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Yang Z, Liu J, Yang J, Li L, Xiao T, Zhou M, Ou CQ. Haze weather and mortality in China from 2014 to 2020: Definitions, vulnerability, and effect modification by haze characteristics. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 466:133561. [PMID: 38295725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Haze weather, characterized by low visibility due to severe air pollution, has aroused great public concern. However, haze definitions are inconclusive, and multicentre studies on the health impacts of haze are scarce. We collected data on the daily number of deaths and environmental factors in 190 Chinese cities from 2014 to 2020. The city-specific association was estimated using quasi-Poisson regression and then pooled using meta-analysis. We found a negative association between daily visibility and non-accidental deaths, and mortality risk sharply increased when visibility was < 10 km. Haze weather, defined as a daily average visibility of < 10 km without a limit for humidity, produced the best model fitness and greatest effect on mortality. A haze day was associated with an increase of 2.53% (95% confidence interval [CI]:1.96, 3.10), 2.84 (95% CI: 2.13, 3.56), and 2.99% (95% CI: 1.94, 4.04) in all non-accident, cardiovascular and respiratory mortality, respectively. Haze had the greatest effect on lung cancer mortality. The haze-associated risk of mortality increased with age. Severe haze (visibility <2 km) and damp haze (haze with relative humidity >90%) had greater health impacts. Our findings can help in the development of early warning systems and effective public health interventions for haze.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Biostatistics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jiangmei Liu
- National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention (NCNCD), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jun Yang
- School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Biostatistics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Ting Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Biostatistics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Maigeng Zhou
- National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention (NCNCD), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Chun-Quan Ou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Biostatistics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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Han Y, Ye Z, Zhang L, Fang Y. The effect of PM 2.5 levels on continuum functional capability among older adults: Potential cause-effect or statistical associations. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2023; 108:104917. [PMID: 36621241 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2022.104917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since there is limited knowledge about health effects of the clean air policy (CAP, i.e., a series of emission-control actions) on continuum functional capacity (CFC) among the older adults on a large representative data, our research was to fill this gap. METHODS We used a continuous variable of airborne fine particulate matter (PM2.5) particles as a proxy for the CAP to evaluate the linear and non-linear effect of PM2.5 exposure on CFC of older adults, under the quasi-experimental framework of the temporal contrast between 2011 (before the CAP) and 2015 (after the CAP). Multiple environmental factors were considered and spline function was utilized to fit the spatial autocorrelations. A competing risk model was constructed to qualify the impact of PM2.5 on multidimensional disability. RESULTS After adjusting for potential confounders, a J-shaped association was found between PM2.5 concentration increase on CFC, with a threshold 2μg/m3. We also demonstrated that a 10-µg/m3 increase in PM2.5 concentration was related to a 14.0% (95% CI:0.00, 19.00%) increment risk in the functional decline. Similarly, the competing risk model presented a hazard ratio of multidimensional disability ranging from 1.707(0.928-4.141) at 40μg/m3 concentration of PM2.5 to 4.384 (1.970-9.755) over 80μg/m3. Stratified analyses showed that married men less than 80 years old in rural areas are more likely to be affected by PM2.5 exposure, where the influencing mechanism of air pollutant to outdoor and indoor activities might be the potential cause. CONCLUSION Implementing CAP might improve CFC, prevent the occurrence of disability, and update the air policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Han
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen Fujian 361102, China.
| | - Zirong Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen Fujian 361102, China.
| | - Liangwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen Fujian 361102, China; Xiamen University, School of Economics, 422 Siming South Road, Xiamen Fujian 361005, China.
| | - Ya Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen Fujian 361102, China.
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Stapelberg NJC, Branjerdporn G, Adhikary S, Johnson S, Ashton K, Headrick J. Environmental Stressors and the PINE Network: Can Physical Environmental Stressors Drive Long-Term Physical and Mental Health Risks? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13226. [PMID: 36293807 PMCID: PMC9603079 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Both psychosocial and physical environmental stressors have been linked to chronic mental health and chronic medical conditions. The psycho-immune-neuroendocrine (PINE) network details metabolomic pathways which are responsive to varied stressors and link chronic medical conditions with mental disorders, such as major depressive disorder via a network of pathophysiological pathways. The primary objective of this review is to explore evidence of relationships between airborne particulate matter (PM, as a concrete example of a physical environmental stressor), the PINE network and chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including mental health sequelae, with a view to supporting the assertion that physical environmental stressors (not only psychosocial stressors) disrupt the PINE network, leading to NCDs. Biological links have been established between PM exposure, key sub-networks of the PINE model and mental health sequelae, suggesting that in theory, long-term mental health impacts of PM exposure may exist, driven by the disruption of these biological networks. This disruption could trans-generationally influence health; however, long-term studies and information on chronic outcomes following acute exposure event are still lacking, limiting what is currently known beyond the acute exposure and all-cause mortality. More empirical evidence is needed, especially to link long-term mental health sequelae to PM exposure, arising from PINE pathophysiology. Relationships between physical and psychosocial stressors, and especially the concept of such stressors acting together to impact on PINE network function, leading to linked NCDs, evokes the concept of syndemics, and these are discussed in the context of the PINE network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas J. C. Stapelberg
- Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, Gold Coast, QLD 4215, Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD 4226, Australia
| | - Grace Branjerdporn
- Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, Gold Coast, QLD 4215, Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD 4226, Australia
| | - Sam Adhikary
- Mater Young Adult Health Centre, Mater Hospital, Brisbane, QID 4101, Australia
| | - Susannah Johnson
- Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, Gold Coast, QLD 4215, Australia
| | - Kevin Ashton
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD 4226, Australia
| | - John Headrick
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QID 4215, Australia
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Hu J, Chen W, Li L, Zhang Y, Jiang H, Liu W, Yin P. Residential proximity to major roadway and progression in physical disability in older adults in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:36616-36625. [PMID: 35064490 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18203-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Evidence of a connection between living near major roadway and adverse health outcome has come to light. However, little is known about the effect of residential traffic exposure on aging-related physical disability and whether this effect can be modified. We used data derived from Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Surveys in 2018, with a total of 15,771 participants aged ≥ 65. Residential proximity to major roadway was used as a surrogate for traffic-related air pollution and physical function was measured using basic and instrumental activities of daily living. Logistic regression models were adopted for the analyses. Compared with those living > 300 m from major road, participants living within 200 m had higher risk of poorer physical functioning. The peak odds ratio was observed in severe disability caused by 101-200 m distance (OR = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.08, 1.66). And this association got stronger with longer duration of living close to major road. In dichotomized analyses using 200 m as a cutoff point, the effect associated with living close to major road was greater in male and current smoker. Specially, poor physical function appears earlier in female, but less severe than that in male. The result emphasizes the adverse effect of residential proximity to major roadways to aging-related declines in health-especially for basic living ability. This association was more pronounced in male and current smokers, which cannot be reversed by lowering the indoor air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Rd, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Wenqian Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Rd, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Rd, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Rd, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Hongwei Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Rd, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Wenhua Liu
- Clinical Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Ave., Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
| | - Ping Yin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Rd, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
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Abstract
Waterlogging simulation is a key technology for solving urban waterlogging problems. The current waterlogging modeling process is relatively complex and requires high basic data, which is not conducive to rapid modeling and popularization. In this study, we evaluated the correlation between rainfall and waterlogging water using the following factors: terrain, evaporation, infiltration, pipe drainage capacity, and river flood water level. By quantifying the influence value of each factor on rainfall, we established a simplified model for fast calculation of waterlogging depth through input rainfall. Waterlogging data was collected from Guangzhou, China to set up the multi-factor correlation model, and verify the simulation results of the model. After the original rainfall is added/deducted, the added/loss value, the relationship between net rainfall, and maximum water depth is better than that between original rainfall and maximum water depth. Establishing a stable multi-factor correlation model for a waterlogging point requires at least three historical waterlogging event data for parameter calibration by sensitivity analysis. Comparing the simulation of four waterlogging points, the multi-factor correlation model (error = −13%) presented the least error in simulating the maximum water volume, followed by the Mike Urban model (error = −19%), and finally the SWMM model (error = 20%). Furthermore, the multi-factor correlation model and SWMM model required the least calculation time (less than 1 s), followed by the Mike Urban model (About half a minute). By analyzing the waterlogging data of Guangzhou, 42 waterlogging points with modeling conditions were screened out to further validate the multi-factor correlation model. Each waterlogging point was modeled based on the historical field, and the last rainstorm was used for model verification. The mean error of the comparison between the simulated maximum waterlogging and the measured maximum waterlogging was 3%, and the R2 value was 0.718. In summary, the multi-factor correlation model requires fewer basic data, has a simple modeling process and wide applicability, and makes it easy to realize the intelligent parameter adjustment, which is more suitable for the urgent requirements of current urban waterlogging prediction. The model results may prove accurate and provide scientific decision support for the prevention and control of urban waterlogging.
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Zhang Z, Yao M, Wu W, Zhao X, Zhang J. Spatiotemporal assessment of health burden and economic losses attributable to short-term exposure to ground-level ozone during 2015-2018 in China. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1069. [PMID: 34090376 PMCID: PMC8178864 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10751-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ground-level ozone (O3) pollution is currently the one of the severe environmental problems in China. Although existing studies have quantified the O3-related health impact and economic loss, few have focused on the acute health effects of short-term exposure to O3 and have been limited to a single temporal and spatial dimension. METHODS Based on the O3 concentration obtained from ground monitoring networks in 334 Chinese cities in 2015-2018, this study used a two-stage exposure parameter weighted Log-linear exposure-response function to estimate the cause-specific mortality for short-term exposure to O3. RESULTS The value of statistical life (VSL) method that were used to calculate the economic loss at the city-level. Our results show that in China, the national all-cause mortality attributed to O3 was 0.27(95% CI: 0.14-0.55) to 0.39 (95% CI: 0.20-0.67) million across 2015-2018. The estimated economic loss caused by O3 was 387.76 (95% CI: 195.99-904.50) to 594.08 (95% CI: 303.34-1140.65) billion CNY, accounting for 0.52 to 0.69% of total reported GDP. Overall, the O3 attributed health and economic burden has begun to decline in China since 2017. However, highly polluted areas still face severe burden, and undeveloped areas suffer from high GDP losses. CONCLUSIONS There are substantial health impacts and economic losses related to short-term O3 exposure in China. The government should pay attention to the emerging ozone pollution, and continue to strengthen the intervention in traditional priority areas while solving the pollution problem in non-priority areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, No.16 Section 3, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610044, China
| | - Minghong Yao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, No.16 Section 3, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610044, China
| | - Wenjing Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, No.16 Section 3, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610044, China
| | - Xing Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, No.16 Section 3, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610044, China.
| | - Juying Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, No.16 Section 3, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610044, China.
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Zhang F, Zhang Y, Liu L, Jiao A, Chen D, Xiang Q, Fang J, Ding Z, Zhang Y. Assessing PM 2.5-associated risk of hospitalization for COPD: an application of daily excessive concentration hours. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:30267-30277. [PMID: 33590391 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12655-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Existing PM2.5-morbidity studies using daily mean concentration as exposure metric may fail to capture intra-day variations of PM2.5 concentrations, resulting in underestimated health impacts to some extent. This study introduced a novel indicator, daily excessive concentration hours (DECH), defined as sums of per-hourly excessive concentrations of PM2.5 against a specific threshold within a day. PM2.5 DECHs were separately calculated as daily concentration-hours >8, 10, 15, 20, and 25 μg/m3 (abbreviations: DECH-8, DECH-10, DECH-15, DECH-20, and DECH-25). We adopted a time-stratified case-crossover design with conditional logistic regression models to compare risks of hospitalizations for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) associated with PM2.5 mean and DECHs in Shenzhen, China. We observed highly comparable PM2.5-COPD associations using exposure metrics of daily mean and DECHs with above-defined thresholds. For instance, PM2.5 mean and DECHs showed similar increases in risks of COPD hospitalization for an interquartile range rise in exposure, with odds ratio estimates of 1.26 (95% confidence interval: 1.06-1.50) for PM2.5 mean, 1.24 (1.05-1.46) for DECH-10 and 1.21 (1.06-1.39) for DECH-25, respectively. Findings remained robust after further adjusting for gaseous pollutants (e.g., SO2, NO2, CO, and O3) and meteorologic factors (e.g., wind speed and air pressure). Our study strengthened the evidence that DECHs could come be as a novel exposure metric in health risk assessments associated with short-term exposure to ambient PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faxue Zhang
- Center of Health Administration and Development Studies, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, China
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Linjiong Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Anqi Jiao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Dieyi Chen
- Department of Global Health, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Qianqian Xiang
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Jiaying Fang
- Medical Department, Huadu District People's Hospital of Guangzhou, Guangzhou, 510800, China
| | - Zan Ding
- The Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Baoan Central Hospital of Shenzhen, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518102, Guangdong, China
| | - Yunquan Zhang
- Center of Health Administration and Development Studies, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, China.
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China.
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China.
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Han L, Sun Z, He J, Hao Y, Tang Q, Zhang X, Zheng C, Miao S. Seasonal variation in health impacts associated with visibility in Beijing, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 730:139149. [PMID: 32416509 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Visibility has been continuously and stably observed for more than half a century, while particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5) was not introduced to the national monitoring system in China until 2013. It is a scientific issue as to whether visibility can be used as an alternative to assess the health risks of air pollution in periods and areas without pollutant monitoring data. A generalized additive model (GAM) was adopted to estimate the impacts of seasonal changes in visibility on mortality in Beijing, China. Moreover, we estimated the contributions of particulate matter in the health effects of visibility by adjusting for dry extinction coefficient (βdryext) and PM2.5 in the model, respectively. We found that the acute health impacts of visibility varied by season, with the highest risks in winter. For respiratory mortality, the effect estimates per 1 km decrease in visibility were 0.40% (95% CI: 0.17-0.62%) in spring, 0.10% (95% CI: -0.14-0.34%) in summer, 0.27% (95% CI: 0.09-0.45%) in autumn, and 0.62% (95% CI: 0.38-0.85%) in winter. For cardiovascular mortality, the effect estimates per 1 km decrease in visibility were 0.20% (95% CI: 0.08-0.31%) in spring, 0.16% (95% CI: 0.04-0.27%) in summer, 0.25% (95% CI: 0.13-0.37%) in autumn, and 0.24% (95% CI: 0.13-0.35%) in winter. The seasonal pattern of health impacts related to visibility reflected the seasonal variations in the characteristics of air pollution emission sources and meteorological conditions that are unfavorable for pollutant dispersion. Particulate matter, particularly PM2.5, made significant contributions to the health impacts of visibility. The results indicated that controlling pollutant emissions in winter would be of significant importance to improve air quality and mitigate the health hazard of air pollution in Beijing. Our study also provides further evidence on the feasibility of using visibility to assess the health impacts of particulate matter pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Han
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhaobin Sun
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China.
| | - Juan He
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yu Hao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qiaoling Tang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610225, China
| | - Canjun Zheng
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Shiguang Miao
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China
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Zeng W, Liu T, Du Q, Li J, Xiao J, Guo L, Li X, Xu Y, Xu X, Wan D, Ma W. The interplay of haze characteristics on mortality in the Pearl River Delta of China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 184:109279. [PMID: 32113023 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To estimate the mortality risk from haze and the modifying effects by three characteristics of haze (intensity, duration and timing), data on haze and mortality in the Pearl River Delta region from 2013 to 2016 were collected. We first estimated mortality risk during haze days compared with non-haze days. Then we classified haze into several categories by considering one or any two of the three haze characteristics together, and further calculated the mortality risks separately. The mortality risk increased 5.0% (95% confidence intervals (CI): 3.1%-6.9%) during hazy days compared with non-haze days, with larger effect for the elderly ≥ 85 years old (Excess risk (ER): 8.7%, 95% CI: 3.9%-13.6%) than other age groups. Mortality risk increased in longer haze (ER: 4.4%, 95% CI: 2.9%-6.0%) compared with shorter haze (ER: 1.9%, 95% CI: 0.7%-3.2%). The greatest effect of any two of haze characteristics was observed when haze was intense and long (ER: 4.8%, 95% CI: 3.0%-6.6%). Our study indicates that haze significantly increased mortality risk in the Pearl River Delta. The health effects of haze may be under-estimated when using a single air pollutant concentration during haze periods to assess health risk of haze events. The haze intensity, duration, and time of occurrence should be accounted for in appropriate risk assessment of haze.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilin Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511430, China; Naihai Hospital of Southern Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528244, China.
| | - Tao Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511430, China; Naihai Hospital of Southern Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528244, China.
| | - Qingfeng Du
- Naihai Hospital of Southern Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528244, China.
| | - Jianyi Li
- Naihai Hospital of Southern Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528244, China.
| | - Jianpeng Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511430, China.
| | - Lingchuan Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511430, China.
| | - Xing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511430, China.
| | - Yanjun Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511430, China.
| | - Xiaojun Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511430, China.
| | - Donghua Wan
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511430, China; Naihai Hospital of Southern Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528244, China.
| | - Wenjun Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511430, China; Naihai Hospital of Southern Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528244, China.
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Lv Y, Zhou J, Kraus VB, Li T, Sarnat JA, Wang J, Liu Y, Chen H, Brasher MS, Mao C, Zeng Y, Zheng T, Shi X. Long-term exposure to PM 2.5 and incidence of disability in activities of daily living among oldest old. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 259:113910. [PMID: 32023791 PMCID: PMC7261238 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.113910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Currently the Chinese government has adopted World Health Organization interim target-1 values as the national ambient air quality standards values. However, the population-based evidence was insufficient, especially for the oldest old (aged 80+). We evaluated the association of fine particulate matters (PM2.5) exposure and incidence of disability in activities of daily living (ADL) in 15 453 oldest old in 886 counties/cities in China from 2002 to 2014 using Cox model with penalized splines and competing risk models to evaluate the linear or non-linear association. After adjusting for potential confounders, a J-shaped association existed between PM2.5 exposure with a threshold concentration of 33 μg/m3, and incident disability in ADL. Above this threshold, the risk magnitude significantly increased with increase of PM2.5 concentrations; compared to 33 μg/m3, the hazard ratio ranged from 1.03 (1.00-1.06) at 40 μg/m3 to 2.25 (1.54-3.29) at 110 μg/m3. The risk magnitude was not significantly changed below this threshold. Each 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 exposure corresponded to a 7.7% increase in the risk of disability in ADL (hazard ratio 1.077, 95% CI 1.051-1.104). Men, smokers, and participants with cognitive impairment might be more vulnerable to PM2.5 exposure. The study provided limited population-based evidence for the oldest old and detected a threshold of 33 μg/m3, and supported that reduction to current World Health Organization interim target-1value (35 μg/m3) and Chinese national ambient air quality standards (35 μg/m3) or lower may be associated with lower risk of disability in ADL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuebin Lv
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Jinhui Zhou
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Virginia Byers Kraus
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute and Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Tiantian Li
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Jeremy A Sarnat
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Jiaonan Wang
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Huashuai Chen
- Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development and the Geriatric Division of School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Melanie Sereny Brasher
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Chen Mao
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Yi Zeng
- Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development and the Geriatric Division of School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA; Center for Study of Healthy Aging and Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Tongzhang Zheng
- Epidemiology Department, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Xiaoming Shi
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China; Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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Shen S, Li X, Yuan C, Huang Q, Liu D, Ma S, Hui J, Liu R, Wu T, Chen Q. Association of short-term exposure to sulfur dioxide and hospitalization for ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke in Guangzhou, China. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:263. [PMID: 32085727 PMCID: PMC7035656 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-8354-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In developing countries, ambient sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a serious air pollutant concern, but there is no enough and consistent epidemiological evidence about its health effects on stroke hospitalization. METHODS We collected the daily air pollution data, meteorological data and number of daily hospital admissions for ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, in Guangzhou from January 1st 2009 to December 31st 2014. Then we applied generalized additive model with a quasi-Poisson link to assess the relationship between short-term SO2 exposure and the total number of hospital admissions for ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. In addition, we evaluated the effect of ambient SO2 by age (< 65 years and ≥ 65 years). RESULTS During the study period, a 24-h mean concentration of ambient SO2 of 27.82 μg/m3, a total of 58,473 ischemic stroke and 9167 hemorrhagic stroke hospital admissions hospital were recorded. Ambient SO2 was found to increase the risk for both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke hospital admission in single pollutant model. The maximum value of percentage changes for ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke occurred in lag 0 day and lag 1 day, per 10 μg/m3 increase in SO2 concentrations was corresponded to a 1.27% (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.42-2.12%) and 1.55% (95%CI, 0.02-3.11%) increased risk, respectively. The association between SO2 and ischemic stroke hospitalization was robust to two pollutant model, but for hemorrhagic stroke it's partially weakened after adjusting for co-pollutants. The effect of ambient SO2 on ischemic stroke appeared to be greater for people < 65 years old, but null effect on hemorrhagic stroke was identified for both age groups. CONCLUSIONS We found short-term exposure to ambient SO2 may significantly increase the risks of hospitalization for ischemic stroke. The findings may contribute to a better understanding of the health effects of low-levels of SO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqun Shen
- School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 1838#Guangzhou North Avenue, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838#Guangzhou North Avenue, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, People's Republic of China.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery & Center for Basic Medical Research, TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, & Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Qin Huang
- Department of Rheumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838#Guangzhou North Avenue, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, People's Republic of China.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Dongyang Liu
- Department of Pain Management, The State Key Clinical Specialty for Pain Medicine, The Second Affiliated hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510260, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuoyi Ma
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, No.1 Panfu Road, Guangzhou, 510180, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jialiang Hui
- First Clinical Medicine College, Southern Medical University, 1838#Guangzhou North Avenue, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiyu Liu
- First Clinical Medicine College, Southern Medical University, 1838#Guangzhou North Avenue, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Tongwei Wu
- First Clinical Medicine College, Southern Medical University, 1838#Guangzhou North Avenue, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Chen
- School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, 1838#Guangzhou North Avenue, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Zhang X, Yang S, Bo T. Experimental study on the space charge properties in haze events. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 87:361-376. [PMID: 31791509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, haze has posed a serious threat to the global climate change, ecological balance and human health. In this study, the laboratory experiments and field observations were performed and a possible charging mechanism was proposed to investigate the space charge properties in haze events. The laboratory experiments showed that the charge polarity of primary aerosol is determined by species of combustion fuels while the magnitude is dependent on the combustion completeness. The field observations revealed that the space charge of atmosphere aerosol in haze events differs from that of fair weather and is closely related to PM2.5 concentration when Relative Humidity (RH) < 60%, with 1 to 2 orders of magnitude less than the case when RH ≥ 60%. The analysis of equivalent charge-to-mass ratio (ECTM) suggested that in haze events the space charge is governed by primary aerosol emitted by combustion of fossil fuel in a low relative humidity, whereas it is manipulated by the secondary chemical reaction of atmosphere aerosol in a high relative humidity. And we can identify the main pollutants in haze events according to the polarity of atmosphere aerosol and quickly take measures when RH < 60%. Accordingly, the dust-haze of RH < 80% can be divided into dry-dust-haze when RH < 60% and wet-dust-haze when 60% ≤ RH < 80%. Our study firstly elucidated the space charge properties of atmosphere aerosol in haze events and can provide a new perspective for the prevention and control of air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mechanics on Western Disaster and Environment, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Sen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Mechanics on Western Disaster and Environment, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Tianli Bo
- Key Laboratory of Mechanics on Western Disaster and Environment, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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13
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Liu X, Ye Y, Chen Y, Li X, Feng B, Cao G, Xiao J, Zeng W, Li X, Sun J, Ning D, Yang Y, Yao Z, Guo Y, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Ma W, Du Q, Zhang B, Liu T. Effects of prenatal exposure to air particulate matter on the risk of preterm birth and roles of maternal and cord blood LINE-1 methylation: A birth cohort study in Guangzhou, China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 133:105177. [PMID: 31622906 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies have found that increased risk of preterm birth (PTB) is associated with higher prenatal exposure to PM10 and PM2.5, but few studies have been conducted to assess the impacts of extremely fine particulate matter (PM1) which may have more toxic effects than other types of ambient particulate air pollution (PM). Several studies have separately investigated the associations between DNA methylation and PTB risk and PM. Maternal LINE-1 methylation level negatively correlated with prenatal exposure to PM and risk of PTB. A comprehensive picture is lacking regarding the associations between prenatal exposure to PM, LINE-1 methylation, and risk of PTB. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to estimate the effects of exposure to ambient PM (PM10, PM2.5, and PM1) of different sizes during pregnancy on risk of PTB, identify susceptible exposure windows, and illustrate the roles of LINE-1 methylation in the associations between PM and PTB risk. METHODS The Birth Cohort Study on Prenatal Environments and Offspring Health (PEOH) has been ongoing since 2016 in Guangzhou, China. A total of 4928 pregnant women were recruited during early pregnancy, and 4278 (86.8%) were successfully followed-up. Each individual weekly exposure to PM10 and PM2.5 from 3 months before pregnancy to childbirth was assessed using a spatiotemporal land use regression model, and the weekly PM1 exposure was estimated by employing a generalized additive model. Maternal and cord blood LINE-1 methylation levels (%5mC) were tested using bisulfite-PCR pyrosequencing. A distributed lag nonlinear model incorporated with a Cox proportional hazard model was applied to assess the effect of weekly-specific maternal PM exposure on PTB risk, and a multiple-linear regression model was employed to investigate the associations between PM exposure and LINE-1 methylation levels of maternal and cord bloods. We also assessed the associations between LINE-1 methylation levels and PTB risk by using a logistic regression model. RESULTS The risk of PTB was positively associated with PM2.5 and PM1 concentrations during the 12th to 20th gestational weeks, and the strongest association was in the fourth quartile (Q4) versus the first quartile (Q1) and observed during the 16th gestational week (PM2.5: harzard ratio [HR] = 1.18, 95%CI: 1.04-1.35, IQR = 11.94 μg/m3. PM1: HR = 1.20, 95%CI: 1.03-1.39, IQR = 11.36 μg/m3). We observed significantly negative associations of PM10(β = -0.51%5mC per 10 μg/m3, P = 0.014), PM2.5 (β = -0.66%5mC per 10 μg/m3, P = 0.032) and PM1 (β = -0.67%5mC per 10 μg/m3, P = 0.032) concentrations with cord blood LINE-1 methylation levels, and a negative association between PM1 concentration and maternal LINE-1 methylation level (β = -0.86%5mC per 10 μg/m3, P = 0.034). CONCLUSION Higher prenatal exposure to PM1 and PM2.5 during the 12th to 20th gestational weeks was associated with increased risk of PTB. Maternal and fetal LINE-1 methylation alternation might be an underlying mechanism of PM that increasing the risk of PTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Yufeng Ye
- Guangzhou Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou 511400, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Guangzhou Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou 511400, China
| | - Xiaona Li
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Baixiang Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Ganxiang Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Jianpeng Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Weilin Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Xing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Jiufeng Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Dan Ning
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Yi Yang
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhenjiang Yao
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yuming Guo
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Qiong Wang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Wenjun Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China; General Practice Center, Nanhai Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan 528200, China
| | - Qingfeng Du
- General Practice Center, Nanhai Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan 528200, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Food Safety and Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Tao Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China; General Practice Center, Nanhai Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan 528200, China.
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A spatiotemporal land-use-regression model to assess individual level long-term exposure to ambient fine particulate matters. MethodsX 2019; 6:2101-2105. [PMID: 31667108 PMCID: PMC6812337 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2019.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to establish a spatiotemporal land-use-regression (ST-LUR) model assessing individual level long-term exposure to fine particulate matters (PM2.5) among 6627 adults enrolled in Guangdong province, China from 2015 to 2016. We collected weekly average PM2.5 concentration (from the air quality monitoring stations) and visibility, population density, road density and types of land use of each air quality monitoring station and participant’s residential address from April 2013 to December 2016. A ST-LUR model was established using these spatiotemporal data, and was employed to estimate the weekly average PM2.5 concentration of each individual residential address. Data analysis was carried out by R software (version 3.5.1) and the SpatioTemporal package was used. The results showed that the ST-LUR model applying the land use data extracted using a buffer radius of 1300 m had the best modelling fitness. The results of 10-fold cross validation showed that the R2 was 88.86% and the RMSE (Root mean square error) was 5.65 μg/m3. The two-year average of PM2.5 prior to the date of investigation were calculated for each participant. This study provided a novel method to precisely assess individual level long-term exposure to ambient PM2.5, which may extend our understanding on the health impacts of air pollution. Variables input in the spatiotemporal land-use-regression (ST-LUR) model include visibility, population density, road density, and types of land use. The land use data should be extracted using a buffer radius of 1300 m. The R2 of the ST-LUR model was 88.86% and the RMSE was 5.65 μg/m3, indicating the good performance of the model.
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Xiong J, Ye C, Zhou T, Cheng W. Health Risk and Resilience Assessment with Respect to the Main Air Pollutants in Sichuan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16152796. [PMID: 31390724 PMCID: PMC6696145 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16152796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rapid urbanization and industrialization in developing countries have caused an increase in air pollutant concentrations, and this has attracted public concern due to the resulting harmful effects to health. Here we present, through the spatial-temporal characteristics of six criteria air pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, CO, and O3) in Sichuan, a human health risk assessment framework conducted to evaluate the health risk of different age groups caused by ambient air pollutants. Public health resilience was evaluated with respect to the risk resulting from ambient air pollutants, and a spatial inequality analysis between the risk caused by ambient air pollutants and hospital density in Sichuan was performed based on the Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient. The results indicated that high concentrations of PM2.5 (47.7 μg m−3) and PM10 (75.9 μg m−3) were observed in the Sichuan Basin; these two air pollutants posed a high risk to infants. The high risk caused by PM2.5 was mainly distributed in Sichuan Basin (1.14) and that caused by PM10 was principally distributed in Zigong (1.01). Additionally, the infants in Aba and Ganzi had high health resilience to the risk caused by PM2.5 (3.89 and 4.79, respectively) and PM10 (3.28 and 2.77, respectively), which was explained by the low risk in these two regions. These regions and Sichuan had severe spatial inequality between the infant hazard quotient caused by PM2.5 (G = 0.518, G = 0.493, and G = 0.456, respectively) and hospital density. This spatial inequality was also caused by PM10 (G = 0.525, G = 0.526, and G = 0.466, respectively), which is mainly attributed to the imbalance between hospital distribution and risk caused by PM2.5 (PM10) in these two areas. Such research could provide a basis for the formulation of medical construction and future air pollution control measures in Sichuan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junnan Xiong
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chongchong Ye
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China.
| | - Tiancai Zhou
- Synthesis Research Centre of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modelling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weiming Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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16
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Acute and Cumulative Effects of Haze Fine Particles on Mortality and the Seasonal Characteristics in Beijing, China, 2005-2013: A Time-Stratified Case-Crossover Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16132383. [PMID: 31277519 PMCID: PMC6650878 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16132383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We observed significant effects of particulate matter (PM2.5) on cause-specific mortality by applying a time-stratified case-crossover and lag-structure designs in Beijing over a nine-year study period (2005–2013). The year-round odds ratio (OR) was 1.005 on the current day with a 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 for all-cause mortality. For cardiovascular mortality and stroke, the ORs were 1.007 and 1.008 on the current day, respectively. Meanwhile, during a lag of six days, the cumulative effects of haze on relative risk of mortality, respiratory mortality and all-cause mortality was in the range of 2~11%. Moreover, we found a significant seasonal pattern in the associations for respiratory mortality: significant associations were observed in spring and fall, while for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, cardiac and stroke, significant associations were observed in winter. Moreover, increasing temperature would decrease risks of mortalities in winter taking fall as the reference season. We concluded that in summer, temperature acted as a direct enhancer of air pollutants; while in winter and spring, it was an index of the diameter distribution and composition of fine particles.
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18
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Achilleos S, Al-Ozairi E, Alahmad B, Garshick E, Neophytou AM, Bouhamra W, Yassin MF, Koutrakis P. Acute effects of air pollution on mortality: A 17-year analysis in Kuwait. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 126:476-483. [PMID: 30844583 PMCID: PMC6511973 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.01.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The health burden from exposure to air pollution has been studied in many parts of the world. However, there is limited research on the health effects of air quality in arid areas where sand dust is the primary particulate pollution source. OBJECTIVE Study the risk of mortality from exposure to poor air quality days in Kuwait. METHODS We conducted a time-series analysis using daily visibility as a measure of particulate pollution and non-accidental total mortality from January 2000 through December 2016. A generalized additive Poisson model was used adjusting for time trends, day of week, and temperature. Low visibility (yes/no), defined as visibility lower than the 25th percentile, was used as an indicator of poor air quality days. Dust storm events were also examined. Finally, we examined these associations after stratifying by gender, age group, and nationality (Kuwaitis/non-Kuwaitis). RESULTS There were 73,748 deaths from natural causes in Kuwait during the study period. The rate ratio comparing the mortality rate on low visibility days to high visibility days was 1.01 (95% CI: 0.99-1.03). Similar estimates were observed for dust storms (1.02, 95% CI: 1.00-1.04). Higher and statistically significant estimates were observed among non-Kuwaiti men and non-Kuwaiti adolescents and adults. CONCLUSION We observed a higher risk of mortality during days with poor air quality in Kuwait from 2000 through 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souzana Achilleos
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Ebaa Al-Ozairi
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait; Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Barrak Alahmad
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric Garshick
- Pulmonary, Allergy, Sleep, and Critical Care Medicine Section, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andreas M Neophytou
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Walid Bouhamra
- Chemical Engineering Department, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Mohamed F Yassin
- Environment and Life Sciences Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (KISR), Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
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Liu T, Ren Z, Zhang Y, Feng B, Lin H, Xiao J, Zeng W, Li X, Li Z, Rutherford S, Xu Y, Lin S, Nasca PC, Du Y, Wang J, Huang C, Jia P, Ma W. Modification Effects of Population Expansion, Ageing, and Adaptation on Heat-Related Mortality Risks Under Different Climate Change Scenarios in Guangzhou, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16030376. [PMID: 30699991 PMCID: PMC6388188 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16030376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: Although the health effects of future climate change have been examined in previous studies, few have considered additive impacts of population expansion, ageing, and adaptation. We aimed to quantify the future heat-related years of life lost (YLLs) under different Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) scenarios and global-scale General Circulation Models (GCMs), and further to examine relative contributions of population expansion, ageing, and adaptation on these projections. (2) Methods: We used downscaled and bias-corrected projections of daily temperature from 27 GCMs under RCP2.6, 4.5, and 8.5 scenarios to quantify the potential annual heat-related YLLs in Guangzhou, China in the 2030s, 2060s, and 2090s, compared to those in the 1980s as a baseline. We also explored the modification effects of a range of population expansion, ageing, and adaptation scenarios on the heat-related YLLs. (3) Results: Global warming, particularly under the RCP8.5 scenario, would lead to a substantial increase in the heat-related YLLs in the 2030s, 2060s, and 2090s for the majority of the GCMs. For the total population, the annual heat-related YLLs under the RCP8.5 in the 2030s, 2060s, and 2090s were 2.2, 7.0, and 11.4 thousand, respectively. The heat effects would be significantly exacerbated by rapid population expansion and ageing. However, substantial heat-related YLLs could be counteracted by the increased adaptation (75% for the total population and 20% for the elderly). (4) Conclusions: The rapid population expansion and ageing coinciding with climate change may present an important health challenge in China, which, however, could be partially counteracted by the increased adaptation of individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China.
| | - Zhoupeng Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China.
| | - Baixiang Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China.
| | - Hualiang Lin
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Jianpeng Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China.
| | - Weilin Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China.
| | - Xing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China.
| | - Zhihao Li
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China.
| | | | - Yanjun Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China.
| | - Shao Lin
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, State University of New York, One University Pl, Rensselaer, NY 12148, USA.
| | - Philip C Nasca
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, State University of New York, One University Pl, Rensselaer, NY 12148, USA.
| | - Yaodong Du
- Guangdong Provincial Climate Center, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Jinfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Cunrui Huang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Peng Jia
- Department of Earth Observation Science, Faculty of Geo-information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, 7500 Enschede, The Netherlands.
- International Initiative on Spatial Lifecourse Epidemiology (ISLE), 7500 Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Wenjun Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China.
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20
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Characteristics of Heavy Storms and the Scaling Relation with Air Temperature by Event Process-Based Analysis in South China. WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w11020185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The negative scaling rate between precipitation extremes and the air temperature in tropic and subtropic regions is still a puzzling issue. This study investigates the scaling rate from two aspects, storm characteristics (types) and event process-based temperature variations. Heavy storms in South China are developed by different weather systems with unique meteorological characteristics each season, such as the warm-front storms (January), cold-front storms (April to mid-May), monsoon storms (late May to June), convective storms, and typhoon storms (July to September). This study analyzes the storm characteristics using the hourly rainfall data from 1990 to 2017; compares the storm hyetographs derived from the one-minute rainfall data during 2008–2017; and investigates the interactions between heavy storms and meteorological factors including air temperature, relative humidity, surface pressure, and wind speed at 42 weather stations in Guangzhou during 2015–2017. Most storms, except for typhoon and warm-front storms, had a short duration (3 h) and intense rates (~13 mm/h) in Guangzhou, South China. Convective storms were dominant (50%) in occurrence and had the strongest intensity (15.8 mm/h). Storms in urban areas had stronger interactions with meteorological factors and showed different hyetographs from suburban areas. Meteorological factors had larger variations with the storms that occurred in the day time than at night. The air temperature could rise 6 °C and drop 4 °C prior to and post-summer storms against the diurnal mean state. The 24-hour mean air temperature prior to the storms produced more reliable scaling rates than the naturally daily mean air temperature. The precipitation extremes showed a peak-like scaling relation with the 24-hour mean air temperature and had a break temperature of 28 °C. Below 28 °C, the relative humidity was 80%–100%, and it showed a positive scaling rate. Above 28 °C, the negative scaling relation was likely caused by a lack of moisture in the atmosphere, where the relative humidity decreased with the air temperature increase.
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21
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Ji D, Cui Y, Li L, He J, Wang L, Zhang H, Wang W, Zhou L, Maenhaut W, Wen T, Wang Y. Characterization and source identification of fine particulate matter in urban Beijing during the 2015 Spring Festival. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 628-629:430-440. [PMID: 29448026 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The Spring Festival (SF) is the most important holiday in China for family reunion and tourism. During the 2015 SF an intensive observation campaign of air quality was conducted to study the impact of the anthropogenic activities and the dynamic characteristics of the sources. During the study period, pollution episodes frequently occurred with 12days exceeding the Chinese Ambient Air Quality Standards for 24-h average PM2.5 (75μg/m3), even 8days with exceeding 150μg/m3. The daily maximum PM2.5 concentration reached 350μg/m3 while the hourly minimum visibility was <0.8km. Three pollution episodes were selected for detailed analysis including chemical characterization and diurnal variation of the PM2.5 and its chemical composition, and sources were identified using the Positive Matrix Factorization model. The first episode occurring before the SF was characterized by more formation of SO42- and NO3- and high crustal enrichment factors for Ag, As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Se and Zn and seven categories of pollution sources were identified, whereby vehicle emission contributed 38% to the PM2.5. The second episode occurring during the SF was affected heavily by large-scale firework emissions, which led to a significant increase in SO42-, Cl-, OC, K and Ba; these emissions were the largest contributor to the PM2.5 accounting for 36%. During the third episode occurring after the SF, SO42-, NO3-, NH4+ and OC were the major constituents of the PM2.5 and the secondary source was the dominant source with a contribution of 46%. The results provide a detailed understanding on the variation in occurrence, chemical composition and sources of the PM2.5 as well as of the gaseous pollutants affected by the change in anthropogenic activities in Beijing throughout the SF. They highlight the need for limiting the firework emissions during China's most important traditional festival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Yang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Li
- China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jun He
- Research Group of Natural Resources and Environment, International Doctoral Innovation Centre, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, China
| | - Lili Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Louisiana State University, USA
| | - Wan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Luxi Zhou
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Willy Maenhaut
- Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Tianxue Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuesi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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22
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Huang J, Pan X, Guo X, Li G. Impacts of air pollution wave on years of life lost: A crucial way to communicate the health risks of air pollution to the public. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 113:42-49. [PMID: 29421406 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Limited studies have explored the impacts of exposure to sustained high levels of air pollution (air pollution wave) on mortality. Given that the frequency, intensity and duration of air pollution wave has been increasing in highly polluted regions recently, understanding the impacts of air pollution wave is crucial. In this study, air pollution wave was defined as 2 or more consecutive days with air pollution index (API) > 100. The impacts of air pollution wave on years of life lost (YLL) due to non-accidental, cardiovascular and respiratory deaths were evaluated by considering both consecutive days with high levels of air pollution and daily air pollution levels in Tianjin, China, from 2006 to 2011. The results showed the durational effect of consecutive days with high levels of air pollution was substantial in addition to the effect of daily air pollution. For instance, the durational effect was related to an increase in YLL of 116.6 (95% CI: 4.8, 228.5) years from non-accidental deaths when the air pollution wave was sustained for 4 days, while the corresponding daily air pollution's effect was 121.2 (95% CI: 55.2, 187.1) years. A better interpretation of the health risks of air pollution wave is crucial for air pollution control policy making and public health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaochuan Pan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China
| | - Xinbiao Guo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China
| | - Guoxing Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China.
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23
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Ho HC, Wong MS, Yang L, Shi W, Yang J, Bilal M, Chan TC. Spatiotemporal influence of temperature, air quality, and urban environment on cause-specific mortality during hazy days. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 112:10-22. [PMID: 29245038 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Haze is an extreme weather event that can severely increase air pollution exposure, resulting in higher burdens on human health. Few studies have explored the health effects of haze, and none have investigated the spatiotemporal interaction between temperature, air quality and urban environment that may exacerbate the adverse health effects of haze. We investigated the spatiotemporal pattern of haze effects and explored the additional effects of temperature, air pollution and urban environment on the short-term mortality risk during hazy days. We applied a Poisson regression model to daily mortality data from 2007 through 2014, to analyze the short-term mortality risk during haze events in Hong Kong. We evaluated the adverse effect on five types of cause-specific mortality after four types of haze event. We also analyzed the additional effect contributed by the spatial variability of urban environment on each type of cause-specific mortality during a specific haze event. A regular hazy day (lag 0) has higher all-cause mortality risk than a day without haze (odds ratio: 1.029 [1.009, 1.049]). We have also observed high mortality risks associated with mental disorders and diseases of the nervous system during hazy days. In addition, extreme weather and air quality contributed to haze-related mortality, while cold weather and higher ground-level ozone had stronger influences on mortality risk. Areas with a high-density environment, lower vegetation, higher anthropogenic heat, and higher PM2.5 featured stronger effects of haze on mortality than the others. A combined influence of haze, extreme weather/air quality, and urban environment can result in extremely high mortality due to mental/behavioral disorders or diseases of the nervous system. In conclusion, we developed a data-driven technique to analyze the effects of haze on mortality. Our results target the specific dates and areas with higher mortality during haze events, which can be used for development of health warning protocols/systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Chak Ho
- Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; Research Institute for Sustainable Urban Development, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Man Sing Wong
- Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; Research Institute for Sustainable Urban Development, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong.
| | - Lin Yang
- School of Nursing, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Wenzhong Shi
- Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; Research Institute for Sustainable Urban Development, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Jinxin Yang
- Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; Research Institute for Sustainable Urban Development, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; Research Institute for Sustainable Urban Development, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong; School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Ta-Chien Chan
- Research Center for Humanities and Social Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taiwan
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24
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The Short-Term Effects of Visibility and Haze on Mortality in a Coastal City of China: A Time-Series Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14111419. [PMID: 29156645 PMCID: PMC5708058 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14111419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have been conducted to investigate the acute health effects of visibility and haze, which may be regarded as proxy indicators of ambient air pollution. We used a distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) combined with quasi-Poisson regression to estimate the relationship between visibility, haze and mortality in Ningbo, a coastal city of China. We found that the mortality risk of visibility was statistically significant only on the current day, while the risk of haze and PM10 peaked on the second day and could last for three days. When the visibility was less than 10 km, each 1 km decrease of visibility at lag 0 day was associated with a 0.78% (95% CI: 0.22–1.36%) increase in total mortality and a 1.61% (95% CI: 0.39–2.85%) increase in respiratory mortality. The excess risk of haze at lag 0–2 days on total mortality, cardiovascular and respiratory mortality was 7.76% (95% CI: 3.29–12.42%), 7.73% (95% CI: 0.12–15.92%) and 17.77% (95% CI: 7.64–28.86%), respectively. Greater effects of air pollution were observed during the cold season than in the warm season, and the elderly were at higher risk compared to youths. The effects of visibility and haze were attenuated by single pollutants. These findings suggest that visibility and haze could be used as surrogates of air quality where pollutant data are scarce, and strengthen the evidence to develop policy to control air pollution and protect vulnerable populations.
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25
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Zhang Y, Peng M, Yu C, Zhang L. Burden of mortality and years of life lost due to ambient PM 10 pollution in Wuhan, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 230:1073-1080. [PMID: 28764123 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ambient particulate matter (PM) has been mainly linked with mortality and morbidity when assessing PM-associated health effects. Up-to-date epidemiologic evidence is very sparse regarding the relation between PM and years of life lost (YLL). The present study aimed to estimate the burden of YLL and mortality due to ambient PM pollution. Individual records of all registered deaths and daily data on PM10 and meteorology during 2009-2012 were obtained in Wuhan, central China. Using a time-series study design, we applied generalized additive model to assess the short-term association of 10-μg/m3 increase in PM10 with daily YLL and mortality, adjusting for long-term trend and seasonality, mean temperature, relative humidity, public holiday, and day of the week. A linear-no-threshold dose-response association was observed between daily ambient PM10 and mortality outcomes. PM10 pollution along lag 0-1 days was found to be mostly strongly associated with mortality and YLL. The effects of PM10 on cause-specific mortality and YLL showed generally similar seasonal patterns, with stronger associations consistently occurring in winter and/or autumn. Compared with males and younger persons, females and the elderly suffered more significantly from both increased YLL and mortality due to ambient PM10 pollution. Stratified analyses by education level (0-6 and 7 + years) demonstrated great mortality impact on both subgroups, whereas only low-educated persons were strongly affected by PM10-associated burden of YLL. Our study confirmed that short-term PM10 exposure was linearly associated with significant increases in both mortality incidence and years of life lost. Given the non-threshold adverse effects on mortality burden, the on-going efforts to reduce particulate air pollution would substantially benefit public health in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunquan Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, 185 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Minjin Peng
- Department of Infection Control, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China.
| | - Chuanhua Yu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, 185 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, China; Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, 8 Donghunan Road, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Lan Zhang
- Office of Chronic Disease, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 6 Zhuodaoquan Road, Wuhan 430079, China.
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26
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Guo Y, Ma Y, Zhang Y, Huang S, Wu Y, Yu S, Zou F, Cheng J. Time series analysis of ambient air pollution effects on daily mortality. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:20261-20272. [PMID: 28702913 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9502-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Although the growths of ambient pollutants have been attracting public concern, the characteristic of the associations between air pollutants and mortality remains elusive. Time series analysis with a generalized additive model was performed to estimate the associations between ambient air pollutants and mortality outcomes in Shenzhen City for the period of 2012-2014. The results showed that nitrogen dioxide (NO2)-induced excess risks (ER) of total non-accidental mortality and cardiovascular mortality were significantly increased (6.05% (95% CI 3.38%, 8.78%); 6.88% (95% CI 2.98%, 10.93%), respectively) in interquartile range (IQR) increase analysis. Also, these associations were strengthened after adjusting for other pollutants. Moreover, similar associations were estimated for sulfur dioxide (SO2), particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of <10 μm (PM10), and total non-accidental mortality. There were significant higher ERs of associations between PM10 and mortality for men than women; while there were significant higher ERs of associations between PM10/NO2 and mortality for elders (65 or elder) than youngers (64 or younger). Season analyses showed that associations between NO2 and total non-accidental mortality were more pronounced in hot seasons than in warm seasons. Taken together, NO2 was positively associated with total non-accidental mortality and cardiovascular mortality in Shenzhen even when the concentrations were below the ambient air quality standard. Policy measures should aim at reducing residents' exposure to anthropogenic NO2 emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinsheng Guo
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, China
| | - Yue Ma
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Yanwei Zhang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Suli Huang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Yongsheng Wu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Shuyuan Yu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Fei Zou
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510515, China.
| | - Jinquan Cheng
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.
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27
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Lin H, Guo Y, Zheng Y, Zhao X, Cao Z, Rigdon SE, Xian H, Li X, Liu T, Xiao J, Zeng W, Weaver NL, Qian Z, Ma W, Wu F. Exposure to ambient PM 2.5 associated with overall and domain-specific disability among adults in six low- and middle-income countries. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 104:69-75. [PMID: 28453972 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to particulate matter pollution is associated with various cardiopulmonary diseases, which are closely related with disability. The direct relationship between air pollution and disability, however, has not been fully explored. METHODS We used data from 45,625 participants in the Study on global AGEing and adult health in six low- and middle-income countries. The 12-item version of the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS 2.0) was used to measure the disability with six domains (cognition, mobility, self-care, getting along, life activities, and participation in society). Participants' community addresses were used to estimate annual concentration of PM2.5 using satellite data. We used linear mixed models to examine the effects of PM2.5 on overall and domain-specific WHODAS scores. RESULTS Exposure to PM2.5 was significantly associated with greater disability score (a higher score implies a greater disability); each 10μg/m3 increase corresponded to 0.72 (95% CI: 0.22, 1.22) increase in overall disability score. Compared with low PM2.5 level (<14.33μg/m3), moderate (14.33-27.83μg/m3) and high exposure levels (>27.83μg/m3) were associated with 3.43 (95% CI: 1.43, 5.43) and 3.72 (95% CI: 1.59, 5.86) increase in disability scores. Among the six domains, cognition, mobility and getting along were found to be associated with PM2.5. Stratified analyses found that women and older subjects were more sensitive to this effect. CONCLUSION Exposure to ambient PM2.5 might be one risk factor of disability in the low- and middle-income countries, women and older adults are the vulnerable population; and among the six domains, cognition, mobility and getting along are more relevant to this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualiang Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanfei Guo
- Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Zheng
- Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Zhao
- West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zheng Cao
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Steven E Rigdon
- Saint Louis University College for Public Health & Social Justice, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hong Xian
- Saint Louis University College for Public Health & Social Justice, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Xing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianpeng Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weilin Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nancy L Weaver
- Saint Louis University College for Public Health & Social Justice, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - ZhengminMin Qian
- Saint Louis University College for Public Health & Social Justice, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Wenjun Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Fan Wu
- Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.
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Lu H, Wang S, Li Y, Gong H, Han J, Wu Z, Yao S, Zhang X, Tang X, Jiang B. Seasonal variations and source apportionment of atmospheric PM 2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a mixed multi-function area of Hangzhou, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:16195-16205. [PMID: 28540542 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9265-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To reveal the seasonal variations and sources of PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during haze and non-haze episodes, daily PM2.5 samples were collected from March 2015 to February 2016 in a mixed multi-function area in Hangzhou, China. Ambient concentrations of 16 priority-controlled PAHs were determined. The sums of PM2.5-bound PAH concentrations during the haze episodes were 4.52 ± 3.32 and 13.6 ± 6.29 ng m-3 in warm and cold seasons, respectively, which were 1.99 and 1.49 times those during the non-haze episodes. Four PAH sources were identified using the positive matrix factorization model and conditional probability function, which were vehicular emissions (45%), heavy oil combustion (23%), coal and natural gas combustion (22%), and biomass combustion (10%). The four source concentrations of PAHs consistently showed higher levels in the cold season, compared with those in the warm season. Vehicular emissions were the most considerable sources that result in the increase of PM2.5-bound PAH levels during the haze episodes, and heavy oil combustion played an important role in the aggravation of haze pollution. The analysis of air mass back trajectories indicated that air mass transport had an influence on the PM2.5-bound PAH pollution, especially on the increased contributions from coal combustion and vehicular emissions in the cold season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Lu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China.
| | - Shengsheng Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - Yun Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - Hui Gong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - Jingyi Han
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - Zuliang Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - Shuiliang Yao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - Xuming Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - Xiujuan Tang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
| | - Boqiong Jiang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China
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29
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Improvement to the Huff Curve for Design Storms and Urban Flooding Simulations in Guangzhou, China. WATER 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/w9060411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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30
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Li G, Huang J, Xu G, Pan X, Qian X, Xu J, Zhao Y, Zhang T, Liu Q, Guo X, He T. The short term burden of ambient fine particulate matter on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Ningbo, China. Environ Health 2017; 16:54. [PMID: 28587653 PMCID: PMC5461635 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-017-0253-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous studies have found associations between ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and increased mortality risk. However, little evidence is available on associations between PM2.5 and years of life lost (YLL). We aimed to estimate the YLL due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) mortality related to ambient PM2.5 exposure. METHODS A time-series study was conducted based on the data on air pollutants, meteorological conditions and 18,472 registered COPD deaths in Ningbo, China, 2011-2015. The effects of PM2.5 on YLL and daily death of COPD were estimated, after controlling long term trend, meteorological index and other confounders. RESULTS The impact of PM2.5 on YLL due to COPD lasted for 5 days (lag 0-4). Per 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 was associated with 0.91 (95%CI: 0.16, 1.66) years increase in YLL. The excess YLL of COPD mortality were 8206 years, and 0.38 day per person in Ningbo from 2011 to 2015. The exposure-response curve of PM2.5 and YLL due to COPD showed a non-linear pattern, with relatively steep at low levels and flattened out at higher exposures.. Furthermore, the effects were significantly higher in the elderly than those in the younger. CONCLUSIONS Our findings explored burden of PM2.5 on YLL due to COPD and highlight the importance and urgency of ambient PM2.5 pollution control and protection of the vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxing Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Guozhang Xu
- Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Haishu District, 237 Yongfeng Road, Ningbo, 315010 China
| | - Xiaochuan Pan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Xujun Qian
- Ningbo First Hospital, 59 Liuting Street, Ningbo, 315010 China
| | - Jiaying Xu
- Tulan University, 6823 St. Charles Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Haishu District, 237 Yongfeng Road, Ningbo, 315010 China
| | - Qichen Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Xinbiao Guo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Tianfeng He
- Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Haishu District, 237 Yongfeng Road, Ningbo, 315010 China
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Qin L, Gu J, Liang S, Fang F, Bai W, Liu X, Zhao T, Walline J, Zhang S, Cui Y, Xu Y, Lin H. Seasonal association between ambient ozone and mortality in Zhengzhou, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2017; 61:1003-1010. [PMID: 27981338 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-016-1279-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Different seasonal health effects of ambient ozone (O3) have been reported in previous studies. This might be due to inappropriate adjustment of temperature in different seasons. We used daily data on non-accidental mortality and ambient air pollution in Zhengzhou from January 19, 2013 to June 30, 2015. Season-stratified analyses using generalized additive models were conducted to evaluate the seasonal associations with adjustment of temperature with different lagged days (lag0-1 for warm season, lag0-14 for cold season). We recorded a total of 70,443 non-accidental deaths in Zhengzhou during the study period. Significant associations were observed between ambient O3 and mortality in cold season. Every 10-μg/m3 increment of 24-h O3 of 1-day lagged time was associated with a 1.38% (95% CI 0.60, 2.16%) increase in all cause mortality, 1.35% (95% CI 0.41, 2.30%) increase in cardiovascular mortality, and 1.78% (95% CI 0.43, 3.14%) increase in respiratory mortality. Similar associations were observed when using daily 1- and 8-h maximum concentrations of O3. No significant association was found during warm season. This study suggests a more pronounced ozone-mortality association in cold season in Zhengzhou, and we suggest that different lagged temperatures should be considered when examining the seasonal health effects of ambient ozone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Qin
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jianqin Gu
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Shijie Liang
- Science and Education Center, Zhengzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fang Fang
- College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Weimin Bai
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tao Zhao
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | | | | | - Yingjie Cui
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yaxin Xu
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hualiang Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China.
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Zhu J, Zhang X, Zhang X, Dong M, Wu J, Dong Y, Chen R, Ding X, Huang C, Zhang Q, Zhou W. The burden of ambient air pollution on years of life lost in Wuxi, China, 2012-2015: A time-series study using a distributed lag non-linear model. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 224:689-697. [PMID: 28258859 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.02.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Ambient air pollution ranks high among the risk factors that increase the global burden of disease. Previous studies focused on assessing mortality risk and were sparsely performed in populous developing countries with deteriorating environments. We conducted a time-series study to evaluate the air pollution-associated years of life lost (YLL) and mortality risk and to identify potential modifiers relating to the season and demographic characteristics. Using linear (for YLL) and Poisson (for mortality) regression models and controlling for time-varying factors, we found that an interquartile range (IQR) increase in a three-day average cumulative (lag 0-2 day) concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, NO2 and SO2 corresponded to increases in YLL of 12.09 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.98-21.20), 13.69 (95% CI: 3.32-24.07), 26.95 (95% CI: 13.99-39.91) and 24.39 (95% CI: 8.62-40.15) years, respectively, and to percent increases in mortality of 1.34% (95% CI: 0.67-2.01%), 1.56% (95% CI: 0.80-2.33%), 3.36% (95% CI: 2.39-4.33%) and 2.39% (95% CI: 1.24-3.55%), respectively. Among the specific causes of death, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases were positively associated with gaseous pollutants (NO2 and SO2), and diabetes was positively correlated with NO2 (in terms of the mortality risk). The effects of air pollutants were more pronounced in the cool season than in the warm season. The elderly (>65 years) and females were more vulnerable to air pollution. Studying effect estimates and their modifications by using YLL to detect premature death should support implementing health risk assessments, identifying susceptible groups and guiding policy-making and resource allocation according to specific local conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingying Zhu
- Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 499 Jincheng Road, Liangxi District, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214023, China
| | - Xuhui Zhang
- Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 499 Jincheng Road, Liangxi District, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214023, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 499 Jincheng Road, Liangxi District, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214023, China
| | - Mei Dong
- Wuxi Municipal Environmental Monitoring Center, 58 Caozhangxincun, Liangxi District, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214025, China
| | - Jiamei Wu
- Wuxi Municipal Meteorological Monitoring Center, 8 Jianheng Road, Xishan District, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214101, China
| | - Yunqiu Dong
- Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 499 Jincheng Road, Liangxi District, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214023, China
| | - Rong Chen
- Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 499 Jincheng Road, Liangxi District, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214023, China
| | - Xinliang Ding
- Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 499 Jincheng Road, Liangxi District, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214023, China
| | - Chunhua Huang
- Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 499 Jincheng Road, Liangxi District, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214023, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 499 Jincheng Road, Liangxi District, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214023, China
| | - Weijie Zhou
- Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 499 Jincheng Road, Liangxi District, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214023, China.
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Chen W, Tong DQ, Dan M, Zhang S, Zhang X, Pan Y. Typical atmospheric haze during crop harvest season in northeastern China: A case in the Changchun region. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 54:101-113. [PMID: 28391918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the mass concentrations of PM2.5, O3, SO2 and NOx at one urban, one suburban and two rural locations in the Changchun region from September 25 to October 27 2013. Major chemical components of PM2.5 at the four sites were daily sampled and analyzed. Most of daily concentrations of SO2 (7-82μg/m3), O3 (27-171μg/m3) and NOx (14-213μg/m3) were below the limits of the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) in China. However, PM2.5 concentrations (143-168μg/m3) were 2-fold higher than NAAQS. Higher PM2.5 concentrations (~150μg/m3) were measured during the pre-harvest and harvest at the urban site, while PM2.5 concentrations significantly increased from 250 to 400μgm-3 at suburban and rural sites with widespread biomass burning. At all sites, PM2.5 components were dominated by organic carbon (OC) and followed by soluble component sulfate (SO42-), ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3-). Compared with rural sites, urban site had a higher mineral contribution and lower potassium (K+ and K) contribution to PM2.5. Severe atmospheric haze events that occurred from October 21 to 23 were attributed to strong source emissions (e.g., biomass burning) and unfavorable air diffusion conditions. Furthermore, coal burning originating from winter heating supply beginning on October 18 increased the atmospheric pollutant emissions. For entire crop harvest period, the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) analysis indicated five important emission contributors in the Changchun region, as follows: secondary aerosol (39%), biomass burning (20%), supply heating (18%), soil/road dust (14%) and traffic (9%).
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Affiliation(s)
- WeiWei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment,Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China.
| | - Daniel Q Tong
- Cooperative Institute for Climate & Satellites, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, USA; Center for Spatial Information Science and Systems, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Mo Dan
- Beijing Municipal Institute of Labor Protection, Beijing 100054, China
| | - ShiChun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment,Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
| | - XueLei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment,Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
| | - YuePeng Pan
- State key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
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Sun J, Zhou T. Health risk assessment of China's main air pollutants. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:212. [PMID: 28219424 PMCID: PMC5319161 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4130-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With the rapid development of China’s economy, air pollution has attracted public concern because of its harmful effects on health. Methods The source apportioning of air pollution, the spatial distribution characteristics, and the relationship between atmospheric contamination, and the risk of exposure were explored. The in situ daily concentrations of the principal air pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, CO and O3) were obtained from 188 main cities with many continuous air-monitoring stations across China (2014 and 2015). Results The results indicate positive correlations between PM2.5 and SO2 (R2 = 0.395/0.404, P < 0.0001), CO (R2 = 0.187/0.365, P < 0.0001), and NO2 (R2 = 0.447/0.533, P < 0.0001), but weak correlations with O3 (P > 0.05) for both 2014 and 2015. Additionally, a significant relationship between SO2, NO2, and CO was discovered using regression analysis (P < 0.0001), indicating that the origin of air pollutants is likely to be vehicle exhaust, coal consumption, and biomass open-burning. For the spatial pattern of air pollutants, we found that the highest concentration of SO2, NO2, and CO were mainly distributed in north China (Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei regions), Shandong, Shanxi and Henan provinces, part of Xinjiang and central Inner Mongolia (2014 and 2015). Conclusions The highest concentration and risk of PM2.5 was observed in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei economic belts, and Shandong, Henan, Shanxi, Hubei and Anhui provinces. Nevertheless, the highest concentration of O3 was irregularly distributed in most areas of China. A high-risk distribution of PM10, SO2 and NO2 was also observed in these regions, with the high risk of PM10 and NO2 observed in the Hebei and Shandong province, and high-risk of PM10 in Urumchi. The high-risk of NO2 distributed in Beijing-Yangtze River Delta region-Pearl River Delta region-central. Although atmospheric contamination slightly improved in 2015 compared to 2014, humanity faces the challenge of reducing the environmental and public health effects of air pollution by altering the present mode of growth to achieve sustainable social and economic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Sun
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Tiancai Zhou
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.,Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610000, China
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Gao J, Woodward A, Vardoulakis S, Kovats S, Wilkinson P, Li L, Xu L, Li J, Yang J, Li J, Cao L, Liu X, Wu H, Liu Q. Haze, public health and mitigation measures in China: A review of the current evidence for further policy response. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 578:148-157. [PMID: 27842962 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
With rapid economic development, China has been plagued by choking air pollution in recent years, and the frequent occurrence of haze episodes has caused widespread public concern. The purpose of this study is to describe the sources and formation of haze, summarize the mitigation measures in force, review the relationship between haze pollution and public health, and to discuss the challenges, potential research directions and policy options. Haze pollution has both natural and man-made causes, though it is anthropogenic sources that are the major contributors. Accumulation of air pollutants, secondary formation of aerosols, stagnant meteorological conditions, and trans-boundary transportation of pollutants are the principal causes driving the formation and evolution of haze. In China, haze includes gaseous pollutants and fine particles, of which PM2.5 is the dominant component. Short and long-term exposure to haze pollution are associated with a range of negative health outcomes, including respiratory diseases, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, mental health problems, lung cancer and premature death. China has paid increasing attention to the improvement of air quality, and has introduced action plans and policies to tackle pollution, but many interventions have only temporary effects. There may be fierce resistance from industry groups and some government agencies, and often it is challenging to enforce relevant control measures and laws. We discuss the potential policy options for prevention, the need for wider public dialogue and the implications for scientific research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
| | - Alistair Woodward
- School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Private Bag, 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Sotiris Vardoulakis
- Environmental Change Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, London, UK.
| | - Sari Kovats
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Change and Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), 15-17 Tavistock Place, WC1H 9SH London, UK.
| | - Paul Wilkinson
- Public and Environmental Health Research Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, WC1H 9SH London, UK.
| | - Liping Li
- Injury Prevention Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Lei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
| | - Lina Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Xiaobo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
| | - Haixia Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
| | - Qiyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
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Li X, Xiao J, Lin H, Liu T, Qian Z, Zeng W, Guo L, Ma W. The construction and validity analysis of AQHI based on mortality risk: A case study in Guangzhou, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 220:487-494. [PMID: 27707554 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.09.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The current air quality indices have been criticized for not capturing combined health effects of multiple air pollutants. We proposed an Air Quality Health Index (AQHI) based on the air pollution-mortality associations for communicating health risks of air pollution. Time-series studies were conducted to estimate the associations between air pollutants including sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), suspended particulate matter smaller than 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5) and mortality in Guangzhou from 2012 to 2015. The sum of excess mortality risk was calculated to construct the AQHI, which was then adjusted to an arbitrary scale. We then assessed the validity of AQHI. An interquartile increase (IQR) of AQHI was associated with 3.61% [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 2.85%-4.37%], 3.73% (95%CI, 2.18%-5.27%) and 4.19% (95%CI, 2.87%-5.52%) increase of mortality, respiratory and cardiovascular hospital admissions, respectively. Compared with the currently used Air Quality Index (AQI), AQHI had higher effects on mortality and morbidity. Our study suggests that AQHI might comprehensively capture the combined effects of air pollution, which make it be a more valid communication tool of air pollution-related health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianpeng Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hualiang Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhengmin Qian
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Weilin Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lingchuan Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenjun Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Yang J, Ou CQ, Song YF, Li L, Chen PY, Liu QY. Estimating years of life lost from cardiovascular mortality related to air pollution in Guangzhou, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 573:1566-1572. [PMID: 27613670 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have mainly used mortality or morbidity as the health outcome to examine the air pollution-health association. Little evidence is available on relationships between air pollutants and years of life lost (YLL). We aimed to estimate the YLL from cardiovascular mortality due to air pollution. Daily data on weather and air pollutants and individual data of all registered deaths for years 2004-2007 were obtained in Guangzhou, China. The generalized additive model was used to assess the YLL associated with 10μg/m3 increases in NO2, SO2 and PM10. We found that the mean daily YLL was 248, 87.5 and 73.7 for deaths from cardiovascular disease (CVD), stroke and ischemic heart disease (IHD), respectively. A significant linear correlation was observed between air pollution and YLL due to cardiovascular disease. The effects of air pollutants on YLL were immediate and lasted for two days. A 10μg/m3 increase above the corresponding threshold of 55.6μg/m3, 40.4μg/m3 and 0μg/m3 in NO2, PM10 and SO2 was related to YLL increase of 1.8 (95% CI: 0.8-2.9), 2.8 (1.7-3.8) and 2.6 (1.2-4.0) years at lag 0-1days for CVD, respectively. The estimates of YLL associated with NO2 and PM10 were higher in men than women. The air pollutants-related YLL was higher among young people and those with low education level, compared to the elderly and those with high education level, respectively. These findings confirmed YLL provides a complementary strategy for assessing the health effect of air pollution. This study underscores the necessity of the reduction of air pollution benefiting public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Biostatistics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Chun-Quan Ou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Biostatistics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Yu-Feng Song
- Intensive Care Unit, Guangdong No. 2 Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou 510317, China.
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Biostatistics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Ping-Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of Biostatistics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Qi-Yong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China.
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Lin H, Liu T, Xiao J, Zeng W, Li X, Guo L, Zhang Y, Xu Y, Tao J, Xian H, Syberg KM, Qian ZM, Ma W. Mortality burden of ambient fine particulate air pollution in six Chinese cities: Results from the Pearl River Delta study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 96:91-97. [PMID: 27639206 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies have reported significant association between ambient fine particulate matter air pollution (PM2.5) and mortality, however, few studies have investigated the relationship of mortality with PM2.5 and associated mortality burden in China, especially in a multicity setting. METHODS We investigated the PM2.5-mortality association in six cities of the Pearl River Delta region from 2013 to 2015. We used generalized additive Poisson models incorporating penalized smoothing splines to control for temporal trend, temperature, and relative humidity. We applied meta-analyses using random-effects models to pool the effect estimates in the six cities. We also examined these associations in stratified analyses by sex, age group, education level and location of death. We further estimated the mortality burden (attributable fraction and attributable mortality) due to ambient PM2.5 exposures. RESULTS During the study period, a total of 316,305 deaths were recorded in the study area. The analysis revealed a significant association between PM2.5 and mortality. Specifically, a 10μg/m3 increase in 4-day averaged (lag03) PM2.5 concentration corresponded to a 1.76% (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.47%, 2.06%) increase in total mortality, 2.19% (95% CI: 1.80%, 2.59%) in cardiovascular mortality, and 1.68% (95% CI: 1.00%, 2.37%) in respiratory mortality. The results were generally robust to model specifications and adjustment of gaseous air pollutants. We estimated that 0.56% (95% CI: 0.47%, 0.66%) and 3.79% (95% CI: 3.14%, 4.45%) of all-cause mortalities were attributable to PM2.5 using China's and WHO's air quality standards as the reference, corresponding to 1661 (95% CI: 1379, 1946) and 11,176 (95% CI: 9261, 13,120) attributable premature mortalities, respectively. CONCLUSION This analysis adds to the growing body of evidence linking PM2.5 with daily mortality, and mortality burdens, particularly in one Chinese region with high levels of air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualiang Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Jianpeng Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Weilin Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Xing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Lingchuan Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Yanjun Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China
| | - Jun Tao
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong Xian
- College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Kevin M Syberg
- College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Zhengmin Min Qian
- College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA.
| | - Wenjun Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, China.
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Guan WJ, Zheng XY, Chung KF, Zhong NS. Impact of air pollution on the burden of chronic respiratory diseases in China: time for urgent action. Lancet 2016; 388:1939-1951. [PMID: 27751401 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31597-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 471] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In China, where air pollution has become a major threat to public health, public awareness of the detrimental effects of air pollution on respiratory health is increasing-particularly in relation to haze days. Air pollutant emission levels in China remain substantially higher than are those in developed countries. Moreover, industry, traffic, and household biomass combustion have become major sources of air pollutant emissions, with substantial spatial and temporal variations. In this Review, we focus on the major constituents of air pollutants and their impacts on chronic respiratory diseases. We highlight targets for interventions and recommendations for pollution reduction through industrial upgrading, vehicle and fuel renovation, improvements in public transportation, lowering of personal exposure, mitigation of the direct effects of air pollution through healthy city development, intervention at population-based level (systematic health education, intensive and individualised intervention, pre-emptive measures, and rehabilitation), and improvement in air quality. The implementation of a national environmental protection policy has become urgent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jie Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xue-Yan Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- Faculty of Medicine, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK; NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Nan-Shan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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40
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He JR, Liu Y, Xia XY, Ma WJ, Lin HL, Kan HD, Lu JH, Feng Q, Mo WJ, Wang P, Xia HM, Qiu X, Muglia LJ. Ambient Temperature and the Risk of Preterm Birth in Guangzhou, China (2001-2011). ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:1100-6. [PMID: 26672059 PMCID: PMC4937853 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1509778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although effects of weather changes on human health have been widely reported, there is limited information regarding effects on pregnant women in developing countries. OBJECTIVE We investigated the association between maternal exposure to ambient temperature and the risk of preterm birth (< 37 weeks of gestation) in Guangzhou, China. METHODS We used a Cox proportional hazards model to estimate associations between preterm birth and average temperature during each week of gestation, with weekly temperature modeled as a time-varying exposure during four time windows: 1 week (the last week of the pregnancy), 4 weeks (the last 4 weeks of the pregnancy), late pregnancy (gestational week 20 onward), and the entire pregnancy. Information on singleton vaginal birth between 2001 and 2011 was collected. Daily meteorological data during the same period were obtained from the Guangzhou Meteorological Bureau. RESULTS A total of 838,146 singleton vaginal births were included, among which 47,209 (5.6%) were preterm births. High mean temperatures during the 4 weeks, late pregnancy, and the entire pregnancy time windows were associated with an increased risk of preterm birth. Compared with the median temperature (24.4°C), weekly exposures during the last 4 weeks of the pregnancy to extreme cold (7.6°C, the 1st percentile) and extreme heat (31.9°C, the 99th percentile) were associated with 17.9% (95% CI: 10.2, 26.2%) and 10.0% (95% CI: 2.9, 17.6%) increased risks of preterm birth, respectively. The association between extreme heat and preterm birth was stronger for preterm births during weeks 20-31 and 32-34 than those during weeks 35-36. CONCLUSIONS These findings might have important implications in preventing preterm birth in Guangzhou as well as other areas with similar weather conditions. CITATION He JR, Liu Y, Xia XY, Ma WJ, Lin HL, Kan HD, Lu JH, Feng Q, Mo WJ, Wang P, Xia HM, Qiu X, Muglia LJ. 2016. Ambient temperature and the risk of preterm birth in Guangzhou, China (2001-2011). Environ Health Perspect 124:1100-1106; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1509778.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Rong He
- Division of Birth Cohort Study, and
- Department of Health Care, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Division of Birth Cohort Study, and
- Department of Health Care, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Xia
- Division of Birth Cohort Study, and
- Department of Health Care, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Women and Children’s Health Information Center, Guangzhou, China
- Address correspondence to X. Qiu, Division of Birth Cohort Study, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 9 Jinsui Rd., Guangzhou 510623, China. Telephone: 86 2038367162. E-mail: , or H.-M. Xia, Division of Birth Cohort Study, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 9 Jinsui Rd., Guangzhou 510623, China. Telephone: 86 2038076020. E-mail:
| | - Wen-Jun Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua-Liang Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Dong Kan
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, China
| | - Jin-Hua Lu
- Division of Birth Cohort Study, and
- Department of Health Care, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiong Feng
- Department of Health Care, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Jian Mo
- Department of Health Care, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Health Care, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Min Xia
- Division of Birth Cohort Study, and
- Address correspondence to X. Qiu, Division of Birth Cohort Study, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 9 Jinsui Rd., Guangzhou 510623, China. Telephone: 86 2038367162. E-mail: , or H.-M. Xia, Division of Birth Cohort Study, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 9 Jinsui Rd., Guangzhou 510623, China. Telephone: 86 2038076020. E-mail:
| | - Xiu Qiu
- Division of Birth Cohort Study, and
- Department of Health Care, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Address correspondence to X. Qiu, Division of Birth Cohort Study, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 9 Jinsui Rd., Guangzhou 510623, China. Telephone: 86 2038367162. E-mail: , or H.-M. Xia, Division of Birth Cohort Study, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, 9 Jinsui Rd., Guangzhou 510623, China. Telephone: 86 2038076020. E-mail:
| | - Louis J. Muglia
- Center for Prevention of Preterm Birth, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Huang W, Fan H, Qiu Y, Cheng Z, Xu P, Qian Y. Causation mechanism analysis for haze pollution related to vehicle emission in Guangzhou, China by employing the fault tree approach. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 151:9-16. [PMID: 26923237 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Recently, China has frequently experienced large-scale, severe and persistent haze pollution due to surging urbanization and industrialization and a rapid growth in the number of motor vehicles and energy consumption. The vehicle emission due to the consumption of a large number of fossil fuels is no doubt a critical factor of the haze pollution. This work is focused on the causation mechanism of haze pollution related to the vehicle emission for Guangzhou city by employing the Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) method for the first time. With the establishment of the fault tree system of "Haze weather-Vehicle exhausts explosive emission", all of the important risk factors are discussed and identified by using this deductive FTA method. The qualitative and quantitative assessments of the fault tree system are carried out based on the structure, probability and critical importance degree analysis of the risk factors. The study may provide a new simple and effective tool/strategy for the causation mechanism analysis and risk management of haze pollution in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqing Huang
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, PR China.
| | - Hongbo Fan
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, PR China.
| | - Yongfu Qiu
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, PR China
| | - Zhiyu Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, PR China
| | - Pingru Xu
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, PR China
| | - Yu Qian
- School of Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
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42
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He T, Yang Z, Liu T, Shen Y, Fu X, Qian X, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Xu Z, Zhu S, Mao C, Xu G, Tang J. Ambient air pollution and years of life lost in Ningbo, China. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22485. [PMID: 26927539 PMCID: PMC4772387 DOI: 10.1038/srep22485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the burden of air pollution on years of life lost (YLL) in addition to mortality, we conducted a time series analysis based on the data on air pollution, meteorological conditions and 163,704 non-accidental deaths of Ningbo, China, 2009–2013. The mean concentrations of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter <10 μm, particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter <2.5 μm, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide were 84.0 μg/m3, 60.1 μg/m3, 25.1 μg/m3 and 41.7 μg/m3, respectively. An increase of 10-μg/m3 in particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter <10 μm, particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter <2.5 μm, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide was associated with 4.27 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.17–7.38), 2.97 (95% CI −2.01–7.95), 29.98 (95% CI 19.21–40.76) and 16.58 (95% CI 8.19–24.97) YLL, respectively, and 0.53% (95% CI 0.29–0.76%), 0.57% (95% CI 0.20–0.95%), 2.89% (95% CI 2.04–3.76%), and 1.65% (95% CI 1.01–2.30%) increase of daily death counts, respectively. The impact of air pollution lasted for four days (lag 0–3), and were more significant in the elderly than in the young population for both outcomes. These findings clarify the burden of air pollution on YLL and highlight the importance and urgency of air pollution control in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianfeng He
- Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, China
| | - Zuyao Yang
- Division of Epidemiology, JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Tao Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yueping Shen
- School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong Fu
- Division of Epidemiology, JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Xujun Qian
- School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuelun Zhang
- Division of Epidemiology, JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yong Wang
- Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, China
| | - Zhiwei Xu
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Shankuan Zhu
- Injury Control Research Center, Zhejiang University School of Public Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chen Mao
- Division of Epidemiology, JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Health Risk Analysis, Shenzhen Research Institute of The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guozhang Xu
- Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, China
| | - Jinling Tang
- Division of Epidemiology, JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Health Risk Analysis, Shenzhen Research Institute of The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
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43
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Zhang S, Li L, Gao W, Wang Y, Yao X. Interventions to reduce individual exposure of elderly individuals and children to haze: a review. J Thorac Dis 2016; 8:E62-8. [PMID: 26904254 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2016.01.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Given rapid economic developments and urbanization over the last few decades, China has experienced frequent haze episodes, which have adverse effects on public health. Children and elderly individuals are more susceptible than the general population to air pollution. In this study, we introduce interventions to reduce the exposure of elderly individuals and children to air pollution during hazy weather. These interventions include avoiding outdoor activities, wearing a dust mask, reducing burning biomass fuels, reducing frying and smoking at home, using an air filtration unit and taking supplemental antioxidants. However, the actual benefits of these measures remain unproven and are unlikely to be adequate. Sustained clean air policies remain the most important and efficient solution to reduce air pollution-related health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sini Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Lingling Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yujie Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xin Yao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
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44
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Lin H, Tao J, Du Y, Liu T, Qian Z, Tian L, Di Q, Rutherford S, Guo L, Zeng W, Xiao J, Li X, He Z, Xu Y, Ma W. Particle size and chemical constituents of ambient particulate pollution associated with cardiovascular mortality in Guangzhou, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 208:758-66. [PMID: 26561449 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Though significant associations between particulate matter (PM) air pollution and cardiovascular diseases have been widely reported, it remains unclear what characteristics, such as particle size and chemical constituents, may be responsible for the effects. A time-series model was applied to examine the cardiovascular effects of particle size (for the period of 2009-2011) and chemical constituents (2007-2010) in Guangzhou, we controlled for potential confounders in the model, such as time trends, day of the week, public holidays, meteorological factors and influenza epidemic. We found significant associations of cardiovascular mortality with PM10, PM2.5 and PM1; the excess risk (ER) was 6.10% (95% CI: 1.76%, 10.64%), 6.11% (95% CI: 1.76%, 10.64%) and 6.48% (95% CI: 2.10%, 11.06%) for per IQR increase in PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 at moving averages for the current day and the previous 3 days (lag03), respectively. We did not find significant effects of PM2.5-10 and PM1-2.5. For PM2.5 constituents, we found that organic carbon, elemental carbon, sulfate, nitrate and ammonium were significantly associated with cardiovascular mortality, the corresponding ER for an IQR concentration increase at lag03 was 1.13% (95% CI: 0.10%, 2.17%), 2.77% (95% CI: 0.72%, 4.86%), 2.21% (95% CI: 1.05%, 3.38%), 1.98% (95% CI: 0.54%, 3.44%), and 3.38% (95% CI: 1.56%, 5.23%), respectively. These results were robust to adjustment of other air pollutants and they remained consistent in various sensitivity analyses by changing model parameters. Our study suggests that PM1 and constituents from combustion and secondary aerosols might be important characteristics of PM pollution associated with cardiovascular mortality in Guangzhou.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualiang Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Tao
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaodong Du
- Guangdong Provincial Weather Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhengmin Qian
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Linwei Tian
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qian Di
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shannon Rutherford
- Center for Environment and Population Health, School of Environment, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lingchuan Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Weilin Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianpeng Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhihui He
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanjun Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenjun Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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45
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Abstract
Along with fast economic growth over the past few decades, the world is faced with cumulatively serious environmental pollution and now is paying increased attention to pollutional haze. In the last few years, multiple epidemiological studies and animal models have provided compelling evidences that inhalation of pollutional haze could be linked to several adverse health effects. Since the respiratory tract is the crucial passageway of entry of pollutional haze, the lung is the main affected organ. Therefore, here, we reviewed some of the important information around long-term exposure to pollutional haze and lung cancer, as well as highlight important roles of pollutional haze in human lung carcinogenesis, providing evidence for pollutional haze acting as another risk factor for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Shi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Hongbing Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Yong Song
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China
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46
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Zhang Q, Qiu M, Lai K, Zhong N. Cough and environmental air pollution in China. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2015; 35:132-6. [PMID: 26467061 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
With fast-paced urbanization and increased energy consumption in rapidly industrialized modern China, the level of outdoor and indoor air pollution resulting from industrial and motor vehicle emissions has been increasing at an accelerated rate. Thus, there is a significant increase in the prevalence of respiratory symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, and decreased pulmonary function. Experimental exposure research and epidemiological studies have indicated that exposure to particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and environmental tobacco smoke have a harmful influence on development of respiratory diseases and are significantly associated with cough and wheeze. This review mainly discusses the effect of air pollutants on respiratory health, particularly with respect to cough, the links between air pollutants and microorganisms, and air pollutant sources. Particular attention is paid to studies in urban areas of China where the levels of ambient and indoor air pollution are significantly higher than World Health Organization recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingling Zhang
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases (Guangzhou Medical University) 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China.
| | - Minzhi Qiu
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases (Guangzhou Medical University) 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Kefang Lai
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases (Guangzhou Medical University) 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
| | - Nanshan Zhong
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases (Guangzhou Medical University) 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China
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47
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Zhang Q, Qiu Z, Chung KF, Huang SK. Link between environmental air pollution and allergic asthma: East meets West. J Thorac Dis 2015; 7:14-22. [PMID: 25694814 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2014.12.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
With the levels of outdoor air pollution from industrial and motor vehicle emissions rising rapidly in the fastly-industrializing countries of South East Asia, the prevalence of asthma and allergic diseases has also been increasing to match those in the West. Epidemiological and experimental exposure studies indicate a harmful impact of outdoor air pollution from vehicles and factories both on the development of allergic diseases and asthma and the increase in asthma symptoms and exacerbations. The level of outdoor pollution in Asia is much higher and more diverse than those encountered in Western countries. This may increase the impact of outdoor pollution on health, particularly lung health in Asia. This review discusses the constituents of air pollution in Asia with a special focus on studies in mainland China and Taiwan where the levels of pollution have reached high levels and where such high levels particularly in winter can cause a thick haze that reduces visibility. The onus remains on regulatory and public health authorities to curb the sources of pollution so that the health effects on the population particularly those with lung and cardiovascular diseases and with increased susceptibility can be mitigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingling Zhang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China ; 2 National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London & Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust, London, UK ; 3 Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, 115 Zhunan, Taiwan ; 4 Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Zhiming Qiu
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China ; 2 National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London & Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust, London, UK ; 3 Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, 115 Zhunan, Taiwan ; 4 Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China ; 2 National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London & Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust, London, UK ; 3 Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, 115 Zhunan, Taiwan ; 4 Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Shau-Ku Huang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China ; 2 National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London & Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust, London, UK ; 3 Division of Environmental Health and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, 115 Zhunan, Taiwan ; 4 Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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