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Chokwe TB, Krȕger E, Magubane MN, Abafe OA, Mporetji SM, Okonkwo JO, Sibali LL, Hariram R. Legacy and novel brominated flame-retardants in different fish types from inland freshwaters of South Africa: levels, distribution and implications for human health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2022; 32:321-331. [PMID: 32338060 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2020.1757042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study report the presence of polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and novel brominated flame-retardants (NBFRs) in muscle tissues of Labeo capensis (mudfish), Labeo umbratus (moggel), Cyprinus carpio (carp) and Clarias gariepinus (catfish) from Vaal River, South Africa. The concentrations (in ng g-1 wet weight (ww)) of these contaminants ranged from LOQ to 12.8 ng g-1 ww in catfish, with lowest concentrations found for mudfish ranging from <LOQ to 3.4 ng g-1 ww. This variation was attributed to species-specific ecological status such as feeding habit and trophic level with BDE209 and BB209 as a major congeners among PBDEs and PBBs, respectively, and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) as a major flame retardants among the NBFRs. The hazard quotients of these contaminants were very low indicating that these contaminants do not pose health risk to South Africans via fish consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tlou B Chokwe
- Scientific Services, Rand Water, Vereeniging, RSA
- Scientific Services Unit, Capricorn District Municipality, Polokwane, RSA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jonathan O Okonkwo
- Department of Water Environmental and Earth Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, RSA
| | - Linda L Sibali
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida, RSA
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Krentzel AA, Kimble LC, Dorris DM, Horman BM, Meitzen J, Patisaul HB. FireMaster® 550 (FM 550) exposure during the perinatal period impacts partner preference behavior and nucleus accumbens core medium spiny neuron electrophysiology in adult male and female prairie voles, Microtus ochrogaster. Horm Behav 2021; 134:105019. [PMID: 34182292 PMCID: PMC8403633 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2021.105019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
One of the most widely used flame retardant (FR) mixtures in household products is Firemaster 550 (FM 550). FM 550 leaches from items such as foam-based furniture and infant products, resulting in contamination of the household environment and biota. Previous studies indicate sex-specific behavioral deficits in rodents and zebrafish in response to developmental FM 550 exposure. These deficits include impacts on social and attachment behaviors in a prosocial rodent: the prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster). The prairie vole is a laboratory-acclimated rodent that exhibits spontaneous attachment behaviors including pair bonding. Here we extend previous work by addressing how developmental exposure to FM 550 impacts pair bonding strength via an extended-time partner preference test, as well as neuron electrophysiological properties in a region implicated in pair bond behavior, the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) core. Dams were exposed to vehicle or 1000 μg of FM 550 via subcutaneous injections throughout gestation, and female and male pups were directly exposed beginning the day after birth until weaning. Pair bond behavior of adult female and male offspring was assessed using a three hour-long partner preference test. Afterwards, acute brain slices of the NAcc core were produced and medium spiny neuron electrophysiological attributes recorded via whole cell patch-clamp. Behavioral impacts were sex-specific. Partner preference behavior was increased in exposed females but decreased in exposed males. Electrophysiological impacts were similar between sexes and specific to attributes related to input resistance. Input resistance was decreased in neurons recorded from both sexes exposed to FM 550 compared to vehicle. This study supports the hypothesis that developmental exposure to FM 550 impacts attachment behaviors and demonstrates a novel FM 550 effect on neural electrophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda A Krentzel
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Laney C Kimble
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - David M Dorris
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Brian M Horman
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - John Meitzen
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Heather B Patisaul
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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3
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Kutarna S, Tang S, Hu X, Peng H. Enhanced Nontarget Screening Algorithm Reveals Highly Abundant Chlorinated Azo Dye Compounds in House Dust. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:4729-4739. [PMID: 33719414 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Humans spend 90% of their time indoors, but the majority of indoor pollutants remain unknown. In this study, a nontarget screening algorithm with reduced false discovery rates was developed to screen indoor pollutants using the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) database. First, a putative lock mass algorithm was developed for post-acquisition calibration of Orbitrap mass spectra to sub-ppm mass accuracy. Then, a one-stop screening algorithm was developed by combining MS1 spectra, isotopic peaks, retention time prediction, and in silico MS2 spectra. A sufficient true positive rate (73%) and false discovery rate (5%) were achieved for the screening of halogenated compounds at a score cutoff of 0.28. Above this cutoff, 427 chemicals were detected from 24 house dust samples, including 39 chlorinated compounds. While some identified halogenated compounds (e.g., triclosan) are well known, 18 previously unrecognized chlorinated azo dyes were detected with high abundance as the largest class of chlorinated compounds. Two chlorinated azo dyes were confirmed with authentic standards, but the two most abundant chlorinated azo dyes were missed by the algorithm due to the limited breadth of the TSCA database. These compounds were annotated as chlorinated analogues of Disperse Blue 373 and Disperse Violet 93 using the DIPIC-Frag method. This study revealed the presence of highly abundant chlorinated azo dyes in house dusts, highlighting their potential health risks in the indoor environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Kutarna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Song Tang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Xiaojian Hu
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Gillera SEA, Marinello WP, Horman BM, Phillips AL, Ruis MT, Stapleton HM, Reif DM, Patisaul HB. Sex-specific effects of perinatal FireMaster® 550 (FM 550) exposure on socioemotional behavior in prairie voles. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2019; 79:106840. [PMID: 31730801 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2019.106840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The rapidly rising incidence of neurodevelopmental disorders with social deficits is raising concern that developmental exposure to environmental contaminants may be contributory. Firemaster 550 (FM 550) is one of the most prevalent flame-retardant (FR) mixtures used in foam-based furniture and baby products and contains both brominated and organophosphate components. We and others have published evidence of developmental neurotoxicity and sex specific effects of FM 550 on anxiety-like and exploratory behaviors. Using a prosocial animal model, we investigated the impact of perinatal FM 550 exposure on a range of socioemotional behaviors including anxiety, attachment, and memory. Virtually unknown to toxicologists, but widely used in the behavioral neurosciences, the prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster) is a uniquely valuable model organism for examining environmental factors on sociality because this species is spontaneously prosocial, biparental, and displays attachment behaviors including pair bonding. Dams were exposed to 0, 500, 1000, or 2000 μg of FM 550 via subcutaneous (sc) injections throughout gestation, and pups were directly exposed beginning the day after birth until weaning. Adult offspring of both sexes were then subjected to multiple tasks including open field, novel object recognition, and partner preference. Effects were dose responsive and sex-specific, with females more greatly affected. Exposure-related outcomes in females included elevated anxiety, decreased social interaction, decreased exploratory motivation, and aversion to novelty. Exposed males also had social deficits, with males in all three dose groups failing to show a partner preference. Our studies demonstrate the utility of the prairie vole for investigating the impact of chemical exposures on social behavior and support the hypothesis that developmental FR exposure impacts the social brain. Future studies will probe the possible mechanisms by which these effects arise.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William P Marinello
- Department of Biological Sciences, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Brian M Horman
- Department of Biological Sciences, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Allison L Phillips
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Levine Science Research Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Matthew T Ruis
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Levine Science Research Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Heather M Stapleton
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Levine Science Research Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - David M Reif
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Heather B Patisaul
- Department of Biological Sciences, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Center for Human Health and the Environment, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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Liu R, Li Y, Lin Y, Ruan T, Jiang G. Emerging aromatic secondary amine contaminants and related derivatives in various dust matrices in China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 170:657-663. [PMID: 30579166 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic secondary amines (Ar-SAs), constituted of several analogues with varied substitutions in molecular structure, are among the most frequently used anthropogenic antioxidants. Despite the reported toxicity effects, little information is available on their environmental contamination, except for few particular congeners such as diphenylamine. In this study, the occurrence of two kinds of Ar-SAs, substituted diphenylamines (S-DPAs) and novel substituted p-phenylenediamines (S-PPDs), was investigated in dust samples collected from outdoor rubber playgrounds and residential houses. Seven S-DPAs (GM: 102 ng/g) and two S-PPDs (GM: 20.9 ng/g) were detected in indoor dust. Significantly higher concentrations of S-DPAs (GM: 422 ng/g) and S-PPDs (GM: 31.6 ng/g) were observed in playground dust (p < 0.05). Different dominant Ar-SA congeners were found for indoor dust (low molecular weight Ar-SAs) and playground dust (high molecular weight Ar-SAs), indicating varied sources of Ar-SAs for different dust matrices. Apart from these parent chemicals, three diphenylamine derivatives, including N-nitrosodiphenylamine, 2-nitrodiphenylamine, and 4-nitrodiphenylamine, were also confirmed in indoor dust (GM: 35.7 ng/g) and playground dust (GM: 7.88 ng/g). A preliminary estimated daily intake calculation via dust ingestion indicated no immediate health risk to Chinese population. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the occurrence of a wide range of Ar-SAs and related derivates in dust matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runzeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yiling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ting Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Chokwe TB, Magubane MN, Abafe OA, Okonkwo JO, Sibiya IV. Levels, distributions, and ecological risk assessments of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and alternative flame retardants in river sediments from Vaal River, South Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:7156-7163. [PMID: 30648238 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-04063-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Sediments are known to be the ultimate sink for most pollutants in the aquatic environment. In this study, the concentrations of both legacy polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and alternative halogenated flame retardants (AHFRs) were measured in sediments samples from the Vaal River catchment. The concentrations of Σ7BDE-congeners ranged from 20 to 78 ng g-1 dry weight (dw) with BDE-209, -99, and -153 as the dominant congeners. The concentrations observed ranged from 9.4-56, 4-32, and 1-10.6 ng g-1 for BDE-209, -99, and -153, respectively. The concentrations of AHFRs, mainly contributed by decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) at approximately 95% of total AHFRs, ranged from 64 to 359 ng g-1 dw while the concentration of polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), mainly PBB-209, ranged from 3.3-7.1 ng g-1 dw. The ratios of AHFRs to PBDEs observed in this study were 0.76, 1.17, and 7.3 for 2-ethyl-1-hexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate and bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-tetrabromophthalate (EH-TBB & BEH-TEBP)/penta-BDE; 1,2-bis-(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE)/octa-BDE; and DBDPE/BDE209, respectively. These results indicate dominance of some AHFRs compared to PBDEs. Our results indicates that BDE-99 poses high risk (RQ > 1) while BDE-209 posed medium risk (0.1 < RQ < 1). Though the concentration of DBDPE was several orders of magnitude higher than BDE209, its ecological risk was found to be negligible (RQ < 0.01). Thus, more attention is required to regulate the input (especially the e-waste recycling sites) of brominated flame retardants into the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tlou B Chokwe
- Rand Water Scientific Services, 2 Barrage Road, Vereeniging, 1930, Republic of South Africa.
| | - Makhosazane N Magubane
- Rand Water Scientific Services, 2 Barrage Road, Vereeniging, 1930, Republic of South Africa
| | - Ovokeroye A Abafe
- Agricultural Research Council -OVR, 100 Old Soutpan Road, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, 0110, Republic of South Africa
| | - Jonathan O Okonkwo
- Department of Water, Environmental and Earth Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, 175 Mandela Road, Pretoria, 0001, Republic of South Africa
| | - Innocentia V Sibiya
- Department of Water, Environmental and Earth Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, 175 Mandela Road, Pretoria, 0001, Republic of South Africa
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Nacci D, Clark B, La Guardia MJ, Miller K, Champlin D, Kirby I, Bertrand A, Jayaraman S. Bioaccumulation and effects of dietary exposure to the alternative flame retardant, bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), in the Atlantic killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:2350-2360. [PMID: 29846010 PMCID: PMC6123825 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (TBPH), a high production volume flame retardant chemical used as a replacement for banned flame retardants, has been detected in media and human and wildlife tissues globally. We describe bioaccumulation and biological effects from dietary exposure of TBPH to an estuarine fish, Atlantic killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus. Briefly, adult fish were fed carrier control or chemically amended diets for 28 d, followed by 14 d of control diet feeding. Diets were amended with TBPH (TBPH_LO diet, 139 μg/g dry wt, or TBPH_HI diet, 4360 μg/g dry wt) or a polychlorinated biphenyl congener (PCB153 diet, 13 μg/g dry wt), which was included as a positive control for bioaccumulation. Although bioaccumulation of either chemical correlated with fish size, only a small proportion of the TBPH offered (<0.5% total TBPH) had bioaccumulated into TBPH-treated fish by 28 d. In contrast, 24.5% of the PCB153 offered was accounted for in 28-d PCB-treated fish. Although 28-d bioaccumulated concentrations of TBPH differed by sex and treatment, sexes did not differ in their rates of TBPH bioaccumulation, and the time to achieve 50% of 28 d concentration (T1/2 ) was estimated to be 13 d. Depuration rates of TBPH did not differ by sex or treatment, and the time after exposure to achieve T1/2 was estimated to be 22 d. Independent of treatment, male fish grew faster than female fish, but for both sexes reproductive condition (gonadal somatic index) declined unexpectedly over the experimental period. Across treatments, only the TBPH_LO treatment affected growth, reducing male but increasing female growth rates by small amounts relative to respective controls. In summary, our study used very high concentrations of dietary TBPH to contaminate fish tissues above the highest levels reported to date in wild biota, yet we observed few adverse biological effects. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:2350-2360. © 2018 SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Nacci
- Atlantic Ecology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Bryan Clark
- Atlantic Ecology Division, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Mark J La Guardia
- Aquatic Health Sciences, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia, USA
| | - Ken Miller
- CSC Government Solutions, A CSRA Company, Alexandria, Virginia, USA
| | - Denise Champlin
- Atlantic Ecology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Ian Kirby
- Atlantic Ecology Division, Student Services Contractor, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Ashley Bertrand
- Atlantic Ecology Division, Student Services Contractor, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Saro Jayaraman
- Atlantic Ecology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA
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Nkabinde SN, Okonkwo JO, Olukunle OI, Daso AP. Determination of legacy and novel brominated flame retardants in dust from end of life office equipment and furniture from Pretoria, South Africa. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 622-623:275-281. [PMID: 29216468 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Indoor dust is known to be a source of human exposure to brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and these consists of the legacy polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), total hexabromocyclododecane (T-HBCDD) and the "Novel or alternate" Brominated flame retardants (NBFRs). In this study, x-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyser was employed to measure elemental bromine contents in office furniture and electronics as the first indication of the possible presence of BFRs. To investigate the possible BFRs present, a total of 21 dust samples were collected from surfaces of electronic equipment and office furniture and were analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The concentrations of ∑7 BDE- congeners ranged from 50 to 3346ngng-1. Of the ∑7 BDE congeners analysed, BDE-209, -183 and -99 were the most dominant congeners. The concentrations observed ranged from <LOD - 1758, <LOD - 401 and <LOD-543ngg-1, for BDE-209, -183 and -99, respectively. T-HBCDD and 2-ethyl-1-hexyl-2.3.4.5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB) were detected in 57 and 67% of the total dust samples analysed with concentrations ranging from <LOD - 673 and <LOD - 385ngg-1, respectively. However, Bis (2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (BEH-TEBP) was only detected in 24% of the 21 samples exhibiting a concentration range of <LOD - 63ngg-1. The detection frequency of 1,2 Bis (2.4.6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE) was 81% with concentrations of <LOD-1402ngg-1. Alongside the legacy BFRs, NBFRs were the most detected indicating probably increased usage as replacements for the banned commercial PBDEs products namely, penta-, octa-, and deca-BDE mixtures. No correlation was observed between the bromine levels obtained using portable XRF and the BFRs detected using GC-MS (r=0.0073, p=0.076). The observed trend may be attributed to various factors including the sample matrix analysed and the number of BFRs analysed. The observed trend is consistent with those reported from other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia N Nkabinde
- Environmental Chemistry Research Group, Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, 175 Nelson Mandela Drive, Arcadia, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Jonathan O Okonkwo
- Environmental Chemistry Research Group, Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, 175 Nelson Mandela Drive, Arcadia, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
| | - Olubiyi I Olukunle
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, 702N Walnut Grove Avenue, Bloomington, 47405, IN, USA
| | - Adegbenro P Daso
- Environmental Chemistry Research Group, Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, 175 Nelson Mandela Drive, Arcadia, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
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Baldwin KR, Phillips AL, Horman B, Arambula SE, Rebuli ME, Stapleton HM, Patisaul HB. Sex Specific Placental Accumulation and Behavioral Effects of Developmental Firemaster 550 Exposure in Wistar Rats. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7118. [PMID: 28769031 PMCID: PMC5540931 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07216-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Firemaster® 550 (FM 550) is a commercial flame retardant mixture of brominated and organophosphate compounds applied to polyurethane foam used in furniture and baby products. Due to widespread human exposure, and structural similarities with known endocrine disruptors, concerns have been raised regarding possible toxicity. We previously reported evidence of sex specific behavioral effects in rats resulting from developmental exposure. The present study expands upon this prior finding by testing for a greater range of behavioral effects, and measuring the accumulation of FM 550 compounds in placental tissue. Wistar rat dams were orally exposed to FM 550 during gestation (0, 300 or 1000 µg/day; GD 9 – 18) for placental measurements or perinatally (0, 100, 300 or 1000 µg/day; GD 9 – PND 21) to assess activity and anxiety-like behaviors. Placental accumulation was dose dependent, and in some cases sex specific, with the brominated components reaching the highest levels. Behavioral changes were predominantly associated with a loss or reversal of sex differences in activity and anxiety-like behaviors. These findings demonstrate that environmental chemicals may sex-dependently accumulate in the placenta. That sex-biased exposure might translate to sex-specific adverse outcomes such as behavioral deficits is a possibility that merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie R Baldwin
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Allison L Phillips
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Brian Horman
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Sheryl E Arambula
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Meghan E Rebuli
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | | | - Heather B Patisaul
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA. .,Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
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