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Deng J, Gao L, Liu W, Yin F, Chen C, Jia T, He Y, Mao T, Wu W. Distributions and transformation of polyhalogenated carbazoles in environmental matrices contaminated by printing and dyeing plants. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 357:124451. [PMID: 38942278 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
As emerging organic contaminants, Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) have caused wide concerns due to their wide distribution in the environment and dioxin-like toxicity. Nevertheless, research on the distribution and formation mechanisms of PHCZs in polluted environment of printing and dyeing plants is lacking. Here, 11 PHCZs were detected in samples from the Cao'e River, China, a typical river heavily polluted by printing and dyeing. The PHCZs concentrations in the soil, sediment, and water samples were 8.3-134.5 ng/g (median: 26.3 ng/g), 17.7-348.8 ng/g (median: 64.2 ng/g), and 1.2-41.4 μg/L (median: 4.8 μg/L), respectively. 3,6-dichlorocarbazole was the dominant congener, proved by both analysis results and formation mechanisms. PHCZ migration patterns in water-sediment systems indicated that highly halogenated PHCZs tend to be transferred to sediment. Furthermore, PHCZs are persistent, can undergo long-range transport, and pose high risks to aquatic organisms by models. PHCZs released from dye production into environment can be form through halogenation of carbazole or PHCZs formed during the dye synthesis, heating of halogenated indigo dyes, and photolysis of highly halogenated PHCZs. This is the first comprehensive study to reveal the impact of printing and dyeing plant activities on PHCZs in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglin Deng
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Lirong Gao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China; Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China; Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
| | - Fei Yin
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China; Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Chunci Chen
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Tianqi Jia
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Yunchen He
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Tianao Mao
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Wenqi Wu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
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Tu J, Wu Y, Gao S, Song Q, Zeng X, Liang Y, Yu Z. Occurrence, distribution, and ecological risks of polyhalogenated carbazoles in sediments from Daya Bay and Pearl River Estuary, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 200:116131. [PMID: 38335637 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) are a group of emerging organic pollutants attracting increasing concern. In this study, 32 sediment samples were collected from the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) and adjacent Daya Bay (DYB) in China and were investigated for the occurrence and distribution of PHCZs. Total concentration of sedimentary PHCZs (∑PHCZs) ranged from 0.79 to 3.08 ng/g in PRE and 0.89 to 1.95 ng/g in DYB, both containing 3,6-dichlorocarbazole as the main component. Higher concentrations of ∑PHCZs were found in the rivers-mouth and inner part of the PRE indicating their main origins from anthropogenic activities. Notably, concentrations of brominated carbazoles (BCZs) gradually increased offshore, which suggests the potential bio-transformation of BCZs under a saline environment. The toxic equivalent of PHCZs was estimated at 0.13-0.34 pg TEQ/g suggesting limited dioxin-like effects on local organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamin Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shutao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Qian Song
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiangying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Yi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environment and Resources, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Hu S, Zheng M, Mu Y, Liu A, Jiang Y, Li Y, Ning K, Wang L. Occurrence of polyhalogenated carbazoles and the combined effects with heavy metals on variation in bacterial communities in estuarine sediments. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 198:115873. [PMID: 38056295 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Carbazole (CZ) and eight polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) were quantified by GC-MS in sediments of 12 estuaries, the interface linking large industrial and living areas to the Bohai Sea, China. These pollutants, heavy metals, and environmental factors caused integrated exposure to sediment bacteria. Four PHCZ congeners were detectable, with ΣPHCZs ranging from 0.56 to 15.94 ng/g dw. The dominant congeners were 3,6-dichlorocarbazole (36-CCZ) and 3-chlorocarbazole (3-CCZ), with a mean contribution of 72.6 % and 20.2 %. Significant positive correlations were found between 36-CCZ and both total organic carbon and heavy metals. Redundancy analysis of microbial variation implicated no impacts from PHCZs. Correlation analysis demonstrated an increase in abundance of Rhodocyclaceae but a decrease in Bacteroides-acidifaciens-JCM-10556 with presence of PHCZs, suggesting that these bacteria can be used as potential contamination indicators. The combined exposure of heavy metals, nutrients, and PHCZs may also increase toxicity and biological availability, adversely affecting the ecosystem and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanmin Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Minggang Zheng
- Marine Ecology Research Center, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Yingdi Mu
- Jinan Food and Drug Inspection and Testing Center, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Aifeng Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yuqing Jiang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Ying Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Ke Ning
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Ling Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
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Ma L, Li Y, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Niu Z. Pollution characteristics, distribution, and source analysis of carbazole and polyhalogenated carbazoles in coastal areas of Bohai Bay, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 333:122103. [PMID: 37356794 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) are a class of emerging environmental contaminants formed by the substitution of hydrogen on carbazole (CZ) benzene rings with halogens (Cl, Br, I) with potential dioxin-like toxicity, and they have been frequently detected in various environmental media and organisms recently. Nevertheless, co-research of CZ/PHCZs with PAHs is very limited. In addition, I-PHCZs, which are believed to be much more toxic than CZ, Cl-PHCZs and Br-PHCZs, have a few data in sediments previously. The concentration and distribution of CZ/PHCZs and PAHs were analyzed in 18 surface sediments of Bohai Bay, China. There is a significant correlation (R = 0.64, P<0.05) between PHCZs and PAHs, and principal component analysis (PCA) also indicating that they may have a certain similarity in origin. Additionally, total CZ and PHCZs was up to 230.57 ng/g dw in the studied samples, which was approximately 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than PAHs and other common persistent organic pollutants (POPs). The compositions of the CZ/PHCZs in our study were dominated by CZ (2.74-18.28, median 2.92 ng/g dw), 3,6-dichlorocarbazole (n.d-6.78, median 0.97 ng/g dw) and 3,6-iodocarbazole (n.d-12.68, median 1.65 ng/g dw). Results of this study discovered the varying origins of CZ and PHCZs and/or a complexity of anthropogenic influences and natural sources processes, and revealed a wide distribution of CZ/PHCZs across the studied. Moreover, more attention should be paid by comparing CZ/PHCZs with other widely distributed POPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yuna Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Xiaohan Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Zhiguang Niu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China; The International Joint Institute of Tianjin University, Fuzhou, 350207, China
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Zhou S, Su Q, Zhong D, Guo J, Liu J, Li A. Mutual interference between 3,6-dichlorinated carbazole and p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane in gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1195. [PMID: 37698675 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11813-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
The widespread contamination of the environment by polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) has been increasingly observed during the past decade. Among numerous PHCZ congeners, 3,6-dichlorocarbazole (36-CCZ) is often among the most frequently detected at higher concentrations. Although the environmental level of the legacy pesticide p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p'-DDT) has been declining, it continues to be ubiquitously detected. These two compounds were found to interfere with each other during analyses using gas chromatography (GC) coupled with single- or triple-quadrupole low-resolution mass spectrometry (MS or MS/MS). The base peak in the mass spectra was that of m/z 235 for both compounds. In MS/MS with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), the same transitions (235 → 200 and 235 → 165) were often used. Under the same GC operating conditions, the SH-I-5MS capillary column used in this work did not resolve the two compounds at baseline. Pre-treatment using cleanup column chromatography can fractionate the sample extract, with the two compounds separated in different fractions before instrumental analyses. Reversed-phase HPLC columns also work for resolving 36-CCZ and p,p'-DDT. Possible overlaps in GC retention and similarity in MS spectra might have caused data inaccuracy for 36-CCZ as well as p,p'-DDT in some studies published to date, and steps to avoid the interference should be taken into quality control protocols in future research and environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhou
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
| | - Qi Su
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Dan Zhong
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Jiehong Guo
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geospatial Engineering, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
| | - Jinsong Liu
- Zhejiang Province of Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - An Li
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
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Sun Y, Yang L, Zheng M, Weber R, Falandysz J, Lammel G, Zhao C, Chen C, Yang Q, Liu G. Industrial source identification of polyhalogenated carbazoles and preliminary assessment of their global emissions. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3740. [PMID: 37349341 PMCID: PMC10287696 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39491-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) are emerging global pollutants found in environmental matrices, e.g., 3000 tonnes of PHCZs have been detected in the sediments of the Great Lakes. Recognition of PHCZ emissions from ongoing industrial activities worldwide is still lacking. Here, we identify and quantify PHCZ emissions from 13 large-scale industries, 12 of which previously have no data. Congener profiles of PHCZs from investigated industrial sources are clarified, which enables apportioning of PHCZ sources. Annual PHCZ emissions from major industries are estimated on the basis of derived emission factors and then mapped globally. Coke production is a prime PHCZ emitter of 9229 g/yr, followed by iron ore sintering with a PHCZ emission of 3237 g/yr. China, Australia, Japan, India, USA, and Russia are found to be significant emitters through these industrial activities. PHCZ pollution is potentially a global human health and environmental issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Sun
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Roland Weber
- POPs Environmental Consulting, Lindenfirststr. 23, 73527, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | - Jerzy Falandysz
- Medical University of Lodz, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151, Łódź, Poland
| | - Gerhard Lammel
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, 55128, Germany
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 60177, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Chenyan Zhao
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Changzhi Chen
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qiuting Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Zhang M, Li P, Wang Q, Huang L, Lin K. Production of Polyhalogenated Carbazoles in Marine Red Alga Corallina officinalis: A Possible Natural Source. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:6673-6681. [PMID: 37053377 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) have been increasingly detected in the environment as a result of anthropogenic and natural origin. However, it is unclear how PHCZs are naturally produced. In this study, the formation of PHCZs from bromoperoxidase (BPO)-mediated halogenation of carbazole was investigated. A total of six PHCZs were identified in reactions under different incubation conditions. The presence of Br- significantly influenced the formation of PHCZs. The products were first dominated by 3-bromocarbazole and then 3,6-dibromocarbazole as the reactions proceeded. Both bromo- and chlorocarbazoles were identified in the incubations with trace Br-, suggesting the co-occurrence of BPO-catalyzed bromination and chlorination. However, BPO-catalyzed chlorination of carbazole was much weaker than that of bromination. The formation of PHCZs could be attributable to the halogenation of carbazole by reactive halogen species generated from BPO-catalyzed oxidation of Br- and Cl- by H2O2. The halogenation was found to follow a successive substitution order of C-3, C-6, and C-1 on the carbazole ring, forming 3-, 3,6-, and 1,3,6-isomers. Similar to the incubation experiments, six PHCZs were for the first time detected in red algal samples collected from the South China Sea, China, suggesting the biogenesis of PHCZs in marine red algae. Given the widespread distribution of red algae in the marine environment, BPO-catalyzed halogenation of carbazole may be a natural origin for PHCZs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coast Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Peng Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coast Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Qifang Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coast Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Lingfeng Huang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coast Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Kunde Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coast Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
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Peng L, Liu L, Li P, Lin K. Spatial and temporal distribution of polyhalogenated carbazoles in sediments from the Yangtze River estuary and adjacent East China Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 319:120957. [PMID: 36596377 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) have been increasingly detected in marine sediment, raising concerns in recent years. In this study, sediment samples (42 surface and one core) were collected from the Yangtze River estuary and the adjacent East China Sea, and eleven PHCZs and unsubstituted carbazole were measured. The total concentration of PHCZs in surface sediments ranged from 0.19 to 2.49 ng/g dry weight (d.w.) (median 1.03 ng/g d. w.). The congener compositions of PHCZs in the surface sediment were dominated by 3,6-dichlorocarbazole (36-CCZ, 53.2%), followed by 3-chlorocarbazole (14.9%) and 3,6-dibromocarbazole (36-BCZ, 11.8%). Carbazole in the surface sediment ranged from not detected to 9.89 ng/g (median 1.25 ng/g), with a detection frequency of 81.0%. The spatial distribution of 36-CCZ in surface sediments exhibited a clear decline from the coast to offshore, while 36-BCZ showed the opposite trend. The depth profile of 36-CCZ was maintained at a relatively low and stable concentration (about 0.36 ng/g) in core segments from 1903 to 1951, followed by a steady increase to 1.5 ng/g in 2006. This increase coincides with the industrial and agricultural development in China that began in the 1950s. In contrast, the other detected PHCZs and carbazole maintained stable, low concentrations over time. These spatial and temporal patterns suggest that 36-CCZ in this area is predominantly from anthropogenic sources, while 36-BCZ has a natural origin. Toxic equivalent estimations indicated that dioxin-like effects for the observed PHCZs were low. These results provide useful information for understanding the origin of PHCZs and carbazole in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Peng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coast Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Lili Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Peng Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coast Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Kunde Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coast Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
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9
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Sun Y, Zheng M, Yang L, Jin R, Lin B, Li C, Liu G. Progress of congener specific analysis of polyhalogenated carbazoles in the environment. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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10
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Sun Y, Yang L, Chen C, Li C, Zheng M, Jin R, Wang W, Yang N, Li Y, Liu G. Method development for determination of polyhalogenated carbazoles in industrial waste through gas chromatography/triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9324. [PMID: 35560965 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) are dioxin-like compounds that are ubiquitous in the environment. However, their unintentional emissions from industrial sources have received little attention and there is no method available for determination of PHCZs in industrial waste. This research develops a method for determination of PHCZs in industrial waste. METHODS In this research, a glass column packed with activated silica serves as a rapid and efficient clean-up pretreatment for purification. An isotope dilution gas chromatography/triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry method was established for simultaneous determination of eleven PHCZs in industrial samples. RESULTS The regression coefficients of the standard curves for the congeners were all >0.99. The method detection limit ranged from 1.46 to 3.82 ng/mL for liquid samples and from 0.009 to 0.021 ng/g for solid samples. The precision described by the relative standard deviation ranged from 2.4% to 18.4% for liquid samples and from 5.5% to 35.8% for solid samples. The recovery ranges for the liquid and solid samples were 82%-123% and 83%-137%, respectively. 3-Chlorocarbazole (3-CCZ) and 36-dichlorocarbazole (36-CCZ) can be detected in both chemical bottom liquid from vinyl chloride production and fly ash from medical waste incineration by this method. CONCLUSIONS An efficient method is established for determination of PHCZs from industrial waste. The discovery of 3-CCZ and 36-CCZ highlights the importance of identification of potential industrial sources of PHCZs and clarification of their contribution to environmental risks. Our method could be applied to investigate industrial emission of PHCZs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Sun
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Changzhi Chen
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Jin
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenwen Wang
- Agilent Technologies (China) Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Nan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Reuse for Building Materials, Beijing Building Materials Academy of Science Research, Beijing, China
| | - Yinming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Reuse for Building Materials, Beijing Building Materials Academy of Science Research, Beijing, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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11
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Liu M, Huang L, Li X, Liu F, Zhang W, Wang Z, Xu Y, Ke R, He H, Lou Y. Occurrence and distribution of polyhalogenated carbazoles in eastern Tibetan Plateau soils along the slope of Mt. Qionglai. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 298:134200. [PMID: 35278447 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs), are considered as potential persistent organic pollutants (POPs), which have been frequently detected in the environment. However, the altitudinal distribution characteristics and possible sources of PHCZs in high mountain soils are still unknown. The present study was the first to analyze PHCZs in soil samples collected along the eastern slope of Mt. Qionglai (MQ), the east edge of the Tibetan Plateau. The concentration of ΣPHCZs (based on dry weight) ranges from 14.4 to 107 ng/g (median value of 40.9), which was at high end of the range reported in soils and sediments to date in the literature. The composition profiles of PHCZs in the soils of MQ were dominated by 3,6-dichlorocarbazole (36-CCZ), 3-chlorocarbazole (3-CCZ), and 2-bromocarbazole (2-BCZ). The mean TOC-normalized concentrations of ΣPHCZs in soil samples from below-treeline (2092 ng/g TOC) were higher than those from alpine meadow (1124 ng/g TOC), probably due to the forest filter effect. The decreasing trend of the PHCZs TOC-normalized concentrations with altitude shows that accumulation of PHCZs from the alpine meadow samples was not affected by the mountain cold-trapping effect. Significantly positive correlations were observed between the concentrations of more than half of detected PHCZ congeners and TOC. In addition, PHCZs show the potential to represent a class of POPs with the frequent occurrence and wide distribution, as the abundance and environmental behavior of PHCZs are similar to some POPs in MQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkai Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Longhua Huang
- College of Textiles&Clothing, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Fei Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yan Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Runhui Ke
- China National Research Institute of Food&Fermentation Industries, Beijing, 10001, China
| | - Hongping He
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Yinghua Lou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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12
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Sun Z, Geng D, Wu X, Zhu L, Wen J, Wang L, Zhao X. Degradation of 3-chlorocarbazole in water by sulfidated zero-valent iron/peroxymonosulfate system: Kinetics, influential factors, degradation products and pathways. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 296:134016. [PMID: 35182529 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As an emerging class of organic contaminants, polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) have been increasingly detected all over the world since 1980s. Due to the environmental persistence, bioaccumulation, and dioxin-like toxicity, PHCZs have aroused widespread concerns in recent years. However, efficient approach for the degradation of PHCZs is quite limited so far. Therefore, in this study, an advanced oxidation process (AOP), sulfidated zero-valent iron/peroxymonosulfate (S-ZVI/PMS) system was used to degrade 3-chlorocarbazole (3-CCZ), which is one of the mostly detected PHCZs congeners. The degradation of 3-CCZ was systematically studied under different conditions by varying the molar ratio of S/Fe, the dosage of S-ZVI or PMS, pH and temperature. The results indicated that S-ZVI/PMS was an effective strategy for PHCZs treatment. The 20-min degradation efficiency of 3-CZZ was up to 96.6% with the pseudo-first-order rate constant of 0.168 min-1 under the conditions of 5 mg/L 3-CZZ, 0.3 g/L S-ZVI (S/Fe = 0.2), 1.0 mM PMS, pH 5.8 and 25 °C. HCO3-, Cl- and humic acid (HA) showed inhibitory effects to different degrees. Results of the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and scavenging experiments clarified the dominant role of •OH, followed by 1O2 and SO4•─. The product analysis and DFT calculation revealed three degradation pathways of 3-CCZ, namely hydroxylation, dechlorination and C-N bond cleavage, which largely alleviated the toxicity of the parent compound. This study showed the effectiveness of S-ZVI/PMS system in PHCZs treatment and provided a comprehensive investigation on the degradation behaviors of PHCZs in AOPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuyu Sun
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Dan Geng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Xiuling Wu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Luxiang Zhu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Jin Wen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials & College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Le Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials & College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.
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13
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He Y, Hu X, Jiang J, Zhang J, Liu F. Remediation of PAHs contaminated industrial soils by hypochlorous acid: performance and mechanisms. RSC Adv 2022; 12:10825-10834. [PMID: 35424989 PMCID: PMC8988275 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00514j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) mainly originate from incomplete combustion of organic substances and are carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenetic, posing a high risk to the ecosystem and human health. The remediation of soils contaminated with PAHs has aroused wide public concern. In this study, hypochlorous acid (HOCl) was applied to realize PAHs removal from industrial contaminated soil with an extremely high degradation efficiency of 93.33% when the initial chlorine concentration was 5000 mg L−1. The degradation behavior of PAHs by HOCl oxidation was investigated in detail. Parameters including chlorine dosage, pH and temperature that had effects on the degradation process were evaluated systematically. The removal of PAHs was followed well with the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. It is found that HOCl and OH˙ were major contributors to the degradation products of chlorinated and oxygenated PAHs. This research provided an easy-operating and energy-saving way to realize the remediation of PAHs contaminated industrial soil practically with high efficiency. An extremely high degradation efficiency of 93.3% was realized for PAHs in contaminated industrial soil by HOCl oxidation.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng He
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology Shanghai 201418 China
| | - Xiaojun Hu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology Shanghai 201418 China
| | - Jingxian Jiang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology Shanghai 201418 China
| | - Jinyang Zhang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology Shanghai 201418 China
| | - Fuwen Liu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology Shanghai 201418 China
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14
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Zhou W, Chen W, Li P, Gu Z, Peng J, Lin K. Occurrence and distribution of polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCs) in sediments from the northern South China Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 753:142072. [PMID: 32891987 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCs) have been frequently detected in various environments and have gained increasing attention due to their dioxin-like toxicity. In this study, 28 surface sediments and three sediment cores were collected from the northern South China Sea (SCS) to investigate the spatial and temporal distribution trends of PHCs. The total concentrations of PHCs in the surface sediments ranged from 0.25 ng/g to 3.10 ng/g, with a median concentration of 1.50 ng/g. The composition profiles of PHCs in the surface sediments were dominated by 3,6-dichlorocarbazole (36-CCZ), 3,6-dibromocarbazole (36-BCZ), and 1,3,6,8-tetrabromocarbazole (1368-BCZ). The total organic carbon (TOC) based concentrations of 36-CCZ, 1-bromo-3,6-dichlorocarbazole, 1,3,6,8-tetrachlorocarbazole, and 1368-BCZ showed significant positive correlation with water depth (r = 0.58-0.88, p values < 0.01). On the contrary, the TOC based concentration of 2,3,6,7-tetrachlorocarbazole displayed a significant negative correlation with the water depth (r = -0.52, p < 0.01). However, no significant correlation was observed for 3-chlorocarbazole, 36-BCZ, and 1,3,6-tribromocarbazole (p values > 0.05). PHCs in sediment cores showed that congener profiles and concentrations of PHCs remained largely stable throughout the 1890s and 2010s. In addition, all the detected PHCs displayed a significant positive correlation with TOC content of the sediments. These unique spatial and temporal distribution patterns suggest that both terrigenous and natural marine sources contributed the observed PHCs in sediments of the northern SCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiu Zhou
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Weifang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Peng Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Zhaoyang Gu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jinghe Peng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Kunde Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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15
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Ji C, Chen D, Zhao M. Environmental behavior and safety of polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs): A review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115717. [PMID: 33120342 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) are well-known as emergent environmental contaminants. Given their wide distribution in the environment and structural similarity with dioxins and dioxin-like chemicals (DLCs), the environmental behavior and ecological risks of these chemicals have become the major issue concerned by the governments and scientists. Since the initial report of PHCZ residues in the environment in the 1980s, over 20 PHCZ congeners with different residual levels had been identified in various environmental media all over the world. Nevertheless, researches concerning the toxicological effects of PHCZs are of an urgent need for the relatively lagging study of their ecological risks. Currently, only limited evidence has indicated that PHCZs would pose dioxin-like toxicity, including developmental toxicity, cardiotoxicity, etc; and their toxicological effects were partially consistent with AhR activation. And yet, much remains to be done to fill in the knowledge gaps of their toxicological effects. In this review, the research progresses in environmental behavior and toxicology study of PHCZs were remarked; and the lack of current research, as well as future research prospects, were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Ji
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China.
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16
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Feng H, Ruan Y, Wu R, Zhang H, Lam PKS. Occurrence of disinfection by-products in sewage treatment plants and the marine environment in Hong Kong. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 181:404-411. [PMID: 31220780 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are generated by disinfectants reacting with organic matters. Previous studies have focused on DBPs in drinking water, but they have not paid sufficient attention to DBPs in sewage treatment plants (STPs), where the sources and compositions of DBPs are much more complicated, and there is a likelihood of more toxic DBPs being formed. In this study, the occurrence of DBPs in six STPs in Hong Kong and the potential impact of the effluents from the STPs on the marine environment were investigated. In STPs, the mean concentrations of the total DBPs ranged from 1160 to 17,019 ng/L, 1562 to 20,795 ng/L, and 289 to 1037 ng/L in the influent, effluent, and seawater, respectively. Trihalomethanes, haloacetonitriles, and trihalophenols were the most commonly detected DBPs, whereas hexachloro-1,3-butadiene and halocarbazoles were not detected in the STPs and in the marine environment in Hong Kong. Secondary treatment efficiently removed DBPs and DBP precursors. Regarding disinfection techniques, UV irradiation showed little effect on the concentrations of DBPs, whereas sodium hypochlorite significantly elevated the levels of both traditional and emerging DBPs. The effluents from two selected STPs that use chlorination have an obvious impact on the marine environment. This work presents the potential sources of DBPs in sewage, the influence of the treatment processes and disinfection techniques employed in STPs on the removal/formation of DBPs, and the impact of the effluents from the STPs on the marine environment. This work also highlights the need for investigating the emerging DBPs generated in STPs and their related environmental concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongru Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for the Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuefei Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for the Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rongben Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for the Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Paul K S Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for the Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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17
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Qiu Y, Zheng M, Wang L, Zhao Q, Lou Y, Shi L, Qu L. Sorption of polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCs) to microplastics. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 146:718-728. [PMID: 31426214 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The sorption of 5 Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCs) [3,6-dibromocarbazole (3,6-BCZ), 3,6-dichlorocarbazole (3,6-CCZ), 3,6-diiodocarbazole (3,6-ICZ), 2,7-dibromocarbazole (2,7-BCZ) and 3-bromocarbazole (3-BCZ)] on to three microplastics [polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC)] in a simulated seawater system are studied. Sorption isotherms demonstrated that PVC had the maximum sorption capacity, which can be attributed to polar-polar interaction. The sorption kinetics model showed that the sorption process was controlled by both intraparticle and film diffusion. The sorption of PHCs to microplastics was significantly influenced by temperature, the sorption capacity first increased gradually and then decreased with the increasing temperature. Increasing the salinity decreased the sorption of PHCs onto PP, PE, PVC microplastics. Our results indicated that all three kinds of microplastics can serve as carriers for PHCs in the aquatic environment, which put marine ecosystems at higher risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Qiu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Minggang Zheng
- First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Ling Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Quansheng Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Yinghua Lou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lei Shi
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lingyun Qu
- First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266061, China
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18
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Wang G, Yang J, Gao S, Hou H, Xiao K, Hu J, Liang S, Liu B. New insight into the formation of polyhalogenated carbazoles: Aqueous chlorination of residual carbazole under bromide condition in drinking water. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 159:252-261. [PMID: 31100579 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Although polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) have been increasingly detected in aquatic environments, studies on their source and formation are extremely scarce. After investigation of PHCZs and carbazole in drinking water, an overlooked formation route of chloro/bromo-CZs was now proposed as aqueous chlorination of residual carbazole under bromide condition. Four groups of PHCZ, including mono-, di-, tri-, and tetra-halogenated groups, were identified in chlorinated drinking water, and the mechanism of the formation of the four groups of PHCZs was proposed. Twenty-six PHCZ congeners, including chloro-, bromo-, and chlorobromo-mixed species, were thoroughly studied and it was revealed for the first time the four groups of PHCZs shifted from chlorinated to being more brominated with increasing bromide level. The speciation of the four groups of PHCZs was modeled. It was revealed that the shift of PHCZs from chlorinated to being more brominated was caused by the reactivity differences between HOCl and HOBr in reactions forming PHCZs. Furthermore, this study revealed that the species numbers and concentrations of PHCZs formed in chlorination were much higher than those in chloramination, and the formation of PHCZs was decreased by ∼50% with an increase of pH from 6.0 to 9.0. This study of the variety of PHCZs in chlorinated water is an important step toward revealing the occurrence of PHCZs in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guowei Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Jiakuan Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan, 430074, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, PR China.
| | - Shixiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, PR China
| | - Huijie Hou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Keke Xiao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Jingping Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Sha Liang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Bingchuan Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment, Disposal and Recycling, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
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19
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Villaverde JJ, Sandín-España P, Alonso-Prados JL, Lamsabhi AM, Alcamí M. Pesticide byproducts formation: Theoretical study of the protonation of alloxydim degradation products. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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20
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Huang C, Xu X, Wang D, Ma M, Rao K, Wang Z. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activity and DNA-damaging effects of chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Cl-PAHs). CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 211:640-647. [PMID: 30098559 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of studies have indicated that environmental contamination with chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Cl-PAHs) has been underestimated. However, insufficient available toxicological information on Cl-PAHs makes evaluating their risks to health challenging. Two in vitro bioassays were used in the present study to characterize the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activity and DNA-damaging effects of 22 low-molecular-weight PAHs and their Cl-PAHs by using the EROD assay in rat hepatoma (H4IIE) cells and the SOS/umu test (S. typhimurium TA1535/pSK1002). Compared with their parent PAHs, most of the Cl-PAHs enhanced AhR-mediated activity in the EROD assay. 1,3,6,8-Tetrachloro-pyrene (1,3,6,8-Tetracl-Py) induced the greatest potency of EROD activity (83.1%-TCDD-max) and its single point ReP was 6.64 × 10-6. Compared with their parent PAHs, several Cl-PAHs showed significant DNA-damaging effects in the SOS/umu test with the addition of S9, and the toxic equivalency of benzo[a]pyrene (TEQBaP) was calculated for them. 9-Chloroanthracene (9-Ant) and 5,6-Dichloroacenaphthene (5,6-Dicl-Ace) had relatively high TEQBaP (0.62 and 0.54, respectively). However, only 1,3,6,8-Tetracl-Py elicited strong DNA-damaging effects in the absence of S9. The degree of chlorination, the position of chlorine substitutions, and the structure of parent PAHs influenced the potency of low-molecular-weight PAHs with regard to their AhR activity and DNA-damaging effects. More concern should be raised for these environmentally relevant pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085 Beijing, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Xiong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085 Beijing, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Donghong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085 Beijing, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China.
| | - Mei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085 Beijing, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China.
| | - Kaifeng Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085 Beijing, China
| | - Zijian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085 Beijing, China
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21
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Sultana T, Murray C, Kleywegt S, Metcalfe CD. Neonicotinoid pesticides in drinking water in agricultural regions of southern Ontario, Canada. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 202:506-513. [PMID: 29587231 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Because of the persistence and solubility of neonicotinoid insecticides (NNIs), there is concern that these compounds may contaminate sources of drinking water. The objective of this project was to evaluate the distribution of NNIs in raw and treated drinking water from selected municipalities that draw their water from the lower Great Lakes in areas of southern Ontario, Canada where there is high intensity agriculture. Sites were monitored using Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Samplers (POCIS) and by collecting grab samples at six drinking water treatment plants. Thiamethoxam, clothianidin and imidacloprid were detected in both POCIS and grab samples of raw water. The frequency of detection of NNIs was much lower in treated drinking water, but some compounds were still detected at estimated concentrations in the low ng L-1 range. Thiamethoxam was detected in one grab sample of raw drinking water at a mean concentration of 0.28 μg L-1, which is above the guidelines for drinking water recommended in some jurisdictions, including the European Union directive on pesticide levels <0.1 μg L-1 in water intended for human consumption. Further work is required to determine whether contamination of sources of drinking water with this class of insecticides is a global problem in agricultural regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamanna Sultana
- Water Quality Centre, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada
| | - Craig Murray
- Institute for Watershed Science, Trent University, ON, Canada
| | - Sonya Kleywegt
- Ontario Ministry of Environment and Climate Change, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Chris D Metcalfe
- Water Quality Centre, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada; Institute for Watershed Science, Trent University, ON, Canada.
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22
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Wu Y, Tan H, Zhou C, Crimmins BS, Holsen TM, Chen D. Bioaccumulation and Spatiotemporal Trends of Polyhalogenated Carbazoles in Great Lakes Fish from 2004 to 2016. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:4536-4545. [PMID: 29565583 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) were recently discovered in Great Lakes sediment and other aquatic systems. However, knowledge about their bioaccumulation and potential risks to fish and wildlife remains very limited. The present study investigated PHCZs in Great Lakes lake trout ( Salvelinus namaycush) and walleye ( Sander vitreus; Lake Erie only) composites collected between 2004 and 2016. Median concentrations of ∑PHCZs by lake ranged from 54.7 to 154 ng/g lipid weight or lw (6.8-28.0 ng/g wet weight). Dominant congeners included 3,6-dichlorocarbazole, 1,3,6-tribromocarbazole, and 1,3,6,8-tetrachlorocarbazole. The highest ∑PHCZs concentrations were found in Lakes Michigan and Ontario fish, followed by Lake Huron, whereas Lakes Erie and Superior fish contained the lowest concentrations. Congener profiles of PHCZs also exhibited spatial variations. After age normalization to minimize fish age influence on bioaccumulation rates, fish ∑PHCZs' concentrations declined significantly over time in all lakes except Lake Erie, with slopes ranging from -10.24% to -3.85% per year. The median toxic equivalent (TEQ) of PHCZs due to their dioxin-like activity was determined to range from 8.7 to 25.7 pg/g lw in Great Lakes fish. This study provides the first insight into the bioaccumulation and spatiotemporal trends of PHCZs in Great Lakes and suggests the need for further research on this group of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wu
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health , Jinan University , Guangzhou , 510632 , China
- Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory and Department of Zoology , Southern Illinois University , Carbondale , Illinois 62901 , United States
| | - Hongli Tan
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health , Jinan University , Guangzhou , 510632 , China
| | - Chuanlong Zhou
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Clarkson University , Potsdam , New York 13699 , United States
| | - Bernard S Crimmins
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Clarkson University , Potsdam , New York 13699 , United States
| | - Thomas M Holsen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Clarkson University , Potsdam , New York 13699 , United States
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health , Jinan University , Guangzhou , 510632 , China
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23
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Chen Y, Lin K, Chen D, Wang K, Zhou W, Wu Y, Huang X. Formation of environmentally relevant polyhalogenated carbazoles from chloroperoxidase-catalyzed halogenation of carbazole. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 232:264-273. [PMID: 28951041 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCs) are a class of emerging organic contaminants that have received increasing concern due to their widespread distribution and dioxin-like toxicity. Although previous studies have suggested possible natural sources of PHCs in the environment, the formation pathways are poorly understood. Here we explored the production of PHCs from halogenation of carbazole in the presence of Br- and/or Cl- under the catalysis of chloroperoxidase (CPO) isolated from the marine fungus Caldariomyces fumago. Overall, a total of 25 congeners including mono-to tetra-substituted chlorinated, brominated, and mixed halogenated carbazoles (with substitution patterns of -BrCl, -BrCl2, -BrCl3, -Br2Cl, -Br2Cl2, and -Br3Cl) were produced from the reactions under various conditions. The PHC product profiles were apparently dependent on the halide concentrations. In the CPO-mediated chlorination of carbazole, 3-mono- and 3,6-dichlorocarbazoles predominated in the formation products. In addition to the less abundant mixed halogenated carbazoles (-Br2Cl), 1,3,6-tri- and 1,3,6,8-tetrabromocarbazoles were the dominant products in reactions containing both Br- and Cl-. The CPO-catalyzed halogenation of carbazole could take place in pH 3-7, but the formation products were pH dependent. Results of this study suggest that CPO-catalyzed halogenation of carbazole may play an important role in the natural formation of PHCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystem, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Kunde Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystem, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Kun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystem, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Wenxiu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystem, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Xinwen Huang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
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