1
|
Li X, Han S, Wang P, Mei H, Ning Z, Dong F, Cui L, Huang Y, Wang T, Leu SY, Wang M, Lee SC. Application of roadside air purifiers in urban street canyons: A pilot-scale study in Hong Kong. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168671. [PMID: 37996025 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The implementation of roadside air purifiers has emerged as an effective active control measure to alleviate air pollution in urban street canyons. However, technical questions raised under real conditions remain challenging. In this study, we conducted a pilot-scale investigation involving seven units of self-designed roadside air purifiers in an urban street canyon in Hong Kong. The air cleaning effects were quantified with an air quality sensor network after rigorous quality control. The removal efficiencies of Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), Fine suspended particulates (PM2.5), Carbon monoxide (CO), and Nitric oxide (NO) were determined by comparing with simultaneously measured ambient concentrations, with hourly average efficiencies of 14.0 %-16.9 %, 3.5-10.0 %, 11.9 %-18.7 %, and 19.2 %-44.9 %, respectively. Generally, the purification effects presented variations depending on the ambient pollutants' levels. Higher ambient concentrations of NO2, PM2.5, CO correlated with increased purification effects, while NO presented the opposite trend. The influence of interval distance combined with spatial distribution indicated the operation of purifiers will induce local NO2 attenuation even at an interval distance of four meters. Statistical analysis delivered evidence the air cleaning ability exhibited optimal performance when relative humidity level is ranged from 70 % to 90 %, aligning with the prevailing conditions in Hong Kong. Additionally, improved purification effects were observed at the downwind direction, and their performance was enhanced when the wind speed exceeded 2.5 m/s. Moreover, we estimated the operational lifetime of the air purifiers to be approximately 130 days, offering crucial information regarding the filter replacement cycle. This work serves as a pioneering case study, showcasing the feasibility and deployment considerations of roadside air purifiers in effectively controlling air pollution in urban environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shuwen Han
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pengge Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG) and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Han Mei
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhi Ning
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fan Dong
- Research Center for Carbon-Neutral Environmental & Energy Technology, Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Long Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG) and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG) and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China.
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shao-Yuan Leu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shun-Cheng Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; Thrust of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences Function Hub, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zeng L, Yang J, Guo H, Lyu X. Impact of NO x reduction on long-term surface ozone pollution in roadside and suburban Hong Kong: Field measurements and model simulations. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 302:134816. [PMID: 35525456 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Continuous measurements of ozone (O3) and nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) were conducted from 2007 to 2019 in Hong Kong in order to evaluate the effectiveness of control strategies for NOx emission from diesel commercial vehicles (DCV). DCV control programs were periodically applied in three phases starting from 2007, 2010 and 2014. It was found that NO and NO2 levels decreased during the study period but more dramatically after the implementation of DCV Phase III than pre-DCV Phase III. Source apportionment analysis confirmed that the ambient NO and NO2 in Hong Kong attributed to the regulated DCV emissions in Phase III reduced at rates of 5.1-14.4 ppbv/yr in roadside environment and 1.6-3.1 ppbv/yr in suburban area. Despite overall NOx reduction, increased NO2/NOx ratios were recorded during the study period possibly due to the application of diesel particulate filter (DPF) in DCVs. However, after introducing DCV Phase III, observed O3 values experienced more dramatic increasing trends in most areas of Hong Kong than pre-DCV Phase III. Model simulations revealed that O3 production rate kept increasing and turned to be less sensitive to NOx from 2014 to 2019. On the roadside, net O3 production rate was more than doubled during 2014-2019 owing to NOx reduction. Moreover, the levels of oxidants (OH, HO2 and RO2) were 1.5-5 times those before 2014. In suburban environment, NOx reduction also facilitated O3 production and radical cycling, but made smaller contributions than those on the roadside during 2014-2019. This study unraveled that NOx reductions benefited from DCV regulations caused increase in surface O3 and fueled O3 photochemistry in various environments. More stringent control measures on emissions of VOCs, especially those with high OH reactivity, might help to better mitigate O3 pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lewei Zeng
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hai Guo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Xiaopu Lyu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zeren Y, Guo H, Lyu X, Zhou B, Liu X, Yang L, Yuan Z, Wang Y. Remarkable spring increase overwhelmed hard-earned autumn decrease in ozone pollution from 2005 to 2017 at a suburban site in Hong Kong, South China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 831:154788. [PMID: 35341858 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) pollution has been a persistent problem in Hong Kong, particularly in autumn when severe O3 pollution events are often observed. In this study, linear regression analyses of long-term O3 data in suburban Hong Kong revealed that the variation of autumn O3 obviously leveled off during 2005-2017, mainly due to the significant decrease of autumn O3 in 2013-2017 (period II), despite the increase in 2005-2012 (period I). In addition, the rise of O3 in summer and winter also ceased since 2013. In contrary, O3 continuously increased throughout the spring of 2005-2017, especially in period II. Consequently, an incessant increase of overall O3 was observed during 2005-2017. A statistical model combining Kolmogorov-Zurbenko filter with multiple linear regressions, and a photochemical box model incorporating CB05 mechanism were applied to probe the causes of the above trends. In general, O3 production was controlled by VOC-limited regime throughout 13 years. The meteorological variability and regional transport facilitated the O3 growth in period Ι. In contrast, the unchanged O3 level in period II was attributable to the negative impact of meteorological variability and reduction of regional transport effect on O3 formation and accumulation, as well as the negligible change in locally-produced O3. In autumn of period II, the inhibitory meteorological variability, reduced regional transport, and alleviated local production were the driving force for the hard-earned decrease of O3. However, the remarkable rise of spring O3 was caused by the reduction of NOx, especially in the spring of period II. The findings of the long-term and seasonal variations of O3 pollution in Hong Kong are helpful for future O3 mitigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangzong Zeren
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hai Guo
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Xiaopu Lyu
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Beining Zhou
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xufei Liu
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Leifeng Yang
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Zibing Yuan
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu X, Guo H, Zeng L, Lyu X, Wang Y, Zeren Y, Yang J, Zhang L, Zhao S, Li J, Zhang G. Photochemical ozone pollution in five Chinese megacities in summer 2018. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 801:149603. [PMID: 34416603 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To investigate photochemical ozone (O3) pollution in urban areas in China, O3 and its precursors and meteorological parameters were simultaneously measured in five megacities in China in summer 2018. Moderate wind speeds, strong solar radiation and high temperature were observed in all cities, indicating favorable meteorological conditions for local O3 formation. However, the unusually frequent precipitation caused by typhoons reaching the eastern coastline resulted in the least severe air pollution in Shanghai. The highest O3 level was found in Beijing, followed by Lanzhou and Wuhan, while relatively lower O3 value was recorded in Chengdu and Shanghai. Photochemical box model simulations revealed that net O3 production rate in Lanzhou was the largest, followed by Beijing, Wuhan and Chengdu, while it was the lowest in Shanghai. Besides, the O3 formation was mainly controlled by volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in most cities, but co-limited by VOCs and nitrogen oxides in Lanzhou. Moreover, the dominant VOC groups contributing to O3 formation were oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) in Beijing and Wuhan, alkenes in Lanzhou, and aromatics and OVOCs in Shanghai and Chengdu. Source apportionment analysis identified six sources of O3 precursors in these cities, including liquefied petroleum gas usage, diesel exhaust, gasoline exhaust, industrial emissions, solvent usage, and biogenic emissions. Gasoline exhaust dominated the O3 formation in Beijing, and LPG usage and industrial emissions made comparable contributions in Lanzhou, while LPG usage and solvent usage played a leading role in Wuhan and Chengdu, respectively. The findings are helpful to mitigate O3 pollution in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xufei Liu
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hai Guo
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Lewei Zeng
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaopu Lyu
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yangzong Zeren
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Luyao Zhang
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shizhen Zhao
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Li
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wei P, Brimblecombe P, Yang F, Anand A, Xing Y, Sun L, Sun Y, Chu M, Ning Z. Determination of local traffic emission and non-local background source contribution to on-road air pollution using fixed-route mobile air sensor network. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 290:118055. [PMID: 34479161 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Traffic-related air pollutants are major contributors to deteriorating urban air quality and pose a serious threat to pedestrians. From both a scientific and a regulatory standpoint, it is important and challenging to understand the contributions of local and non-local sources to accurately apportion specific sources such as traffic emissions contribution to on-road and near-road microenvironment air quality. In this study, we deployed mobile sensors on-board buses to monitor NO, NO2, CO and PM2.5 along ten important routes in Hong Kong. The measurements include two seasons: April 2017 and July 2017. Two types of baseline extraction methods were evaluated and applied to separate local and background concentrations. The results show NO and NO2 are locally dominated air pollutants in spring, constituting 72%-84% and 58%-71%, respectively, with large inter-road variation. PM2.5 and CO largely arise from background sources, which contribute 55%-65% and 73%-79% respectively. PM2.5 displays a homogeneous spatial pattern, and the contributions show seasonal change, decreasing during summer. Regional transport pollution is the primary contributor during high pollution episodes. Isolated vehicle plumes show highly skewed concentration distributions. There are characteristic polluted segments on routes and they are most evident at rush hours. The most polluted road segments (top 10%) cluster at tunnel entrances and congested points. Some of these polluted locations were observed in Hong Kong's Low Emission Zones and suggest limitations to the existing control strategies, which only address larger buses. Our work gives new insights in the importance of regional cooperation to improve background air pollution combined with local control strategies to improve roadside air quality in Hong Kong.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wei
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Peter Brimblecombe
- Department of Marine Environment and Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Fenhuan Yang
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Abhishek Anand
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yang Xing
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Li Sun
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuxi Sun
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mengyuan Chu
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhi Ning
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Toluene Can Disrupt Rat Ovarian Follicullogenesis and Steroidogenesis and Induce Both Autophagy and Apoptosis. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10111153. [PMID: 34827146 PMCID: PMC8615224 DOI: 10.3390/biology10111153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Toluene has been shown to be highly toxic to humans and animals and can cause damage to various tissues. However, studies reporting its effects on ovarian function are still limited. In this study, we investigated the in vivo effect of toluene using female Wistar rats. We found that toluene exposure decreased ovarian weight and affected ovarian structure by increasing the number of abnormally growing follicles. Moreover, it significantly increased progesterone and testosterone levels. We also showed that toluene exposure decreased GDF-9 protein and its encoding gene. In addition, it inhibited the expression of most of the genes involved in granulosa cell proliferation and differentiation, such as Insl3, ccnd2 and actb. The TUNEL assay showed that apoptosis occurred at the middle and high doses only (4000 and 8000 ppm, respectively), whereas no effect was observed at the low dose (2000 ppm). Interestingly, we showed that toluene exposure induced autophagy as LC3 protein and its encoding gene significantly increased for all doses of treatment. These results may suggest that the activation of autophagy at a low dose of exposure was to protect ovarian cells against death by inhibiting apoptosis, whereas its activation at high doses of exposure triggered apoptosis leading to cell death.
Collapse
|
7
|
Conibear L, Reddington CL, Silver BJ, Knote C, Arnold SR, Spracklen DV. Regional Policies Targeting Residential Solid Fuel and Agricultural Emissions Can Improve Air Quality and Public Health in the Greater Bay Area and Across China. GEOHEALTH 2021; 5:e2020GH000341. [PMID: 33898905 PMCID: PMC8057822 DOI: 10.1029/2020gh000341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution exposure is a leading public health problem in China. The majority of the total air pollution disease burden is from fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure, with smaller contributions from ozone (O3) exposure. Recent emission reductions have reduced PM2.5 exposure. However, levels of exposure and the associated risk remain high, some pollutant emissions have increased, and some sectors lack effective emission control measures. We quantified the potential impacts of relevant policy scenarios on ambient air quality and public health across China. We show that PM2.5 exposure inside the Greater Bay Area (GBA) is strongly controlled by emissions outside the GBA. We find that reductions in residential solid fuel use and agricultural fertilizer emissions result in the greatest reductions in PM2.5 exposure and the largest health benefits. A 50% transition from residential solid fuel use to liquefied petroleum gas outside the GBA reduced PM2.5 exposure by 15% in China and 3% within the GBA, and avoided 191,400 premature deaths each year across China. Reducing agricultural fertilizer emissions of ammonia by 30% outside the GBA reduced PM2.5 exposure by 4% in China and 3% in the GBA, avoiding 56,500 annual premature deaths across China. Our simulations suggest that reducing residential solid fuel or industrial emissions will reduce both PM2.5 and O3 exposure, whereas other policies may increase O3 exposure. Improving particulate air quality inside the GBA will require consideration of residential solid fuel and agricultural sectors, which currently lack targeted policies, and regional cooperation both inside and outside the GBA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luke Conibear
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric ScienceSchool of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Carly L. Reddington
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric ScienceSchool of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Ben J. Silver
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric ScienceSchool of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | | | - Stephen R. Arnold
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric ScienceSchool of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Dominick V. Spracklen
- Institute for Climate and Atmospheric ScienceSchool of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cui L, Li HW, Huang Y, Zhang Z, Lee SC, Blake DR, Wang XM, Ho KF, Cao JJ. The characteristics and sources of roadside VOCs in Hong Kong: Effect of the LPG catalytic converter replacement programme. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 757:143811. [PMID: 33246717 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In order to improve local air quality of Hong Kong, more than 99% taxies and public light buses were changed from diesel to liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) fuel type in the early 2000s. In addition to the catalytic converters wear and tear, it is necessary to control air pollutants emitted from LPG vehicles. Therefore, an LPG catalytic converter replacement programme (CCRP) was fulfilled from October 2013 to April 2014 by the Hong Kong government. Roadside volatile compounds (VOCs) were measured by on-line measurement techniques before and after the programme to evaluate the effectiveness of the LPG CCRP. The mixing ratios of total measured VOCs were found decreased from 69.3 ± 12.6 ppbv to 43.9 ± 6.5 ppbv after the LPG CCRP with the decreasing percentage of 36.7%. In addition, the total mixing ratio of LPG tracers, namely propane, i-butane, and n-butane, accounted for 49% of total measured VOCs before the LPG CCRP and the weighting percentage decreased to 34% after the programme. Moreover, the source apportionment of roadside VOCs also reflects the large decreasing trend of LPG vehicular emissions after the air pollution control measure. Due to the application of PTR-MS on measuring real-time VOCs and oxygenated volatile compounds (OVOCs) in this study, the emission ratios of individual OVOCs were investigated and being utilized to differentiate primary and secondary/biogenic sources of roadside OVOCs in Hong Kong. The findings demonstrate the effectiveness of the intervention programme, and are helpful to further implementation of air pollution control strategies in Hong Kong.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long Cui
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Atmospheric and Haze-fog Pollution Prevention, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Hai Wei Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CIC-AEET), School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Atmospheric and Haze-fog Pollution Prevention, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Zhou Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Shun Cheng Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Donald Ray Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Xin Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Kin Fai Ho
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jun Ji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Atmospheric and Haze-fog Pollution Prevention, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hossain MS, Frey HC, Louie PKK, Lau AKH. Combined effects of increased O 3 and reduced NO 2 concentrations on short-term air pollution health risks in Hong Kong. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 270:116280. [PMID: 33360064 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The reduction of NOx emissions in a VOC-limited region can lead to an increase of the local O3 concentration. An evaluation of the net health effects of such pollutant changes is therefore important to ascertain whether the emission control measures effectively improve the overall protection of public health. In this study, we use a short-term health risk (added health risk or AR) model developed for the multi-pollutant air quality health index (AQHI) in Hong Kong to examine the overall health impacts of these pollutant changes. We first investigate AR changes associated with NO2 and O3 changes, followed by those associated with changes in all four AQHI pollutants (NO2, O3, SO2, and particulate matter (PM)). Our results show that for the combined health effects of NO2 and O3 changes, there is a significant reduction in AR in urban areas with dense traffic, but no statistically significant changes in other less urbanized areas. The increase in estimated AR for higher O3 concentrations is offset by a decrease in the estimated AR for lower NO2 concentrations. In areas with dense traffic, the reduction in AR as a result of decreased NO2 is substantially larger than the increase in AR associated with increased O3. When additionally accounting for the change in ambient SO2 and PM, we found a statistically significant reduction in total AR everywhere in Hong Kong. Our results show that the emission control measures resulting in NO2, SO2, and PM reductions over the past decade have effectively reduced the AR over Hong Kong, even though these control measures may have partially contributed to an increase in O3 concentrations. Hence, efforts to reduce NOx, SO2, and PM should be continued.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Shakhaoat Hossain
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7908, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7908, United States
| | - H Christopher Frey
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7908, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7908, United States
| | - Peter K K Louie
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Environmental Protection Department of HKSAR Government, 33/F, Revenue Tower, 5 Gloucester Road, Wanchai, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alexis K H Lau
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zeng L, Guo H, Lyu X, Zhou B, Ling Z, Simpson IJ, Meinardi S, Barletta B, Blake DR. Long-term variations of C 1-C 5 alkyl nitrates and their sources in Hong Kong. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 270:116285. [PMID: 33352486 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Investigating the long-term trends of alkyl nitrates (RONO2) is of great importance for evaluating the variations of photochemical pollution. Mixing ratios of C1-C5 RONO2 were measured in autumn Hong Kong from 2002 to 2016, and the average level of 2-butyl nitrate (2-BuONO2) always ranked first. The C1-C4 RONO2 all showed increasing trends (p < 0.05), and 2-BuONO2 had the largest increase rate. The enhancement in C3 RONO2 was partially related to elevated propane, and dramatic decreases (p < 0.05) in both nitrogen monoxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) also led to the increased RONO2 formation. In addition, an increase of hydroxyl (OH) and hydroperoxyl (HO2) radicals (p < 0.05) suggested enhanced atmospheric oxidative capacity, further resulting in the increases of RONO2. Source apportionment of C1-C4 RONO2 specified three typical sources of RONO2, including biomass burning emission, oceanic emission, and secondary formation, of which secondary formation was the largest contributor to ambient RONO2 levels. Mixing ratios of total RONO2 from each source were quantified and their temporal variations were investigated. Elevated RONO2 from secondary formation and biomass burning emission were two likely causes of increased ambient RONO2. By looking into the spatial distributions of C1-C5 RONO2, regional transport from the Pearl River Delta (PRD) was inferred to build up RONO2 levels in Hong Kong, especially in the northwestern part. In addition, more serious RONO2 pollution was found in western PRD region. This study helps build a comprehensive understanding of RONO2 pollution in Hong Kong and even the entire PRD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lewei Zeng
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hai Guo
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Xiaopu Lyu
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Beining Zhou
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhenhao Ling
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Isobel J Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Irvine, USA
| | - Simone Meinardi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Irvine, USA
| | - Barbara Barletta
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Irvine, USA
| | - Donald R Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Irvine, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang Y, Guo H, Lyu X, Zhang L, Zeren Y, Zou S, Ling Z. Photochemical evolution of continental air masses and their influence on ozone formation over the South China Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 673:424-434. [PMID: 30991332 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To investigate photochemical ozone (O3) pollution over the South China Sea (SCS), an intensive sampling campaign was conducted from August to November simultaneously at a continental site (Tung Chung, TC) and a marine site (Wan Shan Island, WSI). It was found that when continental air masses intruded the SCS, O3 episodes often occurred subsequently. To discover the causes, a photochemical trajectory model (PTM) coupled with the near-explicit Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM) was adopted, and the photochemical processes of air masses during the transport from TC to WSI were investigated. The simulated O3 and its precursors (i.e. NOx and VOCs) showed a reasonably good agreement with the observations at both TC and WSI, indicating that the PTM was capable of simulating O3 formation for air masses traveling from TC to WSI. The modeling results revealed that during the transport of air masses from TC to WSI, both VOC and NOx decreased in the morning while O3 increased significantly, mainly due to rapid chemical reactions with elevated radicals over the SCS. The elevated radicals over the SCS were attributable to the fact that higher NOx at TC consumed more radicals, whereas the concentration of radicals increased from TC to WSI because of NOx dilution and destruction. Subsequently, the photochemical cycling of radicals accelerated, leading to high O3 mixing ratios over the SCS. Furthermore, based on the source profiles of the emission inventory used, the contributions of six sources, i.e. gasoline vehicle exhaust, diesel vehicle exhaust, gasoline evaporation and LPG usage, solvent usage, biomass and coal burning, and biogenic emissions, to maritime O3 formation were evaluated. The results suggested that gasoline vehicles exhaust and solvent usage largely contributed the O3 formation over the SCS (about 5.2 and 3.8 ppbv, respectively). This is the first time that the contribution of continental VOC sources to the maritime O3 formation was quantified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hai Guo
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Xiaopu Lyu
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Luyao Zhang
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yangzong Zeren
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shichun Zou
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, China.
| | - Zhenhao Ling
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Du JL, Liu Y, Forrest JYL. An interactive group decision model for selecting treatment schemes for mitigating air pollution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:18687-18707. [PMID: 31055752 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05072-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution has caused huge losses of life and property. So, how to choose a practically effective scheme to m.itigate air pollution is of great significance. However, such a selection problem of treatment schemes represents really a group negotiation process of many decision makers (DMs), involving a variety of fuzzy information and preferences. To successfully address this selection problem, this paper proposes a novel group negotiation decision model by jointly employing various approaches, such as hesitant fuzzy set, grey target, grey incidence analysis, and graph model for conflict resolution (GMCR). Then, this model is used to determine the equilibrium schemes for treating air pollution. It is expected that this work provides a method for Chinese government to introduce programs to target air pollution control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Liang Du
- School of Business, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Yong Liu
- School of Business, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ge S, Zhang J, Wang S, Xu Q, Ho T. New insight of ozone pollution impact from flare emissions of chemical plant start-up operations. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 245:873-882. [PMID: 30504038 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Flaring is a common and necessary operation for chemical industries, which is designed to manage dangerous process overpressure scenarios or to release and destroy off-spec products during chemical plant upsets or turnarounds. However, excessive flaring can emit large quantities of VOCs and NOx into the atmosphere, which will cause transient and localized ozone pollution events in the presence of sunlight. The objective of this study was to quantify the impact to regional air-quality due to flare emissions from chemical plant start-up operations through the coupling of dynamic process simulations via Aspen Plus and air-quality simulations via CAMx. Simulation results from case studies have indicated that the corresponding ozone increments can vary significantly from 0.2 ppb to 17.8 ppb under different temporal and spatial factors, including the start-up starting hour, starting day, and plant location. Additional ozone sensitivity simulations have also indicated that the corresponding ozone increments are higher when the plant is located in a VOC-limited area than that in a NOx-limited area. The results from this study have delivered a cost-effective air-quality control practice for plant start-ups with a minimum air-quality impact through selecting the optimal starting time within the allowable ranges. The practice has significant potential to benefit all stakeholders, including environmental agencies, chemical industries, and local communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sijie Ge
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China; Dan F. Smith Department of Chemical Engineering, Lamar University, Beaumont, TX, 77710, USA
| | - Jian Zhang
- Dan F. Smith Department of Chemical Engineering, Lamar University, Beaumont, TX, 77710, USA
| | - Sujing Wang
- Department of Computer Science, Lamar University, Beaumont, TX, 77710, USA
| | - Qiang Xu
- Dan F. Smith Department of Chemical Engineering, Lamar University, Beaumont, TX, 77710, USA.
| | - Thomas Ho
- Dan F. Smith Department of Chemical Engineering, Lamar University, Beaumont, TX, 77710, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yao D, Lyu X, Murray F, Morawska L, Yu W, Wang J, Guo H. Continuous effectiveness of replacing catalytic converters on liquified petroleum gas-fueled vehicles in Hong Kong. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 648:830-838. [PMID: 30138883 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To mitigate the concentrations of air pollutants in the atmosphere, an intervention program of replacing the converters of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) fueled vehicles was implemented by the Hong Kong government between October 2013 and April 2014. Data of ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and other trace gases continuously monitored from September 2012 to April 2017 at a roadside site were used to evaluate the continuous effectiveness of the replaced catalytic converters on the reduction of air pollutants. The measurement data showed that LPG-related VOCs (propane and n/i-butanes) and several trace gases (CO, NO and NO2) decreased significantly from before to after the program (p < 0.01). To further assess the efficiency of the program, five periods covering before the program, during the program, 1st year after the program, 2nd year after the program and 3rd year after the program were categorized. The values of propane and n/i-butanes decreased from Period-1 (before the program) to Period-2 (during the program), and from Period-2 to Periods 3-5 (after the program) (p < 0.01). In addition, the reduction rates of propane and n/i-butanes remained high and constant in Periods 3-5, suggesting that either had the vehicle owners themselves routinely replaced the converters at suitable interval afterwards, or were their vehicles caught by a remote sensing program checking excessive emissions. Source apportionment analysis indicated that LPG-fueled vehicular emissions were the top contributor to ambient VOCs in the roadside environment while the VOCs emitted from LPG-fueled vehicles indeed decreased at a rate of 4.21 ± 2.38 ppbv/year (average ± 95% confidence interval) from Period-1 to Period-5 (p < 0.01). Furthermore, the photochemical box model simulations revealed that the net negative contribution of VOCs and NOx emitted from LPG-fueled vehicles to O3 production strengthened at a rate of 1.9 × 10-2 pptv/day from Period-1 to Period-5 (p < 0.01). The findings proved the continuous effectiveness of the intervention program, and are of help to future control strategies in Hong Kong.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dawen Yao
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Xiaopu Lyu
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Frank Murray
- School of Environmental Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Lidia Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Wang Yu
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Jiaying Wang
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Hai Guo
- Air Quality Studies, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhang Y, Yang W, Simpson I, Huang X, Yu J, Huang Z, Wang Z, Zhang Z, Liu D, Huang Z, Wang Y, Pei C, Shao M, Blake DR, Zheng J, Huang Z, Wang X. Decadal changes in emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from on-road vehicles with intensified automobile pollution control: Case study in a busy urban tunnel in south China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 233:806-819. [PMID: 29144986 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the efforts at controlling automobile emissions, it is important to know in what extent air pollutants from on-road vehicles could be truly reduced. In 2014 we conducted tests in a heavily trafficked tunnel in south China to characterize emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) from on-road vehicle fleet and compared our results with those obtained in the same tunnel in 2004. Alkanes, aromatics, and alkenes had average emission factors (EFs) of 338, 63, and 42 mg km-1 in 2014 against that of 194, 129, and 160 mg km-1 in 2004, respectively. In 2014, LPG-related propane, n-butane and i-butane were the top three non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) with EFs of 184 ± 21, 53 ± 6 and 31 ± 3 mg km-1; the gasoline evaporation marker i-pentane had an average EF of 17 ± 3 mg km-1; ethylene and propene were the top two alkenes with average EFs of 16 ± 1 and 9.7 ± 0.9 mg km-1, respectively; isoprene had no direct emission from vehicles; toluene showed the highest EF of 11 ± 2 mg km-1 among the aromatics; and acetylene had an average EF of 7 ± 1 mg km-1. While EFs of total NMHCs decreased only 9% from 493 ± 120 mg km-1 in 2004 to 449 ± 40 mg km-1 in 2014, their total ozone formation potential (OFP) decreased by 57% from 2.50 × 103 mg km-1 in 2004 to 1.10 × 103 mg km-1 in 2014, and their total secondary organic aerosol formation potential (SOAFP) decreased by 50% from 50 mg km-1 in 2004 to 25 mg km-1 in 2014. The large drop in ozone and SOA formation potentials could be explained by reduced emissions of reactive alkenes and aromatics, due largely to fuel transition from gasoline/diesel to LPG for taxis/buses and upgraded vehicle emission standards.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Weiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Isobel Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Xinyu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianzhen Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhonghui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhaoyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhou Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Di Liu
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Zuzhao Huang
- Guangzhou Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou 510030, China
| | - Yujun Wang
- Guangzhou Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou 510030, China
| | - Chenglei Pei
- Guangzhou Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou 510030, China
| | - Min Shao
- State Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Donald R Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Junyu Zheng
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Zhijiong Huang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
| |
Collapse
|