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Fry KL, Taylor MP. Peppered with lead: An environmental forensics approach to identify the source of rising blood lead levels. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 252:118832. [PMID: 38579992 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Despite the phase-out of lead-based products, lead contamination can still present a contemporary risk to public health. In situations where elevated blood lead cannot be attributed to common sources, detailed environmental investigation is needed to identify more elusive sources and manage harmful exposure pathways. We apply a forensics approach to assess common and elusive sources of lead in the home environment of two individuals with fluctuating blood lead levels in Sydney, Australia. Using multiple analytical lines of evidence (portable X-Ray Fluorescence spectrometry (pXRF), inductively coupled-plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), lead isotopic compositional analysis (PbIC) and haematological assessment) a pewter pepper grinder containing lead (>6000 mg/kg; 70% bioavailable) was identified as a potential source. After removing the pepper grinder from the home, the couple's blood lead decreased to below the Australian intervention level of 5 μg/dL within a year (Person A: from 12.5 μg/dL in August 2020 to 4.4 μg/dL in March 2022; and Person B: 15.4 μg/dL in August 2020 to 2.1 μg/dL in July 2021). This case study demonstrates how environmental science investigations can play a crucial role in supporting people to take evidence-based action to improve their health.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Fry
- School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, 2109, Australia; Environment Protection Authority Victoria, EPA Science, Centre for Applied Sciences, Ernest Jones Drive, Macleod, Victoria, 3085, Australia
| | - M P Taylor
- School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, North Ryde, New South Wales, 2109, Australia; Environment Protection Authority Victoria, EPA Science, Centre for Applied Sciences, Ernest Jones Drive, Macleod, Victoria, 3085, Australia.
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2
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Ibañez-Del Rivero C, Fry KL, Gillings MM, Barlow CF, Aelion CM, Taylor MP. Sources, pathways and concentrations of potentially toxic trace metals in home environments. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 220:115173. [PMID: 36584841 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.115173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Despite ongoing concerns about trace metal and metalloid (trace metals) exposure risks from indoor dust, there has been limited research examining their sources and relationship to outdoor soils. Here we determine the concentrations and sources for potentially toxic trace metals arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) and their pathways into homes in Sydney, Australia, using home-matched indoor dust (n = 166), garden soil (n = 166), and road dust samples (n = 51). All trace metals were more elevated indoors versus their matched garden soil counterparts. Indoor Cu and Zn dust concentrations were significantly more enriched than outdoor dusts and soils, indicating indoor sources were more relevant for these elements. By contrast, even though Pb was elevated in indoor dust, garden soil concentrations were correspondingly high, indicating that it remains an important source and pathway for indoor contamination. Elevated concentrations of As, Pb and Zn in garden soil and indoor dust were associated with home age (>50 years), construction materials, recent renovations and deteriorating interior paint. Significant correlations (p < 0.05) between road dust and garden soil Cu concentrations, and those of As and Zn in soil and indoor dust, and Pb across all three media suggest common sources. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of indoor dust samples (n = 6) showed that 57% of particles were derived from outdoor sources. Lead isotopic compositions of soil (n = 21) and indoor dust (n = 21) were moderately correlated, confirming the relevance of outdoor contaminants to indoor environments. This study illustrates the source, relationship and fate of trace metals between outdoor and indoor environments. The findings provide insight into understanding and responding to potentially toxic trace metal exposures in the home environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Ibañez-Del Rivero
- School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
| | - Kara L Fry
- School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia; Environment Protection Authority Victoria, EPA Science, Centre for Applied Sciences, Ernest Jones Drive, Macleod, Melbourne, Victoria, 3085, Australia
| | - Max M Gillings
- School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia
| | - Cynthia F Barlow
- School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia; The Australian Centre for Housing Research, Faculty of Arts, Business, Law and Economics, University of Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - C Marjorie Aelion
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Mark Patrick Taylor
- School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, 2109, Australia; Environment Protection Authority Victoria, EPA Science, Centre for Applied Sciences, Ernest Jones Drive, Macleod, Melbourne, Victoria, 3085, Australia.
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Isley CF, Fry KL, Liu X, Filippelli GM, Entwistle JA, Martin AP, Kah M, Meza-Figueroa D, Shukle JT, Jabeen K, Famuyiwa AO, Wu L, Sharifi-Soltani N, Doyi INY, Argyraki A, Ho KF, Dong C, Gunkel-Grillon P, Aelion CM, Taylor MP. International Analysis of Sources and Human Health Risk Associated with Trace Metal Contaminants in Residential Indoor Dust. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:1053-1068. [PMID: 34942073 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
People spend increasing amounts of time at home, yet the indoor home environment remains understudied in terms of potential exposure to toxic trace metals. We evaluated trace metal (and metalloid) concentrations (As, Cu, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) and health risks in indoor dust from homes from 35 countries, along with a suite of potentially contributory residential characteristics. The objective was to determine trace metal source inputs and home environment conditions associated with increasing exposure risk across a range of international communities. For all countries, enrichments compared to global crustal values were Zn > Pb > Cu > As > Cr > Ni; with the greatest health risk from Cr, followed by As > Pb > Mn > Cu > Ni > Zn. Three main indoor dust sources were identified, with a Pb-Zn-As factor related to legacy Pb sources, a Zn-Cu factor reflecting building materials, and a Mn factor indicative of natural soil sources. Increasing home age was associated with greater Pb and As concentrations (5.0 and 0.48 mg/kg per year of home age, respectively), as were peeling paint and garden access. Therefore, these factors form important considerations for the development of evidence-based management strategies to reduce potential risks posed by indoor house dust. Recent findings indicate neurocognitive effects from low concentrations of metal exposures; hence, an understanding of the home exposome is vital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Faye Isley
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Kara L Fry
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Xiaochi Liu
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Gabriel Michael Filippelli
- Department of Earth Sciences and Center for Urban Health, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Jane A Entwistle
- Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K
| | | | - Melanie Kah
- School of Environment, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | | | - John T Shukle
- Department of Earth Sciences and Center for Urban Health, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Khadija Jabeen
- Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 8ST, U.K
| | - Abimbola O Famuyiwa
- Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Moshood Abiola Polytechnic, Abeokuta, Ogun State P.M.B 2210, Nigeria
| | - Liqin Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Neda Sharifi-Soltani
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Israel N Y Doyi
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Ariadne Argyraki
- Department of Geology and Geoenvironment National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zographou, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Kin Fai Ho
- Institute of Environment, Energy, and Sustainability, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Chenyin Dong
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Peggy Gunkel-Grillon
- Institute of Exact and Applied Sciences (ISEA), University of New Caledonia, BPR4, 98851 Nouméa cedex, New Caledonia, France
| | - C Marjorie Aelion
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Mark Patrick Taylor
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
- Environment Protection Authority, Centre for Applied Sciences, Ernest Jones Drive, Macleod, Melbourne, Victoria 3085, Australia
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Ren X, Wang J, Zhong Q, Bi Q, Zhu R, Du J. Radionuclide and trace metal accumulation in a variety of mosses used as bioindicators for atmospheric deposition. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 797:149224. [PMID: 34346378 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mosses can be used as biological monitors to study metal pollution and the depositional fluxes of radionuclides. In this study, we analysed the concentrations of radionuclides (210Pb (210Pbex), 7Be, 137Cs, 40K, 238U, 226Ra, 228Ra and 228Th) and metals (Fe, Zn, Cu, Al, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, V and Mn) in moss and soil samples from two different regions. The metal concentrations were higher in mainland China than in the Arctic region, and this is likely associated with the comparatively lower rates of industrial production and human activity in the Arctic region. Principal component analysis and correlation results revealed two radionuclides sources types in mosses, i.e., soil (40K, 238U, 226Ra, 228Ra and 228Ra) and atmospheric (210Pb (210Pbex), 7Be 137Cs). Clustering and correlation analyses showed that different sources such as traffic (suspended dust), fossil fuels, dry and wet deposition (atmosphere and rainfall), and soil contributed to metal accumulation in mosses. The correlation between radionuclides and metals supported these observations, confirmed the accuracy of our results, and suggests that radionuclides are useful for identifying the source of metals in moss samples. The concentration ratios (CR) values of the radionuclides and the bioaccumulation factor (BCF) and enrichment factor (EF) values of metals in mosses helped identify the most environmentally sensitive moss, i.e., BS (Bryum paradoxum), which can be used for screening and monitoring radionuclides and metal pollution in urban atmospheres. These results support the use of analysing radionuclides in mosses to identify metal sources, and the potential use of mosses can to determine the atmospheric deposition fluxes of radionuclides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jinlong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Qiangqiang Zhong
- Laboratory of Marine Isotopic Technology and Environmental Risk Assessment, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resource, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Qianqian Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ruiliang Zhu
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jinzhou Du
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
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Isley CF, Taylor MP. Atmospheric remobilization of natural and anthropogenic contaminants during wildfires. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115400. [PMID: 33254611 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Globally, wildfires are increasing in frequency and severity, exposing populations to toxic trace elements stored within forests. Trace element and Pb isotope compositions in aerosols (n = 87) from four major wildfires near Sydney, Australia (1994-2004) were evaluated (Mood's median test) to determine any significant differences in concentration before, during or after wildfires. The US EPA's positive matrix factorization (PMF) model was used to distinguish a wildfire-related particulate source factor. Atmospheric concentrations of Cd and Mn were approximately 2.5 times higher during fire periods. PMF modelling distinguished a soil factor (Ca, Si, Ti and Zn) and an anthropogenically-sourced factor (Cd, Pb). The Cd, Pb anthropogenic factor was present at twice the concentration during wildfire periods (compared to before or after). Lead isotopic analyses of aerosols revealed that former leaded gasoline depositions were subject to remobilization during post-2000 wildfire periods. Trace element increases during wildfires are unlikely to exceed health-based criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Faye Isley
- Macquarie University Earth and Environmental Sciences, Sydney, Australia.
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Wu L, Fu S, Wang X, Chang X. Mapping of atmospheric heavy metal deposition in Guangzhou city, southern China using archived bryophytes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114998. [PMID: 32563808 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric heavy metal contamination is becoming a serious threat to environmental and human health in Chinese megacities. This study evaluated the concentrations of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) and Pb isotopic compositions in herbarium and native bryophytes collected from Guangzhou from 1932 to 2018. Relatively low mean metal concentrations were measured for bryophytes collected in the 1930s. The highest mean concentrations of Cd (0.72 ± 0.32 mg/kg), Cu (28.1 ± 9.8 mg/kg), Pb (125.9 ± 62.4 mg/kg) and Zn (273 ± 130 mg/kg) were found in the bryophytes from 1979 to 2000, following the commencement of the Reform and Opening-Up Program in 1978. The mean Pb concentrations (74.7 ± 6.3 mg/kg) decreased sharply from 2001 onwards, following the cessation of leaded petrol across the Chinese mainland in 2000. However, these values are still higher than those in 1950-1978, corresponding to a significant increase in atmospheric Pb emissions from coal combustion, nonferrous metal smelting and motor vehicle petrol consumption in China in the 2000s. The lead isotopic ratios of bryophyte archives (206Pb/207Pb 1.141-1.229, 208Pb/207Pb 2.376-2.482) indicate that lithogenic input and anthropogenic input arising from leaded petrol and industrial emissions have been the main sources of atmospheric heavy metal deposition in the city of Guangzhou over the past 85 years. Herbarium bryophyte can be utilised to reconstruct temporal and spatial shifts in atmospheric heavy metal deposition to better understand and manage the current air quality in Chinese megacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shanming Fu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiangyang Chang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Cheema AI, Liu G, Yousaf B, Abbas Q, Zhou H. A comprehensive review of biogeochemical distribution and fractionation of lead isotopes for source tracing in distinct interactive environmental compartments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 719:135658. [PMID: 31874752 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a non-essential and extremely noxious metallic-element whose biogeochemical cycle has been influenced predominantly by increasing human activities to a great extent. The introduction and enrichment of this ubiquitous contaminant in the terrestrial-environment has a long history and getting more attention due to its adverse health effects to living organisms even at very low exposure levels. Its lethal-effects can vary widely depending on the atmospheric-depositions, fates and distribution of Pb isotopes (i.e., 204Pb, 206Pb, 207Pb &208Pb) in the terrestrial-environment. Thus, it is essential to understand the depositional behavior and transformation mechanism of Pb and the factors affecting Pb isotopes composition in the terrestrial-compartments. Owing to the persistence nature of Pb-isotopic fractions, regardless of ongoing biogeochemical-processes taking place in soils and in other interlinked terrestrial-compartments of the biosphere makes Pb isotope ratios (Pb-IRs) more recognizable as a powerful and an efficient-tool for tracing the source(s) and helped uncover pertinent migration and transformation processes. This review discusses the ongoing developments in tracing migration pathway and distribution of lead in various terrestrial-compartments and investigates the processes regulating the Pb isotope geochemistry taking into account the source identification of lead, its transformation among miscellaneous terrestrial-compartments and detoxification mechanism in soil-plant system. Additionally, this compendium reveals that Pb-pools in various terrestrial-compartments differ in Pb isotopic fractionations. In order to improve understanding of partition behaviors and biogeochemical pathways of Pb isotope in the terrestrial environment, future works should involve investigation of changes in Pb isotopic compositions during weathering processes and atmospheric-biological sub-cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Imtiyaz Cheema
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710075, PR China.
| | - Guijian Liu
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710075, PR China.
| | - Balal Yousaf
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China.
| | - Qumber Abbas
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China.
| | - Huihui Zhou
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China.
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Filippelli G, Anenberg S, Taylor M, van Geen A, Khreis H. New Approaches to Identifying and Reducing the Global Burden of Disease From Pollution. GEOHEALTH 2020; 4:e2018GH000167. [PMID: 32226911 PMCID: PMC7097880 DOI: 10.1029/2018gh000167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Pollution from multiple sources causes significant disease and death worldwide. Some sources are legacy, such as heavy metals accumulated in soils, and some are current, such as particulate matter. Because the global burden of disease from pollution is so high, it is important to identify legacy and current sources and to develop and implement effective techniques to reduce human exposure. But many limitations exist in our understanding of the distribution and transport processes of pollutants themselves, as well as the complicated overprint of human behavior and susceptibility. New approaches are being developed to identify and eliminate pollution in multiple environments. Community-scale detection of geogenic arsenic and fluoride in Bangladesh is helping to map the distribution of these harmful elements in drinking water. Biosensors such as bees and their honey are being used to measure heavy metal contamination in cities such as Vancouver and Sydney. Drone-based remote sensors are being used to map metal hot spots in soils from former mining regions in Zambia and Mozambique. The explosion of low-cost air monitors has allowed researchers to build dense air quality sensing networks to capture ephemeral and local releases of harmful materials, building on other developments in personal exposure sensing. And citizen science is helping communities without adequate resources measure their own environments and in this way gain agency in controlling local pollution exposure sources and/or alerting authorities to environmental hazards. The future of GeoHealth will depend on building on these developments and others to protect a growing population from multiple pollution exposure risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Filippelli
- Department of Earth Sciences and Center for Urban HealthIndiana University‐Purdue University at Indianapolis (IUPUI)IndianapolisINUSA
- Environmental Resilience InstituteIndiana UniversityBloomingtonINUSA
| | - Susan Anenberg
- Milken Institute, School of Public HealthGeorge Washington UniversityWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Mark Taylor
- Department of Environmental SciencesMacquarie UniversitySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | | | - Haneen Khreis
- Texas A&M Transportation InstituteTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTXUSA
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Zhou X, Taylor MP, Davies PJ. Tracing natural and industrial contamination and lead isotopic compositions in an Australian native bee species. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:54-62. [PMID: 29960253 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates trace element concentrations (arsenic (As), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn)) and Pb isotopic compositions in an Australian native bee species, Tetragonula carbonaria, and its products of honey and wax. Co-located soil and dust samples were simultaneously analysed with the objective of determining if the bees or their products had potential application as a proxy for monitoring environmental contamination. The most significant relationships were found between Pb concentrations in honey (r = 0.814, p = 0.014) and wax (r = 0.883, p = 0.004) and those in co-located dust samples. In addition, Zn concentrations in honey and soil were significantly associated (r = 0.709, p = 0.049). Lead isotopic compositions of native bee products collected from background sites adjacent to Sydney national parks (206Pb/207Pb = 1.144, 208Pb/207Pb = 2.437) corresponded to local geogenic rock and soil values (206Pb/207Pb = 1.123-1.176, 208Pb/207Pb = 2.413-2.500). By contrast, inner Sydney metropolitan samples, including native bees and wax (206Pb/207Pb = 1.072-1.121, 208Pb/207Pb = 2.348-2.409), co-located soil and dust (206Pb/207Pb = 1.090-1.122, 208Pb/207Pb = 2.368-2.403), corresponded most closely to aerosols collected during the period of leaded petrol use (206Pb/207Pb = 1.067-1.148, 208Pb/207Pb = 2.341-2.410). A large range of Pb isotopic compositions in beehive samples suggests that other legacy sources, such as Pb-based paints and industrials, may have also contributed to Pb contamination in beehive samples. Native bee data were compared to corresponding samples from the more common European honey bee (Apis mellifera). Although Pb isotopic compositions were similar in both species, significant differences in trace element concentrations were evident across the trace element suite, the bees and their products. The statistical association between T. carbonaria and co-located environmental contaminant concentrations were stronger than those in European honey bees, which may be attributable to its smaller foraging distance (0.3-0.7 km versus 5-9 km, respectively). This implies that T. carbonaria may be more suitable for assessing small spatial scale variations of trace element concentrations than European honey bees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoteng Zhou
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Mark Patrick Taylor
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; Energy and Environmental Contaminants Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Peter J Davies
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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Zhou X, Taylor MP, Davies PJ, Prasad S. Identifying Sources of Environmental Contamination in European Honey Bees (Apis mellifera) Using Trace Elements and Lead Isotopic Compositions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:991-1001. [PMID: 29249154 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Trace element concentrations (As, Mn, Pb, and Zn) and Pb isotopic compositions were analyzed in honey bees, wax, and honey along with co-located soil and dust samples from Sydney metropolitan and Broken Hill, Australia. Compared with the other trace elements, Pearson correlations show that Pb concentrations in soil and dust had the strongest relationship to corresponding values in honey bees and their products. Dust Pb was not only highly correlated to corresponding soil values (r = 0.806, p = 0.005), it was the strongest predictor of Pb concentrations in honey bees, wax, and honey (p = 0.001, 0.007, 0.017, respectively). Lead isotopic compositions (206Pb/207Pb and 208Pb/207Pb) showed that honey bees and their products from Broken Hill were nearly identical (95-98%) to the composition of the local ore body. Samples of honey bees and their products collected from background sites adjacent to national parks in Sydney had Pb isotopic compositions (206Pb/207Pb = 1.138-1.159, 208Pb/207Pb = 2.417-2.435) corresponding to local geogenic values (206Pb/207Pb = 1.123-1.176, 208Pb/207Pb = 2.413-2.500). By contrast, honey bees and their products from Sydney metropolitan (206Pb/207Pb = 1.081-1.126, 208Pb/207Pb = 2.352-2.408) were similar to aerosols measured during the period of leaded petrol use (206Pb/207Pb = 1.067-1.148, 208Pb/207Pb = 2.341-2.410). These measurements show Pb concentrations and its isotopic compositions of honey bees, and their products can be used to trace both legacy and contemporary environmental contamination, particularly where sources are well documented. Moreover, this study demonstrates that legacy Pb emissions continue to be remobilized in dust, contaminating both food and ecological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shiva Prasad
- Analytical Service Branch, National Measurement Institute , Department of Industry, Innovation and Science, Australian Government, Riverside Corporate Park, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2113, Australia
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Wu L, Taylor MP, Handley HK. Remobilisation of industrial lead depositions in ash during Australian wildfires. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 599-600:1233-1240. [PMID: 28521386 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the recycling of lead (Pb) in ash from wildfires, its source and potential contribution to environmental contamination. Ash from wildfires was collected from four Australian sites following uncontrolled fires during 2012 to 2013 close to major urban populations in Sydney (New South Wales), Hobart (Tasmania) and Adelaide (South Australia). The samples were analysed for their total Pb concentration and Pb isotopic composition to determine the sources of Pb and the extent, if any, of industrial contamination and its recycling into the ecosystem. Median ash concentrations (23mg/kg) released from a wildfire close to Australia's largest city, Sydney, exceeded the median ash Pb concentrations from wildfires from the less populated locations of Hobart, Adelaide and NSW Central Coast. Lead isotopic compositions of Duffys Forest wildfire ash demonstrate that anthropogenic inputs from legacy leaded petrol depositions were the predominant source of contamination. Despite the cessation of leaded petrol use in Australia in 2002, historic petrol Pb deposits continue to be a substantial source of contamination in ash: petrol Pb contributed 35% of the Pb in the Woy Woy ash, 73% in Duffys Forest ash, 39% in Forcett ash and 5% in Cherryville ash. The remobilisation of legacy industrial Pb depositions by wildfires in ash results in it being a persistent and problematic contaminant in contemporary environmental systems because of its known toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Wu
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Mark Patrick Taylor
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia; Macquarie University Centre for Energy and Environmental Contaminants, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia.
| | - Heather K Handley
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia; Macquarie University Centre for Energy and Environmental Contaminants, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
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12
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Rouillon M, Harvey PJ, Kristensen LJ, George SG, Taylor MP. VegeSafe: A community science program measuring soil-metal contamination, evaluating risk and providing advice for safe gardening. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 222:557-566. [PMID: 28027776 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The extent of metal contamination in Sydney residential garden soils was evaluated using data collected during a three-year Macquarie University community science program called VegeSafe. Despite knowledge of industrial and urban contamination amongst scientists, the general public remains under-informed about the potential risks of exposure from legacy contaminants in their home garden environment. The community was offered free soil metal screening, allowing access to soil samples for research purposes. Participants followed specific soil sampling instructions and posted samples to the University for analysis with a field portable X-ray Fluorescence (pXRF) spectrometer. Over the three-year study period, >5200 soil samples, primarily from vegetable gardens, were collected from >1200 Australian homes. As anticipated, the primary soil metal of concern was lead; mean concentrations were 413 mg/kg (front yard), 707 mg/kg (drip line), 226 mg/kg (back yard) and 301 mg/kg (vegetable garden). The Australian soil lead guideline of 300 mg/kg for residential gardens was exceeded at 40% of Sydney homes, while concentrations >1000 mg/kg were identified at 15% of homes. The incidence of highest soil lead contamination was greatest in the inner city area with concentrations declining towards background values of 20-30 mg/kg at 30-40 km distance from the city. Community engagement with VegeSafe participants has resulted in useful outcomes: dissemination of knowledge related to contamination legacies and health risks; owners building raised beds containing uncontaminated soil and in numerous cases, owners replacing all of their contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Rouillon
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
| | - Paul J Harvey
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Louise J Kristensen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Steven G George
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Mark P Taylor
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.
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Francová A, Chrastný V, Šillerová H, Vítková M, Kocourková J, Komárek M. Evaluating the suitability of different environmental samples for tracing atmospheric pollution in industrial areas. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 220:286-297. [PMID: 27667678 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Samples of lichens, snow and particulate matter (PM10, 24 h) are used for the source identification of air pollution in the heavily industrialized region of Ostrava, Upper Silesia, Czech Republic. An integrated approach that uses different environmental samples for metal concentration and Pb isotope analyses was applied. The broad range of isotope ratios in the samples indicates a combination of different pollution sources, the strongest among them being the metallurgical industry, bituminous coal combustion and traffic. Snow samples are proven as the most relevant indicator for tracing metal(loid)s and recent local contamination in the atmosphere. Lichens can be successfully used as tracers of the long-term activity of local and remote sources of contamination. The combination of PM10 with snow can provide very useful information for evaluation of current pollution sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Francová
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21, Prague 6, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Vladislav Chrastný
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21, Prague 6, Suchdol, Czech Republic.
| | - Hana Šillerová
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21, Prague 6, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Vítková
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21, Prague 6, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Kocourková
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21, Prague 6, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Komárek
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21, Prague 6, Suchdol, Czech Republic
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Kristensen LJ, Taylor MP, Evans AJ. Reply to Gulson's comments on 'Tracing changes in atmospheric sources of lead contamination using lead isotopic compositions in Australian red wine'. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 165:579-584. [PMID: 27546209 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Louise Jane Kristensen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Mark Patrick Taylor
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia; Macquarie University Energy and Environmental Contaminants Research Centre, Sydney, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Andrew James Evans
- National Measurement Institute, Department of Industry, Innovation and Science, 105 Delhi Road, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia
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Chang C, Han C, Han Y, Hur SD, Lee S, Motoyama H, Hou S, Hong S. Persistent Pb Pollution in Central East Antarctic Snow: A Retrospective Assessment of Sources and Control Policy Implications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:12138-12145. [PMID: 27737543 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Well-defined variations in the enrichments and isotopic compositions of Pb have been observed in snow from Dome Fuji and Dome A in the central East Antarctic Plateau (EAP) over the past few decades. The Pb isotopic fingerprints indicate that the rapid increase in Pb enrichments from the mid-1970s, reaching a peak in ∼1980, is due to the massive use of leaded gasoline in northern South America, especially Brazil. Since then, they show a continuous decline, mostly due to the significant removal of the Pb additives from gasoline in Brazil in the 1980s and, subsequently, in Argentina and Chile in the 1990s. After the phase-out of Pb in gasoline, Cu smelting in Chile has become the major source of Pb, contributing ∼90% to the total Pb emissions in northern South America in 2005. Nevertheless, Pb pollution in the central EAP declined substantially until recently as a result of the regulatory efforts to curb toxic trace metal emissions from the Cu industry in Chile. However, more than 90% of the Pb in the most remote places on Earth are still of anthropogenic origin, highlighting the need for the continuation of environmental regulations for the further reduction of Pb emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaewon Chang
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Inha University , 100 Inha-ro, Nam-gu, Incheon 22212, Korea
- Korea Polar Research Institute , 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, Korea
| | - Changhee Han
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Inha University , 100 Inha-ro, Nam-gu, Incheon 22212, Korea
- Korea Polar Research Institute , 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, Korea
| | - Yeongcheol Han
- Korea Polar Research Institute , 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, Korea
| | - Soon Do Hur
- Korea Polar Research Institute , 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, Korea
| | - Sanghee Lee
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Inha University , 100 Inha-ro, Nam-gu, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Hideaki Motoyama
- National Institute of Polar Research , 10-3, Midori-cho, Tachikawa-shi, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan
| | - Shugui Hou
- Key Laboratory of Coast and Island development of Ministry of Education, School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University , 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Sungmin Hong
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Inha University , 100 Inha-ro, Nam-gu, Incheon 22212, Korea
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Zhi Y, Guo T, Shi J, Zeng L, Wu L. Expressing lead isotopic compositions by fractional abundances for environmental source apportionment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 218:446-452. [PMID: 27443950 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) isotope has been extensively used to identify sources of Pb and apportion their contributions in the environment. Conventionally, isotope ratios are used to express Pb isotopic composition. However, the linear combination of Pb isotope ratios is not consistent with mass balance. Moreover, the graphical presentations based on Pb isotope ratios are always inconsistent when different Pb isotope ratios are used. In this study, we proposed to use fractional abundance to express Pb isotopic composition to achieve more accurate and reliable source apportionment. A new method (rotation-projection method) based on fractional abundance was developed in this research. The new method compared favorably to the isotopic ratio-based method and to another fractional abundance based method using default 204Pb value (0) (Walraven's method). It allows to present four-dimensional (4-D) Pb isotope fractional abundance data in a 3-D plot. In the meantime, due to the low variation of the fractional abundance of 204Pb in the terrestrial ecosystem, the terrestrial Pb isotope fractional abundance data fell nearly on a plane, which further allows to plot the Pb isotope fractional abundance data on a two-dimensional diagram. Proper presentation of the isotopic composition data helps to achieve more accurate and reliable source identification and apportionment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyou Zhi
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Tiantian Guo
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jiachun Shi
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Lingzao Zeng
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Laosheng Wu
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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