and was influenced by the fluid composition. The mixed iron and molybdenum surface oxide of the FeMo powder acted as a barrier both at acidic and weakly alkaline conditions. These findings underline the importance of the surface oxide characteristics for the bioaccessibility of metal alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Mörsdorf
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, Drottning Kristinas väg 51, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Inger Odnevall Wallinder
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, Drottning Kristinas väg 51, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yolanda Hedberg
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, Drottning Kristinas väg 51, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Wiseman CLS. Analytical methods for assessing metal bioaccessibility in airborne particulate matter: A scoping review. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 877:9-18. [PMID: 26002206 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to the existence of standardized methods to assess metal bioaccessibility via the gastrointestinal route, there are no widely-accepted, established in vitro testing protocols to measure elemental solubility in the human lung. This may be attributed, in part, to the difficulty associated with simulating the lung's complex in vivo conditions. The purpose of this review is two-fold: (1) to determine how the bioaccessibility of metals associated with ambient particulate matter (PM) in the human lung has been assessed in the literature, and (2) examine the suitability and biological relevance of applied methods for the measurement of metal bioaccessibility employed to date. The review revealed that limited attention has been paid to the development and application of biologically-relevant in vitro methods to measure elemental solubility in ambient PM as a proxy for bioaccessibility in the human lung. Few studies (n=14) used synthetic lung fluids to simulate in vivo conditions, with only half extracting samples at a biologically-relevant temperature of 37°C. There was limited evidence suggesting that the use of water is less effective as a leaching agent compared to simulated lung fluids. In sum, this scoping review highlights a critical need to develop standardized methods for the systematic assessment of elemental bioaccessibility via the respiratory route. Priority should be placed on the validation of biologically-relevant methods, including the use of leaching agents and extraction parameters used, which allow for testing to be conducted in a reliable, yet cost efficient, manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare L S Wiseman
- School of the Environment, Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Inter-laboratory validation of bioaccessibility testing for metals. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 70:170-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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