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Zhan Y, Yao Z, Groffman PM, Xie J, Wang Y, Li G, Zheng X, Butterbach-Bahl K. Urbanization can accelerate climate change by increasing soil N 2 O emission while reducing CH 4 uptake. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:3489-3502. [PMID: 36825371 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Urban land-use change has the potential to affect local to global biogeochemical carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles and associated greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes. We conducted a meta-analysis to (1) assess the effects of urbanization-induced land-use conversion on soil nitrous oxide (N2 O) and methane (CH4 ) fluxes, (2) quantify direct N2 O emission factors (EFd ) of fertilized urban soils used, for example, as lawns or forests, and (3) identify the key drivers leading to flux changes associated with urbanization. On average, urbanization increases soil N2 O emissions by 153%, to 3.0 kg N ha-1 year-1 , while rates of soil CH4 uptake are reduced by 50%, to 2.0 kg C ha-1 year-1 . The global mean annual N2 O EFd of fertilized lawns and urban forests is 1.4%, suggesting that urban soils can be regional hotspots of N2 O emissions. On a global basis, conversion of land to urban greenspaces has increased soil N2 O emission by 0.46 Tg N2 O-N year-1 and decreased soil CH4 uptake by 0.58 Tg CH4 -C year-1 . Urbanization driven changes in soil N2 O emission and CH4 uptake are associated with changes in soil properties (bulk density, pH, total N content, and C/N ratio), increased temperature, and management practices, especially fertilizer use. Overall, our meta-analysis shows that urbanization increases soil N2 O emissions and reduces the role of soils as a sink for atmospheric CH4 . These effects can be mitigated by avoiding soil compaction, reducing fertilization of lawns, and by restoring native ecosystems in urban landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
- College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Zhisheng Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Peter M Groffman
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Brooklyn College, Advanced Science Research Center at The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Junfei Xie
- Beijing Institute of Landscape Architecture, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
- College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Guangtao Li
- Ministry of Transport, Tianjin Research Institute for Water Transport Engineering, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Xunhua Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
- College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Klaus Butterbach-Bahl
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
- Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
- Department of Agroecology, Pioneer Center Land-CRAFT, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
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Bayram A, Arkan E, Sutcu M. Toxic gas removal with kaolinite, metakaolinite, radiolarite, and diatomite. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 314:137707. [PMID: 36592829 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, some clays and dead microorganisms were compared in terms of their adsorption ability against special toxic gases. To this end, an experimental investigation was conducted to explore the adsorption kinetics of kaolinite, metakaolinite, radiolarite, and diatomite to ammonia (NH3), ethylene (C2H4), and carbon dioxide (CO2). Numerous analyses, such as x-ray fluorescence (XRF), x-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and particle size distribution, have been performed for mineralogical and structural characterization of studied materials. Also, adsorption characteristics were investigated with the help of an ultra-precision scale and computer-controlled multi-gas control system. Since ammonia has the highest dipole moment among all studied gases, its removal efficiency was found as the highest in all materials. Regarding clay substances, metakaolinite indicated a lower response than kaolinite due to phase transformation. But, considering the microorganisms, diatomite toxic gas uptake is at least five times better than examined clays while the gas uptake behavior of radiolarite is analog to metakaolinite. Moreover, the adsorption behaviors of proposed materials are clarified with Langmuir isotherms, The results could facilitate improvements in applying microorganisms to the toxic gas environment as a natural adsorbent material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Bayram
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, Indiana, USA
| | - Emre Arkan
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia in Katowice, Szkolna 9, Katowice 40-006, Poland
| | - Mucahit Sutcu
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Izmir Katip Celebi University, 35620 İzmir, Turkiye.
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Cai Q, Zeng N, Zhao F, Han P, Liu D, Lin X, Chen J. The impact of human and livestock respiration on CO 2 emissions from 14 global cities. CARBON BALANCE AND MANAGEMENT 2022; 17:17. [PMID: 36326963 PMCID: PMC9635100 DOI: 10.1186/s13021-022-00217-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The CO2 released by humans and livestock through digestion and decomposition is an important part of the urban carbon cycle, but is rarely considered in studies of city carbon budgets since its annual magnitude is usually much lower than that of fossil fuel emissions within the boundaries of cities. However, human and livestock respiration may be substantial compared to fossil fuel emissions in areas with high population density such as Manhattan or Beijing. High-resolution datasets of CO2 released from respiration also have rarely been reported on a global scale or in cities globally. Here, we estimate the CO2 released by human and livestock respiration at global and city scales and then compare it with the carbon emissions inventory from fossil fuels in 14 cities worldwide. RESULTS The results show that the total magnitude of human and livestock respiration emissions is 38.2% of the fossil fuel emissions in Sao Paulo, highest amongst the 14 cities considered here. The proportion is larger than 10% in cities of Delhi, Cape Town and Tokyo. In other cities, it is relatively small with a proportion around 5%. In addition, almost 90% of respiratory carbon comes from urban areas in most of the cities, while up to one-third comes from suburban areas in Beijing on account of the siginificant livestock production. CONCLUTION The results suggest that the respiration of human and livestock represents a significant CO2 source in some cities and is nonnegligible for city carbon budget analysis and carbon monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixiang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Zeng
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, and Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA
| | - Fang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pengfei Han
- State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Di Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academ y of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Hydrology- Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
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Nicolini G, Antoniella G, Carotenuto F, Christen A, Ciais P, Feigenwinter C, Gioli B, Stagakis S, Velasco E, Vogt R, Ward HC, Barlow J, Chrysoulakis N, Duce P, Graus M, Helfter C, Heusinkveld B, Järvi L, Karl T, Marras S, Masson V, Matthews B, Meier F, Nemitz E, Sabbatini S, Scherer D, Schume H, Sirca C, Steeneveld GJ, Vagnoli C, Wang Y, Zaldei A, Zheng B, Papale D. Direct observations of CO 2 emission reductions due to COVID-19 lockdown across European urban districts. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 830:154662. [PMID: 35318060 PMCID: PMC8934179 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The measures taken to contain the spread of COVID-19 in 2020 included restrictions of people's mobility and reductions in economic activities. These drastic changes in daily life, enforced through national lockdowns, led to abrupt reductions of anthropogenic CO2 emissions in urbanized areas all over the world. To examine the effect of social restrictions on local emissions of CO2, we analysed district level CO2 fluxes measured by the eddy-covariance technique from 13 stations in 11 European cities. The data span several years before the pandemic until October 2020 (six months after the pandemic began in Europe). All sites showed a reduction in CO2 emissions during the national lockdowns. The magnitude of these reductions varies in time and space, from city to city as well as between different areas of the same city. We found that, during the first lockdowns, urban CO2 emissions were cut with respect to the same period in previous years by 5% to 87% across the analysed districts, mainly as a result of limitations on mobility. However, as the restrictions were lifted in the following months, emissions quickly rebounded to their pre-COVID levels in the majority of sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Nicolini
- Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change, Italy; DIBAF University of Tuscia, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Antoniella
- Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change, Italy; DIBAF University of Tuscia, Italy
| | | | - Andreas Christen
- Environmental Meteorology, Institute of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l' Environnement, CEA CNRS UVSQ, C.E. Orme des Merisiers Gif sur Yvette, France
| | | | | | - Stavros Stagakis
- University of Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Applied and Computational Mathematics, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), Greece
| | | | | | - Helen C Ward
- Dep. of Atmospheric and Cryospheric Sciences, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Nektarios Chrysoulakis
- Institute of Applied and Computational Mathematics, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), Greece
| | | | - Martin Graus
- Dep. of Atmospheric and Cryospheric Sciences, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Bert Heusinkveld
- Wageningen University, Meteorology and Air Quality Section, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Leena Järvi
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Helsinki, Finland; Institute of Sustainability Science, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Thomas Karl
- Dep. of Atmospheric and Cryospheric Sciences, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Serena Marras
- Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change, Italy; Dept. of Agricultural Sciences, University of Sassari, Italy
| | - Valéry Masson
- University of Toulouse, Météo-France and CNRS, France
| | - Bradley Matthews
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Forest- and Soil Sciences, Institute of Forest Ecology, Vienna, Austria; Environment Agency Austria, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fred Meier
- Chair of Climatology, Institute of Ecology, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Eiko Nemitz
- UK Center for Ecology & Hydrology, Penicuik, UK
| | - Simone Sabbatini
- Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change, Italy; DIBAF University of Tuscia, Italy
| | - Dieter Scherer
- Chair of Climatology, Institute of Ecology, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Helmut Schume
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Forest- and Soil Sciences, Institute of Forest Ecology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Costantino Sirca
- Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change, Italy; Dept. of Agricultural Sciences, University of Sassari, Italy
| | - Gert-Jan Steeneveld
- Wageningen University, Meteorology and Air Quality Section, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Yilong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Bo Zheng
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, China
| | - Dario Papale
- Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change, Italy; DIBAF University of Tuscia, Italy
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Ueyama M, Takano T. A decade of CO 2 flux measured by the eddy covariance method including the COVID-19 pandemic period in an urban center in Sakai, Japan. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 304:119210. [PMID: 35358629 PMCID: PMC8958160 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cities constitute an important source of greenhouse gases, but few results originating from long-term, direct CO2 emission monitoring efforts have been reported. In this study, CO2 emissions were quasi-continuously measured in an urban center in Sakai, Osaka, Japan by the eddy covariance method from 2010 to 2021. Long-term CO2 emissions reached 22.2 ± 2.0 kg CO2 m-2 yr-1 from 2010 to 2019 (± denotes the standard deviation) in the western sector from the tower representing the densely built-up area. Throughout the decade, the annual CO2 emissions remained stable. According to an emission inventory, traffic emissions represented the major source of CO2 emissions within the flux footprint. The interannual variations in the annual CO2 flux were positively correlated with the mean annual traffic counts at two highway entrances and exits. The CO2 emissions decreased suddenly, by 32% ± 3.1%, in April and May 2020 during the period in which the first state of emergency associated with COVID-19 was declared. The annual CO2 emissions also decreased by 25% ± 3.1% in 2020. Direct long-term observations of CO2 emissions comprise a useful tool to monitor future emission reductions and sudden disruptions in emissions, such as those beginning in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Ueyama
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan.
| | - Tsugumi Takano
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8531, Japan
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6
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Park C, Jeong S, Park MS, Park H, Yun J, Lee SS, Park SH. Spatiotemporal variations in urban CO 2 flux with land-use types in Seoul. CARBON BALANCE AND MANAGEMENT 2022; 17:3. [PMID: 35503187 PMCID: PMC9066853 DOI: 10.1186/s13021-022-00206-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cities are a major source of atmospheric CO2; however, understanding the surface CO2 exchange processes that determine the net CO2 flux emitted from each city is challenging owing to the high heterogeneity of urban land use. Therefore, this study investigates the spatiotemporal variations of urban CO2 flux over the Seoul Capital Area, South Korea from 2017 to 2018, using CO2 flux measurements at nine sites with different urban land-use types (baseline, residential, old town residential, commercial, and vegetation areas). RESULTS Annual CO2 flux significantly varied from 1.09 kg C m- 2 year- 1 at the baseline site to 16.28 kg C m- 2 year- 1 at the old town residential site in the Seoul Capital Area. Monthly CO2 flux variations were closely correlated with the vegetation activity (r = - 0.61) at all sites; however, its correlation with building energy usage differed for each land-use type (r = 0.72 at residential sites and r = 0.34 at commercial sites). Diurnal CO2 flux variations were mostly correlated with traffic volume at all sites (r = 0.8); however, its correlation with the floating population was the opposite at residential (r = - 0.44) and commercial (r = 0.80) sites. Additionally, the hourly CO2 flux was highly related to temperature. At the vegetation site, as the temperature exceeded 24 ℃, the sensitivity of CO2 absorption to temperature increased 7.44-fold than that at the previous temperature. Conversely, the CO2 flux of non-vegetation sites increased when the temperature was less than or exceeded the 18 ℃ baseline, being three-times more sensitive to cold temperatures than hot ones. On average, non-vegetation urban sites emitted 0.45 g C m- 2 h- 1 of CO2 throughout the year, regardless of the temperature. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated that most urban areas acted as CO2 emission sources in all time zones; however, the CO2 flux characteristics varied extensively based on urban land-use types, even within cities. Therefore, multiple observations from various land-use types are essential for identifying the comprehensive CO2 cycle of each city to develop effective urban CO2 reduction policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaerin Park
- Department of Environmental Planning, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sujong Jeong
- Department of Environmental Planning, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Moon-Soo Park
- Department of Climate and Environment, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoonyoung Park
- Department of Environmental Planning, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongmin Yun
- Department of Environmental Planning, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Sam Lee
- National Institute of Meteorological Sciences, 63568, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwa Park
- National Institute of Meteorological Sciences, 63568, Jeju, Republic of Korea
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7
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Douglas ANJ, Morgan AL, Rogers EIE, Irga PJ, Torpy FR. Evaluating and comparing the green wall retrofit suitability across major Australian cities. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 298:113417. [PMID: 34364245 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Urban densification continues to present a unique set of economic and environmental challenges. A growing shortage of green space and infrastructure is intrinsically linked with urban growth and development. With this comes the loss of ecosystem services such as urban heat island effects, reduction of air quality and biodiversity loss. Vertical greenery systems (VGS) offer an adaptive solution to space-constrained areas that are characteristic of dense urban areas, and can potentially improve the sustainability of cities. However, in order to promote VGS uptake, methods are required to enable systematic appraisal of whether existing walls can be retrofitted with VGS. Further, feasibility studies that quantify the potential for retrofit suitability of VGS across entire urban areas are lacking. This study established an evaluation tool for green wall constructability in urban areas and validated the assessment tool by determining the quantity of walls in five major Australian cities that could potentially have VGS incorporated into the existing infrastructure. Each wall was analysed using an exclusionary set of criteria that evaluated and ranked a wall based on its suitability to VGS implementation. Sydney and Brisbane recorded the greatest proportional length of walls suitable for VGS, with 33.74% and 34.12% respectively. Conversely, Perth's urban centre was the least feasible site in which to incorporate VGS, with over 97% of surveyed walls excluded, mainly due to the prevalence of <1 m high fence lines and glazed shopfronts. This study aimed to evaluate feasibility assessments of green wall retrofitability in highly urbanised areas with the intention of creating an analytical method that is accessible to all. This method, coupled with the promising number of feasible walls found in this study, emphasises the need for more government policy and incentives encouraging green wall uptake and could play a pivotal role in the expansion of green infrastructure and urban forestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley N J Douglas
- Plants and Environmental Quality Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Australia.
| | - Angela L Morgan
- Plants and Environmental Quality Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
| | - Erin I E Rogers
- Plants and Environmental Quality Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter J Irga
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
| | - Fraser R Torpy
- Plants and Environmental Quality Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
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8
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Pace R, Guidolotti G, Baldacchini C, Pallozzi E, Grote R, Nowak DJ, Calfapietra C. Comparing i-Tree Eco Estimates of Particulate Matter Deposition with Leaf and Canopy Measurements in an Urban Mediterranean Holm Oak Forest. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:6613-6622. [PMID: 33908766 PMCID: PMC9282645 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Trees and urban forests remove particulate matter (PM) from the air through the deposition of particles on the leaf surface, thus helping to improve air quality and reduce respiratory problems in urban areas. Leaf deposited PM, in turn, is either resuspended back into the atmosphere, washed off during rain events or transported to the ground with litterfall. The net amount of PM removed depends on crown and leaf characteristics, air pollution concentration, and weather conditions, such as wind speed and precipitation. Many existing deposition models, such as i-Tree Eco, calculate PM2.5 removal using a uniform deposition velocity function and resuspension rate for all tree species, which vary based on leaf area and wind speed. However, model results are seldom validated with experimental data. In this study, we compared i-Tree Eco calculations of PM2.5 deposition with fluxes determined by eddy covariance assessments (canopy scale) and particulate matter accumulated on leaves derived from measurements of vacuum/filtration technique as well as scanning electron microscopy combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (leaf scale). These investigations were carried out at the Capodimonte Royal Forest in Naples. Modeled and measured fluxes showed good overall agreement, demonstrating that net deposition mostly happened in the first part of the day when atmospheric PM concentration is higher, followed by high resuspension rates in the second part of the day, corresponding with increased wind speeds. The sensitivity analysis of the model parameters showed that a better representation of PM deposition fluxes could be achieved with adjusted deposition velocities. It is also likely that the standard assumption of a complete removal of particulate matter, after precipitation events that exceed the water storage capacity of the canopy (Ps), should be reconsidered to better account for specific leaf traits. These results represent the first validation of i-Tree Eco PM removal with experimental data and are a starting point for improving the model parametrization and the estimate of particulate matter removed by urban trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocco Pace
- Institute
of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council (CNR), Porano (TR), 05010, Italy
| | - Gabriele Guidolotti
- Institute
of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council (CNR), Porano (TR), 05010, Italy
| | - Chiara Baldacchini
- Institute
of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council (CNR), Porano (TR), 05010, Italy
- Biophysics
and Nanoscience Centre, Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences
(DEB), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy
| | - Emanuele Pallozzi
- Institute
of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council (CNR), Monterotondo Scalo (RM), 00015, Italy
| | - Rüdiger Grote
- Institute
of Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research
(IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
(KIT), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 82467, Germany
| | - David J. Nowak
- USDA
Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
| | - Carlo Calfapietra
- Institute
of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council (CNR), Porano (TR), 05010, Italy
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9
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Hertwig D, Grimmond S, Kotthaus S, Vanderwel C, Gough H, Haeffelin M, Robins A. Variability of physical meteorology in urban areas at different scales: implications for air quality. Faraday Discuss 2021; 226:149-172. [PMID: 33346283 DOI: 10.1039/d0fd00098a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Air quality in cities is influenced not only by emissions and chemical transformations but also by the physical state of the atmosphere which varies both temporally and spatially. Increasingly, tall buildings (TB) are common features of the urban landscape, yet their impact on urban air flow and dispersion is not well understood, and their effects are not appropriately captured in parameterisation schemes. Here, hardware models of areas within two global mega-cities (London and Beijing) are used to analyse the impact of TB on flow and transport in isolated and cluster settings. Results show that TB generate strong updrafts and downdrafts that affect street-level flow fields. Velocity differences do not decay monotonically with distance from the TB, especially in the near-wake region where the flow is characterised by recirculating winds and jets. Lateral distance from an isolated TB centreline is crucial, and flow is still strongly impacted at longitudinal distances of several TB heights. Evaluation of a wake-flow scheme (ADMS-Build) in the isolated TB case indicates important characteristics are not captured. There is better agreement for a slender, shorter TB than a taller non-cuboidal TB. Better prediction of flow occurs horizontally further away and vertically further from the surface. TB clusters modify the shape of pollutant plumes. Strong updrafts generated by the overlapping wakes of TB clusters lift pollutants out of the canopy, causing a much deeper tracer plume in the lee of the cluster, and an elevated plume centreline with maximum concentrations around the TB mean height. Enhanced vertical spread of the pollutants in the near-wake of the cluster results in overall lower maximum concentrations, but higher concentrations above the mean TB height. These results have important implications for interpreting observations in areas with TB. Using real world ceilometer observations in two mega-cities (Beijing and Paris), we assess the diurnal seasonal variability of the urban boundary layer and evaluate a mixed layer height (MLH) empirical model with parameters derived from a third mega-city (London). The MLH model works well in central Beijing but less well in suburban Paris. The variability of the physical meteorology across different vertical scales discussed in this paper provides additional context for interpreting air quality observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Hertwig
- Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6ET, UK.
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10
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Liu Z, Liu Z, Song T, Gao W, Wang Y, Wang L, Hu B, Xin J, Wang Y. Long-term variation in CO 2 emissions with implications for the interannual trend in PM 2.5 over the last decade in Beijing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115014. [PMID: 32650300 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Long-term CO2 and PM2.5 measurements in urban areas have important impacts on understanding the roles of urbanization in climate change and air pollution. From 2009 to 2017, CO2 fluxes were measured by the eddy covariance (EC) system at a height of 140 m on the Beijing Meteorological Tower. The CO2 fluxes followed a typical two-peak diurnal pattern all year round. The PM2.5 concentrations followed a similar diurnal pattern as the CO2 fluxes in summer but a different diurnal pattern in winter (low in the day and high at night). On a seasonal time scale, both the CO2 fluxes and the PM2.5 concentrations showed a pronounced seasonal variation (high in winter and low in summer). The spatial variations in CO2 fluxes were dominated by the prevailing land use types within the flux footprint, particularly dense residential areas and heavy traffic roads. On both diurnal and annual time scales, the urban underlying surface was a net source of CO2. The 9-year average annual total CO2 flux was 36.4 kg CO2·m-2 yr-1. Depending on the yearly prevailing wind direction, the effect of the heterogeneity correction on the annual total CO2 fluxes based on the gap-filled dataset could reach up to 3.5%. Over the 9-year period, both the CO2 fluxes and the PM2.5 concentrations exhibited a declining interannual trend, and CO2 fluxes could account for 64% of the interannual variability in PM2.5 concentrations. In summer, emissions were more likely to control the interannual variability in PM2.5 concentrations, whereas in winter, meteorological conditions had a greater impact on the interannual variability in PM2.5 concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zirui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Tao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; National Earth System Science Data Center, Beijing, 100101, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China.
| | - Wenkang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yinghong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Lili Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Bo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jinyuan Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yuesi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
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Pérez-Ruiz ER, Vivoni ER, Templeton NP. Urban land cover type determines the sensitivity of carbon dioxide fluxes to precipitation in Phoenix, Arizona. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228537. [PMID: 32049986 PMCID: PMC7015425 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Urbanization modifies land surface characteristics with consequent impacts on local energy, water, and carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes. Despite the disproportionate impact of cities on CO2 emissions, few studies have directly quantified CO2 conditions for different urban land cover patches, in particular for arid and semiarid regions. Here, we present a comparison of eddy covariance measurements of CO2 fluxes (FC) and CO2 concentrations ([CO2]) in four distinct urban patches in Phoenix, Arizona: a xeric landscaping, a parking lot, a mesic landscaping, and a suburban neighborhood. Analyses of diurnal, daily, and seasonal variations of FC and [CO2] were related to vegetation activity, vehicular traffic counts, and precipitation events to quantify differences among sites in relation to their urban land cover characteristics. We found that the mesic landscaping with irrigated turf grass was primarily controlled by plant photosynthetic activity, while the parking lot in close proximity to roads mainly exhibited the signature of vehicular emissions. The other two sites that had mixtures of irrigated vegetation and urban surfaces displayed an intermediate behavior in terms of CO2 fluxes. Precipitation events only impacted FC in urban patches without outdoor water use, indicating that urban irrigation decouples CO2 fluxes from the effects of infrequent storms in an arid climate. These findings suggest that the proportion of irrigated vegetation and urban surfaces fractions within urban patches could be used to scale up CO2 fluxes to a broader city footprint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elí R. Pérez-Ruiz
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America
- Departamento de Ingeniería Civil y Ambiental, Instituto de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ciudad Juárez, México
| | - Enrique R. Vivoni
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America
| | - Nicole P. Templeton
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America
- Holistic Engineering and Land Management, Phoenix, AZ, United States of America
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Teemusk A, Kull A, Kanal A, Mander Ü. Environmental factors affecting greenhouse gas fluxes of green roofs in temperate zone. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 694:133699. [PMID: 31756825 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This paper investigates the full seasonal greenhouse gas (GHG) dynamics of fluxes from three green roof systems (lightweight clay aggregate-based green roof - LR; grass roof - GR; sod roof - SR) and natural control site on shallow Leptosol (NC), using closed static chambers in the period April 2014 to December 2015. CO2, CH4 and N2O fluxes are measured and their relationships to meteorological parameters and substrate physicochemical characteristics are quantified. Median CO2 flux values were 21 (LR), 38 (GR), 62 (SR), and 82 (NC) mg CO2-C m-2 h-1. The results show ecosystem respiration (Reco) clearly increased until July and then decreased until November. Net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) was more variable than Reco, depending on plant growth phase and weather conditions. Median NEE values for study period (from April to November 2015) were -7 (LR), -17 (GR), -136 (SR), and -82 (NC) mg CO2-C m-2 h-1. The percentage of autotrophic respiration (Ra) in Reco showed clear rise from LR (35%) to NC (62%). CH4 consumption dominated resulting in median fluxes as follows: -2 (LR), -1 (GR), -15 (SR), and -23 (NC) μg CH4-C m-2 h-1. N2O flux was low and highly variable in time, with median values varying from -0.07 (GR) to 2.18 (NC) μg N2O-N m-2 h-1. During the maximum vegetation growth, NEE exceeded Reco value. Green roofs are effective CH4 sinks, but they do not significantly affect N2O flux. The main environmental factors determining GHG fluxes in linear models were parameters describing moisture regime, meteorological parameters and soil physical characteristics. These models can be used to predict GHG fluxes from similar green roof systems in analogous climatic conditions. We conclude that green roof technology may be used to mitigate excessive ambient GHG levels in urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alar Teemusk
- Department of Geography, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Ain Kull
- Department of Geography, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Arno Kanal
- Department of Geography, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ülo Mander
- Department of Geography, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Estonia
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Hong JW, Hong J, Chun J, Lee YH, Chang LS, Lee JB, Yi K, Park YS, Byun YH, Joo S. Comparative assessment of net CO 2 exchange across an urbanization gradient in Korea based on eddy covariance measurements. CARBON BALANCE AND MANAGEMENT 2019; 14:13. [PMID: 31511994 PMCID: PMC7227202 DOI: 10.1186/s13021-019-0128-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is important to quantify changes in CO2 sources and sinks with land use and land cover change. In the last several decades, carbon sources and sinks in East Asia have been altered by intensive land cover changes due to rapid economic growth and related urbanization. To understand impact of urbanization on carbon cycle in the monsoon Asia, we analyze net CO2 exchanges for various land cover types across an urbanization gradient in Korea covering high-rise high-density residential, suburban, cropland, and subtropical forest areas. RESULTS Our analysis demonstrates that the urban residential and suburban areas are constant CO2 sources throughout the year (2.75 and 1.02 kg C m-2 year-1 at the urban and suburban sites), and the net CO2 emission indicate impacts of urban vegetation that responds to the seasonal progression of the monsoon. However, the total random uncertainties of measurement are much larger in the urban and suburban areas than at the nonurban sites, which can make it challenging to obtain accurate urban flux measurements. The cropland and forest sites are strong carbon sinks because of a double-cropping system and favorable climate conditions during the study period, respectively (- 0.73 and - 0.60 kg C m-2 year-1 at the cropland and forest sites, respectively). The urban area of high population density (15,000 persons km-2) shows a relatively weak CO2 emission rate per capita (0.7 t CO2 year-1 person-1), especially in winter because of a district heating system and smaller traffic volume. The suburban area shows larger net CO2 emissions per capita (4.9 t CO2 year-1 person-1) because of a high traffic volume, despite a smaller building fraction and population density (770 persons km-2). CONCLUSIONS We show that in situ flux observation is challenging because of its larger random uncertainty and this larger uncertainty should be carefully considered in urban studies. Our findings indicate the important role of urban vegetation in the carbon balance and its interaction with the monsoon activity in East Asia. Urban planning in the monsoon Asia must consider interaction on change in the monsoon activity and urban structure and function for sustainable city in a changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je-Woo Hong
- Ecosystem-Atmosphere Process Laboratory, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Jinkyu Hong
- Ecosystem-Atmosphere Process Laboratory, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea.
| | - Junghwa Chun
- National Institute of Forest Science, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong Hee Lee
- National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Lim-Seok Chang
- National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jae-Bum Lee
- National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Keewook Yi
- Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Young-San Park
- National Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Young-Hwa Byun
- National Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Sangwon Joo
- National Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Jeju, South Korea
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Measuring Multi-Scale Urban Forest Carbon Flux Dynamics Using an Integrated Eddy Covariance Technique. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11164335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The multi-scale carbon-carbon dioxide (C-CO2) dynamics of subtropical urban forests and other green and grey infrastructure types were explored in an urbanized campus near Shanghai, China. We integrated eddy covariance (EC) C-CO2 flux measurements and the Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon footprint tool to analyze C-CO2 dynamics at the landscape-scale as well as in local-scale urban forest patches during one year. The approach measured the C-CO2 flux from different contributing areas depending on wind directions and atmospheric stability. Although the study landscape was a net carbon source (2.98 Mg C ha−1 yr−1), we found the mean CO2 flux in urban forest patches was −1.32 μmol m−2s−1, indicating that these patches function as a carbon sink with an annual carbon balance of −5.00 Mg C ha−1. These results indicate that urban forest patches and vegetation (i.e., green infrastructure) composition can be designed to maximize the sequestration of CO2. This novel integrated modeling approach can be used to facilitate the study of the multi-scale effects of urban forests and green infrastructure on CO2 and to establish low-carbon emitting planning and planting designs in the subtropics.
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Douglas ANJ, Irga PJ, Torpy FR. Determining broad scale associations between air pollutants and urban forestry: A novel multifaceted methodological approach. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 247:474-481. [PMID: 30690244 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.12.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Global urbanisation has resulted in population densification, which is associated with increased air pollution, mainly from anthropogenic sources. One of the systems proposed to mitigate urban air pollution is urban forestry. This study quantified the spatial associations between concentrations of CO, NO₂, SO₂, and PM₁₀ and urban forestry, whilst correcting for anthropogenic sources and sinks, thus explicitly testing the hypothesis that urban forestry is spatially associated with reduced air pollution on a city scale. A Land Use Regression (LUR) model was constructed by combining air pollutant concentrations with environmental variables, such as land cover type and use, to develop predictive models for air pollutant concentrations. Traffic density and industrial air pollutant emissions were added to the model as covariables to permit testing of the main effects after correcting for these air pollutant sources. It was found that the concentrations of all air pollutants were negatively correlated with tree canopy cover and positively correlated with dwelling density, population density and traffic count. The LUR models enabled the establishment of a statistically significant spatial relationship between urban forestry and air pollution mitigation. These findings further demonstrate the spatial relationships between urban forestry and reduced air pollution on a city-wide scale, and could be of value in developing planning policies focused on urban greening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley N J Douglas
- Plants and Environmental Quality Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Peter J Irga
- Plants and Environmental Quality Research Group, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Fraser R Torpy
- Plants and Environmental Quality Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
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Diel Variability of pCO2 and CO2 Outgassing from the Lower Mississippi River: Implications for Riverine CO2 Outgassing Estimation. WATER 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/w11010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) outgassing from river surface waters is an important component of the global carbon cycle currently not well constrained. To test the hypothesis that riverine partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) and CO2 outgassing rates differ between daylight and darkness, we conducted in-situ pCO2 and ambient water measurements over four 24-h periods in the spring and summer of 2018 in the Lower Mississippi River under varying flow regimes. We hypothesized that diel pCO2 variation will correlate inversely with solar radiation due to light-induced photosynthesis. Despite differing ambient conditions between seasons, we found a consistent diel cycle of riverine pCO2, with highest values before sunset and lowest values during peak daylight. Recorded pCO2 measurements varied by 206–607 µatm in spring and 344–377 µatm in summer, with significantly lower records during daylight in summer. CO2 outgassing was significantly lower during daylight in both seasons, with diel variation ranging between 1.5–4.4 mmol m−2 h−1 in spring and 1.9–2.1 mmol m−2 h−1 in summer. Daily outgassing rates calculated incorporating diel variation resulted in significantly greater rates (26.2 ± std. 12.7 mmol m−2 d−1) than calculations using a single daily pCO2 value. This study suggests a likely substantial underestimation of carbon outgassed from higher order rivers that make up a majority of the global river water surface. The findings highlight the need for high temporal resolution data and further research on diel CO2 outgassing in different climate regions to constrain uncertainties in riverine flux estimation.
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Diurnal and Seasonal Variations of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Concentration in Urban, Suburban, and Rural Areas around Tokyo. ATMOSPHERE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9100367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Site environments and instrumental characteristics of carbon dioxide (CO2) measurements operated by local governments in the Kanto Plain, the center of which is Tokyo, were summarized for this study. The observation sites were classified into environments of three types: urban, suburban, and woodland. Based on a few decades of accumulated hourly data, the diurnal and seasonal variations of CO2 concentrations were analyzed as a composite of anomalies from annual means recorded for each site. In urban areas, the highest concentrations appear before midnight in winter. The second peak corresponds to the morning rush hour and the strengthening of the inversion layer. Suburban areas can be characterized as having the highest concentration before dawn and the lowest concentration during the daytime in summer in association with the activation of respiration and photosynthesis of vegetation. In these areas, concentration peaks also appear during the morning rush hour. Woodland areas show background features, with the highest concentration in early spring, which are higher than the global background by about 5 ppmv.
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Kent CW, Lee K, Ward HC, Hong JW, Hong J, Gatey D, Grimmond S. Aerodynamic roughness variation with vegetation: analysis in a suburban neighbourhood and a city park. Urban Ecosyst 2017; 21:227-243. [PMID: 31258324 PMCID: PMC6561123 DOI: 10.1007/s11252-017-0710-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Local aerodynamic roughness parameters (zero-plane displacement, z d , and aerodynamic roughness length, z 0 ) are determined for an urban park and a suburban neighbourhood with a new morphometric parameterisation that includes vegetation. Inter-seasonal analysis at the urban park demonstrates z d determined with two anemometric methods is responsive to vegetation state and is 1-4 m greater during leaf-on periods. The seasonal change and directional variability in the magnitude of z d is reproduced by the morphometric methods, which also indicate z 0 can be more than halved during leaf-on periods. In the suburban neighbourhood during leaf-on, the anemometric and morphometric methods have similar directional variability for both z d and z 0 . Wind speeds at approximately 3 times the average roughness-element height are estimated most accurately when using a morphometric method which considers roughness-element height variability. Inclusion of vegetation in the morphometric parameterisation improves wind-speed estimation in all cases. Results indicate that the influence of both vegetation and roughness-element height variability are important for accurate determination of local aerodynamic parameters and the associated wind-speed estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph W. Kent
- Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6BB UK
| | - Keunmin Lee
- Ecosystem-Atmosphere Process Laboratory, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Helen C. Ward
- Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6BB UK
| | - Je-Woo Hong
- Ecosystem-Atmosphere Process Laboratory, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Jinkyu Hong
- Ecosystem-Atmosphere Process Laboratory, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - David Gatey
- Risk Management Solutions, London, EC3R 8NB UK
| | - Sue Grimmond
- Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6BB UK
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Evaluating methane inventories by isotopic analysis in the London region. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4854. [PMID: 28687748 PMCID: PMC5501781 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04802-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A thorough understanding of methane sources is necessary to accomplish methane reduction targets. Urban environments, where a large variety of methane sources coexist, are one of the most complex areas to investigate. Methane sources are characterised by specific δ13C-CH4 signatures, so high precision stable isotope analysis of atmospheric methane can be used to give a better understanding of urban sources and their partition in a source mix. Diurnal measurements of methane and carbon dioxide mole fraction, and isotopic values at King’s College London, enabled assessment of the isotopic signal of the source mix in central London. Surveys with a mobile measurement system in the London region were also carried out for detection of methane plumes at near ground level, in order to evaluate the spatial allocation of sources suggested by the inventories. The measured isotopic signal in central London (−45.7 ±0.5‰) was more than 2‰ higher than the isotopic value calculated using emission inventories and updated δ13C-CH4 signatures. Besides, during the mobile surveys, many gas leaks were identified that are not included in the inventories. This suggests that a revision of the source distribution given by the emission inventories is needed.
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Kent CW, Grimmond S, Barlow J, Gatey D, Kotthaus S, Lindberg F, Halios CH. Evaluation of Urban Local-Scale Aerodynamic Parameters: Implications for the Vertical Profile of Wind Speed and for Source Areas. BOUNDARY-LAYER METEOROLOGY 2017; 164:183-213. [PMID: 32025040 PMCID: PMC6979542 DOI: 10.1007/s10546-017-0248-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nine methods to determine local-scale aerodynamic roughness length ( z 0 ) and zero-plane displacement ( z d ) are compared at three sites (within 60 m of each other) in London, UK. Methods include three anemometric (single-level high frequency observations), six morphometric (surface geometry) and one reference-based approach (look-up tables). A footprint model is used with the morphometric methods in an iterative procedure. The results are insensitive to the initial z d and z 0 estimates. Across the three sites, z d varies between 5 and 45 m depending upon the method used. Morphometric methods that incorporate roughness-element height variability agree better with anemometric methods, indicating z d is consistently greater than the local mean building height. Depending upon method and wind direction, z 0 varies between 0.1 and 5 m with morphometric z 0 consistently being 2-3 m larger than the anemometric z 0 . No morphometric method consistently resembles the anemometric methods. Wind-speed profiles observed with Doppler lidar provide additional data with which to assess the methods. Locally determined roughness parameters are used to extrapolate wind-speed profiles to a height roughly 200 m above the canopy. Wind-speed profiles extrapolated based on morphometric methods that account for roughness-element height variability are most similar to observations. The extent of the modelled source area for measurements varies by up to a factor of three, depending upon the morphometric method used to determine z d and z 0 .
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sue Grimmond
- Department of Meteorology, Reading University, RG6 6UR Reading, UK
| | - Janet Barlow
- Department of Meteorology, Reading University, RG6 6UR Reading, UK
| | - David Gatey
- Risk Management Solutions, EC3R 8NB London, UK
| | - Simone Kotthaus
- Department of Meteorology, Reading University, RG6 6UR Reading, UK
| | - Fredrik Lindberg
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Sequestration and Air Temperature Amelioration Provided by Urban Parks in Rome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2016.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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