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Ruan T, Paavola J, Chan FKS, Xu Y, Baldacchini C, Calfapietra C. A lack of focus on data sharing, stakeholders, and economic benefits in current global green infrastructure planning. J Environ Manage 2024; 351:119849. [PMID: 38134507 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Green infrastructure (GI) is increasingly popular in solving urban environmental challenges and enhancing ecosystem services. Yet the research status and challenges of GI planning have not been comprehensively benchmarked to date. We explored the GI types, actions, goals, and spatiotemporal characteristics of GI planning cases worldwide based on the available literature. The challenges of GI planning were also investigated by the cases included in this manuscript. Additionally, the urban governance solutions to address these challenges were proposed. We found that multi-type GI planning is the most popular. Data sharing, stakeholder participation, economic benefits and research funding for GI planning research were generally inadequate, although they have improved trend over time. Multiple-goal GI planning frequently has higher levels of data sharing, stakeholder participation and economic benefits than GI planning that just takes into account one purpose. We conclude that the future transformation of GI planning requires efficient data sharing mechanisms, effective co-design among stakeholders, systematic business models, and available research funding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo, 315830, PR China
| | - Jouni Paavola
- Centre for Climate Change Economics and Policy (CCCEP), School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS29JT, UK
| | - Faith Ka Shun Chan
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, 315100, PR China; Water@Leeds Research Institute, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS29JT, UK
| | - Yaoyang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, PR China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo, 315830, PR China.
| | - Chiara Baldacchini
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystem (IRET), National Research Council (CNR), 05010 ,Porano (TR), Italy
| | - Carlo Calfapietra
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystem (IRET), National Research Council (CNR), 05010 ,Porano (TR), Italy
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Rezaie N, Pallozzi E, Ciccioli P, Calfapietra C, Fares S. Temperature dependence of emission of volatile organic compounds (VOC) from litters collected in two Mediterranean ecosystems determined before the flaming phase of biomass burning. Environ Pollut 2023; 338:122703. [PMID: 37804903 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Fire represents a major threat to Mediterranean terrestrial ecosystems because of the high temperatures reached during summer. While massive loads of organic, inorganic compounds and particulate matter are known to be emitted into the atmosphere from forest wildfires, less is known about the emission from vegetation surrounding fires where air temperatures higher than 100 °C can be reached. Little information exists on the emission from dead vegetation accumulated as litter over forest soils, from which fires often starts. In this study, the response of litter to heatwaves generated by nearby fires was investigated under controlled conditions. Litter samples collected in a Mediterranean maquis and a Holm oak stand during summer were placed in an enclosure flushed with a continuous flow of air, the temperature of the enclosure was progressively risen to 125 °C, until some smog developed but no flaming occurred. The gas from the enclosure was analysed for the content of CO2, H2O, and volatile organic compounds (VOC) to assess the dependence of emission from the air temperature. VOC emission was continuously determined by Proton-Transfer-Reaction mass spectrometry with time of flight (PTR-TOF-MS). Data obtained were complemented with those obtained by collecting VOC on traps that were later analysed by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results provided useful information to understand the emission mechanism of VOC and other gases from dead vegetation present in the litter of two Mediterranean ecosystems, both dominated by evergreen vegetation species. The study demonstrated that low molecular weight VOC and aromatic hydrocarbons (arenes) produced mostly by thermal oxidation of the wood biopolymers are emitted in addition to isoprenoids typically associated to storage organs and photosynthetic pathway. Moreover, our results support parameterization of litter VOC emission processes in air quality models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Rezaie
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano, 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino FI, Italy; National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy
| | - Emanuele Pallozzi
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council (CNR), Via Salaria Km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, RM, Italy; National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy
| | - Paolo Ciccioli
- Institute of Bioeconomy (IBE), National Research Council (CNR), CNR Research Area of Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti, 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Carlo Calfapietra
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council (CNR), Via Marconi 2, 05010 Porano TR, Italy; National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy
| | - Silvano Fares
- Institutes for agricultural and forestry systems in the Mediterranean (ISAFOM), National Research Council (CNR), P.le Enrico Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy; National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy.
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Rezaie N, D'Andrea E, Scartazza A, Gričar J, Prislan P, Calfapietra C, Battistelli A, Moscatello S, Proietti S, Matteucci G. Upside down and the game of C allocation. Tree Physiol 2023:tpad034. [PMID: 36917230 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) represent the primary carbon (C) reserves and play a crucial role for plant functioning and resilience. Indeed, these compounds are involved in the regulation between C supply and demand, and in the maintenance of hydraulic efficiency. NSCs are stored in parenchyma of woody organs, which is recognized as a proxy for reserve storage capacity of tree. Notwithstanding the importance of NSCs for tree physiology, their long-term regulation and trade-offs against growth were not deeply investigated. This work evaluated the long-term dynamics of mature tree reserves in stem and root, proxied by parenchyma features, and focusing on the trade off and interplay between the resources allocation in radial growth and reserves in stem and coarse root. In a Mediterranean beech forest, NSCs content, stem and root wood anatomy analysis, and eddy covariance data, were combined. The parenchyma fraction (RAP) of beech root and stem was different, due to differences in axial parenchyma (AP) and narrow ray parenchyma (nRP) fractions. However, these parenchyma components and radial growth showed synchronous inter-annual dynamics between the two organs. In beech stem, positive correlations were found among soluble sugars content and nRP, and among starch content and the AP. Positive correlations were found among Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE) and AP of both organs. In contrast, NEE was negatively correlated to radial growth of root and stem. Our results suggest a different contribution of stem and roots to reserves storage, and a putative partitioning in the functional roles of parenchyma components. Moreover, a long-term trade-off of C allocation between growth and reserve pool was evidenced. Indeed, in case of C source reduction, trees preferentially allocate C towards reserves pool. Conversely, in high productive years, growth represents the major C sink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Rezaie
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IRET), Via P. Castellino n. 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Ettore D'Andrea
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IRET), via Marconi 2, 05010 Porano (TR), Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy
| | - Andrea Scartazza
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IRET), Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy
| | - Jožica Gričar
- Slovenian Forestry Institute, Večna pot 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Peter Prislan
- Slovenian Forestry Institute, Večna pot 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Carlo Calfapietra
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IRET), via Marconi 2, 05010 Porano (TR), Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy
| | - Alberto Battistelli
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IRET), via Marconi 2, 05010 Porano (TR), Italy
| | - Stefano Moscatello
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IRET), via Marconi 2, 05010 Porano (TR), Italy
| | - Simona Proietti
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IRET), via Marconi 2, 05010 Porano (TR), Italy
| | - Giorgio Matteucci
- Institute for BioEconomy, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IBE), via Madonna del Piano, 10 - 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy
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4
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Gardner A, Jiang M, Ellsworth DS, MacKenzie AR, Pritchard J, Bader MKF, Barton CVM, Bernacchi C, Calfapietra C, Crous KY, Dusenge ME, Gimeno TE, Hall M, Lamba S, Leuzinger S, Uddling J, Warren J, Wallin G, Medlyn BE. Optimal stomatal theory predicts CO 2 responses of stomatal conductance in both gymnosperm and angiosperm trees. New Phytol 2023; 237:1229-1241. [PMID: 36373000 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Optimal stomatal theory predicts that stomata operate to maximise photosynthesis (Anet ) and minimise transpirational water loss to achieve optimal intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE). We tested whether this theory can predict stomatal responses to elevated atmospheric CO2 (eCO2 ), and whether it can capture differences in responsiveness among woody plant functional types (PFTs). We conducted a meta-analysis of tree studies of the effect of eCO2 on iWUE and its components Anet and stomatal conductance (gs ). We compared three PFTs, using the unified stomatal optimisation (USO) model to account for confounding effects of leaf-air vapour pressure difference (D). We expected smaller gs , but greater Anet , responses to eCO2 in gymnosperms compared with angiosperm PFTs. We found that iWUE increased in proportion to increasing eCO2 in all PFTs, and that increases in Anet had stronger effects than reductions in gs . The USO model correctly captured stomatal behaviour with eCO2 across most datasets. The chief difference among PFTs was a lower stomatal slope parameter (g1 ) for the gymnosperm, compared with angiosperm, species. Land surface models can use the USO model to describe stomatal behaviour under changing atmospheric CO2 conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gardner
- Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Mingkai Jiang
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - David S Ellsworth
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - A Robert MacKenzie
- Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jeremy Pritchard
- Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
| | | | - Craig V M Barton
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Carl Bernacchi
- USDA-ARS Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Carlo Calfapietra
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Porano, 05010, Italy
| | - Kristine Y Crous
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Mirindi Eric Dusenge
- Western Centre for Climate Change, Sustainable Livelihoods and Health, Department of Geography, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C2, Canada
| | - Teresa E Gimeno
- CREAF, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Catalonia, 08193, Spain
- Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3), Leioa, 48940, Spain
| | - Marianne Hall
- Centre for Environmental and Climate Science, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, Lund, 223 62, Sweden
| | - Shubhangi Lamba
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 461, Gothenburg, 40530, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Leuzinger
- Auckland University of Technology, Institute of Earth and Oceanic Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, Private Bag 92006 (Mail No C-43), Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Johan Uddling
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 461, Gothenburg, 40530, Sweden
| | - Jeffrey Warren
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Göran Wallin
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 461, Gothenburg, 40530, Sweden
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Belinda E Medlyn
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
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Gaglio M, Pace R, Muresan AN, Grote R, Castaldelli G, Calfapietra C, Fano EA. Species-specific efficiency in PM 2.5 removal by urban trees: From leaf measurements to improved modeling estimates. Sci Total Environ 2022; 844:157131. [PMID: 35798105 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The growing population in cities is causing a deterioration of air quality due to the emission of pollutants, causing serious health impacts. Trees and urban forests can contribute through the interception and removal of air pollutants such as particulate matter (PM). The dry deposition of PM by vegetation depends on air pollutant concentration, meteorological conditions, and specific leaf traits. Several studies explored the ability of different plant species to accumulate PM on leaf structures leading to the development of models to quantify the PM removal. The i-Tree Eco is the most used model to evaluate ecosystem services provided by urban trees. However, fine particulate matter (PM2.5) removal is still calculated with a poorly evaluated function of deposition velocity (which depends on wind speed and leaf area) without differentiating between tree species. Therefore, we present an improvement of the standard model calculation introducing a leaf trait index to distinguish the species effect on PM net removal. We also compared model results with measurements of deposited leaf PM by vacuum filtration. The index includes the effect of morphological and functional leaf characteristics of tree species using four parameters: leaf water storage, deposition velocity, resuspension rate and leaf washing capacity. Leaves of 11 common urban tree species were sampled in representative areas of the city of Ferrara (Italy) and at different times of the year from 2018 to 2021. This includes four deciduous broadleaf trees (Tilia cordata, Platanus acerifolia, Acer platanoides, Celtis australis), three evergreen broadleaf trees (Quercus ilex, Magnolia grandiflora, Nerium oleander), and four conifers (Thuja orientalis, Cedrus libani, Pinus pinaster, Picea abies). The results provide significant advancement in assessing PM removal using decision support tools such as models to properly select tree species for future urban tree planting programs aimed at improving air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Gaglio
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Rocco Pace
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council (CNR), Via G. Marconi 2, 05010 Porano, TR, Italy; Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Garmisch-Partenkirchen 82467, Germany.
| | - Alexandra Nicoleta Muresan
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Rüdiger Grote
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Garmisch-Partenkirchen 82467, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Castaldelli
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carlo Calfapietra
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council (CNR), Via G. Marconi 2, 05010 Porano, TR, Italy
| | - Elisa Anna Fano
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via Borsari 42, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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Gavrichkova O, Pretto G, Brugnoli E, Chiti T, Ivashchenko KV, Mattioni M, Moscatelli MC, Scartazza A, Calfapietra C. Consequences of Grazing Cessation for Soil Environment and Vegetation in a Subalpine Grassland Ecosystem. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:plants11162121. [PMID: 36015424 PMCID: PMC9416782 DOI: 10.3390/plants11162121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Areas covered by seminatural grasslands have been in constant decline for decades in Europe. This trend is particularly strong for mountain territories, where such traditional agricultural practices as cattle grazing are no longer economically feasible. This study was conducted in the subalpine pasture of Cinte Tesino (TN, Italy), where local farmers have applied the following different management strategies: shorter and longer grazing durations during the season and a complete abandonment for the last 15 years. We aimed to study how these different management strategies impact the functioning and diversity of vegetation and the chemical and biological characteristics of the soil. Species richness was higher in plots subjected to longer grazing with a prevalence of D. caespitosa in terms of biomass share. A decline in species richness in abandoned plots was accompanied by an increase in the share of other graminoids in collected biomass. A concomitant increase in leaf N concentration and light availability in grazed plots resulted in higher photosynthetic efficiency in some species, as revealed by the δ13C of plant tissues. Soils under grazing were characterised by a higher concentration of total and extractable N, almost doubled microbial biomass C and increased extracellular enzymes activity, evidencing nutrient cycling mobilization. While the microbial pool was characterised by lower mineralization rates, C was lost from the soil with 15 years of abandonment. The longer grazing season demonstrated to be the most beneficial, promoting species richness, C accumulation and better soil microbial functioning. A change in soil pH from strongly acidic to moderately acidic with longer grazing is likely one of the important factors adding to the success in the functioning of primary producers and decomposers in this site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Gavrichkova
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council, 05010 Porano, Italy
| | - Gaia Pretto
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council, 05010 Porano, Italy
| | - Enrico Brugnoli
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council, 05010 Porano, Italy
| | - Tommaso Chiti
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agrofood and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Kristina V. Ivashchenko
- Institute of Physicochemical and Biological Problems in Soil Science, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
- Department of Landscape Design and Sustainable Ecosystems, Agrarian-Technological Institute, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Michele Mattioni
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council, 05010 Porano, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Moscatelli
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agrofood and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Andrea Scartazza
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Carlo Calfapietra
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council, 05010 Porano, Italy
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Huarancca Reyes T, Scartazza A, Bretzel F, Di Baccio D, Guglielminetti L, Pini R, Calfapietra C. Urban conditions affect soil characteristics and physiological performance of three evergreen woody species. Plant Physiol Biochem 2022; 171:169-181. [PMID: 34999508 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Physiological studies conducted mainly in metropolitan areas demonstrated that urban environments generate stressful conditions for plants. However, less attention has been paid to plant response to urban conditions in small cities. Here, we evaluated to what extent the health and physiological functions of some Mediterranean urban species [Quercus ilex L., Nerium oleander L. and Pittosporum tobira (Thunb.) W.T. Aiton] were impacted by urban and peri-urban conditions in Pisa (Italy), a small medieval city with narrow streets that impede efficient public transport causing oversized private transport. Experimental period spanned from late-summer to winter in concomitance with the sharp increase in air pollutants. Climate and air quality, soil physical and chemical properties, and plant physiological traits including leaf gas exchanges, chlorophyll fluorescence and leaf pigments were assessed. In soil, the organic carbon affected aggregates and water stability and the concentrations of some micro-elements decreased in winter. Air pollutants impaired leaf gas exchanges and photochemical processes at photosystem II, depending on species, season, and urban conditions. Shrubs were more susceptible than the tree species, highlighting that the latter adapted better to pollutants along an urban-peri-urban transect in Mediterranean environments. This study gives information on the physiological adaptability of some of the most frequent Mediterranean urban species to stressful conditions and demonstrated that, even in a small city, urban conditions influence the physiology and development of vegetation, affecting the plant health status and its ability to provide key ecosystem services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Huarancca Reyes
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via Mariscoglio 34, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Scartazza
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Francesca Bretzel
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Daniela Di Baccio
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Guglielminetti
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via Mariscoglio 34, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberto Pini
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Carlo Calfapietra
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council, Via Marconi 2, 05010, Porano (TR), Italy
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Elferjani R, Benomar L, Momayyezi M, Tognetti R, Niinemets Ü, Soolanayakanahally RY, Théroux-Rancourt G, Tosens T, Ripullone F, Bilodeau-Gauthier S, Lamhamedi MS, Calfapietra C, Lamara M. A meta-analysis of mesophyll conductance to CO2 in relation to major abiotic stresses in poplar species. J Exp Bot 2021; 72:4384-4400. [PMID: 33739415 PMCID: PMC8163042 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Mesophyll conductance (gm) determines the diffusion of CO2 from the substomatal cavities to the site of carboxylation in the chloroplasts and represents a critical component of the diffusive limitation of photosynthesis. In this study, we evaluated the average effect sizes of different environmental constraints on gm in Populus spp., a forest tree model. We collected raw data of 815 A-Ci response curves from 26 datasets to estimate gm, using a single curve-fitting method to alleviate method-related bias. We performed a meta-analysis to assess the effects of different abiotic stresses on gm. We found a significant increase in gm from the bottom to the top of the canopy that was concomitant with the increase of maximum rate of carboxylation and light-saturated photosynthetic rate (Amax). gm was positively associated with increases in soil moisture and nutrient availability, but was insensitive to increasing soil copper concentration and did not vary with atmospheric CO2 concentration. Our results showed that gm was strongly related to Amax and to a lesser extent to stomatal conductance (gs). Moreover, a negative exponential relationship was obtained between gm and specific leaf area, which may be used to scale-up gm within the canopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raed Elferjani
- Quebec Network for Reforestation and Intensive Silviculture, TELUQ University, Montreal, QC, H2S 3L5, Canada
| | - Lahcen Benomar
- Forest Research Institute, University of Quebec in Abitibi-Temiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, QC, J9X 5E4, Canada
- Correspondence:
| | - Mina Momayyezi
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Roberto Tognetti
- Università degli Studi del Molise, Via De Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Guillaume Théroux-Rancourt
- Institute of Botany, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Gregor-Mendel-Strasse 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tiina Tosens
- Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | | | | | - Mohammed S Lamhamedi
- Direction de la Recherche Forestière, 2700 rue Einstein, Québec, QC, G1P 3W8, Canada
| | - Carlo Calfapietra
- Institute of Agro-Environmental & Forest Biology (IBAF), National Research Council (CNR), Via Marconi 2, Porano (TR) 05010, Italy
| | - Mebarek Lamara
- Forest Research Institute, University of Quebec in Abitibi-Temiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, QC, J9X 5E4, Canada
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Pace R, Guidolotti G, Baldacchini C, Pallozzi E, Grote R, Nowak DJ, Calfapietra C. Comparing i-Tree Eco Estimates of Particulate Matter Deposition with Leaf and Canopy Measurements in an Urban Mediterranean Holm Oak Forest. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:6613-6622. [PMID: 33908766 PMCID: PMC9282645 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Trees and urban forests remove particulate matter (PM) from the air through the deposition of particles on the leaf surface, thus helping to improve air quality and reduce respiratory problems in urban areas. Leaf deposited PM, in turn, is either resuspended back into the atmosphere, washed off during rain events or transported to the ground with litterfall. The net amount of PM removed depends on crown and leaf characteristics, air pollution concentration, and weather conditions, such as wind speed and precipitation. Many existing deposition models, such as i-Tree Eco, calculate PM2.5 removal using a uniform deposition velocity function and resuspension rate for all tree species, which vary based on leaf area and wind speed. However, model results are seldom validated with experimental data. In this study, we compared i-Tree Eco calculations of PM2.5 deposition with fluxes determined by eddy covariance assessments (canopy scale) and particulate matter accumulated on leaves derived from measurements of vacuum/filtration technique as well as scanning electron microscopy combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (leaf scale). These investigations were carried out at the Capodimonte Royal Forest in Naples. Modeled and measured fluxes showed good overall agreement, demonstrating that net deposition mostly happened in the first part of the day when atmospheric PM concentration is higher, followed by high resuspension rates in the second part of the day, corresponding with increased wind speeds. The sensitivity analysis of the model parameters showed that a better representation of PM deposition fluxes could be achieved with adjusted deposition velocities. It is also likely that the standard assumption of a complete removal of particulate matter, after precipitation events that exceed the water storage capacity of the canopy (Ps), should be reconsidered to better account for specific leaf traits. These results represent the first validation of i-Tree Eco PM removal with experimental data and are a starting point for improving the model parametrization and the estimate of particulate matter removed by urban trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocco Pace
- Institute
of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council (CNR), Porano (TR), 05010, Italy
| | - Gabriele Guidolotti
- Institute
of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council (CNR), Porano (TR), 05010, Italy
| | - Chiara Baldacchini
- Institute
of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council (CNR), Porano (TR), 05010, Italy
- Biophysics
and Nanoscience Centre, Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences
(DEB), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, 01100, Italy
| | - Emanuele Pallozzi
- Institute
of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council (CNR), Monterotondo Scalo (RM), 00015, Italy
| | - Rüdiger Grote
- Institute
of Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research
(IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
(KIT), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 82467, Germany
| | - David J. Nowak
- USDA
Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
| | - Carlo Calfapietra
- Institute
of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council (CNR), Porano (TR), 05010, Italy
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10
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Pallozzi E, Guidolotti G, Mattioni M, Calfapietra C. Particulate matter concentrations and fluxes within an urban park in Naples. Environ Pollut 2020; 266:115134. [PMID: 32663630 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Airborne particulate matter can represent a serious issue for human health, especially in densely populated urban areas. Moreover, the inhalation of particulate can be more harmful with decreasing particles diameter. Vegetation can provide many ecosystem services to the citizens, including the removal of many different pollutants in the air, but while the effect on many gaseous compounds has already been widely proved, the capability of particulate matter (PM) sequestration driven by vegetation and its resulting benefit on air quality has not been deeply investigated yet at larger spatial scale, especially in Mediterranean environment. This study was conducted in the Real Bosco di Capodimonte, a green area of about 125 ha located inside the urban area of Naples (Italy) containing different species typical of the Mediterranean forest ecosystem. To better understand the interaction between PM and the park area, we measured fluxes of PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 with a fast acquisition analyser, according to the Eddy Covariance technique. We found that the particle deposition was higher during the central hours of the day and it was more evident for smaller size particles. Furthermore, the daily PM fluxes found accorded with evapotranspiration and carbon sequestration operated by plants, suggesting a possible active role of vegetation on the particulate deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Pallozzi
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council (CNR), Monterotondo Scalo, RM, 00015, Italy.
| | - G Guidolotti
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council (CNR), Monterotondo Scalo, RM, 00015, Italy
| | - M Mattioni
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council (CNR), Porano, TR, 05010, Italy
| | - C Calfapietra
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council (CNR), Porano, TR, 05010, Italy
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11
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Sgrigna G, Baldacchini C, Dreveck S, Cheng Z, Calfapietra C. Relationships between air particulate matter capture efficiency and leaf traits in twelve tree species from an Italian urban-industrial environment. Sci Total Environ 2020; 718:137310. [PMID: 32088481 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution in the urban environment is widely recognized as one of the most harmful threats for human health. International organizations such as the United Nations and the European Commission are highlighting the potential role of nature in mitigating air pollution and are now funding the implementation of Nature-Based Solutions, especially at the city level. Over the past few decades, the attention of the scientific community has grown around the role of urban forest in air pollution mitigation. Nevertheless, the understanding on Particulate Matter (PM) retention mechanisms by tree leaves is still limited. In this study, twelve tree species were sampled within an urban park of an industrial city. Two techniques were used for leaf analysis: Vacuum/Filtration and Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, in order to obtain a quali-quantitative analysis of the different PM size fractions. Results showed that deposited PM loads vary significantly among species. Different leaf traits, including micro and macromorphological characteristics, were observed, measured and ranked, with the final aim to relate them with PM load. Even if no significant correlation between each single leaf characteristic and PM deposition was observed (p > 0.05), multivariate analysis revealed relationships between clusters of leaf traits and deposited PM. Thus, by assigning a score to each trait, an Accumulation index (Ai) was calculated, which was significantly related to the leaf deposited PM load (p ≤ 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sgrigna
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council (CNR), Via Marconi 2, 05010 Porano, TR, Italy
| | - C Baldacchini
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council (CNR), Via Marconi 2, 05010 Porano, TR, Italy; Biophysics and Nanoscience Centre, Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB), University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | - S Dreveck
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Z Cheng
- Brooklyn College, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Brooklyn, NY, United States; Department of Landscape Design and Sustainable Ecosystems, RUDN University, Moscow, Russia
| | - C Calfapietra
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council (CNR), Via Marconi 2, 05010 Porano, TR, Italy; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v. v. i., Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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12
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Guidolotti G, Pallozzi E, Gavrichkova O, Scartazza A, Mattioni M, Loreto F, Calfapietra C. Emission of constitutive isoprene, induced monoterpenes, and other volatiles under high temperatures in Eucalyptus camaldulensis: A 13 C labelling study. Plant Cell Environ 2019; 42:1929-1938. [PMID: 30663094 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Eucalypts are major emitters of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), especially volatile isoprenoids. Emissions and incorporation of 13 C in BVOCs were measured in Eucalyptus camaldulensis branches exposed to rapid heat stress or progressive temperature increases, in order to detect both metabolic processes and their dynamics. Isoprene emission increased and photosynthesis decreased with temperatures rising from 30°C to 45°C, and an increasing percentage of unlabelled carbon was incorporated into isoprene in heat-stressed leaves. Intramolecular labelling was also incomplete in isoprene emitted by heat-stressed leaves, suggesting increasing contribution of respiratory (and possibly also photorespiratory) carbon. At temperature above 45°C, a drop of isoprene emission was mirrored by the appearance of unlabelled monoterpenes, green leaf volatiles, methanol, and ethanol, indicating that the emission of stored volatiles was mainly induced by cellular damage. Emission of partially labelled acetaldehyde was also observed at very high temperatures, suggesting a double source of carbon, with a large unlabelled component likely transported from roots and associated to the surge of transpiration at very high temperatures. Eucalypt plantations cover large areas worldwide, and our findings may dramatically change forecast and modelling of future BVOC emissions at planetary level, especially considering climate warming and frequent heat waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Guidolotti
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Monterotondo Scalo, 01500, Italy
| | - Emanuele Pallozzi
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Monterotondo Scalo, 01500, Italy
| | - Olga Gavrichkova
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Porano, 05010, Italy
- Department of Landscape Design and Sustainable Ecosystems, Agrarian-technological Institute, RUDN University, Moscow, 117198, Russia
| | - Andrea Scartazza
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Pisa, 56124, Italy
| | - Michele Mattioni
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Porano, 05010, Italy
| | - Francesco Loreto
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences (DISBA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Carlo Calfapietra
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Porano, 05010, Italy
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13
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Baldacchini C, Sgrigna G, Clarke W, Tallis M, Calfapietra C. An ultra-spatially resolved method to quali-quantitative monitor particulate matter in urban environment. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:18719-18729. [PMID: 31055755 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05160-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring the amount and composition of airborne particulate matter (PM) in the urban environment is a crucial aspect to guarantee citizen health. To focus the action of stakeholders in limiting air pollution, fast and highly spatially resolved methods for monitoring PM are required. Recently, the trees' capability in capturing PM inspired the development of several methods intended to use trees as biomonitors; this results in the potential of having an ultra-spatially resolved network of low-cost PM monitoring stations throughout cities, without the needing of on-site stations. Within this context, we propose a fast and reliable method to qualitatively and quantitatively characterize the PM present in urban air based on the analysis of tree leaves by scanning electron microscopy combined with X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX). We have tested our method in the Real Bosco di Capodimonte urban park (Naples, Italy), by collecting leaves from Quercus ilex trees along transects parallel to the main wind directions. The coarse (PM10-2.5) and fine (PM2.5) amounts obtained per unit leaf area have been validated by weighting the PM washed from leaves belonging to the same sample sets. PM size distribution and elemental composition match appropriately with the known pollution sources in the sample sites (i.e., traffic and marine aerosol). The proposed methodology will then allow the use of the urban forest as an ultra-spatially resolved PM monitoring network, also supporting the work of urban green planners and stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Baldacchini
- National Research Council, Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems, Via G. Marconi 2, 05010, Porano, TR, Italy.
- Biophysics and Nanoscience Centre, DEB, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Largo dell'Università, 01100, Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Gregorio Sgrigna
- National Research Council, Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems, Via G. Marconi 2, 05010, Porano, TR, Italy
| | - Woody Clarke
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, King Henry Building, King Henry 1 Street, Portsmouth, PO1 2DY, UK
| | - Matthew Tallis
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, King Henry Building, King Henry 1 Street, Portsmouth, PO1 2DY, UK
| | - Carlo Calfapietra
- National Research Council, Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems, Via G. Marconi 2, 05010, Porano, TR, Italy
- Department of Landscape Design and Sustainable Ecosystems, Agrarian-technological Institute, 30 RUDN University, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 6, Moscow, Russia, 117198
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14
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Pallozzi E, Lusini I, Cherubini L, Hajiaghayeva RA, Ciccioli P, Calfapietra C. Differences between a deciduous and a conifer tree species in gaseous and particulate emissions from biomass burning. Environ Pollut 2018; 234:457-467. [PMID: 29207297 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the Mediterranean ecosystem, wildfires are very frequent and the predicted future with a probable increase of fires could drastically modify the vegetation scenarios. Vegetation fires are an important source of gases and primary emissions of fine carbonaceous particles in the atmosphere. In this paper, we present gaseous and particulate emissions data from the combustion of different plant tissues (needles/leaves, branches and needle/leaf litter), obtained from one conifer (Pinus halepensis) and one deciduous broadleaf tree (Quercus pubescens). Both species are commonly found throughout the Mediterranean area, often subject to wildfires. Experiments were carried out in a combustion chamber continuously sampling emissions throughout the different phases of a fire (pre-ignition, flaming and smoldering). We identified and quantified 83 volatile organic compounds including important carcinogens that can affect human health. CO and CO2 were the main gaseous species emitted, benzene and toluene were the dominant aromatic hydrocarbons, methyl-vinyl-ketone and methyl-ethyl-ketone were the most abundant measured oxygenated volatile organic compounds. CO2 and methane emissions peaked during the flaming phase, while the peak of CO emissions occurred during the smoldering phase. Overall, needle/leaf combustion released a greater amount of volatile organic compounds into the atmosphere than the combustion of branches and litter. There were few differences between emissions from the combustion of the two tree species, except for some compounds. The combustion of P. halepensis released a great amount of monoterpenes as α-pinene, β-pinene, p-cymene, sabinene, 3-carene, terpinolene and camphene that are not emitted from the combustion of Q. pubescens. The combustion of branches showed the longest duration of flaming and peak of temperature. Data presented appear crucial for modeling with the intent of understanding the loss of C during different phases of fire and how different typologies of biomass can affect wildfires and their speciation emissions profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Pallozzi
- Institute of Agro-Environmental & Forest Biology (IBAF), National Research Council (CNR), Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, RM, Italy
| | - Ilaria Lusini
- Institute of Agro-Environmental & Forest Biology (IBAF), National Research Council (CNR), Viale Marconi 2, 05010 Porano, TR, Italy
| | - Lucia Cherubini
- Institute of Agro-Environmental & Forest Biology (IBAF), National Research Council (CNR), Viale Marconi 2, 05010 Porano, TR, Italy
| | - Ramilla A Hajiaghayeva
- Department of Landscape Design and Sustainable Ecosystems, Agrarian-technological Institute, RUDN University, 117198, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 6, Moscow, Russia
| | - Paolo Ciccioli
- Institute of Chemical Methodologies (IMC), National Research Council (CNR), Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, RM, Italy
| | - Carlo Calfapietra
- Institute of Agro-Environmental & Forest Biology (IBAF), National Research Council (CNR), Viale Marconi 2, 05010 Porano, TR, Italy; Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Belidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, CZ, Italy.
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15
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Nestola E, Scartazza A, Di Baccio D, Castagna A, Ranieri A, Cammarano M, Mazzenga F, Matteucci G, Calfapietra C. Are optical indices good proxies of seasonal changes in carbon fluxes and stress-related physiological status in a beech forest? Sci Total Environ 2018; 612:1030-1041. [PMID: 28892844 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the functionality of a Mediterranean-mountain beech forest in Central Italy using simultaneous determinations of optical measurements, carbon (C) fluxes, leaf eco-physiological and biochemical traits during two growing seasons (2014-2015). Meteorological variables showed significant differences between the two growing seasons, highlighting a heat stress coupled with a reduced water availability in mid-summer 2015. As a result, a different C sink capacity of the forest was observed between the two years of study, due to the differences in stressful conditions and the related plant physiological status. Spectral indices related to vegetation (VIs, classified in structural, chlorophyll and carotenoid indices) were computed at top canopy level and used to track CO2 fluxes and physiological changes. Optical indices related to structure (EVI 2, RDVI, DVI and MCARI 1) were found to better track Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE) variations for 2014, while indices related to chlorophylls (SR red edge, CL red edge, MTCI and DR) provided better results for 2015. This suggests that when environmental conditions are not limiting for forest sink capacity, structural parameters are more strictly connected to C uptake, while under stress conditions indices related to functional features (e.g., chlorophyll content) become more relevant. Chlorophyll indices calculated with red edge bands (SR red edge, NDVI red edge, DR, CL red edge) resulted to be highly correlated with leaf nitrogen content (R2>0.70), while weaker, although significant, correlations were found with chlorophyll content. Carotenoid indices (PRI and PSRI) were strongly correlated with both chlorophylls and carotenoids content, suggesting that these indices are good proxies of the shifting pigment composition related to changes in soil moisture, heat stress and senescence. Our work suggests the importance of integrating different methods as a successful approach to understand how changing climatic conditions in the Mediterranean mountain region will impact on forest conditions and functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Nestola
- Institute of Agroenvironmental and Forest Biology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Marconi 2, 05010 Porano, TR, Italy; Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.
| | - A Scartazza
- Institute of Agroenvironmental and Forest Biology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Marconi 2, 05010 Porano, TR, Italy; Institute of Agroenvironmental and Forest Biology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Salaria km 29,300, 00016, Monterotondo Scalo, Roma, RM, Italy.
| | - D Di Baccio
- Institute of Agroenvironmental and Forest Biology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Salaria km 29,300, 00016, Monterotondo Scalo, Roma, RM, Italy
| | - A Castagna
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - A Ranieri
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - M Cammarano
- Institute of Agroenvironmental and Forest Biology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Salaria km 29,300, 00016, Monterotondo Scalo, Roma, RM, Italy
| | - F Mazzenga
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; Institute of Agroenvironmental and Forest Biology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Salaria km 29,300, 00016, Monterotondo Scalo, Roma, RM, Italy
| | - G Matteucci
- Institute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Patacca, 85 I-80056 Ercolano, NA, Italy
| | - C Calfapietra
- Institute of Agroenvironmental and Forest Biology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Marconi 2, 05010 Porano, TR, Italy; Czechglobe, Global Change Research Institute, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
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16
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Scartazza A, Moscatello S, Gavrichkova O, Buia MC, Lauteri M, Battistelli A, Lorenti M, Garrard SL, Calfapietra C, Brugnoli E. Carbon and nitrogen allocation strategy in Posidonia oceanica is altered by seawater acidification. Sci Total Environ 2017; 607-608:954-964. [PMID: 28724227 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Rising atmospheric CO2 causes ocean acidification that represents one of the major ecological threats for marine biota. We tested the hypothesis that long-term exposure to increased CO2 level and acidification in a natural CO2 vent system alters carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) metabolism in Posidonia oceanica L. (Delile), affecting its resilience, or capability to restore the physiological homeostasis, and the nutritional quality of organic matter available for grazers. Seawater acidification decreased the C to N ratio in P. oceanica tissues and increased grazing rate, shoot density, leaf proteins and asparagine accumulation in rhizomes, while the maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II was unaffected. The 13C-dilution in both structural and non-structural C metabolites in the acidified site indicated quali-quantitative changes of C source and/or increased isotopic fractionation during C uptake and carboxylation associated with the higher CO2 level. The decreased C:N ratio in the acidified site suggests an increased N availability, leading to a greater storage of 15N-enriched compounds in rhizomes. The amount of the more dynamic C storage form, sucrose, decreased in rhizomes of the acidified site in response to the enhanced energy demand due to higher shoot recruitment and N compound synthesis, without affecting starch reserves. The ability to modulate the balance between stable and dynamic C reserves could represent a key ecophysiological mechanism for P. oceanica resilience under environmental perturbation. Finally, alteration in C and N dynamics promoted a positive contribution of this seagrass to the local food web.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Scartazza
- Istituto di Biologia Agroambientale e Forestale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Salaria km 29,300, 00016 Monterotondo Scalo, RM, Italy; Istituto di Biologia Agroambientale e Forestale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via G. Marconi 2, 05010 Porano, TR, Italy.
| | - Stefano Moscatello
- Istituto di Biologia Agroambientale e Forestale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via G. Marconi 2, 05010 Porano, TR, Italy.
| | - Olga Gavrichkova
- Istituto di Biologia Agroambientale e Forestale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via G. Marconi 2, 05010 Porano, TR, Italy
| | | | - Marco Lauteri
- Istituto di Biologia Agroambientale e Forestale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via G. Marconi 2, 05010 Porano, TR, Italy
| | - Alberto Battistelli
- Istituto di Biologia Agroambientale e Forestale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via G. Marconi 2, 05010 Porano, TR, Italy
| | - Maurizio Lorenti
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Calfapietra
- Istituto di Biologia Agroambientale e Forestale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via G. Marconi 2, 05010 Porano, TR, Italy
| | - Enrico Brugnoli
- Istituto di Biologia Agroambientale e Forestale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via G. Marconi 2, 05010 Porano, TR, Italy
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17
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Baldacchini C, Castanheiro A, Maghakyan N, Sgrigna G, Verhelst J, Alonso R, Amorim JH, Bellan P, Bojović DĐ, Breuste J, Bühler O, Cântar IC, Cariñanos P, Carriero G, Churkina G, Dinca L, Esposito R, Gawroński SW, Kern M, Le Thiec D, Moretti M, Ningal T, Rantzoudi EC, Sinjur I, Stojanova B, Aničić Urošević M, Velikova V, Živojinović I, Sahakyan L, Calfapietra C, Samson R. How Does the Amount and Composition of PM Deposited on Platanus acerifolia Leaves Change Across Different Cities in Europe? Environ Sci Technol 2017; 51:1147-1156. [PMID: 28060487 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) deposited on Platanus acerifolia tree leaves has been sampled in the urban areas of 28 European cities, over 20 countries, with the aim of testing leaf deposited particles as indicator of atmospheric PM concentration and composition. Leaves have been collected close to streets characterized by heavy traffic and within urban parks. Leaf surface density, dimensions, and elemental composition of leaf deposited particles have been compared with leaf magnetic content, and discussed in connection with air quality data. The PM quantity and size were mainly dependent on the regional background concentration of particles, while the percentage of iron-based particles emerged as a clear marker of traffic-related pollution in most of the sites. This indicates that Platanus acerifolia is highly suitable to be used in atmospheric PM monitoring studies and that morphological and elemental characteristics of leaf deposited particles, joined with the leaf magnetic content, may successfully allow urban PM source apportionment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Baldacchini
- Institute of Agro Environmental and Forest Biology, National Research Council (IBAF-CNR), Via Marconi 2, Porano 05010, & Via Castellino 111, Napoli 80131, Italy
| | - Ana Castanheiro
- Laboratory of Environmental and Urban Ecology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp , Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp 2020, Belgium
| | - Nairuhi Maghakyan
- Center for Ecological-Noosphere Studies, National Academy of Sciences of Armenia , Abovyan 68, Yerevan 0025, Armenia
| | - Gregorio Sgrigna
- Institute of Agro Environmental and Forest Biology, National Research Council (IBAF-CNR), Via Marconi 2, Porano 05010, & Via Castellino 111, Napoli 80131, Italy
| | - Jolien Verhelst
- Laboratory of Environmental and Urban Ecology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp , Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp 2020, Belgium
| | - Rocío Alonso
- Ecotoxicology of Air Pollution, CIEMAT , Avda. Complutense 22, edif. 70, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Jorge H Amorim
- CESAM and Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro , Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Patrick Bellan
- Vegetation Consultant/Landscape Engineer, Båstadsgatan 6a, Malmö 21439, Sweden
| | - Danijela Đunisijević Bojović
- Department for Landscape Architecture and Horticulture, Faculty of Forestry, University of Belgrade , Kneza Višeslava 1, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jürgen Breuste
- Department of Geography and Geology, University of Salzburg , Hellbrunnerstr. 34, Salzburg 5020, Austria
| | - Oliver Bühler
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen , Rolighedsvej 23, Frederiksberg 1958, Denmark
| | - Ilie C Cântar
- National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry "Marin Dracea″, Padurea Verde Alley 8, Timisoara 300310, & B-dul Eroilor 128, Bucharest 077190, Romania
| | - Paloma Cariñanos
- Department of Botany, University of Granada & IISTA-CEAMA, Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research , Av. Mediterraneo, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - Giulia Carriero
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (IPSP-CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
| | - Galina Churkina
- Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies (IASS) , Berlinerstr 130, Potsdam 14467, Germany
| | - Lucian Dinca
- National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry "Marin Dracea″, Padurea Verde Alley 8, Timisoara 300310, & B-dul Eroilor 128, Bucharest 077190, Romania
| | - Raffaela Esposito
- Institute of Agro Environmental and Forest Biology, National Research Council (IBAF-CNR), Via Marconi 2, Porano 05010, & Via Castellino 111, Napoli 80131, Italy
| | - Stanisław W Gawroński
- Laboratory of Basic Research in Horticulture, Faculty of Horticulture, Biotechnology and Landscape Architecture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences , Ul. Nowoursynowska 159, Warsaw 02-776, Poland
| | - Maren Kern
- School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences HAFL, Bern University of Applied Sciences , Länggasse 85, Zollikofen 3052, Switzerland
| | - Didier Le Thiec
- UMR EEF, INRA, Université de Lorraine , Champenoux 54280, France
| | - Marco Moretti
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Zürcherstrasse 111, Birmensdorf 8903, Switzerland
| | - Tine Ningal
- School of Geography, University College of Dublin , Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Eleni C Rantzoudi
- Department of Forestry and Management of Environment and Natural Resources, Dimocritus University of Thrace , Pantazidou 193, Orestiada 68200, Greece
| | - Iztok Sinjur
- Slovenian Forestry Institute , Večna pot 2, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Biljana Stojanova
- Department of Urban Greenery, Public Enterprise "Parks and Greenery", Bul. Ilindenska 104, Skopje 1000, Macedonia
| | - Mira Aničić Urošević
- Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade , Pregrevica 118, Belgrade 11080, Serbia
| | - Violeta Velikova
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences , Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Ivana Živojinović
- European Forest Institute Central-East and South-East European Regional Office (EFICEEC-EFISEE), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences , Vienna, Feistmantelstrasse 4, Vienna 1180, Austria
| | - Lilit Sahakyan
- Center for Ecological-Noosphere Studies, National Academy of Sciences of Armenia , Abovyan 68, Yerevan 0025, Armenia
| | - Carlo Calfapietra
- Institute of Agro Environmental and Forest Biology, National Research Council (IBAF-CNR), Via Marconi 2, Porano 05010, & Via Castellino 111, Napoli 80131, Italy
| | - Roeland Samson
- Laboratory of Environmental and Urban Ecology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp , Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp 2020, Belgium
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Esposito R, Lusini I, Pallozzi E, Guidolotti G, Urban O, Calfapietra C. Shoot-level terpenoids emission in Norway spruce (Picea abies) under natural field and manipulated laboratory conditions. Plant Physiol Biochem 2016; 108:530-538. [PMID: 27599182 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Norway spruce (Picea abies) is a strong emitter of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs). In the present study we investigated how shoot canopy position and high levels of stressors such as high temperature and ozone concentration, affect BVOC emission rates by means of in-situ and ex-situ experimental measurements. Therefore, BVOC emission from current-year spruce shoots was investigated under field and manipulated (temperature, ozone) laboratory conditions. Emitted BVOCs were sampled on desorption tubes, coupled with gas-exchange measurements of CO2 assimilation rate and stomatal conductance, and detected by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Total BVOC emission rates from sun shoots under standard conditions were higher than those from shade shoots, although this was significant only in July, on the contrary, only α-pinene and γ-terpinene emission rates showed significant differences between sun and shade acclimated shoots in August. Limonene, α-pinene, β-pinene, and myrcene were identified as the most abundant BVOCs in both campaigns with emission rates above 0.2 nmol m-2 s-1. Ex-situ measurements revealed a significantly higher total BVOC emissions under high temperature level (40 °C) by ca. 175% as compared with standard temperature (30 °C), while a short-term fumigation of acute O3 concentration (200 ppb) had no effect on BVOC emissions and its spectrum. These findings might have a relevance considering the role of these compounds in protecting against oxidative stress and their possible stimulation in particular stressful conditions. Implication of such results into emission models may contribute to a more accurate estimation of BVOC emissions for Central European mountain regions dominated by Norway spruce forests and their rate under predicted climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaela Esposito
- Institute of Agro-Environmental & Forest Biology (IBAF), National Research Council (CNR), Via Marconi 2, IT-05010 Porano, TR, Italy; Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis, IT-01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Ilaria Lusini
- Institute of Agro-Environmental & Forest Biology (IBAF), National Research Council (CNR), Via Marconi 2, IT-05010 Porano, TR, Italy; Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems, University of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis, IT-01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Emanuele Pallozzi
- Institute of Agro-Environmental & Forest Biology (IBAF), National Research Council (CNR), Via Marconi 2, IT-05010 Porano, TR, Italy
| | - Gabriele Guidolotti
- Institute of Agro-Environmental & Forest Biology (IBAF), National Research Council (CNR), Via Marconi 2, IT-05010 Porano, TR, Italy
| | - Otmar Urban
- Laboratory of Ecological Plant Physiology, Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, CZ-603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Carlo Calfapietra
- Institute of Agro-Environmental & Forest Biology (IBAF), National Research Council (CNR), Via Marconi 2, IT-05010 Porano, TR, Italy; Laboratory of Ecological Plant Physiology, Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bělidla 986/4a, CZ-603 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Guidolotti G, Salviato M, Calfapietra C. Comparing estimates of EMEP MSC-W and UFORE models in air pollutant reduction by urban trees. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2016; 23:19541-19550. [PMID: 27392620 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7135-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing interest to identify and quantify the benefits provided by the presence of trees in urban environment in order to improve the environmental quality in cities. However, the evaluation and estimate of plant efficiency in removing atmospheric pollutants is rather complicated, because of the high number of factors involved and the difficulty of estimating the effect of the interactions between the different components. In this study, the EMEP MSC-W model was implemented to scale-down to tree-level and allows its application to an industrial-urban green area in Northern Italy. Moreover, the annual outputs were compared with the outputs of UFORE (nowadays i-Tree), a leading model for urban forest applications. Although, EMEP/MSC-W model and UFORE are semi-empirical models designed for different applications, the comparison, based on O3, NO2 and PM10 removal, showed a good agreement in the estimates and highlights how the down-scaling methodology presented in this study may have significant opportunities for further developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Guidolotti
- Institute of Agro-Environmental & Forest Biology (IBAF), National Research Council (CNR), Via Marconi 2, I-05010, Porano, TR, Italy
| | - Michele Salviato
- Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry (LEAF), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Carlo Calfapietra
- Institute of Agro-Environmental & Forest Biology (IBAF), National Research Council (CNR), Via Marconi 2, I-05010, Porano, TR, Italy.
- Global Change Research Centre, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
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20
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Sicard P, Augustaitis A, Belyazid S, Calfapietra C, de Marco A, Fenn M, Bytnerowicz A, Grulke N, He S, Matyssek R, Serengil Y, Wieser G, Paoletti E. Global topics and novel approaches in the study of air pollution, climate change and forest ecosystems. Environ Pollut 2016; 213:977-987. [PMID: 26873061 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Research directions from the 27th conference for Specialists in Air Pollution and Climate Change Effects on Forest Ecosystems (2015) reflect knowledge advancements about (i) Mechanistic bases of tree responses to multiple climate and pollution stressors, in particular the interaction of ozone (O3) with nitrogen (N) deposition and drought; (ii) Linking genetic control with physiological whole-tree activity; (iii) Epigenetic responses to climate change and air pollution; (iv) Embedding individual tree performance into the multi-factorial stand-level interaction network; (v) Interactions of biogenic and anthropogenic volatile compounds (molecular, functional and ecological bases); (vi) Estimating the potential for carbon/pollution mitigation and cost effectiveness of urban and peri-urban forests; (vii) Selection of trees adapted to the urban environment; (viii) Trophic, competitive and host/parasite relationships under changing pollution and climate; (ix) Atmosphere-biosphere-pedosphere interactions as affected by anthropospheric changes; (x) Statistical analyses for epidemiological investigations; (xi) Use of monitoring for the validation of models; (xii) Holistic view for linking the climate, carbon, N and O3 modelling; (xiii) Inclusion of multiple environmental stresses (biotic and abiotic) in critical load determinations; (xiv) Ecological impacts of N deposition in the under-investigated areas; (xv) Empirical models for mechanistic effects at the local scale; (xvi) Broad-scale N and sulphur deposition input and their effects on forest ecosystem services; (xvii) Measurements of dry deposition of N; (xviii) Assessment of evapotranspiration; (xix) Remote sensing assessment of hydrological parameters; and (xx) Forest management for maximizing water provision and overall forest ecosystem services. Ground-level O3 is still the phytotoxic air pollutant of major concern to forest health. Specific issues about O3 are: (xxi) Developing dose-response relationships and stomatal O3 flux parameterizations for risk assessment, especially, in under-investigated regions; (xxii) Defining biologically based O3 standards for protection thresholds and critical levels; (xxiii) Use of free-air exposure facilities; (xxiv) Assessing O3 impacts on forest ecosystem services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Sicard
- ACRI-HE, 260 Route Du Pin Montard BP234, 06904 Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France.
| | - Algirdas Augustaitis
- Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Studentu 13, Kaunas Dstr., LT-53362 Lithuania.
| | | | | | | | - Mark Fenn
- USDA, Forest Service, PSW Research Station, 4955 Canyon Crest Dr., Riverside, CA 92507, USA.
| | - Andrzej Bytnerowicz
- USDA, Forest Service, PSW Research Station, 4955 Canyon Crest Dr., Riverside, CA 92507, USA.
| | | | - Shang He
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China.
| | - Rainer Matyssek
- Ecophysiology of Plants, Technische Universität München, von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany.
| | | | - Gerhard Wieser
- Division of Alpine Timberline Ecophysiology, Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape, Rennweg 1, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Elena Paoletti
- IPSP-CNR, Via Madonna Del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Firenze, Italy.
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Sgrigna G, Baldacchini C, Esposito R, Calandrelli R, Tiwary A, Calfapietra C. Characterization of leaf-level particulate matter for an industrial city using electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis. Sci Total Environ 2016; 548-549:91-99. [PMID: 26802337 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This study reports application of monitoring and characterization protocol for particulate matter (PM) deposited on tree leaves, using Quercus ilex as a case study species. The study area is located in the industrial city of Terni in central Italy, with high PM concentrations. Four trees were selected as representative of distinct pollution environments based on their proximity to a steel factory and a street. Wash off from leaves onto cellulose filters were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, inferring the associations between particle sizes, chemical composition, and sampling location. Modeling of particle size distributions showed a tri-modal fingerprint, with the three modes centered at 0.6 (factory related), 1.2 (urban background), and 2.6μm (traffic related). Chemical detection identified 23 elements abundant in the PM samples. Principal component analysis recognized iron and copper as source-specific PM markers, attributed mainly to industrial and heavy traffic pollution respectively. Upscaling these results on leaf area basis provided a useful indicator for strategic evaluation of harmful PM pollutants using tree leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sgrigna
- University of Molise (UniMol), Department of Biosciences and Territory, Contrada Fonte Lappone Pesche (IS), Italy; Institute of Agro Environmental and Forest Biology, National Research Council (IBAF-CNR), Via Marconi, 2 Porano (TR) & Via Castellino 111, Napoli, Italy.
| | - C Baldacchini
- Institute of Agro Environmental and Forest Biology, National Research Council (IBAF-CNR), Via Marconi, 2 Porano (TR) & Via Castellino 111, Napoli, Italy.
| | - R Esposito
- Institute of Agro Environmental and Forest Biology, National Research Council (IBAF-CNR), Via Marconi, 2 Porano (TR) & Via Castellino 111, Napoli, Italy.
| | - R Calandrelli
- Institute of Agro Environmental and Forest Biology, National Research Council (IBAF-CNR), Via Marconi, 2 Porano (TR) & Via Castellino 111, Napoli, Italy.
| | - A Tiwary
- Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - C Calfapietra
- Institute of Agro Environmental and Forest Biology, National Research Council (IBAF-CNR), Via Marconi, 2 Porano (TR) & Via Castellino 111, Napoli, Italy; Global Change Research Centre, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v. v. i., Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Calfapietra C, Morani A, Sgrigna G, Di Giovanni S, Muzzini V, Pallozzi E, Guidolotti G, Nowak D, Fares S. Removal of Ozone by Urban and Peri-Urban Forests: Evidence from Laboratory, Field, and Modeling Approaches. J Environ Qual 2016; 45:224-233. [PMID: 26828178 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2015.01.0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A crucial issue in urban environments is the interaction between urban trees and atmospheric pollution, particularly ozone (O). Ozone represents one of the most harmful pollutants in urban and peri-urban environments, especially in warm climates. Besides the large interest in reducing anthropogenic and biogenic precursors of O emissions, there is growing scientific activity aimed at understanding O removal by vegetation, particularly trees. The intent of this paper is to provide the state of the art and suggestions to improve future studies of O fluxes and to discuss implications of O flux studies to maximize environmental services through the planning and management of urban forests. To evaluate and quantify the potential of O removal in urban and peri-urban forests, we describe experimental approaches to measure O fluxes, distinguishing laboratory experiments, field measurements, and model estimates, including recent case studies. We discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the different approaches and conclude that the combination of the three levels of investigation is essential for estimating O removal by urban trees. We also comment on the implications of these findings for planning and management of urban forests, suggesting some key issues that should be considered to maximize O removal by urban and peri-urban forests.
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Livesley SJ, McPherson GM, Calfapietra C. The Urban Forest and Ecosystem Services: Impacts on Urban Water, Heat, and Pollution Cycles at the Tree, Street, and City Scale. J Environ Qual 2016; 45:119-24. [PMID: 26828167 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2015.11.0567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Many environmental challenges are exacerbated within the urban landscape, such as stormwater runoff and flood risk, chemical and particulate pollution of urban air, soil and water, the urban heat island, and summer heat waves. Urban trees, and the urban forest as a whole, can be managed to have an impact on the urban water, heat, carbon and pollution cycles. However, there is an increasing need for empirical evidence as to the magnitude of the impacts, both beneficial and adverse, that urban trees can provide and the role that climatic region and built landscape circumstance play in modifying those impacts. This special section presents new research that advances our knowledge of the ecological and environmental services provided by the urban forest. The 14 studies included provide a global perspective on the role of trees in towns and cities from five continents. Some studies provide evidence for the cooling benefit of the local microclimate in urban green space with and without trees. Other studies focus solely on the cooling benefit of urban tree transpiration at a mesoscale or on cooling from canopy shade at a street and pedestrian scale. Other studies are concerned with tree species differences in canopy interception of rainfall, water uptake from biofilter systems, and water quality improvements through nutrient uptake from stormwater runoff. Research reported here also considers both the positive and the negative impacts of trees on air quality, through the role of trees in removing air pollutants such as ozone as well as in releasing potentially harmful volatile organic compounds and allergenic particulates. A transdisciplinary framework to support future urban forest research is proposed to better understand and communicate the role of urban trees in urban biogeochemical cycles that are highly disturbed, highly managed, and of paramount importance to human health and well-being.
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Tiwary A, Williams ID, Heidrich O, Namdeo A, Bandaru V, Calfapietra C. Development of multi-functional streetscape green infrastructure using a performance index approach. Environ Pollut 2016; 208:209-220. [PMID: 26412197 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a performance evaluation framework for streetscape vegetation. A performance index (PI) is conceived using the following seven traits, specific to the street environments - Pollution Flux Potential (PFP), Carbon Sequestration Potential (CSP), Thermal Comfort Potential (TCP), Noise Attenuation Potential (NAP), Biomass Energy Potential (BEP), Environmental Stress Tolerance (EST) and Crown Projection Factor (CPF). Its application is demonstrated through a case study using fifteen street vegetation species from the UK, utilising a combination of direct field measurements and inventoried literature data. Our results indicate greater preference to small-to-medium size trees and evergreen shrubs over larger trees for streetscaping. The proposed PI approach can be potentially applied two-fold: one, for evaluation of the performance of the existing street vegetation, facilitating the prospects for further improving them through management strategies and better species selection; two, for planning new streetscapes and multi-functional biomass as part of extending the green urban infrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tiwary
- Centre for Environmental Science, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - I D Williams
- Centre for Environmental Science, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - O Heidrich
- School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Cassie Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - A Namdeo
- School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Cassie Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - V Bandaru
- UC Davis-Energy Institute, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - C Calfapietra
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Agroenvironmental and Forest Biology (IBAF), Italy; Czechglobe, Global Change Research Centre, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
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Guidolotti G, Rey A, Medori M, Calfapietra C. Isoprenoids emission in Stipa tenacissima L.: Photosynthetic control and the effect of UV light. Environ Pollut 2016; 208:336-344. [PMID: 26552537 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Fluxes of CO2 and isoprenoids were measured for the first time in Stipa tenacissima L (alfa grass), a perennial tussock grass dominant in the driest areas of Europe. In addition, we studied how those fluxes were influenced by environmental conditions, leaf ontogeny and UV radiation and compared emission rates in two contrasting seasons: summer when plants are mostly inactive and autumn, the growing season in this region. Leaf ontogeny significantly affected both photosynthesis and isoprenoids emission. Isoprene emission was positively correlated with photosynthesis, although a low isoprene emission was detected in brown leaves with a net carbon loss. Moreover, leaves with a significant lower photosynthesis emitted only monoterpenes, while at higher photosynthetic rates also isoprene was produced. Ambient UV radiation uncoupled photosynthesis and isoprene emission. It is speculated that alfa grass represent an exception from the general rules governing plant isoprenoid emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Guidolotti
- Institute of Agro-Environmental & Forest Biology (IBAF), National Research Council (CNR), Via Marconi 2, I-05010 Porano, TR, Italy.
| | - Ana Rey
- Department of Biogeography and Global Change, Natural Science Museum (MNCN), Spanish Scientific Council (CSIC), C/Serrano 115 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mauro Medori
- Institute of Agro-Environmental & Forest Biology (IBAF), National Research Council (CNR), Via Marconi 2, I-05010 Porano, TR, Italy
| | - Carlo Calfapietra
- Institute of Agro-Environmental & Forest Biology (IBAF), National Research Council (CNR), Via Marconi 2, I-05010 Porano, TR, Italy; Global Change Research Centre, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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Šigut L, Holišová P, Klem K, Šprtová M, Calfapietra C, Marek MV, Špunda V, Urban O. Does long-term cultivation of saplings under elevated CO2 concentration influence their photosynthetic response to temperature? Ann Bot 2015; 116:929-39. [PMID: 25851132 PMCID: PMC4640122 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Plants growing under elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations often have reduced stomatal conductance and subsequently increased leaf temperature. This study therefore tested the hypothesis that under long-term elevated CO2 the temperature optima of photosynthetic processes will shift towards higher temperatures and the thermostability of the photosynthetic apparatus will increase. METHODS The hypothesis was tested for saplings of broadleaved Fagus sylvatica and coniferous Picea abies exposed for 4-5 years to either ambient (AC; 385 µmol mol(-1)) or elevated (EC; 700 µmol mol(-1)) CO2 concentrations. Temperature response curves of photosynthetic processes were determined by gas-exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence techniques. KEY RESULTS Initial assumptions of reduced light-saturated stomatal conductance and increased leaf temperatures for EC plants were confirmed. Temperature response curves revealed stimulation of light-saturated rates of CO2 assimilation (Amax) and a decline in photorespiration (RL) as a result of EC within a wide temperature range. However, these effects were negligible or reduced at low and high temperatures. Higher temperature optima (Topt) of Amax, Rubisco carboxylation rates (VCmax) and RL were found for EC saplings compared with AC saplings. However, the shifts in Topt of Amax were instantaneous, and disappeared when measured at identical CO2 concentrations. Higher values of Topt at elevated CO2 were attributed particularly to reduced photorespiration and prevailing limitation of photosynthesis by ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) regeneration. Temperature response curves of fluorescence parameters suggested a negligible effect of EC on enhancement of thermostability of photosystem II photochemistry. CONCLUSIONS Elevated CO2 instantaneously increases temperature optima of Amax due to reduced photorespiration and limitation of photosynthesis by RuBP regeneration. However, this increase disappears when plants are exposed to identical CO2 concentrations. In addition, increased heat-stress tolerance of primary photochemistry in plants grown at elevated CO2 is unlikely. The hypothesis that long-term cultivation at elevated CO2 leads to acclimation of photosynthesis to higher temperatures is therefore rejected. Nevertheless, incorporating acclimation mechanisms into models simulating carbon flux between the atmosphere and vegetation is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladislav Šigut
- Global Change Research Centre AS CR, v.v.i., Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic, Faculty of Science, Ostrava University, 30. dubna 22, 701 03, Ostrava 1, Czech Republic and
| | - Petra Holišová
- Global Change Research Centre AS CR, v.v.i., Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Klem
- Global Change Research Centre AS CR, v.v.i., Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Mirka Šprtová
- Global Change Research Centre AS CR, v.v.i., Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Carlo Calfapietra
- Global Change Research Centre AS CR, v.v.i., Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic, National Research Council, Institute of Agro-Environmental & Forest Biology, Via Marconi 2, 05010, Porano, Italy
| | - Michal V Marek
- Global Change Research Centre AS CR, v.v.i., Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Špunda
- Global Change Research Centre AS CR, v.v.i., Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic, Faculty of Science, Ostrava University, 30. dubna 22, 701 03, Ostrava 1, Czech Republic and
| | - Otmar Urban
- Global Change Research Centre AS CR, v.v.i., Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic,
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Calfapietra C, Peñuelas J, Niinemets Ü. Urban plant physiology: adaptation-mitigation strategies under permanent stress. Trends Plant Sci 2015; 20:72-5. [PMID: 25476199 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Urban environments that are stressful for plant function and growth will become increasingly widespread in future. In this opinion article, we define the concept of 'urban plant physiology', which focuses on plant responses and long term adaptations to urban conditions and on the capacity of urban vegetation to mitigate environmental hazards in urbanized settings such as air and soil pollution. Use of appropriate control treatments would allow for studies in urban environments to be comparable to expensive manipulative experiments. In this opinion article, we propose to couple two approaches, based either on environmental gradients or manipulated gradients, to develop the concept of urban plant physiology for assessing how single or multiple environmental factors affect the key environmental services provided by urban forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Calfapietra
- Institute of Agro-Environmental and Forest Biology (IBAF), National Research Council (CNR), Viale Marconi 2, Porano (TR), Italy; Czechglobe, Global Change Research Centre, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CSIC, Global ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Catalonia, Spain; CREAF, Bellaterra 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014 Tartu, Estonia; Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, 10130 Tallinn, Estonia
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Sgrigna G, Sæbø A, Gawronski S, Popek R, Calfapietra C. Particulate Matter deposition on Quercus ilex leaves in an industrial city of central Italy. Environ Pollut 2015; 197:187-194. [PMID: 25546729 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A number of studies have focused on urban trees to understand their mitigation capacity of air pollution. In this study particulate matter (PM) deposition on Quercus ilex leaves was quantitatively analyzed in four districts of the City of Terni (Italy) for three periods of the year. Fine (between 0.2 and 2.5 μm) and Large (between 2.5 and 10 μm) PM fractions were analyzed. Mean PM deposition value on Quercus ilex leaves was 20.6 μg cm(-2). Variations in PM deposition correlated with distance to main roads and downwind position relatively to industrial area. Epicuticular waxes were measured and related to accumulated PM. For Fine PM deposited in waxes we observed a higher value (40% of total Fine PM) than Large PM (4% of total Large PM). Results from this study allow to increase our understanding about air pollution interactions with urban vegetation and could be hopefully taken into account when guidelines for local urban green management are realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sgrigna
- IBAF-CNR, Institute of Agro-Environmental and Forests Biology, National Research Council, Via Marconi 2, 05010 Porano TR, Italy; UniMol, DiBT, Molise University, Department of Biosciences and Territory, Contrada Fonte Lappone 8, 86090 Pesche IS, Italy
| | - A Sæbø
- Bioforsk West Særheim, Norwegian Institute for Agriculture and Environmental Research, Postvegen 213, 4353 Klepp, Norway
| | - S Gawronski
- WULS - SGGW, Laboratory of Basic Research in Horticulture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - R Popek
- WULS - SGGW, Laboratory of Basic Research in Horticulture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - C Calfapietra
- IBAF-CNR, Institute of Agro-Environmental and Forests Biology, National Research Council, Via Marconi 2, 05010 Porano TR, Italy; Czechglobe, Global Change Research Centre, Academy of Sciences of The Czech Republic, v. v. i., Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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29
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Morani A, Nowak D, Hirabayashi S, Guidolotti G, Medori M, Muzzini V, Fares S, Mugnozza GS, Calfapietra C. Comparing i-Tree modeled ozone deposition with field measurements in a periurban Mediterranean forest. Environ Pollut 2014; 195:202-209. [PMID: 25247877 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ozone flux estimates from the i-Tree model were compared with ozone flux measurements using the Eddy Covariance technique in a periurban Mediterranean forest near Rome (Castelporziano). For the first time i-Tree model outputs were compared with field measurements in relation to dry deposition estimates. Results showed generally a good agreement between predicted and measured ozone fluxes (least sum square=5.6 e(-4)) especially when cumulative values over the whole measurement campaign are considered. However at daily and hourly time-step some overestimations were observed in estimated values especially in hot dry periods. The use of different m values in the Ball-Berry formula in the different periods, produced the best fit between predicted and measured ozone fluxes. This suggests that a variable value for the coefficient m accounting for water availability may be appropriate to improve model estimates for Mediterranean and drought prone regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Morani
- Institute of Agro-Environmental & Forest Biology (IBAF), National Research Council (CNR), Via Salaria Km 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Roma, Italy
| | - D Nowak
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, USA
| | - S Hirabayashi
- The Davey Institute, The Davey Tree Expert Company, USA
| | - G Guidolotti
- Institute of Agro-Environmental & Forest Biology (IBAF), National Research Council (CNR), Via Salaria Km 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Roma, Italy
| | - M Medori
- Institute of Agro-Environmental & Forest Biology (IBAF), National Research Council (CNR), Via Salaria Km 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Roma, Italy
| | - V Muzzini
- Institute of Agro-Environmental & Forest Biology (IBAF), National Research Council (CNR), Via Salaria Km 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Roma, Italy
| | - S Fares
- Consiglio per la ricerca e la sperimentazione in agricoltura (CRA), Research Center for the Soil-Plant System (RPS), Rome, Italy
| | - G Scarascia Mugnozza
- Consiglio per la ricerca e la sperimentazione in agricoltura (CRA), Research Center for the Soil-Plant System (RPS), Rome, Italy
| | - C Calfapietra
- Institute of Agro-Environmental & Forest Biology (IBAF), National Research Council (CNR), Via Salaria Km 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Roma, Italy; Global Change Research Centre, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Calfapietra C, Fares S, Manes F, Morani A, Sgrigna G, Loreto F. Role of Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds (BVOC) emitted by urban trees on ozone concentration in cities: a review. Environ Pollut 2013; 183:71-80. [PMID: 23597803 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds (BVOC) play a critical role in biosphere-atmosphere interactions and are key factors of the physical and chemical properties of the atmosphere and climate. However, few studies have been carried out at urban level to investigate the interactions between BVOC emissions and ozone (O3) concentration. The contribution of urban vegetation to the load of BVOCs in the air and the interactions between biogenic emissions and urban pollution, including the likely formation of O3, needs to be investigated, but also the effects of O3 on the biochemical reactions and physiological conditions leading to BVOC emissions are largely unknown. The effect of BVOC emission on the O3 uptake by the trees is further complicating the interactions BVOC-O3, thus making challenging the estimation of the calculation of BVOC effect on O3 concentration at urban level.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Calfapietra
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Agro-Environmental & Forest Biology (IBAF), Porano (TR), Italy; Global Change Research Centre, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Marteinsson V, Vaishampayan P, Kviderova J, Mapelli F, Medori M, Calfapietra C, Aguilera A, Hamisch D, Reynisson E, Magnússon S, Marasco R, Borin S, Calzada A, Souza-Egipsy V, González-Toril E, Amils R, Elster J, Hänsch R. A Laboratory of Extremophiles: Iceland Coordination Action for Research Activities on Life in Extreme Environments (CAREX) Field Campaign. Life (Basel) 2013; 3:211-33. [PMID: 25371340 PMCID: PMC4187199 DOI: 10.3390/life3010211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Existence of life in extreme environments has been known for a long time, and their habitants have been investigated by different scientific disciplines for decades. However, reports of multidisciplinary research are uncommon. In this paper, we report an interdisciplinary three-day field campaign conducted in the framework of the Coordination Action for Research Activities on Life in Extreme Environments (CAREX) FP7EU program, with participation of experts in the fields of life and earth sciences. In situ experiments and sampling were performed in a 20 m long hot springs system of different temperature (57 °C to 100 °C) and pH (2 to 4). Abiotic factors were measured to study their influence on the diversity. The CO2 and H2S concentration varied at different sampling locations in the system, but the SO2 remained the same. Four biofilms, mainly composed by four different algae and phototrophic protists, showed differences in photosynthetic activity. Varying temperature of the sampling location affects chlorophyll fluorescence, not only in the microbial mats, but plants (Juncus), indicating selective adaptation to the environmental conditions. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA microarray and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE)-based analysis in laboratory showed the presence of a diverse microbial population. Even a short duration (30 h) deployment of a micro colonizer in this hot spring system led to colonization of microorganisms based on ribosomal intergenic spacer (RISA) analysis. Polyphasic analysis of this hot spring system was possible due to the involvement of multidisciplinary approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viggó Marteinsson
- Matis ohf. Food Safety, Environment and Genetics, Vinlandsleid 12, Reykjavik, 113, Iceland; E-Mails: (E.R.); (S.M.)
| | - Parag Vaishampayan
- Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California, Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Jana Kviderova
- Institute of Botany AS CR, Dukelská 135, Třeboň, CZ-379 82 Czech Republic; E-Mails: (J.K.); (J.E.)
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice,CZ-370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Francesca Mapelli
- Department of Food, Environment and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, via Celoria 2, Milan, 20133, Italy; E-Mails: (F.M.); (R.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Mauro Medori
- Consiglio NazionaledelleRicercheIstituto di BiologiaAgroambientale e Forestale via Marconi 2-05010 Porano (TR), Italy; E-Mails: (M.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Carlo Calfapietra
- Consiglio NazionaledelleRicercheIstituto di BiologiaAgroambientale e Forestale via Marconi 2-05010 Porano (TR), Italy; E-Mails: (M.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Angeles Aguilera
- Centro de Astrobiología. INTA-CSIC. Torrenjón de Ardoz, Madrid, 28850, Spain; E-Mails: (A.A.); (V.S.-E.); (E.G.-T.); (R.A.)
| | - Domenica Hamisch
- Department of Plant Biology Technical University of Braunschweig, Pockelsstr. 14, Brunschweig, 38092, Germany; E-Mails: (D.H.); (R.H.)
| | - Eyjólfur Reynisson
- Matis ohf. Food Safety, Environment and Genetics, Vinlandsleid 12, Reykjavik, 113, Iceland; E-Mails: (E.R.); (S.M.)
| | - Sveinn Magnússon
- Matis ohf. Food Safety, Environment and Genetics, Vinlandsleid 12, Reykjavik, 113, Iceland; E-Mails: (E.R.); (S.M.)
| | - Ramona Marasco
- Department of Food, Environment and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, via Celoria 2, Milan, 20133, Italy; E-Mails: (F.M.); (R.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Sara Borin
- Department of Food, Environment and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, via Celoria 2, Milan, 20133, Italy; E-Mails: (F.M.); (R.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Abigail Calzada
- Geology Department, University of Oviedo, Jesús Arias de Velasc, Oviedo, 33005, Spain; E-Mail:
| | - Virginia Souza-Egipsy
- Centro de Astrobiología. INTA-CSIC. Torrenjón de Ardoz, Madrid, 28850, Spain; E-Mails: (A.A.); (V.S.-E.); (E.G.-T.); (R.A.)
| | - Elena González-Toril
- Centro de Astrobiología. INTA-CSIC. Torrenjón de Ardoz, Madrid, 28850, Spain; E-Mails: (A.A.); (V.S.-E.); (E.G.-T.); (R.A.)
| | - Ricardo Amils
- Centro de Astrobiología. INTA-CSIC. Torrenjón de Ardoz, Madrid, 28850, Spain; E-Mails: (A.A.); (V.S.-E.); (E.G.-T.); (R.A.)
| | - Josef Elster
- Institute of Botany AS CR, Dukelská 135, Třeboň, CZ-379 82 Czech Republic; E-Mails: (J.K.); (J.E.)
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice,CZ-370 05, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Hänsch
- Department of Plant Biology Technical University of Braunschweig, Pockelsstr. 14, Brunschweig, 38092, Germany; E-Mails: (D.H.); (R.H.)
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Battipaglia G, Saurer M, Cherubini P, Calfapietra C, McCarthy HR, Norby RJ, Francesca Cotrufo M. Elevated CO₂ increases tree-level intrinsic water use efficiency: insights from carbon and oxygen isotope analyses in tree rings across three forest FACE sites. New Phytol 2013; 197:544-554. [PMID: 23215904 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Elevated CO₂ increases intrinsic water use efficiency (WUE(i) ) of forests, but the magnitude of this effect and its interaction with climate is still poorly understood. We combined tree ring analysis with isotope measurements at three Free Air CO₂ Enrichment (FACE, POP-EUROFACE, in Italy; Duke FACE in North Carolina and ORNL in Tennessee, USA) sites, to cover the entire life of the trees. We used δ¹³C to assess carbon isotope discrimination and changes in water-use efficiency, while direct CO₂ effects on stomatal conductance were explored using δ¹⁸O as a proxy. Across all the sites, elevated CO₂ increased ¹³C-derived water-use efficiency on average by 73% for Liquidambar styraciflua, 77% for Pinus taeda and 75% for Populus sp., but through different ecophysiological mechanisms. Our findings provide a robust means of predicting water-use efficiency responses from a variety of tree species exposed to variable environmental conditions over time, and species-specific relationships that can help modelling elevated CO₂ and climate impacts on forest productivity, carbon and water balances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Battipaglia
- Environmental Science Department, Second University of Naples, 81100, Caserta, Italy
- Centre for Bio-Archeology and Ecology, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (PALECO EPHE), Institut de Botanique, University of Montpellier 2, F-34090, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Paolo Cherubini
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Carlo Calfapietra
- IBAF-Institute of agro-environmental and Forest Biology, CNR, Porano, Italy
| | - Heather R McCarthy
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Richard J Norby
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - M Francesca Cotrufo
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Beckett M, Loreto F, Velikova V, Brunetti C, Di Ferdinando M, Tattini M, Calfapietra C, Farrant JM. Photosynthetic limitations and volatile and non-volatile isoprenoids in the poikilochlorophyllous resurrection plant Xerophyta humilis during dehydration and rehydration. Plant Cell Environ 2012; 35:2061-74. [PMID: 22582997 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2012.02536.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the photosynthetic limitations occurring during dehydration and rehydration of Xerophyta humilis, a poikilochlorophyllous resurrection plant, and whether volatile and non-volatile isoprenoids might be involved in desiccation tolerance. Photosynthesis declined rapidly after dehydration below 85% relative water content (RWC). Raising intercellular CO(2) concentrations during desiccation suggest that the main photosynthetic limitation was photochemical, affecting energy-dependent RuBP regeneration. Imaging fluorescence confirmed that both the number of photosystem II (PSII) functional reaction centres and their efficiency were impaired under progressive dehydration, and revealed the occurrence of heterogeneous photosynthesis during desiccation, being the basal leaf area more resistant to the stress. Full recovery in photosynthetic parameters occurred on rehydration, confirming that photosynthetic limitations were fully reversible and that no permanent damage occurred. During desiccation, zeaxanthin and lutein increased only when photosynthesis had ceased, implying that these isoprenoids do not directly scavenge reactive oxygen species, but rather protect photosynthetic membranes from damage and consequent denaturation. X. humilis was found to emit isoprene, a volatile isoprenoid that acts as a membrane strengthener in plants. Isoprene emission was stimulated by drought and peaked at 80% RWC. We surmise that isoprene and non-volatile isoprenoids cooperate in reducing membrane damage in X. humilis, isoprene being effective when desiccation is moderate while non-volatile isoprenoids operate when water deficit is more extreme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Beckett
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
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Urban O, Hrstka M, Zitová M, Holišová P, Sprtová M, Klem K, Calfapietra C, De Angelis P, Marek MV. Effect of season, needle age and elevated CO2 concentration on photosynthesis and Rubisco acclimation in Picea abies. Plant Physiol Biochem 2012; 58:135-141. [PMID: 22819860 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2012.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
While downward photosynthetic acclimation in response to elevated CO(2) (EC) is frequently accompanied by reduction in Rubisco (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase), the exact mechanism behind this decrease and its dynamics are not well understood. We comprehensively studied Rubisco adjustment to EC in coniferous Picea abies using an electrophoretic (protein content), spectrophotometric (initial (RA(initial)) and total (RA(total)) in vitro Rubisco activities), and gas-exchange (maximum carboxylation activity in vivo (V(Cmax))) techniques. With respect to differing carbon sink strength and nitrogen remobilization, we hypothesized greater acclimation of photosynthesis in one-year-old as compared to current-year needles and at the end than at the beginning of the vegetation season. EC treatment led to a decrease in V(Cmax) values in current-year needles, but the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP)-limited rate of photosynthesis (J(max)) remained unaffected. Indeed, both V(Cmax) and J(max) were reduced by the EC treatment in one-year-old needles. The extent of photosynthetic acclimation in EC plants did not increase, however, during the vegetation season. EC decreased the activation state of Rubisco (RA(initial)/RA(total)) by 16% and 5% in current-year and one-year-old needles, respectively (averaged over the growing season). While during spring (short-term effect) EC treatment did not influence the Rubisco content per unit leaf area and decreased its specific activity (activity per unit Rubisco mass) in both needle age classes studied, exposure to EC during the entire vegetation season tended to reduce the Rubisco content while increasing its specific activity. Irrespective of CO(2) treatment and needle age, a hyperbolic-decay relationship was observed between Rubisco-specific activity and its content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otmar Urban
- Global Change Research Centre, Division of Impact Studies and Physiological Analyses, Bělidla 4a, CZ-60300 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Medori M, Michelini L, Nogues I, Loreto F, Calfapietra C. The impact of root temperature on photosynthesis and isoprene emission in three different plant species. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:525827. [PMID: 22701360 PMCID: PMC3373142 DOI: 10.1100/2012/525827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the perennial plant species, particularly trees, emit volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) such as isoprene and monoterpenes, which in several cases have been demonstrated to protect against thermal shock and more generally against oxidative stress. In this paper, we show the response of three strong isoprene emitter species, namely, Phragmites australis, Populus x euramericana, and Salix phylicifolia exposed to artificial or natural warming of the root system in different conditions. This aspect has not been investigated so far while it is well known that warming the air around a plant stimulates considerably isoprene emission, as also shown in this paper. In the green house experiments where the warming corresponded with high stress conditions, as confirmed by higher activities of the main antioxidant enzymes, we found that isoprene uncoupled from photosynthesis at a certain stage of the warming treatment and that even when photosynthesis approached to zero isoprene emission was still ongoing. In the field experiment, in a typical cold-limited environment, warming did not affect isoprene emission whereas it increased significantly CO2 assimilation. Our findings suggest that the increase of isoprene could be a good marker of heat stress, whereas the decrease of isoprene a good marker of accelerated foliar senescence, two hypotheses that should be better investigated in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Medori
- Institute of Agro-Environmental & Forest Biology-IBAF, National Research Council-CNR, Via Salaria km 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
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Matyssek R, Wieser G, Calfapietra C, de Vries W, Dizengremel P, Ernst D, Jolivet Y, Mikkelsen TN, Mohren GMJ, Le Thiec D, Tuovinen JP, Weatherall A, Paoletti E. Forests under climate change and air pollution: gaps in understanding and future directions for research. Environ Pollut 2012; 160:57-65. [PMID: 22035926 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Forests in Europe face significant changes in climate, which in interaction with air quality changes, may significantly affect forest productivity, stand composition and carbon sequestration in both vegetation and soils. Identified knowledge gaps and research needs include: (i) interaction between changes in air quality (trace gas concentrations), climate and other site factors on forest ecosystem response, (ii) significance of biotic processes in system response, (iii) tools for mechanistic and diagnostic understanding and upscaling, and (iv) the need for unifying modelling and empirical research for synthesis. This position paper highlights the above focuses, including the global dimension of air pollution as part of climate change and the need for knowledge transfer to enable reliable risk assessment. A new type of research site in forest ecosystems ("supersites") will be conducive to addressing these gaps by enabling integration of experimentation and modelling within the soil-plant-atmosphere interface, as well as further model development.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Matyssek
- Technische Universität München, Ecophysiology of Plants, von-Carlowitz Platz 2, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.
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Guidolotti G, Calfapietra C, Loreto F. The relationship between isoprene emission, CO(2) assimilation and water use efficiency across a range of poplar genotypes. Physiol Plant 2011; 142:297-304. [PMID: 21361963 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2011.01463.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Poplars (Populus sp.) are among the strongest isoprene (Iso)-emitting plants. Ten poplar genotypes belonging to four different species were grown under the same environmental conditions in a common garden experiment, to study the influence of the genetic variability on Iso emission and on the relationship between Iso and photosynthesis. Photosynthesis ranged from 13 to 20 µmol CO(2) m(-2) s(-1) , whereas Iso emission ranged from 18.2 to 45.2 nmol m(-2) s(-1) . There was no clear association between Iso emission and photosynthesis. In most genotypes, photosynthetic capacity developed earlier than Iso emission capacity. The emission of Iso was inversely correlated with the intercellular CO(2) concentration (C(i) ) and positively correlated with instantaneous water use efficiency. It is speculated that, by regulating C(i) , stomatal opening also indirectly controls Iso emission in poplars. A positive linear correlation between the fraction of recently assimilated carbon emitted as Iso and Iso emission rate was found. The slope of this relationship indicated that each nanomole of Iso emitted requires a fixed fraction of photosynthetic carbon regardless of the intra- and interspecific variability in the Populus genus, and of leaf ontogeny. A comparison with data from recent studies showed that the slope of this relationship increases in drought-stressed leaves. However, this might be explained by an increasing contribution of carbon sources for Iso biosynthesis from stored photosynthates. If this is true, then the amount of carbon directly shunted from photosynthesis into Iso is constant in all poplars and is not influenced by abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Guidolotti
- Institute of Agro-Environmental & Forest Biology (IBAF), National Research Council (CNR), Monterotondo Scalo (Roma), Italy
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Morani A, Nowak DJ, Hirabayashi S, Calfapietra C. How to select the best tree planting locations to enhance air pollution removal in the MillionTreesNYC initiative. Environ Pollut 2011; 159:1040-7. [PMID: 21168939 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Highest priority zones for tree planting within New York City were selected by using a planting priority index developed combining three main indicators: pollution concentration, population density and low canopy cover. This new tree population was projected through time to estimate potential air quality and carbon benefits. Those trees will likely remove more than 10,000 tons of air pollutants and a maximum of 1500 tons of carbon over the next 100 years given a 4% annual mortality rate. Cumulative carbon storage will be reduced through time as carbon loss through tree mortality outweighs carbon accumulation through tree growth. Model projections are strongly affected by mortality rate whose uncertainties limit estimations accuracy. Increasing mortality rate from 4 to 8% per year produce a significant decrease in the total pollution removal over a 100 year period from 11 000 tons to 3000 tons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Morani
- Institute of Agro-Environmental & Forest Biology (IBAF), National Research Council (CNR) Via Salaria km 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Roma, Italy
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Lukac M, Calfapietra C, Lagomarsino A, Loreto F. Global climate change and tree nutrition: effects of elevated CO2 and temperature. Tree Physiol 2010; 30:1209-20. [PMID: 20571150 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpq040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Although tree nutrition has not been the primary focus of large climate change experiments on trees, we are beginning to understand its links to elevated atmospheric CO₂ and temperature changes. This review focuses on the major nutrients, namely N and P, and deals with the effects of climate change on the processes that alter their cycling and availability. Current knowledge regarding biotic and abiotic agents of weathering, mobilization and immobilization of these elements will be discussed. To date, controlled environment studies have identified possible effects of climate change on tree nutrition. Only some of these findings, however, were verified in ecosystem scale experiments. Moreover, to be able to predict future effects of climate change on tree nutrition at this scale, we need to progress from studying effects of single factors to analysing interactions between factors such as elevated CO₂, temperature or water availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lukac
- NERC Centre for Population Biology, Imperial College London, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK.
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Liberloo M, Luyssaert S, Bellassen V, Njakou Djomo S, Lukac M, Calfapietra C, Janssens IA, Hoosbeek MR, Viovy N, Churkina G, Scarascia-Mugnozza G, Ceulemans R. Bio-energy retains its mitigation potential under elevated CO2. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11648. [PMID: 20657833 PMCID: PMC2906505 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND If biofuels are to be a viable substitute for fossil fuels, it is essential that they retain their potential to mitigate climate change under future atmospheric conditions. Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration [CO2] stimulates plant biomass production; however, the beneficial effects of increased production may be offset by higher energy costs in crop management. METHODOLOGY/MAIN FINDINGS We maintained full size poplar short rotation coppice (SRC) systems under both current ambient and future elevated [CO2] (550 ppm) and estimated their net energy and greenhouse gas balance. We show that a poplar SRC system is energy efficient and produces more energy than required for coppice management. Even more, elevated [CO2] will increase the net energy production and greenhouse gas balance of a SRC system with 18%. Managing the trees in shorter rotation cycles (i.e., 2 year cycles instead of 3 year cycles) will further enhance the benefits from elevated [CO2] on both the net energy and greenhouse gas balance. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Adapting coppice management to the future atmospheric [CO2] is necessary to fully benefit from the climate mitigation potential of bio-energy systems. Further, a future increase in potential biomass production due to elevated [CO2] outweighs the increased production costs resulting in a northward extension of the area where SRC is greenhouse gas neutral. Currently, the main part of the European terrestrial carbon sink is found in forest biomass and attributed to harvesting less than the annual growth in wood. Because SRC is intensively managed, with a higher turnover in wood production than conventional forest, northward expansion of SRC is likely to erode the European terrestrial carbon sink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Liberloo
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp (UA), Wilrijk, Belgium
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlo Calfapietra
- CNR, Institute of Agro-Environmental and Forest Biology, Via Marconi 2, 05010 Porano (TR), Italy
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Tallis MJ, Lin Y, Rogers A, Zhang J, Street NR, Miglietta F, Karnosky DF, De Angelis P, Calfapietra C, Taylor G. The transcriptome of Populus in elevated CO reveals increased anthocyanin biosynthesis during delayed autumnal senescence. New Phytol 2010; 186:415-28. [PMID: 20202130 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03184.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
*The delay in autumnal senescence that has occurred in recent decades has been linked to rising temperatures. Here, we suggest that increasing atmospheric CO2 may partly account for delayed autumnal senescence and for the first time, through transcriptome analysis, identify gene expression changes associated with this delay. *Using a plantation of Populus x euramericana grown in elevated [CO2] (e[CO2]) with free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) technology, we investigated the molecular and biochemical basis of this response. A Populus cDNA microarray was used to identify genes representing multiple biochemical pathways influenced by e[CO2] during senescence. Gene expression changes were confirmed through real-time quantitative PCR, and leaf biochemical assays. *Pathways for secondary metabolism and glycolysis were significantly up-regulated by e[CO2] during senescence, in particular, those related to anthocyanin biosynthesis. Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) representing the two most significantly up-regulated transcripts in e[CO2], LDOX (leucoanthocyanidin dioxgenase) and DFR (dihydroflavonol reductase), gave (e[CO2]/ambient CO(2) (a[CO2])) expression ratios of 39.6 and 19.3, respectively. *We showed that in e[CO2] there was increased autumnal leaf sugar accumulation and up-regulation of genes determining anthocyanin biosynthesis which, we propose, prolongs leaf longevity during natural autumnal senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Tallis
- School of Biological Science, Bassett Crescent East, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 7PX, UK
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Calfapietra C, Gielen B, Karnosky D, Ceulemans R, Scarascia Mugnozza G. Response and potential of agroforestry crops under global change. Environ Pollut 2010; 158:1095-1104. [PMID: 19815319 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2009] [Revised: 08/29/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The use of agroforestry crops is a promising tool for reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration through fossil fuel substitution. In particular, plantations characterised by high yields such as short rotation forestry (SRF) are becoming popular worldwide for biomass production and their role acknowledged in the Kyoto Protocol. While their contribution to climate change mitigation is being investigated, the impact of climate change itself on growth and productivity of these plantations needs particular attention, since their management might need to be modified accordingly. Besides the benefits deriving from the establishment of millions of hectares of these plantations, there is a risk of increased release into the atmosphere of volatile organic compounds (VOC) emitted in large amounts by most of the species commonly used. These hydrocarbons are known to play a crucial role in tropospheric ozone formation. This might represent a negative feedback, especially in regions already characterized by elevated ozone level.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Calfapietra
- Institute of Agro-Environmental & Forest Biology, Roma, Italy.
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Darbah JNT, Sharkey TD, Calfapietra C, Karnosky DF. Differential response of aspen and birch trees to heat stress under elevated carbon dioxide. Environ Pollut 2010; 158:1008-1014. [PMID: 19914751 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2009] [Revised: 10/08/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The effect of high temperature on photosynthesis of isoprene-emitting (aspen) and non-isoprene-emitting (birch) trees were measured under elevated CO(2) and ambient conditions. Aspen trees tolerated heat better than birch trees and elevated CO(2) protected photosynthesis of both species against moderate heat stress. Elevated CO(2) increased carboxylation capacity, photosynthetic electron transport capacity, and triose phosphate use in both birch and aspen trees. High temperature (36-39 degrees C) decreased all of these parameters in birch regardless of CO(2) treatment, but only photosynthetic electron transport and triose phosphate use at ambient CO(2) were reduced in aspen. Among the two aspen clones tested, 271 showed higher thermotolerance than 42E possibly because of the higher isoprene-emission, especially under elevated CO(2). Our results indicate that isoprene-emitting trees may have a competitive advantage over non-isoprene emitting ones as temperatures rise, indicating that biological diversity may be affected in some ecosystems because of heat tolerance mechanisms.
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Calfapietra C, Ainsworth EA, Beier C, De Angelis P, Ellsworth DS, Godbold DL, Hendrey GR, Hickler T, Hoosbeek MR, Karnosky DF, King J, Körner C, Leakey ADB, Lewin KF, Liberloo M, Long SP, Lukac M, Matyssek R, Miglietta F, Nagy J, Norby RJ, Oren R, Percy KE, Rogers A, Mugnozza GS, Stitt M, Taylor G, Ceulemans R. Challenges in elevated CO2 experiments on forests. Trends Plant Sci 2010; 15:5-10. [PMID: 19955012 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2009.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2009] [Revised: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Current forest Free Air CO(2) Enrichment (FACE) experiments are reaching completion. Therefore, it is time to define the scientific goals and priorities of future experimental facilities. In this opinion article, we discuss the following three overarching issues (i) What are the most urgent scientific questions and how can they be addressed? (ii) What forest ecosystems should be investigated? (iii) Which other climate change factors should be coupled with elevated CO(2) concentrations in future experiments to better predict the effects of climate change? Plantations and natural forests can have conflicting purposes for high productivity and environmental protection. However, in both cases the assessment of carbon balance and how this will be affected by elevated CO(2) concentrations and the interacting climate change factors is the most pressing priority for future experiments.
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Calfapietra C, Fares S, Loreto F. Volatile organic compounds from Italian vegetation and their interaction with ozone. Environ Pollut 2009; 157:1478-86. [PMID: 19019511 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2008] [Accepted: 09/26/2008] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) emitted from vegetation (particularly isoprenoids) represent an important source of atmospheric hydrocarbons almost double the anthropogenic source. When biogenic VOC mix with NO(x) in the presence of UV radiation, ozone (O(3)) is formed. In Italy, optimal conditions for O(3) formation in terms of VOC/NO(x) ratios and abundance of UV radiation occur for long periods of the year. Moreover, Italian vegetation includes several species that are strong and evergreen isoprenoid emitters, and high temperatures for part of the year further stimulate these temperature-dependent emissions. We review emission of isoprenoids from Italian vegetation, current knowledge on the impact of rising O(3) levels on isoprenoid emission, and evidence showing that isoprenoids can increase both the O(3) flux to the plant and protection against oxidative stress because of their antioxidant functions. This trait not only influences plant tolerance to O(3) but also may substantially alter the flux of O(3) between atmosphere and biosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Calfapietra
- CNR-Istituto di Biologia Agroambientale e Forestale, Via Salaria Km. 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo (Roma), Italy.
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Liberloo M, Lukac M, Calfapietra C, Hoosbeek MR, Gielen B, Miglietta F, Scarascia-Mugnozza GE, Ceulemans R. Coppicing shifts CO2 stimulation of poplar productivity to above-ground pools: a synthesis of leaf to stand level results from the POP/EUROFACE experiment. New Phytol 2009; 182:331-346. [PMID: 19207687 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02754.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A poplar short rotation coppice (SRC) grown for the production of bioenergy can combine carbon (C) storage with fossil fuel substitution. Here, we summarize the responses of a poplar (Populus) plantation to 6 yr of free air CO(2) enrichment (POP/EUROFACE consisting of two rotation cycles). We show that a poplar plantation growing in nonlimiting light, nutrient and water conditions will significantly increase its productivity in elevated CO(2) concentrations ([CO(2)]). Increased biomass yield resulted from an early growth enhancement and photosynthesis did not acclimate to elevated [CO(2)]. Sufficient nutrient availability, increased nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and the large sink capacity of poplars contributed to the sustained increase in C uptake over 6 yr. Additional C taken up in high [CO(2)] was mainly invested into woody biomass pools. Coppicing increased yield by 66% and partly shifted the extra C uptake in elevated [CO(2)] to above-ground pools, as fine root biomass declined and its [CO(2)] stimulation disappeared. Mineral soil C increased equally in ambient and elevated [CO(2)] during the 6 yr experiment. However, elevated [CO(2)] increased the stabilization of C in the mineral soil. Increased productivity of a poplar SRC in elevated [CO(2)] may allow shorter rotation cycles, enhancing the viability of SRC for biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Liberloo
- University of Antwerp, Research Group of Plant and Vegetation Ecology, Department of Biology, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Martin Lukac
- NERC Centre for Population Biology, Division of Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Carlo Calfapietra
- University of Tuscia, DISAFRI, Via San Camillo De Lellis, I-01100 Viterbo, Italy
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Agro-Environmental & Forest Biology, Via Salaria km 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo (Roma), Italy
| | - Marcel R Hoosbeek
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Earth System Science - Climate Change group, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, 6700AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Birgit Gielen
- University of Antwerp, Research Group of Plant and Vegetation Ecology, Department of Biology, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Franco Miglietta
- Institute of Biometeorology - National Research Council (IBIMET-CNR), Via Caproni 8, 50145 Firenze, Italy
| | - Giuseppe E Scarascia-Mugnozza
- University of Tuscia, DISAFRI, Via San Camillo De Lellis, I-01100 Viterbo, Italy
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Agro-Environmental & Forest Biology, Via Salaria km 29,300, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo (Roma), Italy
| | - Reinhart Ceulemans
- University of Antwerp, Research Group of Plant and Vegetation Ecology, Department of Biology, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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Ainsworth EA, Beier C, Calfapietra C, Ceulemans R, Durand-Tardif M, Farquhar GD, Godbold DL, Hendrey GR, Hickler T, Kaduk J, Karnosky DF, Kimball BA, Körner C, Koornneef M, Lafarge T, Leakey ADB, Lewin KF, Long SP, Manderscheid R, McNeil DL, Mies TA, Miglietta F, Morgan JA, Nagy J, Norby RJ, Norton RM, Percy KE, Rogers A, Soussana JF, Stitt M, Weigel HJ, White JW. Next generation of elevated [CO2] experiments with crops: a critical investment for feeding the future world. Plant Cell Environ 2008; 31:1317-1324. [PMID: 18518914 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2008.01841.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A rising global population and demand for protein-rich diets are increasing pressure to maximize agricultural productivity. Rising atmospheric [CO(2)] is altering global temperature and precipitation patterns, which challenges agricultural productivity. While rising [CO(2)] provides a unique opportunity to increase the productivity of C(3) crops, average yield stimulation observed to date is well below potential gains. Thus, there is room for improving productivity. However, only a fraction of available germplasm of crops has been tested for CO(2) responsiveness. Yield is a complex phenotypic trait determined by the interactions of a genotype with the environment. Selection of promising genotypes and characterization of response mechanisms will only be effective if crop improvement and systems biology approaches are closely linked to production environments, that is, on the farm within major growing regions. Free air CO(2) enrichment (FACE) experiments can provide the platform upon which to conduct genetic screening and elucidate the inheritance and mechanisms that underlie genotypic differences in productivity under elevated [CO(2)]. We propose a new generation of large-scale, low-cost per unit area FACE experiments to identify the most CO(2)-responsive genotypes and provide starting lines for future breeding programmes. This is necessary if we are to realize the potential for yield gains in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Ainsworth
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service and Photosynthesis Research Unit, Urbana, IL, USA.
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49
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Calfapietra C, Scarascia Mugnozza G, Karnosky DF, Loreto F, Sharkey TD. Isoprene emission rates under elevated CO2 and O3 in two field-grown aspen clones differing in their sensitivity to O3. New Phytol 2008; 179:55-61. [PMID: 18557875 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02493.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene is the most important nonmethane hydrocarbon emitted by plants. The role of isoprene in the plant is not entirely understood but there is evidence that it might have a protective role against different oxidative stresses originating from heat shock and/or exposure to ozone (O(3)). Thus, plants under stress conditions might benefit by constitutively high or by higher stress-induced isoprene emission rates. In this study, measurements are presented of isoprene emission from aspen (Populus tremuloides) trees grown in the field for several years under elevated CO(2) and O(3). Two aspen clones were investigated: the O(3)-tolerant 271 and the O(3)-sensitive 42E. Isoprene emission decreased significantly both under elevated CO(2) and under elevated O(3) in the O(3)-sensitive clone, but only slightly in the O(3)-tolerant clone. This study demonstrates that long-term-adapted plants are not able to respond to O(3) stress by increasing their isoprene emission rates. However, O(3)-tolerant clones have the capacity to maintain higher amounts of isoprene emission. It is suggested that tolerance to O(3) is explained by a combination of different factors; while the reduction of O(3) uptake is likely to be the most important, the capacity to maintain higher amounts of isoprene is an important factor in strengthening this character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Calfapietra
- CNR- Istituto di Biologia Agroambientale e Forestale, Via Salaria Km. 29.300 00016 Monterotondo Scalo (Roma), Italy
- University of Tuscia, Department of Forest Environment and Resources (DISAFRI), Via S.Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Scarascia Mugnozza
- CNR- Istituto di Biologia Agroambientale e Forestale, Via Salaria Km. 29.300 00016 Monterotondo Scalo (Roma), Italy
- University of Tuscia, Department of Forest Environment and Resources (DISAFRI), Via S.Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - David F Karnosky
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Francesco Loreto
- CNR- Istituto di Biologia Agroambientale e Forestale, Via Salaria Km. 29.300 00016 Monterotondo Scalo (Roma), Italy
| | - Thomas D Sharkey
- Michigan State University, 410 Biochemistry Building, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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50
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Finzi AC, Norby RJ, Calfapietra C, Gallet-Budynek A, Gielen B, Holmes WE, Hoosbeek MR, Iversen CM, Jackson RB, Kubiske ME, Ledford J, Liberloo M, Oren R, Polle A, Pritchard S, Zak DR, Schlesinger WH, Ceulemans R. Increases in nitrogen uptake rather than nitrogen-use efficiency support higher rates of temperate forest productivity under elevated CO2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:14014-9. [PMID: 17709743 PMCID: PMC1955801 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0706518104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Forest ecosystems are important sinks for rising concentrations of atmospheric CO(2). In previous research, we showed that net primary production (NPP) increased by 23 +/- 2% when four experimental forests were grown under atmospheric concentrations of CO(2) predicted for the latter half of this century. Because nitrogen (N) availability commonly limits forest productivity, some combination of increased N uptake from the soil and more efficient use of the N already assimilated by trees is necessary to sustain the high rates of forest NPP under free-air CO(2) enrichment (FACE). In this study, experimental evidence demonstrates that the uptake of N increased under elevated CO(2) at the Rhinelander, Duke, and Oak Ridge National Laboratory FACE sites, yet fertilization studies at the Duke and Oak Ridge National Laboratory FACE sites showed that tree growth and forest NPP were strongly limited by N availability. By contrast, nitrogen-use efficiency increased under elevated CO(2) at the POP-EUROFACE site, where fertilization studies showed that N was not limiting to tree growth. Some combination of increasing fine root production, increased rates of soil organic matter decomposition, and increased allocation of carbon (C) to mycorrhizal fungi is likely to account for greater N uptake under elevated CO(2). Regardless of the specific mechanism, this analysis shows that the larger quantities of C entering the below-ground system under elevated CO(2) result in greater N uptake, even in N-limited ecosystems. Biogeochemical models must be reformulated to allow C transfers below ground that result in additional N uptake under elevated CO(2).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard J. Norby
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831
| | - Carlo Calfapietra
- Department of Forest Environment and Resources, University of Tuscia, I-01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | | | - Birgit Gielen
- Research Group of Plant and Vegetation Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - William E. Holmes
- School of Natural Resources and Environment and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Marcel R. Hoosbeek
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, 6700AA-47 Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Colleen M. Iversen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - Robert B. Jackson
- School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Mark E. Kubiske
- North Central Research Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Rhinelander, WI 54501
| | - Joanne Ledford
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831
| | - Marion Liberloo
- Research Group of Plant and Vegetation Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Ram Oren
- School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Andrea Polle
- Institute for Forest Botany, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; and
| | - Seth Pritchard
- Department of Biology, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC 29424
| | - Donald R. Zak
- School of Natural Resources and Environment and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | | | - Reinhart Ceulemans
- Research Group of Plant and Vegetation Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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