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Chen P, Kang S, Hu Y, Pu T, Liu Y, Wang S, Rai M, Wang K, Tripathee L, Li C. South and Southeast Asia controls black carbon characteristics of Meili Snow Mountains in southeast Tibetan Plateau. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 927:172262. [PMID: 38583605 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
South and Southeast Asia (SSA) emitted black carbon (BC) exerts potential effects on glacier and snow melting and regional climate change in the Tibetan Plateau. In this study, online BC measurements were conducted for 1 year at a remote village located at the terminus of the Mingyong Glacier below the Meili Snow Mountains. The Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) was used to investigate the contribution and potential effect of SSA-emitted BC. In addition, variations in the light absorption characteristics of BC and brown carbon (BrC) were examined. The results indicated that the annual mean concentration of BC was 415 ± 372 ngm-3, with the highest concentration observed in April (monthly mean: 930 ± 484 ngm-3). BC exhibited a similar diurnal variation throughout the year, with two peaks observed in the morning (from 8:00 to 9:00 AM) and in the afternoon (from 4:00 to 5:00 PM), with even lower values at nighttime. At a short wavelength of 370 nm, the absorption coefficient (babs) reached its maximum value, and the majority of babs values were < 20 Mm-1, indicating that the atmosphere was not overloaded with BC. At the same wavelength, BrC substantially contributed to babs, with an annual mean of 25.2 % ± 12.8 %. SSA was the largest contributor of BC (annual mean: 51.1 %) in the study area, particularly in spring (65.6 %). However, its contributions reached 20.2 % in summer, indicating non-negligible emissions from activities in other regions. In the atmosphere, the SSA BC-induced radiative forcing (RF) over the study region was positive. While at the near surface, the RF exhibited a significant seasonal variation, with the larger RF values occurring in winter and spring. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of controlling BC emissions from SSA to protect the Tibetan Plateau against pollution-related glacier and snow cover melting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yuling Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Tao Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yajun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shijin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Yulong Snow Mountain National Field Observation and Research Station for Cryosphere and Sustainable Development, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Mukesh Rai
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Key Laboratory of Shale Gas and Geoengineering, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lekhendra Tripathee
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chaoliu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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2
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Saharan US, Kumar R, Singh S, Mandal TK, Sateesh M, Verma S, Srivastava A. Hotspot driven air pollution during crop residue burning season in the Indo-Gangetic Plain, India. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 350:124013. [PMID: 38670421 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Intensive crop residue burning (CRB) in northern India triggers severe air pollution episodes over the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) each year during October and November. We have quantified the contribution of hotspot districts (HSDs) and total CRB to poor air quality over the IGP. Initially, we investigated the spatiotemporal distribution of CRB fire within the domain and pinpointed five HSD in each Punjab and Haryana. Furthermore, we have simulated air quality and quantified the impact of CRB using the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem), incorporating recent anthropogenic emissions (EDGAR v5) and biomass burning emissions (FINN v2.4) inventories, along with MOZART-MOSAIC chemistry. The key finding is that HSDs contributed ∼80% and ∼50% of the total fire counts in Haryana and Punjab, respectively. The model effectively captured observed PM₂.₅ concentrations, with a normalized mean bias (NMB) below 0.2 and R-squared (R2) exceeding 0.65 at the majority of validation sites. However, some discrepancies were observed at a few sites in Delhi, Punjab, Haryana, and West Bengal. The National Capital Region experienced the highest PM₂.₅ concentrations, followed by Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and West Bengal. Moreover, HSDs were responsible for about 70% of the total increase in CRB-induced PM₂.₅ in the western, central, and eastern cities, and around 50% in the northern cities. By eliminating CRB emissions across the domain, we could potentially save approximately 18,000 lives annually. Policymakers, scientists, and institutions can leverage the framework to address air pollution at national and global scales by targeting source-specific hotspots. This approach, coupled with appropriate technological and financial solutions, can contribute to achieving climate change and sustainable development goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ummed Singh Saharan
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Tuhin Kumar Mandal
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - M Sateesh
- Climate Change Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shubha Verma
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302, India
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Chen D, Gu X, Guo H, Cheng T, Yang J, Zhan Y, Fu Q. Spatiotemporally continuous PM 2.5 dataset in the Mekong River Basin from 2015 to 2022 using a stacking model. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:169801. [PMID: 38184264 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
With the potential to cause millions of deaths, PM2.5 pollution has become a global concern. In Southeast Asia, the Mekong River Basin (MRB) is experiencing heavy PM2.5 pollution and the existing PM2.5 studies in the MRB are limited in terms of accuracy and spatiotemporal coverage. To achieve high-accuracy and long-term PM2.5 monitoring of the MRB, fused aerosol optical depth (AOD) data and multi-source auxiliary data are fed into a stacking model to estimate PM2.5 concentrations. The proposed stacking model takes advantage of convolutional neural network (CNN) and Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM) models and can well represent the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of the PM2.5-AOD relationship. In the cross-validation (CV), comparison with CNN and LightGBM models shows that the stacking model can better suppress overfitting, with a higher coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.92, a lower root mean square error (RMSE) of 5.58 μg/m3, and a lower mean absolute error (MAE) of 3.44 μg/m3. For the first time, the high-accuracy PM2.5 dataset reveals spatially and temporally continuous PM2.5 pollution and variations in the MRB from 2015 to 2022. Moreover, the spatiotemporal variations of annual and monthly PM2.5 pollution are also investigated at the regional and national scales. The dataset will contribute to the analysis of the causes of PM2.5 pollution and the development of mitigation policies in the MRB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debao Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Satellite Remote Sensing Applications, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xingfa Gu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Satellite Remote Sensing Applications, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, North China Institute of Aerospace Engineering, Langfang, China
| | - Hong Guo
- National Engineering Laboratory for Satellite Remote Sensing Applications, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Tianhai Cheng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Satellite Remote Sensing Applications, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Satellite Remote Sensing Applications, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yulin Zhan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Satellite Remote Sensing Applications, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiming Fu
- School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, North China Institute of Aerospace Engineering, Langfang, China
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4
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Huang X, Ding K, Liu J, Wang Z, Tang R, Xue L, Wang H, Zhang Q, Tan ZM, Fu C, Davis SJ, Andreae MO, Ding A. Smoke-weather interaction affects extreme wildfires in diverse coastal regions. Science 2023; 379:457-461. [PMID: 36730415 DOI: 10.1126/science.add9843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Extreme wildfires threaten human lives, air quality, and ecosystems. Meteorology plays a vital role in wildfire behaviors, and the links between wildfires and climate have been widely studied. However, it is not fully clear how fire-weather feedback affects short-term wildfire variability, which undermines our ability to mitigate fire disasters. Here, we show the primacy of synoptic-scale feedback in driving extreme fires in Mediterranean and monsoon climate regimes in the West Coast of the United States and Southeastern Asia. We found that radiative effects of smoke aerosols can modify near-surface wind, air dryness, and rainfall and thus worsen air pollution by enhancing fire emissions and weakening dispersion. The intricate interactions among wildfires, smoke, and weather form a positive feedback loop that substantially increases air pollution exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.,Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ke Ding
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.,Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jingyi Liu
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zilin Wang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Rong Tang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lian Xue
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Haikun Wang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.,Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhe-Min Tan
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Congbin Fu
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Steven J Davis
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Meinrat O Andreae
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany.,Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Department of Geology and Geophysics, King Saud University, Riyadh 145111, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aijun Ding
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.,Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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5
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Source Identification of PM2.5 during a Smoke Haze Period in Chiang Mai, Thailand, Using Stable Carbon and Nitrogen Isotopes. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13071149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Open biomass burning (BB) has contributed severely to the ambient levels of particulate matter of less than 2.5 μm diameter (PM2.5) in upper northern Thailand over the last decade. Some methods have been reported to identify the sources of burning using chemical compositions, i.e., ions, metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, etc. However, recent advances in nuclear techniques have been limited in use due to their specific instrumentation. The aims of this study were to investigate the sources of ambient PM2.5 in Chiang Mai city using stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen isotopes (δ15N). The mean concentrations of total carbon (TC) and total nitrogen (TN) in PM2.5 were 12.2 ± 5.42 and 1.91 ± 1.07 μg/m3, respectively, whereas δ13C and δ15N PM2.5 were −26.1 ± 0.77‰ and 10.3 ± 2.86‰, respectively. This isotopic analysis confirmed that biomass burning was the source of PM2.5 and that C3 and C4 plants contributed about 74% and 26%, respectively. These study results confirm that the stable isotope is an important tool in identifying the sources of aerosols.
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Xu Y, Huang Z, Ou J, Jia G, Wu L, Liu H, Lu M, Fan M, Wei J, Chen L, Zheng J. Near-real-time estimation of hourly open biomass burning emissions in China using multiple satellite retrievals. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 817:152777. [PMID: 34990659 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Open biomass burning (OBB) is an important source of air pollutants and greenhouse gases, but its dynamic emission estimation remains challenging. Existing OBB emission datasets normally provide daily estimates based upon Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) retrievals but tend to underestimate the emissions due to the coarse spatial resolution and sparse observation frequency. In this study, we proposed a novel approach to improve OBB emission estimations by fusing multiple active fires detected by MODIS, Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer onboard the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (VIIRS S-NPP) and Himawari-8. The fusion of multiple active fires can capture the missing small fires and the large fires take place during the non-overpass time of MODIS observations. Also, regional-based fire radiative power (FRP) cycle reconstruction models and OBB emission coefficients were developed to address the large spatial discrepancies of OBB emission estimations across China and to promote the estimate to an hourly resolution. Using the new approach, hourly gridded OBB emissions in China were developed and can be updated with a lag of 1-day, or even near-real-time when real-time multiple active fires are available. OBB emissions in China based on this approach were more than 3 times of those in previous datasets. Evaluations revealed that the spatial distribution of the estimated PM2.5 emissions from this study was more consistent with the ambient PM2.5 concentrations during several episodes than existing datasets. The hourly OBB emissions provide new insight into its spatiotemporal variations, enhance timely and reliable air quality modeling and forecast, and support the formulation of accurate prevention and control policies of OBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanqian Xu
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhijiong Huang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Jiamin Ou
- Department of Sociology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 14, 3584, CH, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Guanglin Jia
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lili Wu
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Huilin Liu
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Menghua Lu
- College of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Meng Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jing Wei
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Iowa Technology Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Liangfu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Junyu Zheng
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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7
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Bhujbal SK, Ghosh P, Vijay VK, Rathour R, Kumar M, Singh L, Kapley A. Biotechnological potential of rumen microbiota for sustainable bioconversion of lignocellulosic waste to biofuels and value-added products. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 814:152773. [PMID: 34979222 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass is an abundant resource with untapped potential for biofuel, enzymes, and chemical production. Its complex recalcitrant structure obstructs its bioconversion into biofuels and other value-added products. For improving its bioconversion efficiency, it is important to deconstruct its complex structure. In natural systems like rumen, diverse microbial communities carry out hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis of lignocellulosic biomass through physical penetration, synergistic and enzymatic actions enhancing lignocellulose degradation activity. This review article aims to discuss comprehensively the rumen microbial ecosystem, their interactions, enzyme production, and applications for efficient bioconversion of lignocellulosic waste to biofuels. Furthermore, meta 'omics' approaches to elucidate the structure and functions of rumen microorganisms, fermentation mechanisms, microbe-microbe interactions, and host-microbe interactions have been discussed thoroughly. Additionally, feed additives' role in improving ruminal fermentation efficiency and reducing environmental nitrogen losses has been discussed. Finally, the current status of rumen microbiota applications and future perspectives for the development of rumen mimic bioreactors for efficient bioconversion of lignocellulosic wastes to biofuels and chemicals have been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Krushna Bhujbal
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Pooja Ghosh
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India.
| | - Virendra Kumar Vijay
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Rashmi Rathour
- CSIR-National Environmental and Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nagpur 440020, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- CSIR-National Environmental and Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nagpur 440020, India
| | - Lal Singh
- CSIR-National Environmental and Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nagpur 440020, India
| | - Atya Kapley
- CSIR-National Environmental and Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nagpur 440020, India
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Wang J, Zhao S, Jiang H, Geng X, Li J, Mao S, Ma S, Bualert S, Zhong G, Zhang G. Oxidative potential of solvent-extractable organic matter of ambient total suspended particulate in Bangkok, Thailand. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:400-413. [PMID: 35137735 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00414j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a key mechanism by which ambient particulate matter induces adverse health effects. Most studies have focused on the oxidative potential (OP) of water-soluble constituents, while there has been limited work on the OP of solvent-extractable organic matter (EOM OP). In this study, the EOM OP of ambient total suspended particulate (TSP) from Bangkok, Thailand, was determined using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay. Positive matrix factorization (PMF), combined with chemical analysis of molecular markers, was employed to apportion the contributions of various emission sources to EOM OP. The volume-normalized OP initially increased with organic carbon (OC) concentration and plateaued gradually, while the mass-normalized OP fitted well with OC concentration using a power function. Fossil fuel combustion (62%) and plastic waste burning (23%) were the major contributors to EOM OP, while biomass burning demonstrated only a limited contribution. EOM OP correlated well with each group of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), suggesting that secondary formation of quinones associated with fossil fuel combustion and plastic waste burning could be an important pathway of TSP toxicity. This study underscores the importance of considering different emission sources when evaluating potential health impacts and the implementation of air pollution regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
- School of Electrical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shizhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Haoyu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Xiaofei Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Shuduan Mao
- Interdisciplinary Research Academy, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Shexia Ma
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Surat Bualert
- Faculty of Environment, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Guangcai Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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9
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Uttajug A, Ueda K, Seposo XT, Honda A, Takano H. Effect of a vegetation fire event ban on hospital visits for respiratory diseases in Upper Northern Thailand. Int J Epidemiol 2022; 51:514-524. [PMID: 35134940 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyac005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Upper Northern Thailand (UNT) has been episodically affected by air pollution from vegetation burning, which causes adverse respiratory health effects. However, no study has evaluated the effect of regulatory actions to prohibit vegetation burning on respiratory morbidity. We examined the effect of a burning ban enforced in May 2016 on hospital visits for respiratory diseases in UNT. METHODS This study used data from eight provinces in UNT. Analyses were conducted for January to April of 2014-2016 (before ban enforcement) and January to April of 2017-2018 (after ban enforcement). Particulate matter of 10 microns in diameter or smaller (PM10) concentrations, numbers of satellite fire hotspots and age-standardized rates of hospital visits for respiratory diseases before and after ban enforcement were compared. The effect of the ban on hospital visits for respiratory diseases was evaluated using an interrupted time-series analysis controlled for season-specific temporal trends, day of week, public holiday, temperature, relative humidity, number of hospitals and offset population, with gastrointestinal diseases as a negative control. A meta-analysis was performed to pool province-specific effect estimates. RESULTS The daily average PM10 concentration and the number of fire hotspots decreased after ban enforcement in all provinces in UNT, with percent changes ranging from 5.3 to 34.3% and 14.3 to 81.5%, respectively. The adjusted pooled effect estimates of hospital visits for respiratory diseases decreased by 9.1% (95% CI: 5.1, 12.9), whereas a null association was observed for gastrointestinal diseases. CONCLUSION The burning ban had a positive impact on both air pollution levels and rates of hospital visits for respiratory diseases in UNT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athicha Uttajug
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Hygiene, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kayo Ueda
- Department of Hygiene, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Xerxes Tesoro Seposo
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Akiko Honda
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Takano
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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10
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Shi Y, Tian P, Jin Z, Hu Y, Zhang Y, Li F. Stable nitrogen isotope composition of NO x of biomass burning in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 803:149857. [PMID: 34496345 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the local characteristics of stable nitrogen isotopes in nitrogen oxides (δ15N-NOx) emitted from biomass burning, the lack of data on δ15N-NOx values associated with biomass burning in China limits the use of this parameter in identifying and quantifying the sources of atmospheric nitrate (NO3-) and NOx. The results showed that the δ15N-NOx values of open burning and rural cooking stoves in China ranged from -3.7‰ to 3.1‰ and -11.9‰ to 1.5‰, respectively. The δ15N values of nine biomass fuel sources (δ15N-biomass) ranged from 0.1‰ to 4.1‰. Significant linear relationships between the δ15N-biomass values and δ15N-NOx values of open burning (δ15N-NOx = 1.1δ15N-biomass - 2.7; r2 = 0.63; p < 0.05) and rural cooking stoves (δ15N-NOx = 1.7δ15N-biomass - 9.8; r2 = 0.72; p < 0.01) suggested that the variations in δ15N-NOx values from biomass burning were mainly controlled by the biomass fuel source. The isotopic fractionation of nitrogen during the biomass burning process might have led to the higher δ15N-NOx values from open burning in comparison to rural cooking stoves. By combining the δ15N-NOx values of biomass burning with biomass burning emission inventory data, a model for calculating the δ15N-NOx values of biomass burning in different regions of China was established, and the estimated δ15N-NOx value of biomass burning at the national scale was -0.8 ± 1.2‰. But the limited δ15N-biomass values increase the uncertainty of model in national scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasheng Shi
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Ping Tian
- Zhejiang Zone-King Environmental Sci & Tech Co., Ltd, Hanghzou 310004, China
| | - Zanfang Jin
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
| | - Yuming Hu
- Zhejiang Zone-King Environmental Sci & Tech Co., Ltd, Hanghzou 310004, China
| | - Yongqi Zhang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Feili Li
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
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11
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Liu Y, Zhang J, Zhuang M. Bottom-up re-estimations of greenhouse gas and atmospheric pollutants derived from straw burning of three cereal crops production in China based on a national questionnaire. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:65410-65415. [PMID: 34322793 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15658-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Crop straw open burning is considered as an important source of greenhouse gas and atmospheric pollutants emissions, which affects global climate change and regional air quality. However, due to the limitation of data availability, the current emission estimation of greenhouse gas and atmospheric pollutants from crop straw open burning remains uncertain based on the bottom-up method. Therefore, we re-estimate the greenhouse gas and atmospheric pollutants from crop straw open burning at the county level based on a national questionnaire and the up-to-data emission factors. Results showed that emissions of CO2, CH4, N2O, PM10, PM2.5, NMVOC, NH3, NOx, SO2, CO, BC, and OC from open straw burning are 69250.8 Gg, 242.9 Gg, 4.2 Gg, 771.0 Gg, 539.7 Gg, 498.2 Gg, 34.7 Gg, 200.4 Gg, 24.8 Gg, 3426.5 Gg, 63.0 Gg, and 278.5 Gg, respectively, which were lower than those of previous studies. Maize was the largest contribution, followed by wheat, rice. Hotspots for greenhouse gas and atmospheric pollutants from straw burning are mainly distributed in the 54 counties of northeast China, accounting for 20% of total emissions on average. However, the high emission of maize, wheat, and rice are mainly located at the counties of north China, northeast China, and middle-lower Yangtze River region, respectively. This study not only provides the targeted counties that need decrease further the straw open burning, but also improves the precision of emission estimation that benefits air quality modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yize Liu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences; National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions of MOE, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan west road, Haidian District, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Academy of Macroeconomic Research, NDRC, Beijing, 100038, China
- Institute of Spatial Planning and Regional Economy (ISPRE), NDRC, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Minghao Zhuang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences; National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions of MOE, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan west road, Haidian District, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China.
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12
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Gui K, Che H, Zheng Y, Wang Y, Zhang L, Zhao H, Li L, Zhong J, Yao W, Zhang X. Seasonal variability and trends in global type-segregated aerosol optical depth as revealed by MISR satellite observations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 787:147543. [PMID: 34000526 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This study utilized a long-term (2001-2018) aerosol optical component dataset retrieved from the Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR), Version 23, to perform comprehensive analyses of the global climatology of seasonal AODs, partitioned by aerosol types (including small-size, medium-size, large-size, spherical, and non-spherical). By dividing eight different AOD bins and performing trend analysis, the seasonal variability and trends in these type-segregated AODs, as well as in the frequency occurrences (FOs) for different AOD bins, globally and over 12 regions of interest, were also investigated. In terms of particle size, small-size aerosol particles (diameter < 0.7 μm) contribute the largest to global extinction in all three seasons except winter. A similar globally dominant role is exhibited by spherical aerosols, which contribute 68.5%, 73.3%, 71.6% and 70.2% to the global total AOD (TAOD) in spring, summer, autumn and winter, respectively, on a global average scale. FOs with different aerosol loading levels suggested that the seasonal FOs tend to decrease progressively with increasing aerosol loading, except for Level 1 (TAOD< 0.05). Examination of the seasonal distribution of FOs revealed that the FO at Level 1 (Level 2, 0.05 < TAOD< 0.15) is much larger in summer/winter (winter/autumn) than in spring/autumn (spring/summer) over most areas of the world. However, the FOs for Level 3 (0.15 < TAOD< 0.25) to Level 8 (TAOD> 1.0) generally exhibit greater intensity in spring/summer than in autumn/winter. Temporal trend analyses showed that the seasonal TAOD experiences a significant decline during 2001-2018 in most regions globally, except in South Asia, the Middle East, and North Africa. Opposite seasonal trends in the above regions are closely related to the increase in FOs in the range of 0.4 < TAOD< 1.0. The global average TAOD shows the most pronounced decline in spring, falling by -10.4% (P < 0.05). Examination of the trends in type-segregated AODs further revealed that the decreases in size-segregated (shape-segregated) AODs all contribute to the decrease in seasonal TAOD, with small-size AOD (spherical AOD) contributing most significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Huizheng Che
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Yu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yaqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Hujia Zhao
- Institute of Atmospheric Environment, China Meteorological Administration, Shenyang 110166, China
| | - Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Junting Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Wenrui Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaoye Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
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13
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Reddington CL, Conibear L, Robinson S, Knote C, Arnold SR, Spracklen DV. Air Pollution From Forest and Vegetation Fires in Southeast Asia Disproportionately Impacts the Poor. GEOHEALTH 2021; 5:e2021GH000418. [PMID: 34485798 PMCID: PMC8411873 DOI: 10.1029/2021gh000418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Forest and vegetation fires, used as tools for agriculture and deforestation, are a major source of air pollutants and can cause serious air quality issues in many parts of Asia. Actions to reduce fire may offer considerable, yet largely unrecognized, options for rapid improvements in air quality. In this study, we used a combination of regional and global air quality models and observations to examine the impact of forest and vegetation fires on air quality degradation and public health in Southeast Asia (including Mainland Southeast Asia and south-eastern China). We found that eliminating fire could substantially improve regional air quality across Southeast Asia by reducing the population exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations by 7% and surface ozone concentrations by 5%. These reductions in PM2.5 exposures would yield a considerable public health benefit across the region; averting 59,000 (95% uncertainty interval (95UI): 55,200-62,900) premature deaths annually. Analysis of subnational infant mortality rate data and PM2.5 exposure suggested that PM2.5 from fires disproportionately impacts poorer populations across Southeast Asia. We identified two key regions in northern Laos and western Myanmar where particularly high levels of poverty coincide with exposure to relatively high levels of PM2.5 from fires. Our results show that reducing forest and vegetation fires should be a public health priority for the Southeast Asia region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly L. Reddington
- School of Earth and EnvironmentInstitute for Climate and Atmospheric ScienceUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Luke Conibear
- School of Earth and EnvironmentInstitute for Climate and Atmospheric ScienceUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Suzanne Robinson
- School of Earth and EnvironmentInstitute for Climate and Atmospheric ScienceUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Christoph Knote
- Model‐Based Environmental Exposure ScienceFaculty of MedicineUniversity of AugsburgAugsburgGermany
| | - Stephen R. Arnold
- School of Earth and EnvironmentInstitute for Climate and Atmospheric ScienceUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Dominick V. Spracklen
- School of Earth and EnvironmentInstitute for Climate and Atmospheric ScienceUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
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14
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Mo Z, Huang J, Chen Z, Zhou B, Zhu K, Liu H, Mu Y, Zhang D, Wang S. Cause analysis of PM 2.5 pollution during the COVID-19 lockdown in Nanning, China. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11119. [PMID: 34045575 PMCID: PMC8160135 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90617-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
To analyse the cause of the atmospheric PM2.5 pollution that occurred during the COVID-19 lockdown in Nanning, Guangxi, China, a single particulate aerosol mass spectrometer, aethalometer, and particulate Lidar coupled with monitoring near-surface gaseous pollutants, meteorological conditions, remote fire spot sensing by satellite and backward trajectory models were utilized during 18–24 February 2020. Three haze stages were identified: the pre-pollution period (PPP), pollution accumulation period (PAP) and pollution dissipation period (PDP). The dominant source of PM2.5 in the PPP was biomass burning (BB) (40.4%), followed by secondary inorganic sources (28.1%) and motor vehicle exhaust (11.7%). The PAP was characterized by a large abundance of secondary inorganic sources, which contributed 56.1% of the total PM2.5 concentration, followed by BB (17.4%). The absorption Ångström exponent (2.2) in the PPP was higher than that in the other two periods. Analysis of fire spots monitored by remote satellite sensing indicated that open BB in regions around Nanning City could be one of the main factors. A planetary boundary layer-relative humidity-secondary particle matter-particulate matter positive feedback mechanism was employed to elucidate the atmospheric processes in this study. This study highlights the importance of understanding the role of BB, secondary inorganic sources and meteorology in air pollution formation and calls for policies for emission control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyu Mo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, No. 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, China.,Atmospheric Environment Research Center, Scientific Research Academy of Guangxi Environmental Protection, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Jiongli Huang
- Atmospheric Environment Research Center, Scientific Research Academy of Guangxi Environmental Protection, Nanning, 530021, China.,Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Zhiming Chen
- Atmospheric Environment Research Center, Scientific Research Academy of Guangxi Environmental Protection, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, No. 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Kaixian Zhu
- Atmospheric Environment Research Center, Scientific Research Academy of Guangxi Environmental Protection, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Huilin Liu
- Atmospheric Environment Research Center, Scientific Research Academy of Guangxi Environmental Protection, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Yijun Mu
- Atmospheric Environment Research Center, Scientific Research Academy of Guangxi Environmental Protection, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Dabiao Zhang
- Atmospheric Environment Research Center, Scientific Research Academy of Guangxi Environmental Protection, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, No. 220 Handan Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
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15
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Jiang W, Misovich MV, Hettiyadura APS, Laskin A, McFall AS, Anastasio C, Zhang Q. Photosensitized Reactions of a Phenolic Carbonyl from Wood Combustion in the Aqueous Phase-Chemical Evolution and Light Absorption Properties of AqSOA. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:5199-5211. [PMID: 33733745 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Guaiacyl acetone (GA) is a phenolic carbonyl emitted in significant quantities by wood combustion that undergoes rapid aqueous-phase oxidation to produce aqueous secondary organic aerosol (aqSOA). We investigate the photosensitized oxidation of GA by an organic triplet excited state (3C*) and the formation and aging of the resulting aqSOA in wood smoke-influenced fog/cloud water. The chemical transformations of the aqSOA were characterized in situ using a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer. Additionally, aqSOA samples collected over different time periods were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a photodiode array detector and a high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometer (HPLC-PDA-HRMS) to provide details on the molecular composition and optical properties of brown carbon (BrC) chromophores. Our results show efficient formation of aqSOA from GA, with an average mass yield around 80%. The composition and BrC properties of the aqSOA changed significantly over the course of reaction. Three generations of aqSOA products were identified via positive matrix factorization analysis of the aerosol mass spectrometry data. Oligomerization and functionalization dominated the production of the first-generation aqSOA, whereas fragmentation and ring-opening reactions controlled the formation of more oxidized second- and third-generation products. Significant formation of BrC was observed in the early stages of the photoreaction, while organic acids were produced throughout the experiment. High-molecular weight molecules (m/z > 180) with high aromaticity were identified via HPLC-PDA-HRMS and were found to account for a majority of the UV-vis absorption of the aqSOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Jiang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California 95616-5270, United States
- Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California 95616-5270, United States
| | - Maria V Misovich
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2050, United States
| | - Anusha P S Hettiyadura
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2050, United States
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2050, United States
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2050, United States
| | - Alexander S McFall
- Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California 95616-5270, United States
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, California 95616-5270, United States
| | - Cort Anastasio
- Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California 95616-5270, United States
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, California 95616-5270, United States
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California 95616-5270, United States
- Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California 95616-5270, United States
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16
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Adam MG, Tran PTM, Bolan N, Balasubramanian R. Biomass burning-derived airborne particulate matter in Southeast Asia: A critical review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 407:124760. [PMID: 33341572 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Smoke haze episodes, resulting from uncontrolled biomass burning (BB) including forest and peat fires, continue to occur in Southeast Asia (SEA), affecting air quality, atmospheric visibility, climate, ecosystems, hydrologic cycle and human health. The pollutant of major concern in smoke haze is airborne particulate matter (PM). A number of fundamental laboratory, field and modeling studies have been conducted in SEA from 2010 to 2020 to investigate potential environmental and health impacts of BB-induced PM. The goal of this review is to bring together the most recent developments in our understanding of various aspects of BB-derived PM based on 127 research articles published from 2010 to 2020, which have not been conveyed in previous reviews. Specifically, this paper discusses the physical, chemical, toxicological and radiative properties of BB-derived PM. It also provides insights into the environmental and health impacts of BB-derived PM, summarizes the approaches taken to do the source apportionment of PM during BB events and discusses the mitigation of exposure to BB-derived PM. Suggestions for future research priorities are outlined. Policies needed to prevent future BB events in the SEA region are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max G Adam
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Phuong T M Tran
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore; Faculty of Environment, University of Science and Technology, The University of Danang, 54 Nguyen Luong Bang Street, Lien Chieu District, Danang City, Viet Nam
| | - Nanthi Bolan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Rajasekhar Balasubramanian
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
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17
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Spatial-Temporal Variability of Small Gas Impurities over Lake Baikal during the Forest Fires in the Summer of 2019. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lake Baikal—a unique ecosystem on a global scale—is undoubtedly of great interest for a comprehensive study of its ecosystem. In recent years, one of the most significant sources of atmospheric pollution in the Baikal region was the emission of smoke aerosol and trace gases from forest fires, the number of which is increasing in the region. The transport and accumulation of aerosol and small gas impurities over water area of Lake Baikal is observed every summer due to forest fires occurring in the boreal forests of Siberia. The atmosphere above the lake covers a huge area (31,500 km2) and is still a little-studied object. This article presents the results of experimental studies of ground-level ozone, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere over Lake Baikal, carried out on a research vessel during the boreal forest fires in Siberia in the summer of 2019.
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18
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Source Apportionment of PM2.5 in Guangzhou Based on an Approach of Combining Positive Matrix Factorization with the Bayesian Mixing Model and Radiocarbon. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11050512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
To accurately apportion the sources of aerosols, a combined method of positive matrix factorization (PMF) and the Bayesian mixing model was applied in this study. The PMF model was conducted to identify the sources of PM2.5 in Guangzhou. The secondary inorganic aerosol source was one of the seven main sources in Guangzhou. Based on stable isotopes of oxygen and nitrogen (δ15N-NO3− and δ18O-NO3−), the Bayesian mixing model was performed to apportion the source of NO3− to coal combustion, traffic emission and biogenic source. Then the secondary aerosol source was subdivided into three sources according to the discrepancy in source apportionment of NO3− between PMF and Bayesian mixing model results. After secondary aerosol assignment, the six main sources of PM2.5 were traffic emission (30.6%), biomass burning (23.1%), coal combustion (17.7%), ship emission (14.0%), biomass boiler (9.9%) and industrial emission (4.7%). To assess the source apportionment results, fossil/non-fossil source contributions to organic carbon (OC) and element carbon (EC) inferred from 14C measurements were compared with the corresponding results in the PMF model. The results showed that source distributions of EC matched well between those two methods, indicating that the PMF model captured the primary sources well. Probably because of the lack of organic molecular markers to identify the biogenic source of OC, the non-fossil source contribution to OC in PMF results was obviously lower than 14C results. Thus, an indicative organic molecular tracer should be used to identify the biogenic source when accurately apportioning the sources of aerosols, especially in the region with high plant coverage or intense biomass burning.
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19
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Francos M, Úbeda X, Pereira P. Impact of bonfires on soil properties in an urban park in Vilnius (Lithuania). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 181:108895. [PMID: 31740035 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lighting bonfires in urban parks is a widespread practice. However, few studies have examined their impact on soil properties. The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of bonfires on the soil properties of an urban park in Vilnius, Lithuania. The properties studied were soil water repellency (SWR), aggregate stability (AS), soil organic matter (SOM) content, total nitrogen (TN), inorganic carbon (IC), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), extractable calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), potassium (K), aluminum (Al), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), boron (B), chromium (Cr), available phosphorus (P), silicon (Si) and sulfur (S). Soil ratios calculated were carbon/nitrogen ratio (C/N), Ca + Mg/(Na + K)1/2 (SPAR), Ca:Al and Ca:Mg. Three areas were studied: Site 1) Pinus sylvestris L. and Quercus robur L.; Site 2) Aesculus glabra Wild.; and Site 3) Pinus sylvestris L. and Acer plantanoides L. At each site, 20 samples were collected (10 within the bonfire area, 10 from a control area). The results showed significantly higher values of SOM, IC, pH, EC, Ca, Mg, Na, K, P, Al, Zn, Cu, Cr, S, C/N ratio, Ca:Al ratio and Ca:Mg ratio in bonfire soils than in control unburned soils. In bonfire soils, significantly lower values were recorded of SWR, AS, TN, SOM, Al, Mn, Fe, Cr, S and SPAR comparing to control soils. Most affected area by the bonfire was Site 1, which presented a marked increase in heavy metal content comparing to the control. The impact of soil heating was evident in AS, IC, pH, extractable Ca, Mg, Na, K, P, Al, Zn, Cu, Cr, S, and in its ratios. Protective measures are needed to limit bonfires and prohibit the burning of hazardous materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Francos
- Departamento de Ciencias Históricas y Geográficas, Universidad de Tarapacá, 18 de Septiembre, 2222, 1010069, Arica, Chile.
| | - Xavier Úbeda
- GRAM (Grup de Recerca Ambiental Mediterrània), Department of Geography, University of Barcelona, Montalegre, 608001, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Paulo Pereira
- Environmental Management Centre, Mykolas Romeris University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
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20
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Nguyen TTN, Pham HV, Lasko K, Bui MT, Laffly D, Jourdan A, Bui HQ. Spatiotemporal analysis of ground and satellite-based aerosol for air quality assessment in the Southeast Asia region. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 255:113106. [PMID: 31541826 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Satellite observations for regional air quality assessment rely on comprehensive spatial coverage, and daily monitoring with reliable, cloud-free data quality. We investigated spatiotemporal variation and data quality of two global satellite Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) products derived from MODIS and VIIRS imagery. AOD is considered an essential atmospheric parameter strongly related to ground Particulate Matter (PM) in Southeast Asia (SEA). We analyze seasonal variation, urban/rural area influence, and biomass burning effects on atmospheric pollution. Validation indicated a strong relationship between AERONET ground AOD and both MODIS AOD (R2 = 0.81) and VIIRS AOD (R2 = 0.68). The monthly variation of satellite AOD and AERONET AOD reflects two seasonal trends of air quality separately for mainland countries including Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Vietnam, and Taiwan, Hong Kong, and for maritime countries consisting of Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei, Singapore, and Timor Leste. The mainland SEA has a pattern of monthly AOD variation in which AODs peak in March/April, decreasing during wet season from May-September, and increasing to the second peak in October. However, in maritime SEA, AOD concentration peaks in October. The three countries with the highest annual satellite AODs are Singapore, Hong Kong, and Vietnam. High urban population proportions in Singapore (40.7%) and Hong Kong (21.6%) were associated with high AOD concentrations as expected. AOD values in SEA urban areas were a factor of 1.4 higher than in rural areas, with respective averages of 0.477 and 0.336. The AOD values varied proportionately to the frequency of biomass burning in which both active fires and AOD peak in March/April and September/October. Peak AOD in September/October in some countries could be related to pollutant transport of Indonesia forest fires. This study analyzed satellite aerosol product quality in relation to AERONET in SEA countries and highlighted framework of air quality assessment over a large, complicated region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh T N Nguyen
- University of Engineering and Technology, Vietnam National University Hanoi, Viet Nam.
| | - Ha V Pham
- University of Engineering and Technology, Vietnam National University Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Kristofer Lasko
- Geospatial Research Laboratory, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Alexandria, VA, USA
| | - Mai T Bui
- University of Engineering and Technology, Vietnam National University Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | | | - Astrid Jourdan
- School International of the Sciences Traitement De L'information (EISTI), Pau, France
| | - Hung Q Bui
- University of Engineering and Technology, Vietnam National University Hanoi, Viet Nam
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21
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Wang L, Xiong Q, Wu G, Gautam A, Jiang J, Liu S, Zhao W, Guan H. Spatio-Temporal Variation Characteristics of PM 2.5 in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region, China, from 2013 to 2018. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16214276. [PMID: 31689921 PMCID: PMC6862089 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16214276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Air pollution, including particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution, is extremely harmful to the environment as well as human health. The Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) Region has experienced heavy PM2.5 pollution within China. In this study, a six-year time series (January 2013–December 2018) of PM2.5 mass concentration data from 102 air quality monitoring stations were studied to understand the spatio-temporal variation characteristics of the BTH region. The average annual PM2.5 mass concentration in the BTH region decreased from 98.9 μg/m3 in 2013 to 64.9 μg/m3 in 2017. Therefore, China has achieved its Air Pollution Prevention and Control Plan goal of reducing the concentration of fine particulate matter in the BTH region by 25% by 2017. The PM2.5 pollution in BTH plain areas showed a more significant change than mountains areas, with the highest PM2.5 mass concentration in winter and the lowest in summer. The results of spatial autocorrelation and cluster analyses showed that the PM2.5 mass concentration in the BTH region from 2013–2018 showed a significant spatial agglomeration, and that spatial distribution characteristics were high in the south and low in the north. Changes in PM2.5 mass concentration in the BTH region were affected by both socio-economic factors and meteorological factors. Our results can provide a point of reference for making PM2.5 pollution control decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Wang
- College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Qiulin Xiong
- Faculty of Geomatics, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China.
| | - Gaofeng Wu
- College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Atul Gautam
- College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Jianfang Jiang
- College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Shuang Liu
- College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Wenji Zhao
- College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Hongliang Guan
- College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.
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22
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Jiang H, Zhong G, Wang J, Jiang H, Tian C, Li J, Zhao S, Yu Z, Morawska L, Zhang G. Using Polyurethane Foam-Based Passive Air Sampling Technique to Monitor Monosaccharides at a Regional Scale. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:12546-12555. [PMID: 30244568 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Monosaccharides are important tracers of pollution aerosol from biomass burning. Air sampling of monosaccharides is often conducted using active samplers. However, applicability of sampling monosaccharides using polyurethane foam passive air samplers (PUF-PASs) has not been investigated, since passive air samplers are often applied to monitor semivolatile organic contaminants in large scale and remote area. Our study successfully collected atmospheric monosaccharides using PUF-PASs, providing a valuable tool for monosaccharides sampling. PUF-PAS sampling rates for individual monosaccharides were calibrated using an active sampler for 92 days, and were 1.1, 1.5, and 1.1 m3/d for levoglucosan, mannosan, and galactosan, respectively. Degradation of monosaccharides in PUF-PAS was demonstrated to be negligible by spike test of 13C-labeled levoglucosan. Furthermore, passive sampling was carried out at 11 sites in the Pearl River Delta of Southern China from January to April and July to September of 2015. Monosaccharide concentrations derived from PUF-PASs were comparable with the reported data obtained by active sampling, demonstrating that the PUF-PAS approach is valid for monosaccharides monitoring. On the basis of our approach, we found that there is a clear correlation between the monosaccharide concentrations and the MODIS fire activities during January-April.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry , Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Guangcai Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry , Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry , Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Hongxing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry , Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Chongguo Tian
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation , Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Yantai 264003 , P. R. China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry , Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
| | - Shizhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry , Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry , Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
| | - Lidia Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Institute of Future Environments , Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane , Queensland 4001 , Australia
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry , Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
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23
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Xing X, Zhou Y, Lang J, Chen D, Cheng S, Han L, Huang D, Zhang Y. Spatiotemporal variation of domestic biomass burning emissions in rural China based on a new estimation of fuel consumption. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 626:274-286. [PMID: 29353777 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Domestic biomass burning (DBB) influences both indoor and outdoor air quality due to the multiple pollutants released during incomplete and inefficient combustion. The emissions are not well quantified because of insufficient information, which were the key parameters related to fuel consumption estimation, such as province- and year-specific percentage of domestic straw burning (Pstraw) and firewood consumption (Fc). In this study, we established the quantitative relationship between rural-related socioeconomic parameters (e.g., rural per-capita income and rural Engel's coefficient) and Pstraw/Fc. DBB emissions, including 12 crop straw types and firewood for 12 kinds of pollutants in China during the period 1995-2014, were estimated based on fuel-specific emission factors and detailed fuel consumption data. The results revealed that the national emissions generally increased initially and then decreased with the turning point around 2007-2008. Firewood burning was the major source of the NH3 and BC emissions; straw burning contributed more to SO2, NMVOC, CO, OC, and CH4 emissions; while the major contributor changed from firewood to domestic straw burning for NOx, PM10, PM2.5, CO2, and Hg emissions. The emission trends varied among the 31 provinces. The major agricultural regions of north-eastern, central, and south-western China were always characterized by high emissions. The spatial variation mainly occurred in the northeast and north China (increase), and central-south and coastal regions of China (decrease).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Xing
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; College of Environmental & Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; College of Environmental & Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Jianlei Lang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; College of Environmental & Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Dongsheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; College of Environmental & Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Shuiyuan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; College of Environmental & Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Lihui Han
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; College of Environmental & Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Dawei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; College of Environmental & Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yanyun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; College of Environmental & Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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24
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Lasko K, Vadrevu K. Improved rice residue burning emissions estimates: Accounting for practice-specific emission factors in air pollution assessments of Vietnam. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 236:795-806. [PMID: 29459334 PMCID: PMC6108186 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In Southeast Asia and Vietnam, rice residues are routinely burned after the harvest to prepare fields for the next season. Specific to Vietnam, the two prevalent burning practices include: a). piling the residues after hand harvesting; b). burning the residues without piling, after machine harvesting. In this study, we synthesized field and laboratory studies from the literature on rice residue burning emission factors for PM2.5. We found significant differences in the resulting burning-practice specific emission factors, with 16.9 g kg-2(±6.9) for pile burning and 8.8 g kg-2(±3.5) for non-pile burning. We calculated burning-practice specific emissions based on rice area data, region-specific fuel-loading factors, combined emission factors, and estimates of burning from the literature. Our results for year 2015 estimate 180 Gg of PM2.5 result from the pile burning method and 130 Gg result from non-pile burning method, with the most-likely current emission scenario of 150 Gg PM2.5 emissions for Vietnam. For comparison purposes, we calculated emissions using generalized agricultural emission factors employed in global biomass burning studies. These results estimate 80 Gg PM2.5, which is only 44% of the pile burning-based estimates, suggesting underestimation in previous studies. We compare our emissions to an existing all-combustion sources inventory, results show emissions account for 14-18% of Vietnam's total PM2.5 depending on burning practice. Within the highly-urbanized and cloud-covered Hanoi Capital region (HCR), we use rice area from Sentinel-1A to derive spatially-explicit emissions and indirectly estimate residue burning dates. Results from HYSPLIT back-trajectory analysis stratified by season show autumn has most emission trajectories originating in the North, while spring has most originating in the South, suggesting the latter may have bigger impact on air quality. From these results, we highlight locations where emission mitigation efforts could be focused and suggest measures for pollutant mitigation. Our study demonstrates the need to account for emissions variation due to different burning practices.
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25
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Yadav IC, Devi NL, Li J, Zhang G. Altitudinal and spatial variations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Nepal: Implications on source apportionment and risk assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 198:386-396. [PMID: 29421754 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although several global/regional studies have detailed the high level of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban areas worldwide, unfortunately, Nepal has never been part of any global/regional regular monitoring plan. Despite few sporadic studies exist, the systematic monitoring and integrated concentration of PAHs in urban region of Nepal are lacking. In this study, the concentrations, sources, and health risk assessment of 16 PAHs in air (n = 34) were investigated in suspected source areas/more densely populated regions of Nepal. Four potential source areas in Nepal were focused as it was conjectured that urban centers in plain areas (Birgunj and Biratnagar) would possibly be more influenced by PAHs as a result of intense biomass/crop residue burning than those in hilly areas (Kathmandu and Pokhara). The overall concentrations of ∑16PAHs ranged from 4.3 to 131 ng/m3 (median 33.3 ng/m3). ∑16PAH concentrations in plain areas were two folds higher than those in hilly areas. PHE was the most abundant followed by FLUA, PYR, and NAP, which accounted for 36%, 15%, 12%, and 9% of ∑16PAHs, respectively. Principal component analysis confirmed that PAHs in highly urbanized areas (Kathmandu and Pokhara) were related to diesel exhausts and coal combustion, while PAHs in less urbanized regions (Birgunj and Biratnagar) originated from biomass and domestic wood combustions. Furthermore, in the urban areas of Nepal, vehicular emission could also influence atmospheric PAHs. The lifetime cancer risk per million populations due to PAH exposures was estimated to be higher for plain areas than that for hilly areas, suggesting a relatively greater risk of cancer in people living in plain areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishwar Chandra Yadav
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; Department of International Environmental and Agricultural Science (IEAS), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT) 3-5-8, Saiwai-Cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 1838509, Japan.
| | | | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
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