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Shang B, Agathokleous E, Calatayud V, Peng J, Xu Y, Li S, Liu S, Feng Z. Drought mitigates the adverse effects of O 3 on plant photosynthesis rather than growth: A global meta-analysis considering plant functional types. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:1269-1284. [PMID: 38185874 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone (O3 ) is a phytotoxic air pollutant adversely affecting plant growth. High O3 exposures are often concurrent with summer drought. The effects of both stresses on plants are complex, and their interactions are not yet well understood. Here, we investigate whether drought can mitigate the negative effects of O3 on plant physiology and growth based on a meta-analysis. We found that drought mitigated the negative effects of O3 on plant photosynthesis, but the modification of the O3 effect on the whole-plant biomass by drought was not significant. This is explained by a compensatory response of water-deficient plants that leads to increased metabolic costs. Relative to water control condition, reduced water treatment decreased the effects of O3 on photosynthetic traits, and leaf and root biomass in deciduous broadleaf species, while all traits in evergreen coniferous species showed no significant response. This suggested that the mitigating effects of drought on the negative impacts of O3 on the deciduous broadleaf species were more extensive than on the evergreen coniferous ones. Therefore, to avoid over- or underestimations when assessing the impact of O3 on vegetation growth, soil moisture should be considered. These results contribute to a better understanding of terrestrial ecosystem responses under global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Shang
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Carbon Source and Sink, China Meteorological Administration (ECSS-CMA), School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Evgenios Agathokleous
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Carbon Source and Sink, China Meteorological Administration (ECSS-CMA), School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Vicent Calatayud
- Fundación CEAM, c/Charles R. Darwin 14, Parque Tecnológico, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jinlong Peng
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yansen Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Carbon Source and Sink, China Meteorological Administration (ECSS-CMA), School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuangjiang Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Carbon Source and Sink, China Meteorological Administration (ECSS-CMA), School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- Zhejiang Carbon Neutral Innovation Institute, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Carbon Source and Sink, China Meteorological Administration (ECSS-CMA), School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Kaylor SD, Snell Taylor SJ, Herrick JD. Estimates of biomass reductions of ozone sensitive herbaceous plants in California. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 878:163134. [PMID: 37001658 PMCID: PMC10543089 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to tropospheric ozone pollution impairs photosynthesis and growth in plants and this can have consequences for ecosystems. However, exposure-response research in the United States (U.S.) has historically focused on trees and crops, and less attention has been given to non-crop herbaceous species. We combined U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ozone monitoring data from the entirety of 2016 with published exposure-response relationships from controlled exposure experiments for twenty herbaceous plant species occurring in California. The U.S. Department of Agriculture PLANTS database was used to identify county-level occurrence data of these plant species. A kriged ozone exposure surface for 2016 was generated using data from monitoring stations in California and surrounding states, using Accumulated Ozone exposure over a Threshold of 40 ppb (AOT40) as an exposure metric. County-wide ozone exposure estimations were then combined with published exposure response functions for focal plants, and maps were created to estimate ozone-induced growth losses in the counties where the plants occur. Plant species had estimated annual growth losses from <1 % to >20 % based on exposure levels and sensitivity. Of the 20 species, 17 had predicted biomass loss >5 % in at least one county, emphasizing the vulnerability of herbaceous species at recent ozone concentrations. Butte, Nevada, Plumas, San Luis Obispo, and Shasta Counties, an area of about 31,652 km2, had the highest number of species (6) with >10 % estimated biomass loss, the loss threshold for European critical levels. White clover (Trifolium repens L.) was one of the most affected species with more than an estimated 10 % annual estimated growth loss over 59 % of the state. Overall, these estimated growth losses demonstrate potential for shifts in plant communities and negative effects on ecosystems. This study addresses critical policy needs for risk assessments on herbaceous species in a single year of ozone exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Douglas Kaylor
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, 109 TW Alexander Dr, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Sara J Snell Taylor
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, CB 3280, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jeffery D Herrick
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, 109 TW Alexander Dr, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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Agathokleous S, Saitanis CJ, Savvides C, Sicard P, Agathokleous E, De Marco A. Spatiotemporal variations of ozone exposure and its risks to vegetation and human health in Cyprus: an analysis across a gradient of altitudes. JOURNAL OF FORESTRY RESEARCH 2022; 34:579-594. [PMID: 36033836 PMCID: PMC9391650 DOI: 10.1007/s11676-022-01520-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Ground-level ozone (O3) affects vegetation and threatens environmental health when levels exceed critical values, above which adverse effects are expected. Cyprus is expected to be a hotspot for O3 concentrations due to its unique position in the eastern Mediterranean, receiving air masses from Europe, African, and Asian continents, and experiencing a warm Mediterranean climate. In Cyprus, the spatiotemporal features of O3 are poorly understood and the potential risks for forest health have not been explored. We evaluated O3 and nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2) at four regional background stations at different altitudes over 2014-2016. O3 risks to vegetation and human health were estimated by calculating accumulated O3 exposure over a threshold of 40 nmol mol-1 (AOT40) and cumulative exposure to mixing ratios above 35 nmol mol-1 (SOMO35) indices. The data reveal that mean O3 concentrations follow a seasonal pattern, with higher levels in spring (51.8 nmol mol-1) and summer (53.2 nmol mol-1) and lower levels in autumn (46.9 nmol mol-1) and winter (43.3 nmol mol-1). The highest mean O3 exposure (59.5 nmol mol-1) in summer occurred at the high elevation station Mt. Troodos (1819 m a.s.l.). Increasing (decreasing) altitudinal gradients were found for O3 (NOx), driven by summer-winter differences. The diurnal patterns of O3 showed little variation. Only at the lowest altitude O3 displayed a typical O3 diurnal pattern, with hourly differences smaller than 15 nmol mol-1. Accumulated O3 exposures at all stations and in all years exceeded the European Union's limits for the protection of vegetation, with average values of 3-month (limit: 3000 nmol mol-1 h) and 6-month (limit: 5000 nmol mol-1 h) AOT40 for crops and forests of 16,564 and 31,836 nmol mol-1 h, respectively. O3 exposures were considerably high for human health, with an average SOMO35 value of 7270 nmol mol-1 days across stations and years. The results indicate that O3 is a major environmental and public health issue in Cyprus, and policies must be adopted to mitigate O3 precursor emissions at local and regional scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanos Agathokleous
- The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
- University of the Aegean, Mytilene, Lesvos Greece
| | | | - Chrysanthos Savvides
- Department of Labour Inspection, Ministry of Labour and Social Insurance, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Evgenios Agathokleous
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Nanjing, 210044 People’s Republic of China
| | - Alessandra De Marco
- National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Rome, Italy
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Influence of Ozone and Drought on Tree Growth under Field Conditions in a 22 Year Time Series. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13081215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Studying the effect of surface ozone (O3) and water stress on tree growth is important for planning sustainable forest management and forest ecology. In the present study, a 22-year long time series (1998–2019) on basal area increment (BAI) and fructification severity of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H.Karst.) at five forest sites in Western Germany (Rhineland Palatinate) was investigated to evaluate how it correlates with drought and stomatal O3 fluxes (PODY) with an hourly threshold of uptake (Y) to represent the detoxification capacity of trees (POD1, with Y = 1 nmol O3 m−2 s−1). Between 1998 and 2019, POD1 declined over time by on average 0.31 mmol m−2 year−1. The BAI showed no significant trend at all sites, except in Leisel where a slight decline was observed over time (−0.37 cm2 per year, p < 0.05). A random forest analysis showed that the soil water content and daytime O3 mean concentration were the best predictors of BAI at all sites. The highest mean score of fructification was observed during the dry years, while low level or no fructification was observed in most humid years. Combined effects of drought and O3 pollution mostly influence tree growth decline for European beech and Norway spruce.
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Singh RN, Mukherjee J, Sehgal VK, Krishnan P, Das DK, Dhakar RK, Bhatia A. Interactive effect of elevated tropospheric ozone and carbon dioxide on radiation utilisation, growth and yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2021; 65:1939-1952. [PMID: 34050433 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-021-02150-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
An experiment was conducted in the Free Air Ozone and Carbon dioxide Enrichment (FAOCE) facility to study the impact of elevated O3, CO2 and their interaction on chickpea crop (cv. Pusa-5023) in terms of phenology, biophysical parameters, yield components, radiation interception and use efficiency. The crop was exposed to elevated O3 (EO:60ppb), CO2 (EC:550 ppm) and their combined interactive treatment (ECO: EC+EO) during the entire growing season. Results revealed that the crop's total growth period was shortened by 10, 14 and 17 days under elevated CO2, elevated O3 and the combined treatment, respectively. Compared to ambient condition, the leaf area index (LAI) under elevated CO2 was higher by 4 to 28%, whilst it is reduced by 7.3 to 23.8% under elevated O3. The yield based radiation use efficiency (RUEy) was highest under elevated CO2 (0.48 g MJ-1), followed by combined (0.41 g MJ-1), ambient (0.38 g MJ-1) and elevated O3 (0.32 g MJ-1) treatments. Elevated O3 decreased RUEy by 15.78% over ambient, and the interaction results in a 7.8% higher RUEy. The yield was 31.7% more under elevated CO2 and 21.9% lower in elevated O3 treatment as compared to the ambient. The combined interactive treatment recorded a higher yield as compared to ambient by 9.7%. Harvest index (HI) was lowest under elevated O3 (36.10%), followed by ambient (39.18%), combined (40.81%), and highest was under elevated CO2 (44.18%). Chickpea showed a positive response to elevated CO2 resulting a 5% increase in HI as compared to ambient condition. Our findings quantified the positive and negative impacts of elevated O3, CO2 and their interaction on chickpea and revealed that the negative impacts of elevated O3 can be compensated by elevated CO2 in chickpea. This work promotes the understanding of crop behaviour under elevated O3, CO2 and their interaction, which can be used as valuable inputs for radiation-based crop simulation models to simulate climate change impact on chickpea crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Singh
- Division of Agricultural Physics, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi, 110012, India
- School of Atmospheric Stress Management, ICAR-NIASM, Pune, 413115, India
| | - Joydeep Mukherjee
- Division of Agricultural Physics, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi, 110012, India.
| | - V K Sehgal
- Division of Agricultural Physics, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - P Krishnan
- Division of Agricultural Physics, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Deb Kumar Das
- Division of Agricultural Physics, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Raj Kumar Dhakar
- Division of Agricultural Physics, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Arti Bhatia
- Centre for Environmental Science and Climate Resilient Agriculture, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi, 110012, India
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Zhao X, Guo P, Yang Y, Peng H. Effects of air pollution on physiological traits of Ligustrum lucidum Ait. leaves in Luoyang, China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:530. [PMID: 34322784 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09338-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Leaves of trees experience the maximum brunt of exposure and undergo certain changes in physiological traits responding to air pollution, and then, the specific leaf traits can be the indicators of air pollution in an area. However, due to the diversity of sources, the composition of air pollutants is very complex. This makes it difficult to predict air pollution using physiological differentiation of leaves. The purpose of this investigation was to examine potential of Ligustrum lucidum Ait. leaf measurement as a method to predict the air pollutants in Luoyang, China. Leaves of roadside L. lucidum were studied from the city center with serious air pollution to relatively unpolluted areas. Leaf size, stomatal traits, and non-structural carbohydrate were measured. The particulate and gaseous pollutants (including sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, and ozone) were investigated too. The results showed that the leaf area and soluble sugar content decreased, while the aspect ratio of leaves increased in heavily polluted areas. As pollution increased, the stomatal traits in different crown positions were changed differently. No significant correlation was found between ozone content and the measured traits of leaves. The responses found in the physiological differentiation of the leaves reflect acclimation to air pollution. The soluble sugar content of the leaves could be used to indicate the short-term stress of air pollution, the area, and aspect ratio of leaves are indicative of the long-term stress due to air pollution. Therefore, physiological traits of L. lucidum leaves appeared to be significant predictive factors for the air pollutants in urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiping Zhao
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, People's Republic of China
| | - Pingping Guo
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yongqiang Yang
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, People's Republic of China
| | - Haixin Peng
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, College of Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
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Growth and Photosynthetic Responses of Seedlings of Japanese White Birch, a Fast-Growing Pioneer Species, to Free-Air Elevated O3 and CO2. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12060675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Plant growth is not solely determined by the net photosynthetic rate (A), but also influenced by the amount of leaves as a photosynthetic apparatus. To evaluate growth responses to CO2 and O3, we investigated the effects of elevated CO2 (550–560 µmol mol−1) and O3 (52 nmol mol−1; 1.7 × ambient O3) on photosynthesis and biomass allocation in seedlings of Japanese white birch (Betula platyphylla var. japonica) grown in a free-air CO2 and O3 exposure system without any limitation of root growth. Total biomass was enhanced by elevated CO2 but decreased by elevated O3. The ratio of root to shoot (R:S ratio) showed no difference among the treatment combinations, suggesting that neither elevated CO2 nor elevated O3 affected biomass allocation in the leaf. Accordingly, photosynthetic responses to CO2 and O3 might be more important for the growth response of Japanese white birch. Based on A measured under respective growth CO2 conditions, light-saturated A at a light intensity of 1500 µmol m−2 s−1 (A1500) in young leaves (ca. 30 days old) exhibited no enhancement by elevated CO2 in August, suggesting photosynthetic acclimation to elevated CO2. However, lower A1500 was observed in old leaves (ca. 60 days old) of plants grown under elevated O3 (regulated to be twice ambient O3). Conversely, light-limited A measured under a light intensity of 200 µmol m−2 s−1 (A200) was significantly enhanced by elevated CO2 in young leaves, but suppressed by elevated O3 in old leaves. Decreases in total biomass under elevated O3 might be attributed to accelerated leaf senescence by O3, indicated by the reduced A1500 and A200 in old leaves. Increases in total biomass under elevated CO2 might be attributed to enhanced A under high light intensities, which possibly occurred before the photosynthetic acclimation observed in August, and/or enhanced A under limiting light intensities.
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Abstract
Tropospheric concentrations of phytotoxic ozone (O3) have undergone a great increase from preindustrial 10–15 ppbv to a present-day concentration of 35–40 ppbv in large parts of the industrialised world due to increased emissions of O3 precursors including NOx, CO, CH4 and volatile organic compounds. The rate of increase in O3 concentration ranges between 1 ppbv per decade in remote locations of the Southern hemisphere and 5 ppbv per decade in the Northern hemisphere, where largest sources of O3 precursors are located. Molecules of O3 penetrating into the leaves through the stomatal apertures trigger the formation of reactive oxygen species, leading thus to the damage of the photosynthetic apparatus. Accordingly, it is assumed, that O3 increase reduces the terrestrial carbon uptake relative to the preindustrial era. Here we summarise the results of previous manipulative experiments in laboratory growth cabinets, field open-top chambers and free-air systems together with O3 flux measurements under natural growth conditions. In particular, we focus on leaf-level physiological responses in trees, variability in stomatal O3 flux and changes in carbon fluxes and biomass production in forest stands. As the results reported in the literature are highly variable, ranging from negligible to severe declines in photosynthetic carbon uptake, we also discuss the possible interactions of O3 with other environmental factors including solar radiation, drought, temperature and nitrogen deposition. Those factors were found to have great potential to modulate stomata openness and O3 fluxes.
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Hoshika Y, Watanabe M, Carrari E, Paoletti E, Koike T. Ozone-induced stomatal sluggishness changes stomatal parameters of Jarvis-type model in white birch and deciduous oak. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2018; 20:20-28. [PMID: 28941031 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Stomatal ozone flux is closely related to ozone injury to plants. Jarvis-type multiplicative model has been recommended for estimating stomatal ozone flux in forest trees. Ozone can change stomatal conductance by both stomatal closure and less efficient stomatal control (stomatal sluggishness). However, current Jarvis-type models do not account for these ozone effects on stomatal conductance in forest trees. We examined seasonal course of stomatal conductance in two common deciduous tree species native to northern Japan (white birch: Betula platyphylla var. japonica; deciduous oak: Quercus mongolica var. crispula) grown under free-air ozone exposure. We innovatively considered stomatal sluggishness in the Jarvis-type model using a simple parameter, s, relating to cumulative ozone uptake (defined as POD: phytotoxic ozone dose). We found that ozone decreased stomatal conductance of white birch leaves after full expansion (-28%). However, such a reduction of stomatal conductance by ozone fell in late summer (-10%). At the same time, ozone reduced stomatal sensitivity of white birch to VPD and increased stomatal conductance under low light conditions. In contrast, in deciduous oak, ozone did not clearly change the model parameters. The consideration of both ozone-induced stomatal closure and stomatal sluggishness improved the model performance to estimate stomatal conductance and to explain the dose-response relationship on ozone-induced decline of photosynthesis of white birch. Our results indicate that ozone effects on stomatal conductance (i.e. stomatal closure and stomatal sluggishness) are crucial for modelling studies to determine stomatal response in deciduous trees, especially in species sensitive to ozone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hoshika
- Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - M Watanabe
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Japan
| | - E Carrari
- Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - E Paoletti
- Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - T Koike
- Silviculture and Forest Ecological Studies, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Moura BB, Alves ES, Marabesi MA, de Souza SR, Schaub M, Vollenweider P. Ozone affects leaf physiology and causes injury to foliage of native tree species from the tropical Atlantic Forest of southern Brazil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 610-611:912-925. [PMID: 28830051 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In southern Brazil, the recent increase in tropospheric ozone (O3) concentrations poses an additional threat to the biodiverse but endangered and fragmented remnants of the Atlantic Forest. Given the mostly unknown sensitivity of tropical species to oxidative stress, the principal objective of this study was to determine whether the current O3 levels in the Metropolitan Region of Campinas (MRC), downwind of São Paulo, affect the native vegetation of forest remnants. Foliar responses to O3 of three tree species typical of the MRC forests were investigated using indoor chamber exposure experiments under controlled conditions and a field survey. Exposure to 70ppb O3 reduced assimilation and leaf conductance but increased respiration in Astronium graveolens while gas exchange in Croton floribundus was little affected. Both A. graveolens and Piptadenia gonoacantha developed characteristic O3-induced injury in the foliage, similar to visible symptoms observed in >30% of trees assessed in the MRC, while C. floribundus remained asymptomatic. The underlying structural symptoms in both O3-exposed and field samples were indicative of oxidative burst, hypersensitive responses, accelerated cell senescence and, primarily in field samples, interaction with photo-oxidative stress. The markers of O3 stress were thus mostly similar to those observed in other regions of the world. Further research is needed, to estimate the proportion of sensitive forest species, the O3 impact on tree growth and stand stability and to detect O3 hot spots where woody species in the Atlantic Forest are mostly affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Baêsso Moura
- Botanical Institute of São Paulo, P. O. Box 4005, 01061-970 São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
| | - Edenise Segala Alves
- Botanical Institute of São Paulo, P. O. Box 4005, 01061-970 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcus Schaub
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Vollenweider
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
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Matyssek R, Kozovits AR, Wieser G, King J, Rennenberg H. Woody-plant ecosystems under climate change and air pollution-response consistencies across zonobiomes? TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:706-732. [PMID: 28338970 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Forests store the largest terrestrial pools of carbon (C), helping to stabilize the global climate system, yet are threatened by climate change (CC) and associated air pollution (AP, highlighting ozone (O3) and nitrogen oxides (NOx)). We adopt the perspective that CC-AP drivers and physiological impacts are universal, resulting in consistent stress responses of forest ecosystems across zonobiomes. Evidence supporting this viewpoint is presented from the literature on ecosystem gross/net primary productivity and water cycling. Responses to CC-AP are compared across evergreen/deciduous foliage types, discussing implications of nutrition and resource turnover at tree and ecosystem scales. The availability of data is extremely uneven across zonobiomes, yet unifying patterns of ecosystem response are discernable. Ecosystem warming results in trade-offs between respiration and biomass production, affecting high elevation forests more than in the lowland tropics and low-elevation temperate zone. Resilience to drought is modulated by tree size and species richness. Elevated O3 tends to counteract stimulation by elevated carbon dioxide (CO2). Biotic stress and genomic structure ultimately determine ecosystem responsiveness. Aggrading early- rather than mature late-successional communities respond to CO2 enhancement, whereas O3 affects North American and Eurasian tree species consistently under free-air fumigation. Insect herbivory is exacerbated by CC-AP in biome-specific ways. Rhizosphere responses reflect similar stand-level nutritional dynamics across zonobiomes, but are modulated by differences in tree-soil nutrient cycling between deciduous and evergreen systems, and natural versus anthropogenic nitrogen (N) oversupply. The hypothesis of consistency of forest responses to interacting CC-AP is supported by currently available data, establishing the precedent for a global network of long-term coordinated research sites across zonobiomes to simultaneously advance both bottom-up (e.g., mechanistic) and top-down (systems-level) understanding. This global, synthetic approach is needed because high biological plasticity and physiographic variation across individual ecosystems currently limit development of predictive models of forest responses to CC-AP. Integrated research on C and nutrient cycling, O3-vegetation interactions and water relations must target mechanisms' ecosystem responsiveness. Worldwide case studies must be subject to biostatistical exploration to elucidate overarching response patterns and synthesize the resulting empirical data through advanced modelling, in order to provide regionally coherent, yet globally integrated information in support of internationally coordinated decision-making and policy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Matyssek
- Technische Universität München, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Chair of Ecophysiology of Plants, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - A R Kozovits
- Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Department of Biodiversity, Evolution and Environment, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Bauxita, 35.400-000 Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - G Wieser
- Department of Alpine Timberline Ecophysiology, Federal Office and Research Centre for Forests, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - J King
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - H Rennenberg
- Chair of Tree Physiology, Institute of Forest Sciences, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 53/54, D79110 Freiburg, Germany
- King Saud University, PO Box 2454, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Yang N, Wang X, Zheng F, Chen Y. The response of marigold (Tagetes erecta Linn.) to ozone: impacts on plant growth and leaf physiology. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2017; 26:151-164. [PMID: 27981402 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-016-1750-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Progressively increasing ozone (O3) concentrations pose a potential threat to the value of marigold (Tagetes erecta Linn.), a plant widely used in urban landscaping. The response of marigold to elevated O3 has been reported earlier, but the mechanisms underlying the O3 effect have not been clearly elucidated. In the present study, we exposed marigold "Moonsong Deep Orange" plants to elevated O3, including ambient non-filtered air (NF) plus 60 ppb (NF+60) and 120 ppb (NF+120) O3, to assess visible injury and the possible physiological consequences of this pollutant. Yellow lesions appeared after 4 days under NF+120 treatment and 12 days under NF+60 treatment, with 85.6% and 36.8% of the leaves being injured at harvest time, respectively. Compared with NF, NF+60 inhibited leaf photosynthesis, stem-diameter growth, and biomass production significantly, while the parameters were decreased more by NF+120. Although the stomatal conductance decreased under elevated O3 exposure, the O3 flux into leaves increased by 28.0-104.8% under NF+60 treatment and 57.5-145.6% under NF+120 treatment. The total ascorbic acid (ASA) content increased due to elevated O3 exposure, while the reduced ASA content did not, resulting in a decreased ratio of reduced to total ASA. A lower level of jasmonic acid (JA) was observed under elevated O3 exposure. In conclusion, the impacts of elevated O3 on marigold plants may be ascribed to increased O3 flux into leaves and reduced protective capacity of leaves to convert oxidized to reduced ASA and synthesize endogenous JA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Region Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaoke Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Region Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Feixiang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Region Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Region Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Fuhrer J, Val Martin M, Mills G, Heald CL, Harmens H, Hayes F, Sharps K, Bender J, Ashmore MR. Current and future ozone risks to global terrestrial biodiversity and ecosystem processes. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:8785-8799. [PMID: 28035269 PMCID: PMC5192800 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Risks associated with exposure of individual plant species to ozone (O3) are well documented, but implications for terrestrial biodiversity and ecosystem processes have received insufficient attention. This is an important gap because feedbacks to the atmosphere may change as future O3 levels increase or decrease, depending on air quality and climate policies. Global simulation of O3 using the Community Earth System Model (CESM) revealed that in 2000, about 40% of the Global 200 terrestrial ecoregions (ER) were exposed to O3 above thresholds for ecological risks, with highest exposures in North America and Southern Europe, where there is field evidence of adverse effects of O3, and in central Asia. Experimental studies show that O3 can adversely affect the growth and flowering of plants and alter species composition and richness, although some communities can be resilient. Additional effects include changes in water flux regulation, pollination efficiency, and plant pathogen development. Recent research is unraveling a range of effects belowground, including changes in soil invertebrates, plant litter quantity and quality, decomposition, and nutrient cycling and carbon pools. Changes are likely slow and may take decades to become detectable. CESM simulations for 2050 show that O3 exposure under emission scenario RCP8.5 increases in all major biomes and that policies represented in scenario RCP4.5 do not lead to a general reduction in O3 risks; rather, 50% of ERs still show an increase in exposure. Although a conceptual model is lacking to extrapolate documented effects to ERs with limited or no local information, and there is uncertainty about interactions with nitrogen input and climate change, the analysis suggests that in many ERs, O3 risks will persist for biodiversity at different trophic levels, and for a range of ecosystem processes and feedbacks, which deserves more attention when assessing ecological implications of future atmospheric pollution and climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürg Fuhrer
- AgroscopeClimate/Air Pollution GroupZurichSwitzerland
| | - Maria Val Martin
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Gina Mills
- Centre for Ecology and HydrologyEnvironment Centre WalesBangorGwyneddUK
| | - Colette L. Heald
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary SciencesMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Harry Harmens
- Centre for Ecology and HydrologyEnvironment Centre WalesBangorGwyneddUK
| | - Felicity Hayes
- Centre for Ecology and HydrologyEnvironment Centre WalesBangorGwyneddUK
| | - Katrina Sharps
- Centre for Ecology and HydrologyEnvironment Centre WalesBangorGwyneddUK
| | - Jürgen Bender
- Institute of BiodiversityThünen InstituteBraunschweigGermany
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Kitao M, Yasuda Y, Kominami Y, Yamanoi K, Komatsu M, Miyama T, Mizoguchi Y, Kitaoka S, Yazaki K, Tobita H, Yoshimura K, Koike T, Izuta T. Increased phytotoxic O3 dose accelerates autumn senescence in an O3-sensitive beech forest even under the present-level O3. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32549. [PMID: 27601188 PMCID: PMC5013268 DOI: 10.1038/srep32549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ground-level ozone (O3) concentrations are expected to increase over the 21st century, especially in East Asia. However, the impact of O3 has not been directly assessed at the forest level in this region. We performed O3 flux-based risk assessments of carbon sequestration capacity in an old cool temperate deciduous forest, consisting of O3-sensitive Japanese beech (Fagus crenata), and in a warm temperate deciduous and evergreen forest dominated by O3-tolerant Konara oak (Quercus serrata) based on long-term CO2 flux observations. On the basis of a practical approach for a continuous estimation of canopy-level stomatal conductance (Gs), higher phytotoxic ozone dose above a threshold of 0 uptake (POD0) with higher Gs was observed in the beech forest than that in the oak forest. Light-saturated gross primary production, as a measure of carbon sequestration capacity of forest ecosystem, declined earlier in the late growth season with increasing POD0, suggesting an earlier autumn senescence, especially in the O3-sensitive beech forest, but not in the O3-tolerant oak forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsutoshi Kitao
- Department of Plant Ecology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Matsunosato 1, Tsukuba 305-8687, Japan
| | - Yukio Yasuda
- Tohoku Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Nabeyashiki 92-25, Morioka 020-0123, Japan
| | - Yuji Kominami
- Kansai Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Nagaikyutaroh 68, Kyoto 612-0855, Japan
| | - Katsumi Yamanoi
- Hokkaido Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Hitsujigaoka 7, Sapporo 062-8516, Japan
| | - Masabumi Komatsu
- Department of Plant Ecology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Matsunosato 1, Tsukuba 305-8687, Japan
| | - Takafumi Miyama
- Kansai Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Nagaikyutaroh 68, Kyoto 612-0855, Japan
| | - Yasuko Mizoguchi
- Hokkaido Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Hitsujigaoka 7, Sapporo 062-8516, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kitaoka
- Department of Plant Ecology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Matsunosato 1, Tsukuba 305-8687, Japan
| | - Kenichi Yazaki
- Department of Plant Ecology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Matsunosato 1, Tsukuba 305-8687, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tobita
- Department of Plant Ecology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Matsunosato 1, Tsukuba 305-8687, Japan
| | - Kenichi Yoshimura
- Kansai Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Nagaikyutaroh 68, Kyoto 612-0855, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Koike
- Department of Forest Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Takeshi Izuta
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
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Chen Z, Liu W, Liu J, Zhang T, Dong Y. Using Lidar, in-situ measurements and Trajectory Analysis to observe air pollution in Beijing, 2014. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201611924008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Xu Z, Jiang Y, Jia B, Zhou G. Elevated-CO2 Response of Stomata and Its Dependence on Environmental Factors. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:657. [PMID: 27242858 PMCID: PMC4865672 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Stomata control the flow of gases between plants and the atmosphere. This review is centered on stomatal responses to elevated CO2 concentration and considers other key environmental factors and underlying mechanisms at multiple levels. First, an outline of general responses in stomatal conductance under elevated CO2 is presented. Second, stomatal density response, its development, and the trade-off with leaf growth under elevated CO2 conditions are depicted. Third, the molecular mechanism regulating guard cell movement at elevated CO2 is suggested. Finally, the interactive effects of elevated CO2 with other factors critical to stomatal behavior are reviewed. It may be useful to better understand how stomata respond to elevated CO2 levels while considering other key environmental factors and mechanisms, including molecular mechanism, biochemical processes, and ecophysiological regulation. This understanding may provide profound new insights into how plants cope with climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Yanling Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Bingrui Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Guangsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
- Chinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesBeijing, China
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17
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Tiwari S, Grote R, Churkina G, Butler T. Ozone damage, detoxification and the role of isoprenoids - new impetus for integrated models. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2016; 43:324-336. [PMID: 32480464 DOI: 10.1071/fp15302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
High concentrations of ozone (O3) can have significant impacts on the health and productivity of agricultural and forest ecosystems, leading to significant economic losses. In order to estimate this impact under a wide range of environmental conditions, the mechanisms of O3 impacts on physiological and biochemical processes have been intensively investigated. This includes the impact on stomatal conductance, the formation of reactive oxygen species and their effects on enzymes and membranes, as well as several induced and constitutive defence responses. This review summarises these processes, discusses their importance for O3 damage scenarios and assesses to which degree this knowledge is currently used in ecosystem models which are applied for impact analyses. We found that even in highly sophisticated models, feedbacks affecting regulation, detoxification capacity and vulnerability are generally not considered. This implies that O3 inflicted alterations in carbon and water balances cannot be sufficiently well described to cover immediate plant responses under changing environmental conditions. Therefore, we suggest conceptual models that link the depicted feedbacks to available process-based descriptions of stomatal conductance, photosynthesis and isoprenoid formation, particularly the linkage to isoprenoid models opens up new options for describing biosphere-atmosphere interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Tiwari
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Rüdiger Grote
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Kreuzeckbahnstr. 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Galina Churkina
- Institute of Advanced Sustainable Studies, Berliner St. 130, 14467 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Tim Butler
- Institute of Advanced Sustainable Studies, Berliner St. 130, 14467 Potsdam, Germany
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Sicard P, De Marco A, Dalstein-Richier L, Tagliaferro F, Renou C, Paoletti E. An epidemiological assessment of stomatal ozone flux-based critical levels for visible ozone injury in Southern European forests. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 541:729-741. [PMID: 26437347 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Southern forests are at the highest ozone (O3) risk in Europe where ground-level O3 is a pressing sanitary problem for ecosystem health. Exposure-based standards for protecting vegetation are not representative of actual field conditions. A biologically-sound stomatal flux-based standard has been proposed, although critical levels for protection still need to be validated. This innovative epidemiological assessment of forest responses to O3 was carried out in 54 plots in Southeastern France and Northwestern Italy in 2012 and 2013. Three O3 indices, namely the accumulated exposure AOT40, and the accumulated stomatal flux with and without an hourly threshold of uptake (POD1 and POD0) were compared. Stomatal O3 fluxes were modeled (DO3SE) and correlated to measured forest-response indicators, i.e. crown defoliation, crown discoloration and visible foliar O3 injury. Soil water content, a key variable affecting the severity of visible foliar O3 injury, was included in DO3SE. Based on flux-effect relationships, we developed species-specific flux-based critical levels (CLef) for forest protection against visible O3 injury. For O3 sensitive conifers, CLef of 19 mmol m(-2) for Pinus cembra (high O3 sensitivity) and 32 mmol m(-2) for Pinus halepensis (moderate O3 sensitivity) were calculated. For broadleaved species, we obtained a CLef of 25 mmol m(-2) for Fagus sylvatica (moderate O3 sensitivity) and of 19 mmol m(-2) for Fraxinus excelsior (high O3 sensitivity). We showed that an assessment based on PODY and on real plant symptoms is more appropriated than the concentration-based method. Indeed, POD0 was better correlated with visible foliar O3 injury than AOT40, whereas AOT40 was better correlated with crown discoloration and defoliation (aspecific indicators). To avoid an underestimation of the real O3 uptake, we recommend the use of POD0 calculated for hours with a non-null global radiation over the 24-h O3 accumulation window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Sicard
- ACRI-HE, 260 route du Pin Montard, BP 234, 06904 Sophia Antipolis cedex, France.
| | - Alessandra De Marco
- ENEA (Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development), 76, Lungotevere Thaon de Revel, Rome, Italy
| | - Laurence Dalstein-Richier
- GIEFS (Groupe International d'Etudes des Forêts Sud-européennes), 60, Avenue des Hespérides, 06300 Nice, France
| | - Francesco Tagliaferro
- IPLA (Istituto per le Piante da Legno e l'Ambiente), Corso Casale 476, 10132 Turin, Italy
| | - Camille Renou
- ACRI-HE, 260 route du Pin Montard, BP 234, 06904 Sophia Antipolis cedex, France
| | - Elena Paoletti
- IPSP-CNR (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
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19
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Xu Z, Jiang Y, Jia B, Zhou G. Elevated-CO2 Response of Stomata and Its Dependence on Environmental Factors. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016. [PMID: 27242858 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.20116.00657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Stomata control the flow of gases between plants and the atmosphere. This review is centered on stomatal responses to elevated CO2 concentration and considers other key environmental factors and underlying mechanisms at multiple levels. First, an outline of general responses in stomatal conductance under elevated CO2 is presented. Second, stomatal density response, its development, and the trade-off with leaf growth under elevated CO2 conditions are depicted. Third, the molecular mechanism regulating guard cell movement at elevated CO2 is suggested. Finally, the interactive effects of elevated CO2 with other factors critical to stomatal behavior are reviewed. It may be useful to better understand how stomata respond to elevated CO2 levels while considering other key environmental factors and mechanisms, including molecular mechanism, biochemical processes, and ecophysiological regulation. This understanding may provide profound new insights into how plants cope with climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Yanling Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Bingrui Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Guangsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China; Chinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesBeijing, China
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Chen Z, Zhang J, Zhang T, Liu W, Liu J. Haze observations by simultaneous lidar and WPS in Beijing before and during APEC, 2014. Sci China Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-015-5467-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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Feng Z, Paoletti E, Bytnerowicz A, Harmens H. Ozone and plants. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 202:215-6. [PMID: 25681054 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaozhong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Elena Paoletti
- IPSP-CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrzej Bytnerowicz
- US Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 4955 Canyon Crest Drive, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Harry Harmens
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
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