1
|
Wang Y, Shen J, Lang H, Shen F, Zhang L, Fang H, Yu Y. Elevated temperature magnifies the acute and chronic toxicity of clothianidin to Eisenia fetida. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 355:124210. [PMID: 38795815 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Pesticide residue and thermal stress resulting from global climate change are parallel stressors for soil fauna. However, it remains ambiguous how elevated temperatures and pesticides can interact to threaten soil fauna. In the study, the acute and chronic clothianidin (CTD) toxicity to earthworms (Eisenia fetida) at different temperatures, and the effect of increasing temperature on antioxidant defense mechanisms in response to CTD were investigated. The acute toxicity of CTD was exacerbated by increased temperature in both filter paper contact tests (a decrease in the 48-h median lethal concentration (LC50) from 0.077 μg/cm2 at 20 °C to 0.009 μg/cm2 at 30 °C) and natural soil tests (a decrease in the 48-h LC50 from 0.774 mg/kg at 20 °C to 0.199 mg/kg at 30 °C). Exposure to CTD or high temperature (30 °C) triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS) overgeneration and increased antioxidant enzyme activities in earthworms; and the effect was particularly pronounced after exposure to both higher temperatures and CTD. At 20 and 25 °C, there was no significant change in the growth and reproduction of E. fetida after 56-d exposure to CTD-contaminated soil. However, the combined effect of CTD and high temperature (30 °C) significantly reduced the weight change rate, cocoon number, hatching rate, and number of juveniles on day 56. These results indicated that elevated temperature could aggravate acute and chronic CTD toxicity to earthworms. The findings emphasize that evaluating changes in pesticide toxicity under global warming is worth further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingnan Wang
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, College of Agricultural and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jiatao Shen
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, College of Agricultural and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hongbin Lang
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, College of Agricultural and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Fan Shen
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, College of Agricultural and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Luqing Zhang
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, College of Agricultural and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hua Fang
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, College of Agricultural and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yunlong Yu
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, College of Agricultural and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zang X, He M, Xu Y, Che T, Wang F, Xu J, Zhang H, Hu F, Xu L. Metaphire guillelmi exhibited predominant capacity of arsenic efflux. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 361:142479. [PMID: 38815813 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Earthworm could regulate their body concentration of arsenic via storage or excretion, and the ability of As efflux among different earthworms is not consistent. Here, whole and semi As exposure patterns with 0-10-30-60-100 mg kg-1 exposure concentrations were set to characterize the As efflux in geophagous earthworm, Metaphire guillelmi. Cast As (As-C) and earthworms' antioxidative responses were monitored to explore the efflux mechanisms under 30 mg kg-1 As-spiked soil (As30), besides, As concentration in earthworm tissue after egestion and dissection depurations were compared. In the whole exposure pattern, As concentration in gut content (As-G, 19.2-120.3 mg kg-1) surpassed that in the tissue (As-T, 17.2-53.2 mg kg-1), and they both increased with exposure concentrations. With the prolong time, they firstly increased and kept stable between day 10-15, then As-G increased while As-T decreased between day 15-20. In the semi-exposure pattern, both As-G and As-T decreased when M. guillelmi was transferred to clean soil for 5 days. During the 42-day incubation in As30, the antioxidative responses including reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione (GSH) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) were firstly increased and then decreased, and As-C (13.9-43.9 mg kg-1) kept higher than As-G (14.2-35.1 mg kg-1). Significantly positive correlations were found between As-T and GSH, As-C and GST. Moreover, tissue As after dissection (11.6-22.9 mg kg-1) was obviously lower than that after egestion (11.4-26.4 mg kg-1), but significantly related to ROS and GSH. Taken together, M. guillelmi exhibited excellent capacity of As efflux, and GSH explained tissue As accumulation while GST facilitated the As elimination via cast. Besides, dissection instead of egestion revealed the As efflux in M. guillelmi more accurately. These findings contributed to a better understanding of how geophagous earthworm M. guillelmi regulated tissue As accumulation for As stress tolerance, and recommended an optimal depuration mode to characterize As accumulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiayun Zang
- Asia Hub, Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya, 572025, Hainan, China; College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingyue He
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuanzhou Xu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting Che
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fei Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingjing Xu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feng Hu
- Asia Hub, Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya, 572025, Hainan, China; College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Xu
- Asia Hub, Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya, 572025, Hainan, China; College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Silva I, Alves M, Malheiro C, Silva ARR, Loureiro S, Henriques I, González-Alcaraz MN. Structural and Functional Shifts in the Microbial Community of a Heavy Metal-Contaminated Soil Exposed to Short-Term Changes in Air Temperature, Soil Moisture and UV Radiation. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:107. [PMID: 38254996 PMCID: PMC10815596 DOI: 10.3390/genes15010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The interplay between metal contamination and climate change may exacerbate the negative impact on the soil microbiome and, consequently, on soil health and ecosystem services. We assessed the response of the microbial community of a heavy metal-contaminated soil when exposed to short-term (48 h) variations in air temperature, soil humidity or ultraviolet (UV) radiation in the absence and presence of Enchytraeus crypticus (soil invertebrate). Each of the climate scenarios simulated significantly altered at least one of the microbial parameters measured. Irrespective of the presence or absence of invertebrates, the effects were particularly marked upon exposure to increased air temperature and alterations in soil moisture levels (drought and flood scenarios). The observed effects can be partly explained by significant alterations in soil properties such as pH, dissolved organic carbon, and water-extractable heavy metals, which were observed for all scenarios in comparison to standard conditions. The occurrence of invertebrates mitigated some of the impacts observed on the soil microbial community, particularly in bacterial abundance, richness, diversity, and metabolic activity. Our findings emphasize the importance of considering the interplay between climate change, anthropogenic pressures, and soil biotic components to assess the impact of climate change on terrestrial ecosystems and to develop and implement effective management strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Silva
- CEF (Center for Functional Ecology), Associate Laboratory TERRA, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal;
- CESAM (Centre for Marine and Environmental Studies), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (C.M.); (A.R.R.S.); (S.L.)
| | - Marta Alves
- CBQF (Center for Biotechnology and Fine Chemistry), School of Biotechnology, Portuguese Catholic University, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Catarina Malheiro
- CESAM (Centre for Marine and Environmental Studies), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (C.M.); (A.R.R.S.); (S.L.)
| | - Ana Rita R. Silva
- CESAM (Centre for Marine and Environmental Studies), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (C.M.); (A.R.R.S.); (S.L.)
| | - Susana Loureiro
- CESAM (Centre for Marine and Environmental Studies), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (C.M.); (A.R.R.S.); (S.L.)
| | - Isabel Henriques
- CEF (Center for Functional Ecology), Associate Laboratory TERRA, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal;
| | - M. Nazaret González-Alcaraz
- CESAM (Centre for Marine and Environmental Studies), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (C.M.); (A.R.R.S.); (S.L.)
- Department of Agricultural Engineering of the E.T.S.I.A., Technical University of Cartagena, 30203 Cartagena, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Miškelytė D, Žaltauskaitė J. Effects of elevated temperature and decreased soil moisture content on triclosan ecotoxicity to earthworm E. fetida. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:51018-51029. [PMID: 36807863 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25951-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Emerging pollutants and climate change are two main challenges affecting soil organisms today. Changes in temperature and soil moisture with climate change are key factors determining activity and fitness of soil dwelling organisms. The occurrence and toxicity of antimicrobial agent triclosan (TCS) in terrestrial environment is of high concern, while no data are available on TCS toxicity changes to terrestrial organisms under global climate change. The study's aim was to assess the impact of elevated temperature, decreased soil moisture content, and their complex interaction on triclosan-induced changes in Eisenia fetida life cycle parameters (growth, reproduction, and survival). Eight-week TCS-contaminated soil (10-750 mg TCS kg-1) experiments with E. fetida were performed at four different treatments: C (21 °C + 60% water holding capacity (WHC)); D (21 °C and 30% WHC); T (25 °C + 60% WHC); and T + D (25 °C + 30% WHC). TCS had negative impact on the earthworm mortality, growth, and reproduction. Changing climate conditions have altered TCS toxicity to E. fetida. Drought and drought in combination with elevated temperature enhanced the adverse effects of TCS on earthworm survival, growth rate, and reproduction, while single elevated temperature slightly reduced TCS lethal toxicity as well as toxicity to growth rate and reproduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Miškelytė
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Universiteto 10, Akademija, Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Jūratė Žaltauskaitė
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Universiteto 10, Akademija, Kaunas, Lithuania
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Messias TG, Alves PRL, Cardoso EJBN. Are the Brazilian prevention values for copper and zinc in soils suitable for protecting earthworms against metal toxicity? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:40641-40653. [PMID: 36622600 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-25106-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The current Brazilian copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) prevention values (PV) for soil quality do not take into account the ecotoxicological impacts on soil organisms, which suggests these guiding values may not be protective of soil ecological trophic levels. This study assessed the acute (mortality) and chronic toxicity (reproduction), as well as the cumulative (bioaccumulation) potential of Cu and Zn (pseudo-total and available fractions) for earthworms Eisenia andrei in a Tropical Artificial Soil (TAS) and two tropical field soils (Oxisol and Alfisol). Toxicity data based on pseudo-total fractions were compared to PV. The Lowest Observed Effect Concentrations (LOEC) for the mortality endpoint were found at Cu and Zn concentrations higher than their PV (60 and 300 mg kg-1, respectively), regardless of the soil type. However, concentrations lower than PV reduced the reproduction of E. andrei by 20% (compared to the controls) for Cu in all tested soils (EC20s from 31.7 to 51.2 mg kg-1) and by 50% for Zn in Oxisol and Alfisol (EC50s = 225 and 283 mg kg-1, respectively). In TAS, only the EC20 (273 mg kg-1) for Zn was lower than PV. Increases of Cu in earthworm tissues occurred at concentrations higher than PV in all tested soils (LOEC values from 70 to 107 mg kg-1). The same was observed for Zn in TAS (LOEC = 497 mg kg-1), while in the field soils, the increases of Zn in earthworm tissues were lower than PV (LOEC = 131 and 259 mg kg-1 in Alfisol and Oxisol, respectively). We suggest the following: (1) The current Brazilian PV for Cu and Zn are not protective for earthworms (E. andrei) in the field soils tested; (2) PV derived from ecotoxicological assays in artificial soil cannot be representative for Brazilian field soils; (3) Using PV based on the pseudo-total fraction, without a soil-type normalizing factor, may limit the representativeness of this threshold for different soil types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tâmara Guindo Messias
- Department of Soil Science, University of São Paulo, Avenida Pádua Dias, 11, Piracicaba, 13416-900, Brazil
| | - Paulo Roger Lopes Alves
- Federal University of Fronteira Sul (UFFS), Av. Fernando Machado, 108-E, Chapecó, Santa Catarina, 89802-112, Brazil.
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang X, Gong B, He E, Peijnenburg WJGM, Qiu H. Subcellular localization and compartment-specific toxicokinetics of cadmium, arsenic, and zinc in brandling worm Eisenia fetida. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136482. [PMID: 36126735 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Awareness of toxicokinetics at the subcellular level is crucial to deciphering the underlying intoxication processes of metal(loid)s, although this information is often lacking. Here, the toxicokinetics of two non-essential metal(loid)s (Cd and As) and one essential metal (Zn) in both the whole body and subcellular fractions of earthworm (Eisenia fetida) were assessed. Earthworms were exposed to natural soils originating from a gradient of metal(loid) pollution for 14 days followed by a 14-day elimination phase in clean soil. Clearly distinct toxicokinetic patterns were found in the earthworms according to the metal(loid) considered. An obvious concentration-dependent increase was observed in earthworms or subcellular compartments where no equilibrium was reached (with slow or no elimination) for Cd and As throughout the experiment. As for Zn, the earthworms were able to retain a steady-state concentration of Zn in its body or each fraction without a clear intake behavior via the dynamic trade-off between uptake and elimination at different pollution levels. These differences in toxicokinetics at the subcellular level supported the observed differences in bioaccumulation patterns and were indicative of the strategy by which non-essential and essential elements are handled by earthworms. Notably, the concentration of Cd and As in subcellular compartments showed the same pattern as for Zn in the order of cellular cytosol > cellular debris > metal-rich granules, which might be associated with the binding of non-essential/essential elements with metallothionein enriched in the cytosol. Our findings enhance the understanding of the underlying mechanisms for metal(loid) accumulation kinetics in earthworms from the perspective of subcellular partitioning, and will be beneficial for accurate risk assessment of Cd, As, and Zn.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xupeng Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Bing Gong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Erkai He
- School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Willie J G M Peijnenburg
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, 2333CC, the Netherlands; National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Center for the Safety of Substances and Products, Bilthoven, 3720BA, the Netherlands
| | - Hao Qiu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Morgado RG, Pereira A, Cardoso DN, Prodana M, Malheiro C, Silva ARR, Vinhas A, Soares AMVM, Loureiro S. The effects of different temperatures in mercury toxicity to the terrestrial isopod Porcellionides pruinosus. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 314:120209. [PMID: 36155220 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Climate changes and metal contamination are pervasive stressors for soil ecosystems. Mercury (Hg), one of the most toxic metals, has been reported to interact with temperature. However, compared to aquatic biota, little is known about how temperature affects Hg toxicity and bioaccumulation to soil organisms. Here, toxicity and bioaccumulation experiments were replicated at 15 °C, 20 °C, and 25 °C to understand how sub-optimal temperatures affect the toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of Hg via soil. Genotoxicity and energy reserves were also assessed to disclose potential trade-offs in life-history traits. Results underpin the complexity of temperature-Hg interactions. Survival was determined mainly by toxicokinetics, but toxicodynamics also played a significant role in defining survival probability during early stages. The processes determining survival probability were faster at 25 °C: General Unified Threshold of Survival (GUTS) model identified an earlier/steeper decline in survival, compared to 20 °C or 15 °C, but it also approached the threshold faster. Despite potentiation of Hg genotoxicity, temperature promoted faster detoxification, either increasing toxicokinetics rates or damage repair mechanisms. This metabolism-driven increase in detoxification led to higher depletion of energy reserves and likely triggered stress response pathways. This work emphasized the need for comprehensive experimental approaches that can integrate the multiple processes involved in temperature-metal interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui G Morgado
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Andreia Pereira
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Diogo N Cardoso
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Marija Prodana
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Catarina Malheiro
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita R Silva
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - André Vinhas
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Susana Loureiro
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hennig TB, Alves PRL, Bandeira FO, da Costa Cabrera L, Dugatto JS, da Silva MAT, Baretta D. Role of climatic factors in the toxicity of fipronil toward earthworms in two tropical soils: effects of increased temperature and reduced soil moisture content. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:56370-56378. [PMID: 35332455 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19813-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the effect of temperature on the toxicity of fipronil toward earthworms (Eisenia andrei) in two Brazilian soils (Entisol and Oxisol) with contrasting textures. In the case of Entisol, the influence of soil moisture content on toxicity was also investigated. Earthworms were exposed for 56 days to soils spiked with increasing concentrations of fipronil (8.95, 19.48, 38.22, 155.61, and 237.81 mg kg-1 for Entisol; 12.99, 27.94, 48.42, 204.67, and 374.29 mg kg-1 for Oxisol) under scenarios with different combinations of temperature (20, 25 and 27 °C) and soil moisture content (60 and 30% of water holding capacity (WHC) for Entisol and 60% WHC for Oxisol). The number of juveniles produced was taken as the endpoint, and a risk assessment was performed based on the hazard quotient (HQ). In Entisol, at 60% WHC the fipronil toxicity decreased at 27 °C compared with the other temperatures tested (EC50 = 52.58, 48.48, and 110 mg kg-1 for 20, 25, and 27 °C, respectively). In the case of Oxisol at 60% WHC, the fipronil toxicity increased at 27 °C compared with other temperatures (EC50 = 277.57, 312.87, and 39.89 mg kg-1 at 20, 25, and 27 °C, respectively). An increase in fipronil toxicity was also observed with a decrease in soil moisture content in Entisol at 27 °C (EC50 = 27.95 and 110 mg kg-1 for 30% and 60% WHC, respectively). The risk of fipronil was only significant at 27 °C in Entisol and Oxisol with water contents of 30% and 60% WHC, respectively, revealing that higher temperatures are able to increase the risk of fipronil toxicity toward earthworms depending on soil type and soil moisture content. The results reported herein show that soil properties associated with climatic shifts could enhance the ecotoxicological effects and risk of fipronil for earthworms, depending on the type of soil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thuanne Braúlio Hennig
- Dep. of Soil Science, Santa Catarina State University, Av. Luis de Camões, 2090, , Lages, SC, 88520000, Brazil
| | - Paulo Roger Lopes Alves
- Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Av. Fernando Machado 108 E, Chapecó, SC, 89802112, Brazil.
| | - Felipe Ogliari Bandeira
- Dep. of Soil Science, Santa Catarina State University, Av. Luis de Camões, 2090, , Lages, SC, 88520000, Brazil
| | - Liziara da Costa Cabrera
- Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Av. Jacob Reinaldo Haupenthal, Cerro Largo, RS, 1580, 97900000, Brazil
| | - Jonas Simon Dugatto
- Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Av. Jacob Reinaldo Haupenthal, Cerro Largo, RS, 1580, 97900000, Brazil
| | | | - Dilmar Baretta
- Dep. of Soil Science, Santa Catarina State University, Av. Luis de Camões, 2090, , Lages, SC, 88520000, Brazil
- Centro de Educação Superior Do Oeste, Santa Catarina State University, Beloni Trombeta Zanin, 680-E, Chapecó, SC, 89815-630, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fouché T, Claassens S, Maboeta MS. Ecotoxicological Effects of Aflatoxins on Earthworms under Different Temperature and Moisture Conditions. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14020075. [PMID: 35202103 PMCID: PMC8878706 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin contamination remains one of the most important threats to food safety and human health. Aflatoxins are mainly found in soil, decaying plant material and food storage systems and are particularly abundant during drought stress. Regulations suggest the disposal of aflatoxin-contaminated crops by incorporation into the soil for natural degradation. However, the fate and consequences of aflatoxin in soil and on soil organisms providing essential ecological services remain unclear and could potentially pose a risk to soil health and productivity. The protection of soil biodiversity and ecosystem services are essential for the success of the declared United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration. The focus of this study was to investigate the toxicological consequences of aflatoxins to earthworms’ survival, growth, reproduction and genotoxicity under different temperature and moisture conditions. Results indicated an insignificant effect of aflatoxin concentrations between 10 and 100 µg/kg on the survival, growth and reproduction but indicated a concentration-dependent increase in DNA damage at standard testing conditions. However, the interaction of the toxin with different environmental conditions, particularly low moisture, resulted in significantly reduced reproduction rates and increased DNA damage in earthworms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Fouché
- Department of Environmental Science, University of South Africa, Private Bag X6, Florida 1710, South Africa
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-11-6709711
| | - Sarina Claassens
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; (S.C.); (M.S.M.)
| | - Mark Steve Maboeta
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa; (S.C.); (M.S.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xiao R, Ali A, Xu Y, Abdelrahman H, Li R, Lin Y, Bolan N, Shaheen SM, Rinklebe J, Zhang Z. Earthworms as candidates for remediation of potentially toxic elements contaminated soils and mitigating the environmental and human health risks: A review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 158:106924. [PMID: 34634621 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Global concerns towards potentially toxic elements (PTEs) are steadily increasing due to the significant threats that PTEs pose to human health and environmental quality. This calls for immediate, effective and efficient remediation solutions. Earthworms, the 'ecosystem engineers', can modify and improve soil health and enhance plant productivity. Recently, considerable attention has been paid to the potential of earthworms, alone or combined with other soil organisms and/or soil amendments, to remediate PTEs contaminated soils. However, the use of earthworms in the remediation of PTEs contaminated soil (i.e., vermiremediation) has not been thoroughly reviewed to date. Therefore, this review discusses and provides comprehensive insights into the suitability of earthworms as potential candidates for bioremediation of PTEs contaminated soils and mitigating environmental and human health risks. Specifically, we reviewed and discussed: i) the occurrence and abundance of earthworms in PTEs contaminated soils; ii) the influence of PTEs on earthworm communities in contaminated soils; iii) factors affecting earthworm PTEs accumulation and elimination, and iv) the dynamics and fate of PTEs in earthworm amended soils. The technical feasibility, knowledge gaps, and practical challenges have been worked out and critically discussed. Therefore, this review could provide a reference and guidance for bio-restoration of PTEs contaminated soils and shall also help developing innovative and applicable solutions for controlling PTEs bioavailability for the remediation of contaminated soils and the mitigation of the environment and human risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ran Xiao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Amjad Ali
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yaqiong Xu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Hamada Abdelrahman
- Cairo University, Faculty of Agriculture, Soil Science Department, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Ronghua Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yanbing Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Nanthi Bolan
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Perth WA 6009, Australia
| | - Sabry M Shaheen
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water- and Waste-Management, Laboratory of Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285 Wuppertal, Germany; King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment, and Arid Land Agriculture, Department of Arid Land Agriculture, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; University of Kafrelsheikh, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil and Water Sciences, 33516 Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt.
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water- and Waste-Management, Laboratory of Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285 Wuppertal, Germany; Department of Environment, Energy and Geoinformatics, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea.
| | - Zengqiang Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Potential Impacts of Climate Change on the Toxicity of Pesticides towards Earthworms. J Toxicol 2021; 2021:8527991. [PMID: 34456999 PMCID: PMC8397574 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8527991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This review examined one of the effects of climate change that has only recently received attention, i.e., climate change impacts on the distribution and toxicity of chemical contaminants in the environment. As ecosystem engineers, earthworms are potentially threatened by the increasing use of pesticides. Increases in temperature, precipitation regime changes, and related extreme climate events can potentially affect pesticide toxicity. This review of original research articles, reviews, and governmental and intergovernmental reports focused on the interactions between toxicants and environmental parameters. The latter included temperature, moisture, acidification, hypoxia, soil carbon cycle, and soil dynamics, as altered by climate change. Dynamic interactions between climate change and contaminants can be particularly problematic for organisms since organisms have an upper and lower physiological range, resulting in impacts on their acclimatization capacity. Climate change variables such as temperature and soil moisture also have an impact on acidification. An increase in temperature will impact precipitation which might impact soil pH. Also, an increase in precipitation can result in flooding which can reduce the population of earthworms by not giving juvenile earthworms enough time to develop into reproductive adults. As an independent stressor, hypoxia can affect soil organisms, alter bioavailability, and increase the toxicity of chemicals in some cases. Climate change variables, especially temperature and soil moisture, significantly affect the bioavailability of pesticides in the soil and the growth and reproduction of earthworm species.
Collapse
|
12
|
Santos FCF, van Gestel CAM, Amorim MJB. Toxicokinetics of copper and cadmium in the soil model Enchytraeus crypticus (Oligochaeta). CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 270:129433. [PMID: 33401072 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Toxicokinetics information is key to understanding the underlying intoxication processes, although this is often lacking. Hence, in the present study the toxicokinetics of copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) was assessed in the soil invertebrate Enchytraeus crypticus. The animals were exposed in LUFA 2.2 natural soil spiked to the estimated EC20 for reproduction effects in the Enchytraeid Reproduction Test (ERT), i.e. 80 mg Cu/kg soil Dry Weight (DW) and 20 mg Cd/kg soil DW. Tests followed the OECD guideline 317, including a 14-day uptake phase in spiked soil followed by 14 days elimination in clean soil, with samplings at days 0, 1, 2, 4, 7, 10, and 14. Exposure to Cu showed fast uptake, reaching a steady state after approx. 7 days, whereas for Cd, internal concentration increased and did not reach a clear steady state even after 14 days. When transferred to clean soil, Cu was rapidly eliminated returning to initial levels, while Cd-exposed animals still contained increased residue levels after 14 days. These differences in toxicokinetics have consequences for the toxicity and toxicodynamics and are indicative of the way essential and non-essential elements are handled by enchytraeids, likely also other soil invertebrates. This argues for the relevancy of longer exposure testing for elements like Cd compared to Cu, where phenotypical effects can well occur later at non-tested periods, e.g. after the 21 days' duration of the standard ERT using E. crypticus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fátima C F Santos
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Cornelis A M van Gestel
- Department of Ecological Science. Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mónica J B Amorim
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cheng Q, Lu C, Shen H, Yang Y, Chen H. The dual beneficial effects of vermiremediation: Reducing soil bioavailability of cadmium (Cd) and improving soil fertility by earthworm (Eisenia fetida) modified by seasonality. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 755:142631. [PMID: 33065505 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess earthworm's capability of reducing the bioavailability of cadmium (Cd) in soil and increasing soil fertility with the modification of seasonal variations of ambient temperatures on the efficacy of vermiremediation. Earthworms were exposed in soil fortified with 0, 5, 10, and 20 mg Cd kg-1, for 7, 14 and 21 days in winter and spring. The bioavailability of Cd in soil, which is represented in the form of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid-extractable fraction (DTPA-Cd), were significantly reduced, ranging from 7.9 to 18.3% in winter and 8.8 to 20.8% in spring. Meanwhile, we found earthworm activities could significantly improve the soil fertility as the results of increasing the availability of nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium in soil, a prominent advantage of vermiremediation in heavy metal-contaminated soil. Although seasonality could increase Cd toxicity in earthworms, higher ambient temperature in spring season also promoted the reduction of Cd bioavailability and the increase of soil fertility, due to significant increase of microbial populations. In conclusion, we reported the dual beneficial effects of vermiremediation in reducing bioavailability of Cd in soil and simultaneously improving soil fertility in which both outcomes were modified by seasonality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Cheng
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Chensheng Lu
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China; State Cultivation Base of Eco-agriculture for Southwest Mountainous Land, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Shen
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhan Yang
- People's Liberation Army Logistical Engineering University, Chongqing, 404000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kelly TJ, Hamilton E, Watts MJ, Ponting J, Sizmur T. The Effect of Flooding and Drainage Duration on the Release of Trace Elements from Floodplain Soils. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2020; 39:2124-2135. [PMID: 32701177 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Floodplains downstream of urban catchments are sinks for potentially toxic trace elements. An intensification of the hydrological cycle and changing land use will result in floodplains becoming inundated for longer durations in the future. We collected intact soil cores from a floodplain meadow downstream of an urban catchment and subjected them to an inundation/drainage cycle in the laboratory to investigate the effect of flood duration on trace element concentrations in the soil porewater. The porewater concentrations of Ni, Cr, and Zn increased, whereas Cu and Pb decreased with flood duration. All the Cr present in porewaters was identified as Cr(III). Copper concentrations increased after drainage but Pb mobility remained suppressed. Both pH and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) increased with flood duration but were lower in treatments that were drained for the longest duration (which were also the treatments flooded for the shortest duration). The porewater concentrations of Cr and Ni decreased after drainage to levels below those observed before inundation, mirroring the DOC concentrations. We concluded that the duration of floodplain inundation does have an influence on the environmental fate of trace elements but that flooding does not influence all trace elements in the same way. The implications of an intensification of the hydrological cycle over the coming decades are that floodplains may become a source of some trace elements to aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:2124-2135. © 2020 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Kelly
- Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Reading, England, United Kingdom
- Inorganic Geochemistry, Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, British Geological Survey, Nottingham, England, United Kingdom
- Department of Geography, Queen Mary University of London, London, England, United Kingdom
| | - Elliott Hamilton
- Inorganic Geochemistry, Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, British Geological Survey, Nottingham, England, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Watts
- Inorganic Geochemistry, Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, British Geological Survey, Nottingham, England, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Ponting
- Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Reading, England, United Kingdom
- Inorganic Geochemistry, Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, British Geological Survey, Nottingham, England, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Sizmur
- Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Reading, England, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Moreno-Jiménez E, Ochoa-Hueso R, Plaza C, Aceña-Heras S, Flagmeier M, Elouali FZ, Ochoa V, Gozalo B, Lázaro R, Maestre FT. Biocrusts buffer against the accumulation of soil metallic nutrients induced by warming and rainfall reduction. Commun Biol 2020; 3:325. [PMID: 32581276 PMCID: PMC7314843 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-1054-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The availability of metallic nutrients in dryland soils, many of which are essential for the metabolism of soil organisms and vascular plants, may be altered due to climate change-driven increases in aridity. Biocrusts, soil surface communities dominated by lichens, bryophytes and cyanobacteria, are ecosystem engineers known to exert critical functions in dryland ecosystems. However, their role in regulating metallic nutrient availability under climate change is uncertain. Here, we evaluated whether well-developed biocrusts modulate metallic nutrient availability in response to 7 years of experimental warming and rainfall reduction in a Mediterranean dryland located in southeastern Spain. We found increases in the availability of K, Mg, Zn and Na under warming and rainfall exclusion. However, the presence of a well-developed biocrust cover buffered these effects, most likely because its constituents can uptake significant quantities of available metallic nutrients. Our findings suggest that biocrusts, a biotic community prevalent in drylands, exert an important role in preserving and protecting metallic nutrients in dryland soils from leaching and erosion. Therefore, we highlight the need to protect them to mitigate undesired effects of soil degradation driven by climate change in this globally expanding biome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Moreno-Jiménez
- Department of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Raúl Ochoa-Hueso
- Department of Biology, IVAGRO, University of Cádiz, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (ceiA3), Campus del Rio San Pedro, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - César Plaza
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Serrano 115 bis, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Aceña-Heras
- Department of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maren Flagmeier
- Department of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biology (Botany), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fatima Z Elouali
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Sciences of Nature and Life, University of Mascara, 29000, Mascara, Algeria
| | - Victoria Ochoa
- Instituto Multidisciplinar para el Estudio del Medio "Ramon Margalef", Universidad de Alicante, Carretera de San Vicente del Raspeig, s/n 03690, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain
| | - Beatriz Gozalo
- Instituto Multidisciplinar para el Estudio del Medio "Ramon Margalef", Universidad de Alicante, Carretera de San Vicente del Raspeig, s/n 03690, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain
| | - Roberto Lázaro
- Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Carretera de Sacramento, s/n 04120La, Cañada de San Urbano, Almería, Spain
| | - Fernando T Maestre
- Instituto Multidisciplinar para el Estudio del Medio "Ramon Margalef", Universidad de Alicante, Carretera de San Vicente del Raspeig, s/n 03690, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain.,Departamento de Ecología, Universidad de Alicante, Carretera de San Vicente del Raspeig, s/n 03690, San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Urionabarrenetxea E, Garcia-Velasco N, Marigómez I, Soto M. Effects of elevated temperatures and cadmium exposure on stress biomarkers at different biological complexity levels in Eisenia fetida earthworms. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 231:108735. [PMID: 32142922 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Several ecotoxicological studies assessed metal toxicity upon soil biota and other communities but were mainly focused on the study of a single chemical and usually under optimal conditions of temperature. Meanwhile an increasing global warming is leading to new scenarios by combining different stress factors; chemical stress and thermal stress. Presently, this study aims to assess the joint effects produced by cadmium and elevated temperature on earthworms different levels of biological complexity. Eisenia fetida earthworms were maintained at 19 °C and 26 °C and simultaneously exposed to four Cd concentrations (1.25, 2.5, 25 and 125 mg Cd/Kg soil) for 14 (Short term exposure) and 56 days (reproduction test). Endpoints were addressed at different levels of biological complexity: reproductive impairment (cocoons and juvenile productions), Cd tissue accumulation, mortality of adults, weight loss and cytotoxic effects (coelomocyte viability). In the Short term exposure, increase in temperature produced a larger accumulation of Cd. Hence, earthworms exposed to 125 mg Cd/kg soil under heat stress (26 °C) showed a two fold higher Cd accumulation comparing to those at 19 °C. Earthworms exposed to moderate-high concentrations of Cd (2.5-125 mg Cd/kg) and maintained at 26 °C showed severe weight loss and high mortality rates. The neutral red uptake capacity of coelomocytes extruded from earthworms exposed to the highest Cd concentration decreased after 14 d at 19 °C, and more markedly at 26 °C. The reproduction impairment (decreased number of cocoons) was enhanced after exposure to concentrations higher than 2.5 mg Cd/kg at 26 °C, and after exposure to 125 mg Cd/kg at 19 °C. Earthworm reproduction capability is highly vulnerable to the effect of toxicants at elevated temperatures and sublethal concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Urionabarrenetxea
- Cell Biology in Environmental Toxicology (CBET) Research Group, Dept. Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology and Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology PIE-UPV/EHU, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48080 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Nerea Garcia-Velasco
- Cell Biology in Environmental Toxicology (CBET) Research Group, Dept. Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology and Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology PIE-UPV/EHU, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48080 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Ionan Marigómez
- Cell Biology in Environmental Toxicology (CBET) Research Group, Dept. Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology and Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology PIE-UPV/EHU, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48080 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Manu Soto
- Cell Biology in Environmental Toxicology (CBET) Research Group, Dept. Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology and Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology PIE-UPV/EHU, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, E-48080 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Singh J, Schädler M, Demetrio W, Brown GG, Eisenhauer N. Climate change effects on earthworms - a review. SOIL ORGANISMS 2019; 91:114-138. [PMID: 31908681 PMCID: PMC6944501 DOI: 10.25674/so91iss3pp114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Climate change can have a plethora of effects on organisms above and below the ground in terrestrial ecosystems. Given the tremendous biodiversity in the soil and the many ecosystem functions governed by soil organisms, the drivers of soil biodiversity have received increasing attention. Various climatic factors like temperature, precipitation, soil moisture, as well as extreme climate events like drought and flood have been shown to alter the composition and functioning of communities in the soil. Earthworms are important ecosystem engineers in the soils of temperate and tropical climates and play crucial roles for many ecosystem services, including decomposition, nutrient cycling, and crop yield. Here, we review the published literature on climate change effects on earthworm communities and activity. In general, we find highly species- and ecological group-specific responses to climate change, which are likely to result in altered earthworm community composition in future ecosystems. Earthworm activity, abundance, and biomass tend to increase with increasing temperature at sufficiently high soil water content, while climate extremes like drought and flooding have deleterious effects. Changing climate conditions may facilitate the invasion of earthworms at higher latitudes and altitudes, while dryer and warmer conditions may limit earthworm performance in other regions of the world. The present summary of available information provides a first baseline for predictions of future earthworm distribution. It also reveals the shortage of studies on interacting effects of multiple global change effects on earthworms, such as potential context-dependent effects of climate change at different soil pollution levels and across ecosystem types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaswinder Singh
- Department of Zoology, Khalsa College Amritsar, G.T Road, 143002 Punjab, India
- Department Community Ecology, Helmholtz - Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06110 Halle, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Schädler
- Department Community Ecology, Helmholtz - Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06110 Halle, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wilian Demetrio
- Departamento de Solos e Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários 1540, 80035-050 Curitiba, Brazil
| | - George G Brown
- Departamento de Solos e Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários 1540, 80035-050 Curitiba, Brazil
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Embrapa Forestry, Estrada da Ribeira Km. 111, 83411-000 Colombo, Brazil
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- Department Community Ecology, Helmholtz - Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06110 Halle, Germany
- Leipzig University, Institute of Biology, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kilpi-Koski J, Penttinen OP, Väisänen AO, van Gestel CAM. An uptake and elimination kinetics approach to assess the bioavailability of chromium, copper, and arsenic to earthworms (Eisenia andrei) in contaminated field soils. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:15095-15104. [PMID: 30924042 PMCID: PMC6529395 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04908-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the bioavailability of metals in field soils contaminated with chromated copper arsenate (CCA) mixtures. The uptake and elimination kinetics of chromium, copper, and arsenic were assessed in the earthworm Eisenia andrei exposed to soils from a gradient of CCA wood preservative contamination near Hartola, Finland. In soils contaminated with 1480-1590 mg Cr/kg dry soil, 642-791 mg Cu/kg dry soil, and 850-2810 mg Ag/kg dry soil, uptake and elimination kinetics patterns were similar for Cr and Cu. Both metals were rapidly taken up and rapidly excreted by Eisenia andrei with equilibrium reached within 1 day. The metalloid As, however, showed very slow uptake and elimination in the earthworms and body concentrations did not reach equilibrium within 21 days. Bioaccumulation factors (BAF) were low for Cu and Cr (< 0.1), but high for As at 0.54-1.8. The potential risk of CCA exposure for the terrestrial ecosystem therefore is mainly due to As.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Kilpi-Koski
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140, Lahti, Finland.
| | - Olli-Pekka Penttinen
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140, Lahti, Finland
| | - Ari O Väisänen
- Department of Chemistry, Jyväskylän yliopisto, PL 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Cornelis A M van Gestel
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
González-Alcaraz MN, Malheiro C, Cardoso DN, Loureiro S. Soil moisture influences the avoidance behavior of invertebrate species in anthropogenic metal(loid)-contaminated soils. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 248:546-554. [PMID: 30831351 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Water availability is paramount in the response of soil invertebrates towards stress situations. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of forecasted soil moisture scenarios on the avoidance behavior of two invertebrate species (the arthropod Folsomia candida and the soft-bodied oligochaete Enchytraeus crypticus) in soils degraded by different types of anthropogenic metal(loid) contamination (mining soil and agricultural soil affected by industrial chemical wastes). Different soil moisture contents (expressed as % of the soil water holding capacity, WHC) were evaluated: 50% (standard soil moisture conditions for soil invertebrates' tests); 75% (to simulate increasing soil water availability after intense rainfalls and/or floods); 40%, 30%, 25% and 20% (to simulate decreasing soil water availability during droughts). Invertebrates' avoidance behavior and changes in soil porewater major ions and metal(loid)s were assessed after 48 h exposure. Soil incubations induced a general solubilization/mobilization of porewater major ions, while higher soil acidity favored the solubilization/mobilization of porewater metal(loid)s, especially at 75% WHC. Folsomia candida preferred soils moistened at 50% WHC, regardless the soils were contaminated or not and the changing soil porewater characteristics. Enchytraeus crypticus avoided metal(loid) contamination, but this depended on the soil moisture conditions and the corresponding changes in porewater characteristics: enchytraeids lost their capacity to avoid contaminated soils under water stress situations (75% and 20-25% WHC), but also when contaminated soils had greater water availability than control soils. Therefore, forecasted soil moisture scenarios induced by global warming changed soil porewater composition and invertebrates capacity to avoid metal(loid)-contaminated soils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Nazaret González-Alcaraz
- Department of Biology & CESAM, Campus Universitário de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Catarina Malheiro
- Department of Biology & CESAM, Campus Universitário de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Diogo N Cardoso
- Department of Biology & CESAM, Campus Universitário de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Susana Loureiro
- Department of Biology & CESAM, Campus Universitário de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Xiao K, Song M, Liu J, Chen H, Li D, Wang K. Differences in the bioaccumulation of selenium by two earthworm species (Pheretima guillemi and Eisenia fetida). CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 202:560-566. [PMID: 29597172 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Information on the bioaccumulation of selenium (Se) in soil invertebrates (e.g. earthworms) is rather scarce. In the present study, bioaccumulation of Se in two eco-physiologically different earthworms, namely anecic Pheretima guillemi and epigeic Eisenia fetida, was determined after 28 days exposure to a successive doses of Se-spiked soil, specifically 0.5, 5, 50, and 200 μg Se g-1 soil. The results showed that Se concentration in earthworms elevated with increasing exposure levels, and maximums were up to 54.6 and 83.0 μg g-1 dry weight in Pheretima guillemi and Eisenia fetida, respectively, after 4 weeks exposure to 200 μg Se g-1 soil. Exposure to Se caused significant inhibition on earthworm growth, with the fresh weight loss ranging from 8.9% to 80.5%. Bioaccumulation factors (BAFs), empirically-derived and non-steady state, ranged from 0.12 to 4.17 and generally declined at higher exposure levels. Moreover, BAFs of Pheretima guillemi were higher than those of Eisenia fetida in low-dose Se-spiked soils, but the opposite was true in high-dose soils, indicating there is a species-specific response to exposure of Se between different earthworms. Further research is thus needed to reveal the accumulation pattern of Se in a wider range of earthworm species other than Eisenia fetida, which allows a better risk assessment of excessive Se to soil invertebrates and higher order organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kongcao Xiao
- Key Laboratory for Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; Huanjiang Observation and Research Station for Karst Ecosystem, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huanjiang 547100, China
| | - Min Song
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory for Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; Huanjiang Observation and Research Station for Karst Ecosystem, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huanjiang 547100, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Key Laboratory for Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; Huanjiang Observation and Research Station for Karst Ecosystem, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huanjiang 547100, China
| | - Dejun Li
- Key Laboratory for Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; Huanjiang Observation and Research Station for Karst Ecosystem, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huanjiang 547100, China.
| | - Kelin Wang
- Key Laboratory for Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; Huanjiang Observation and Research Station for Karst Ecosystem, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huanjiang 547100, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Liang J, Xia X, Yuan L, Zhang W, Lin K, Zhou B, Hu S. The reproductive responses of earthworms (Eisenia fetida) exposed to nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) in the presence of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 237:784-791. [PMID: 29128245 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Reproductive toxicity of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) along with coexisting decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209) to earthworm Eisenia fetida (E. fetida) remains unknown. In the present study, the reproductive responses of E. fetida exposed to 100, 500 and 1000 mg kg-1 of nZVI showed a significant (P < 0.05) decline up to 35.6%, 60.0% and 93.3%, respectively, compared to the controls. Expression levels of annetocin (ANN) gene indicated a remarkable (P < 0.05) down-regulation (59.2%, 58.2% and 95.0%, correspondingly), and it was positively correlated with reproductive rates (R = 0.94). Iron contents in E. fetida were also relevant to reproductive behavior (R = 0.84) and ANN expression (R = 0.75). Additionally, seminal vesicles displayed a progressive degeneration with increasing nZVI levels. The addition of BDE209 to low level of nZVI-polluted group (100 mg kg-1 dw) barely caused clear changes on reproduction, histopathology and ANN, while the coexistence resulted in significant impacts in comparison with high level of single nZVI exposure (1000 mg kg-1 dw). These observations would provide some significant information concerning joint toxicity of the two chemicals in a soil system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xiaoqian Xia
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ling Yuan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Kuangfei Lin
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resource and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Bingsheng Zhou
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Shuangqing Hu
- Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
González-Alcaraz MN, Loureiro S, van Gestel CAM. Toxicokinetics of Zn and Cd in the earthworm Eisenia andrei exposed to metal-contaminated soils under different combinations of air temperature and soil moisture content. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 197:26-32. [PMID: 29331715 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated how different combinations of air temperature (20 °C and 25 °C) and soil moisture content (50% and 30% of the soil water holding capacity, WHC), reflecting realistic climate change scenarios, affect the bioaccumulation kinetics of Zn and Cd in the earthworm Eisenia andrei. Earthworms were exposed for 21 d to two metal-contaminated soils (uptake phase), followed by 21 d incubation in non-contaminated soil (elimination phase). Body Zn and Cd concentrations were checked in time and metal uptake (k1) and elimination (k2) rate constants determined; metal bioaccumulation factor (BAF) was calculated as k1/k2. Earthworms showed extremely fast uptake and elimination of Zn, regardless of the exposure level. Climate conditions had no major impacts on the bioaccumulation kinetics of Zn, although a tendency towards lower k1 and k2 values was observed at 25 °C + 30% WHC. Earthworm Cd concentrations gradually increased with time upon exposure to metal-contaminated soils, especially at 50% WHC, and remained constant or slowly decreased following transfer to non-contaminated soil. Different combinations of air temperature and soil moisture content changed the bioaccumulation kinetics of Cd, leading to higher k1 and k2 values for earthworms incubated at 25 °C + 50% WHC and slower Cd kinetics at 25 °C + 30% WHC. This resulted in greater BAFs for Cd at warmer and drier environments which could imply higher toxicity risks but also of transfer of Cd within the food chain under the current global warming perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Nazaret González-Alcaraz
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Susana Loureiro
- Department of Biology & CESAM, Campus Universitário de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Cornelis A M van Gestel
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Fu QL, Weng N, Fujii M, Zhou DM. Temporal variability in Cu speciation, phytotoxicity, and soil microbial activity of Cu-polluted soils as affected by elevated temperature. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 194:285-296. [PMID: 29216548 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.11.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Global warming has obtained increasing attentions due to its multiple impacts on agro-ecosystem. However, limited efforts had been devoted to reveal the temporal variability of metal speciation and phytotoxicity of heavy metal-polluted soils affected by elevated temperature under the global warming scenario. In this study, effects of elevated temperature (15 °C, 25 °C, and 35 °C) on the physicochemical properties, microbial metabolic activities, and phytotoxicity of three Cu-polluted soils were investigated by a laboratory incubation study. Soil physicochemical properties were observed to be significantly altered by elevated temperature with the degree of temperature effect varying in soil types and incubation time. The Biolog and enzymatic tests demonstrated that soil microbial activities were mainly controlled and decreased with increasing incubation temperature. Moreover, plant assays confirmed that the phytotoxicity and Cu uptake by wheat roots were highly dependent on soil types but less affected by incubation temperature. Overall, the findings in this study have highlighted the importance of soil types to better understand the temperature-dependent alternation of soil properties, Cu speciation and bioavailability, as well as phytotoxicity of Cu-polluted soils under global warming scenario. The present study also suggests the necessary of investigating effects of soil types on the transport and accumulation of toxic elements in soil-crop systems under global warming scenario.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Long Fu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguroku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan.
| | - Nanyan Weng
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China; HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, PR China.
| | - Manabu Fujii
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama, Meguroku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan.
| | - Dong-Mei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hackenberger DK, Palijan G, Lončarić Ž, Jovanović Glavaš O, Hackenberger BK. Influence of soil temperature and moisture on biochemical biomarkers in earthworm and microbial activity after exposure to propiconazole and chlorantraniliprole. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 148:480-489. [PMID: 29121590 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Predicted climate change could impact the effects that various chemicals have on organisms. Increased temperature or change in precipitation regime could either enhance or lower toxicity of pesticides. The aim of this study is to assess how change in temperature and soil moisture affect biochemical biomarkers in Eisenia fetida earthworm and microbial activity in their excrements after exposure to a fungicide - propiconazole (PCZ) and an insecticide - chlorantraniliprole (CAP). For seven days, earthworms were exposed to the pesticides under four environmental conditions comprising combinations of two different temperatures (20°C and 25°C) and two different soil water holding capacities (30% and 50%). After exposure, in the collected earthworm casts the microbial activity was measured through dehydrogenase activity (DHA) and biofilm forming ability (BFA), and in the postmitochondrial fraction of earthworms the activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), catalase (CAT) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) respectively. The temperature and the soil moisture affected enzyme activities and organism's response to pesticides. It was determined that a three-way interaction (pesticide concentration, temperature and moisture) is statistically significant for the CAT and GST after the CAP exposure, and for the AChE and CAT after the PCZ exposure. Interestingly, the AChE activity was induced by both pesticides at a higher temperature tested. The most important two-way interaction that was determined occurred between the concentration and temperature applied. DHA and BFA, as markers of microbial activity, were unevenly affected by PCZ, CAP and environmental conditions. The results of this experiment demonstrate that experiments with at least two different environmental conditions can give a very good insight into some possible effects that the climate change could have on the toxicity of pesticides. The interaction of environmental factors should play a more important role in the risk assessments for pesticides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davorka K Hackenberger
- Department of Biology, University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 8A, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Goran Palijan
- Department of Biology, University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 8A, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Željka Lončarić
- Department of Biology, University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 8A, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Olga Jovanović Glavaš
- Department of Biology, University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 8A, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ritchie E, Boyd P, Lawson-Halasz A, Hawari J, Saucier S, Scroggins R, Princz J. The ecotoxicity of zinc and zinc-containing substances in soil with consideration of metal-moiety approaches and organometal complexes. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:3324-3332. [PMID: 28708298 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Within Canada, screening-level assessments for chemical substances are required to determine whether the substances pose a risk to human health and/or the environment, and as appropriate, risk management strategies. In response to the volume of metal and metal-containing substances, process efficiencies were introduced using a metal-moiety approach, whereby substances that contain a common metal moiety are assessed simultaneously as a group, with the moiety of concern consisting of the metal ion. However, for certain subgroups, such as organometals or organic metal salts, the organic moiety or parent substance may be of concern, rather than simply the metal ion. To further investigate the need for such additional consideration, certain substances were evaluated: zinc (Zn)-containing inorganic (Zn chloride [ZnCl2] and Zn oxide) and organic (organometal: Zn diethyldithiocarbamate [Zn(DDC)2 ] and organic metal salts (Zn stearate [ZnSt] and 4-chloro-2-nitrobenzenediazonium tetrachlorozincate [BCNZ]). The toxicity of the substances were assessed using plant (Trifolium pratense and Elymus lanceolatus) and soil invertebrate (Folsomia candida and Eisenia andrei) tests in a sandy soil. Effect measures were determined based on total metal and total parent analyses (for organic substances). In general, the inorganic Zn substances were less toxic than the organometals and organic metal salts, with 50% effective concentrations ranging from 11 to >5194 mg Zn kg-1 dry soil. The data demonstrate the necessity for alternate approaches in the assessment of organo-metal complexes, with the organic moieties or parent substances warranting consideration rather than the metal ion alone. In this instance, the organometals and organic metal salts were significantly more toxic than other test substances despite their low total Zn content. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:3324-3332. © 2017 Crown in the Right of Canada. Published by Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellyn Ritchie
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patrick Boyd
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Jalal Hawari
- National Research Council of Canada, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Stacey Saucier
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Juliska Princz
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|