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Chen X, Wang M, Xie T, Jiang R, Chen W. Space-specific flux estimation of atmospheric chemicals from point sources to soil. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 348:123831. [PMID: 38513940 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Predicting chemical flux to soil from industrial point sources accurately at a regional scale has been a significant challenge due to high uncertainty in spatial heterogeneity and quantification. To address this challenge, we developed an innovative approach by combining California Air Resources Board Puff (CALPUFF) and mass balance models, leveraging their complementary strengths in quantitative accuracy and spatial precision. Specifically, CALPUFF was used to predict the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) flux to soil due to industrial sources. Additionally, the spatial distribution coefficient of PAHs flux (e.g., si for spatial unit i) was calculated by neural network and combined with the mass balance model to obtain the results of total PAHs fluxes, which were then combined with the results predicted by CALPUFF to effectively estimate the contribution of industrial sources to soil PAHs flux. Taking a petrochemical industry region located in Zhejiang province, China as a case study, results showed the input Phenanthrene (Phe) and Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) fluxes predicted by CALPUFF were generally lower than those by the mass balance model, with slightly different distribution patterns. CALPUFF results, based on 36 industrial sources, partially represent those of the mass balance model, which includes all sources and pathways. It was suggested that industrial sources contributed 49%-89% and 65%-100% of soil Phe and BaP, respectively across the study area. The average Phe flux from point sources by deposition averaged 2.68 mg m-2∙a-1 in 2021, accounting for approximately 60% of the total Phe flux to soil. The average BaP flux from point sources by deposition averaged 0.0755 mg m-2∙a-1, accounting for only 0.1%-3.65% of the total BaP flux to soil. Thereby, our approach fills up a gap between the relevance to point sources and the accuracy of deposition quantification in estimating chemical flux from specific point sources to soil at a regional scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Meie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Tian Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Rong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Weiping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
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2
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Xu H, Wang H, Singh BP, Croot P, Zhang C. Identification of possible sources for potentially toxic elements and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their spatially varying relationships in urban soils of Dublin, Ireland. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 333:122034. [PMID: 37339731 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) harm the ecosystem and human health, especially in urban areas. Identifying and understanding their potential sources and underlying interactions in urban soils are critical for informed management and risk assessment. This study investigated the potential sources and the spatially varying relationships between 9 PTEs and PAHs in the topsoil of Dublin by combining positive matrix factorisation (PMF) and geographically weighted regression (GWR). The PMF model allocated four possible sources based on species concentrations and uncertainties. The factor profiles indicated the associations with high-temperature combustion (PAHs), natural lithologic factors (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni), mineralisation and mining (Zn), as well as anthropogenic inputs (Cu, Hg, Pb), respectively. In addition, selected representative elements Cr, Zn, and Pb showed distinct spatial interactions with PAHs in the GWR model. Negative relationships between PAHs and Cr were observed in all samples, suggesting the control of Cr concentrations by natural factors. Negative relationships between PAHs and Zn in the eastern and north-eastern regions were related to mineralisation and anthropogenic Zn-Pb mining. In contrast, the surrounding regions exhibited a natural relationship between these two variables with positive coefficients. Increasing positive coefficients from west to east were observed between PAHs and Pb in the study area. This special pattern was consistent with prevailing south-westerly wind direction in Dublin, highlighting the predominant influences on PAHs and Pb concentrations from vehicle and coal combustion through atmospheric deposition. Our results provided a better understanding of geochemical features for PTEs and PAHs in the topsoil of Dublin, demonstrating the efficiency of combined approaches of receptor models and spatial analysis in environmental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haofan Xu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528000, China.
| | - Hailong Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528000, China
| | - Bhupinder Pal Singh
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Peter Croot
- Irish Centre for Research in Applied Geoscience (iCRAG), Earth and Ocean Sciences, School of Natural Sciences and Ryan Institute, University of Galway, Ireland
| | - Chaosheng Zhang
- International Network for Environment and Health (INEH), School of Geography, Archaeology & Irish Studies, University of Galway, Ireland.
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3
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Peng C, He Y, Zhang K, Zhang Y, Wan X, Wang M, Chen W. Estimating accumulation rates and health risks of PAHs in residential soils of metropolitan cities. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 319:115699. [PMID: 35841779 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Predicting temporal changes in PAH concentrations in urban soils and their corresponding health risk is essential for developing appropriate management measures to prevent those risks. Concentrations of PAHs in soils of residential areas with different building ages in three metropolitan cities were determined to estimate the accumulation rates of PAHs in soil. The mean concentrations of total PAHs (∑PAHs) were 1297 ng/g in Shanghai, 865 ng/g in Beijing, and 228 ng/g in Shenzhen. The primary sources of the PAHs were traffic and coal combustion for industrial activity and space heating. The high PAH concentrations in Shanghai were attributed to the relatively high average building age of the sampled residential areas and the low annual temperature in the city. The overall annual accumulation rates of PAHs in the soils were estimated from linear regressions between the PAH concentrations and building age of the residential areas. The annual accumulation rate of PAHs in the soils was 64.7 ng/g in Beijing, 24.2 ng/g in Shanghai, and 3.3 ng/g in Shenzhen. The higher rate in Beijing was due to the higher intensity of PAH emissions and the lower temperature. The regression estimations suggest that health risks posed by PAHs in residential soils of the metropolitan cities increase considerably with time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Peng
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China.
| | - Yalei He
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Xinxing Wan
- Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Meie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China
| | - Weiping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China
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4
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Ambient background estimation of PAHs in urban soils: A case study in Macau, China. Ecol Modell 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2022.110108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Siemering GS, Thiboldeaux R. Background concentration, risk assessment and regulatory threshold development: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in Milwaukee, Wisconsin surface soils. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115772. [PMID: 33065477 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Inputs of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) of regulatory interest from diffuse atmospheric sources within urban areas frequently elevate local soil concentrations to levels requiring remediation despite the lack of in-situ contamination. This research sought to determine the distribution and potential health effects of aerially deposited PAHs in soil within the urban core of metropolitan Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.A. as part of a soil regulatory standards reevaluation. Park areas (n = 27) identified as undisturbed for 80+ years, containing no fill material, and receiving only atmospheric deposition were selected for composite surface and 92 cm core soil sample collection (n = 295). Samples were analyzed for the 16 USEPA priority PAHs, 1- and 2- methylnapthalene and ancillary soil properties. Soil core and ancillary data confirm lack of site disturbance. PAH diagnostic ratios and homologue summations indicate that diffuse multiple point source emissions contribute equally to PAH deposition throughout the area. Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) and dibenz(a,h)anthracene mean concentrations exceed health-based clean up levels. Risk assessment shows only a worst-case exposure scenario (BaP at the 95% upper confidence limit) increasing cancer risk (1.67 × 10-6) over current regulatory thresholds (1.0 × 10-6). Health quotients show potential health risks from fluoranthene and pyrene for daily park users and from BaP for all others. Mean soil PAH values are similar to New Orleans, but lower than Chicago, Boston, and London reflecting industrial history and site selection protocols. The soil PAH results presented here for sites selected for non-manipulated soils combined with an almost 100-year uninterrupted atmospheric exposure effectively show the maximum potential PAH values that can be found at any given undisturbed location within the Milwaukee urban core due solely to atmospheric deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey S Siemering
- University of Wisconsin, Madison, Department of Soil Science, 263 King Hall 1525 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
| | - Robert Thiboldeaux
- Wisconsin Department of Health Services, Bureau of Environmental and Occupational Health, Madison, WI, USA.
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6
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Zhang J, Liu F, Huang H, Wang R, Xu B. Occurrence, risk and influencing factors of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface soils from a large-scale coal mine, Huainan, China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 192:110269. [PMID: 32032861 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Coal is one of the most important fossil fuels for energy, but it can cause serious polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pollution to the environment. In this work, the distribution, sources, influencing factors, and risk assessment of PAHs were studied in a soil of typical coal resource city, Huainan, China. The total concentration of 16 PAHs classified by USEPA in 47 soils ranged from 109.94 to 1105.30 ng/g with a mean concentration of 528.06 ng/g. The PAH concentration was higher in soil of this area than most of the agricultural, urban and industrial soils and lower than some coal mine and coal-fired power plant areas in the world. The principal component analysis (PCA) and diagnostic ratios demonstrated that PAHs in soils were mainly from the coal combustion and refined petroleum products. The total organic carbon (TOC, p < 0.01) and black carbon (BC, p < 0.01) can significantly influence PAH inventories in soils, particularly for PAHs with high molecular weight. In addition, the significantly positive correlations between PAHs in feed coal (p < 0.05), fly ash (p < 0.01), particulate matter (PM1-2.5 and PM2.5-10, p < 0.01) and PAHs in soils revealed that the emission sources and deposition processes were also the main factors affecting PAH contents in soils. The estimated values of incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) for children and adults were higher than 10-4 at all sampling sites, suggesting high carcinogenic risks for local residents, and the most important exposure route for PAHs was dermal absorption. These findings are valuable for assessing the health risk of PAHs in soils around typical coal mine and coal-fired power plants and highlight the urgency of taking actions to control and reduce the carcinogenic risks for local residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamei Zhang
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - He Huang
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Rujing Wang
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Baile Xu
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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7
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Zhang Y, Peng C, Guo Z, Xiao X, Xiao R. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban soils of China: Distribution, influencing factors, health risk and regression prediction. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 254:112930. [PMID: 31374490 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban soils are a risk to the health of residents. To predict those risks, the distribution and the factors influencing the concentration of PAHs were studied by collecting 1120 records of soil PAHs published during 2006-2017 from 26 cities. The mean concentrations of 16 PAHs (∑PAHs) in soil varied from 123 μg/kg to 5568 μg/kg, with a mean value of 1083 μg/kg, suggesting that a few cities were polluted. The distribution of ∑PAHs in the cities followed two gradients, namely from northern China through eastern China to southern China and from industrial cities through developed cities to cities that are main tourist attractions. The concentrations were significantly correlated to annual temperature, the efficiency of energy use, and to such measures of air quality as PM10 and NO2 concentrations. A regression equation developed to predict the concentration of ∑PAHs in soil and the corresponding health risks to residents of 35 major Chinese cities of China showed that the risks to adults and children were slight in most cities but those in a few industrial cities were of concern, and field investigations are recommended to assess the risk in greater detail. The method offers a useful tool for predicting such risks in other cities even when data on soils PAHs are not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, People's Republic of China
| | - Chi Peng
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhaohui Guo
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiyuan Xiao
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiyang Xiao
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, People's Republic of China
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8
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Berardi C, Fibbi D, Coppini E, Renai L, Caprini C, Scordo CVA, Checchini L, Orlandini S, Bruzzoniti MC, Del Bubba M. Removal efficiency and mass balance of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, phthalates, ethoxylated alkylphenols and alkylphenols in a mixed textile-domestic wastewater treatment plant. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 674:36-48. [PMID: 31003086 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work the occurrence and fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phthalic acid esters (PAEs), mono and diethoxylate alkylphenols (AP1-2EOs) and alkylphenols (APs) have been investigated during a two-weeks period in a facility treating mixed textile-domestic wastewater (Prato, Italy). The wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) consists of primary sedimentation, activated sludge biological oxidation, secondary sedimentation, clariflocculation and ozonation. The sludge is treated within the facility by thickening, dewatering and final incineration, thus providing the almost quantitative removal of the adsorbed micropollutants. Naphthalene (50%), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (74%) and branched 4-nonylphenols (59%) were the individual main representative compounds of each class in the influent wastewater, which showed concentration ranges of 5.6-66, 85-290 and 21-133μg/L for PAHs, PAEs and APs+AP1-2EOs, respectively. The WWTP efficiently removed PAHs, PAEs and APs+AP1-2EOs, providing effluent concentrations of 0.075-0.16ng/L 0.38-9.9μg/L and 0.53-1.4μg/L. All targeted priority and priority-hazardous micropollutants showed effluent concentrations in line with the European environmental quality standards (EQS), even though for di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and benzo(a)pyrene after correction for the dilution factor of the recipient. The WWTP performance was evaluated by mass balance, verifying its accuracy by monitoring Pb and Cd as conservative species. The biological treatment sections provided mass losses of 85.5%, 74.5% and 56.8% for APs+AP1-2EOs, PAEs and PAHs, highlighting efficient biotransformation performances of the activated sludge process. However, for the more volatile PAHs (e.g. naphthalene), a significant contribution of stripping cannot be excluded. A remarkable mass loss was also determined in the ozonation stage for PAEs (72.9%) and especially PAHs (97.0%), whereas a lower efficiency was observed for APs+AP1-2EOs (41.3%). The whole plant allowed for obtaining an almost quantitative removal (96.7-98.4%) for all targeted compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Berardi
- GIDA S.p.A., Via di Baciacavallo 36, 59100 Prato, Italy.
| | | | - Ester Coppini
- GIDA S.p.A., Via di Baciacavallo 36, 59100 Prato, Italy.
| | - Lapo Renai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
| | - Claudia Caprini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
| | | | - Leonardo Checchini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
| | - Serena Orlandini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
| | | | - Massimo Del Bubba
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
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9
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Wu S, Zhou S, Bao H, Chen D, Wang C, Li B, Tong G, Yuan Y, Xu B. Improving risk management by using the spatial interaction relationship of heavy metals and PAHs in urban soil. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 364:108-116. [PMID: 30342290 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.09.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Identifying combined pollution risk areas is difficult because of the complex pollutant sources and heterogeneous soil properties in urban systems. This study used bivariate local Moran's I to analyze the spatial interaction between heavy metals and PAHs, revealed the causes of spatial interaction patterns through PMF, and proposed a risk zoning approach for combined pollution in urban areas. The results showed that both heavy metals and PAHs had high spatial heterogeneity in urban soil. Bivariate LISA maps revealed the spatial interactions between heavy metals and PAHs. The historical area was the hotspot of combined pollution. The overlay of pollutant sources and sinks was responsible for the spatial interaction patterns of combined organic and inorganic pollution. Coal consumption was the main emission source for heavy metal and PAHs pollution, accounting for 31% and 21%, respectively. We used bivariate LISA as the auxiliary variable to reduce the uncertainty of identification combined pollution risk zones. More than 11% of the total area clustered significantly where concentration of both heavy metals and PAHs ware in excess of the risk threshold. This study indicates that we can provide better decision-making support for soil risk management based on the knowledge derived from spatial interaction analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Wu
- Institute of land and urban-rural development, Zhejiang University of Finance & Economics, Hangzhou 310018, PR China.
| | - Shenglu Zhou
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, PR China
| | - Haijun Bao
- Institute of land and urban-rural development, Zhejiang University of Finance & Economics, Hangzhou 310018, PR China.
| | - Dongxiang Chen
- Institute of land and urban-rural development, Zhejiang University of Finance & Economics, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Chunhui Wang
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, PR China
| | - Baojie Li
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, PR China
| | - Guijie Tong
- Institute of land and urban-rural development, Zhejiang University of Finance & Economics, Hangzhou 310018, PR China; School of Geographic and Oceanographic Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, PR China
| | - Yujie Yuan
- Institute of land and urban-rural development, Zhejiang University of Finance & Economics, Hangzhou 310018, PR China; School of Geographic and Oceanographic Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, PR China
| | - Baogen Xu
- Institute of land and urban-rural development, Zhejiang University of Finance & Economics, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
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10
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Peng C, Wang M, Chen W, Chang AC, Crittenden JC. Mass balance-based regression modeling of Cd and Zn accumulation in urban soils of Beijing. J Environ Sci (China) 2017; 53:99-106. [PMID: 28372766 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of heavy metals in urban soil can pose adverse impacts on public health and terrestrial ecosystems. We developed a mass balance-based regression model to simulate the heavy metal accumulation in urban soils as a function of time and to explore connections between metal concentration and urbanization processes. Concentrations of Cd and Zn in 68 residential soil samples in the urban area of Beijing were used. The background concentrations, the loss rates and the input fluxes of Cd and Zn in urban soils of Beijing during the last three decades were estimated using a regression of the time series of accumulations of the metals. Based on the regression estimates, we simulated the general trends of Cd and Zn accumulation in the soils from 1978 to 2078. The concentrations of Cd and Zn in urban soil generally increased with the population growth, vehicle use and coal consumption. The mean concentrations of Cd and Zn in urban soil of Beijing would increase by 3 fold over the next 70years for the current development scenario. The mass balance-based regression approach, which is able to reconstruct the history data of urban soil pollution, provides fundamental information for urban planning and environmental management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Meie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Weiping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Andrew C Chang
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - John C Crittenden
- Brook Byers Institute for Sustainable Systems, Hightower Chair and Georgia Research Alliance Eminent Scholar in Environmental Technologies, GA 30332, USA
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11
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Oliveri Conti G, Heibati B, Kloog I, Fiore M, Ferrante M. A review of AirQ Models and their applications for forecasting the air pollution health outcomes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:6426-6445. [PMID: 28054264 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8180-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Even though clean air is considered as a basic requirement for the maintenance of human health, air pollution continues to pose a significant health threat in developed and developing countries alike. Monitoring and modeling of classic and emerging pollutants is vital to our knowledge of health outcomes in exposed subjects and to our ability to predict them. The ability to anticipate and manage changes in atmospheric pollutant concentrations relies on an accurate representation of the chemical state of the atmosphere. The task of providing the best possible analysis of air pollution thus requires efficient computational tools enabling efficient integration of observational data into models. A number of air quality models have been developed and play an important role in air quality management. Even though a large number of air quality models have been discussed or applied, their heterogeneity makes it difficult to select one approach above the others. This paper provides a brief review on air quality models with respect to several aspects such as prediction of health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gea Oliveri Conti
- Environmental and Food Hygiene Laboratories (LIAA), Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, via Santa Sofia 87, 95123, Catania, Italy.
| | - Behzad Heibati
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Itai Kloog
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard University, Landmark Center, 401 Park Drive, Boston, 02215, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maria Fiore
- Environmental and Food Hygiene Laboratories (LIAA), Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, via Santa Sofia 87, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Margherita Ferrante
- Environmental and Food Hygiene Laboratories (LIAA), Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, via Santa Sofia 87, 95123, Catania, Italy
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12
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Spatial Analysis of PAHs in Soils along an Urban-Suburban-Rural Gradient: scale effect, distribution patterns, diffusion and influencing factors. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37185. [PMID: 27853179 PMCID: PMC5112551 DOI: 10.1038/srep37185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial statistical methods including Cokriging interpolation, Morans I analysis, and geographically weighted regression (GWR) were used for studying the spatial characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) accumulation in urban, suburban, and rural soils of Beijing. The concentrations of PAHs decreased spatially as the level of urbanization decreased. Generally, PAHs in soil showed two spatial patterns on the regional scale: (1) regional baseline depositions with a radius of 16.5 km related to the level of urbanization and (2) isolated pockets of soil contaminated with PAHs were found up to around 3.5 km from industrial point sources. In the urban areas, soil PAHs showed high spatial heterogeneity on the block scale, which was probably related to vegetation cover, land use, and physical soil disturbance. The distribution of total PAHs in urban blocks was unrelated to the indicators of the intensity of anthropogenic activity, namely population density, light intensity at night, and road density, but was significantly related to the same indicators in the suburban and rural areas. The moving averages of molecular ratios suggested that PAHs in the suburban and rural soils were a mix of local emissions and diffusion from urban areas.
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Peng C, Wang M, Chen W. Modelling cadmium contamination in paddy soils under long-term remediation measures: Model development and stochastic simulations. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 216:146-155. [PMID: 27257714 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A pollutant accumulation model (PAM) based on the mass balance theory was developed to simulate long-term changes of heavy metal concentrations in soil. When combined with Monte Carlo simulation, the model can predict the probability distributions of heavy metals in a soil-water-plant system with fluctuating environmental parameters and inputs from multiple pathways. The model was used for evaluating different remediation measures to deal with Cd contamination of paddy soils in Youxian county (Hunan province), China, under five scenarios, namely the default scenario (A), not returning paddy straw to the soil (B), reducing the deposition of Cd (C), liming (D), and integrating several remediation measures (E). The model predicted that the Cd contents of soil can lowered significantly by (B) and those of the plants by (D). However, in the long run, (D) will increase soil Cd. The concentrations of Cd in both soils and rice grains can be effectively reduced by (E), although it will take decades of effort. The history of Cd pollution and the major causes of Cd accumulation in soil were studied by means of sensitivity analysis and retrospective simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weiping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Peng C, Wang M, Zhao Y, Chen W. Distribution and risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in suburban and rural soils of Beijing with various land uses. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2016; 188:162. [PMID: 26879983 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5156-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the sources, distribution, and health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils of peri-urban Beijing. The mean concentrations of total 16 PAHs in suburban and rural soils of Beijing were 321.8 ± 408.2 and 219.2 ± 233.5 ng/g, respectively. The PAH concentrations decreased along the urban-suburban-rural gradient and varied with land use categories. The industrial areas had the highest soil PAH concentrations followed by the living areas, roadsides, green areas, and agricultural areas. The major sources of PAHs in these soils were coal and biomass combustion. Traffic emission was not the dominant source of PAHs in peri-urban Beijing. At a few sites, high soil PAH contents were caused by point sources such as iron and steel plants and a wood preservative factory. The incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCRs) of adults and children exposed to PAHs in the soils were acceptable. However, cautions should be paid to the abandoned industrial sites, which might be converted to residential area during the urbanization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, People's Republic of China
| | - Meie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, People's Republic of China.
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