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Loiseau N, Thuiller W, Stuart-Smith RD, Devictor V, Edgar GJ, Velez L, Cinner JE, Graham NAJ, Renaud J, Hoey AS, Manel S, Mouillot D. Maximizing regional biodiversity requires a mosaic of protection levels. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001195. [PMID: 34010287 PMCID: PMC8133472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Protected areas are the flagship management tools to secure biodiversity from anthropogenic impacts. However, the extent to which adjacent areas with distinct protection levels host different species numbers and compositions remains uncertain. Here, using reef fishes, European alpine plants, and North American birds, we show that the composition of species in adjacent Strictly Protected, Restricted, and Non-Protected areas is highly dissimilar, whereas the number of species is similar, after controlling for environmental conditions, sample size, and rarity. We find that between 12% and 15% of species are only recorded in Non-Protected areas, suggesting that a non-negligible part of regional biodiversity occurs where human activities are less regulated. For imperiled species, the proportion only recorded in Strictly Protected areas reaches 58% for fishes, 11% for birds, and 7% for plants, highlighting the fundamental and unique role of protected areas and their environmental conditions in biodiversity conservation. This study shows that the dissimilarity in species composition between sites with different levels of protection is consistently high, suggesting that adjacent and connected areas with different protection levels host very dissimilar species assemblages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Loiseau
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, Laboratoire d’Ecologie Alpine, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- CEFE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE-PSL University, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Wilfried Thuiller
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, Laboratoire d’Ecologie Alpine, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Rick D. Stuart-Smith
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Vincent Devictor
- CNRS, ISEM, Université de Montpellier, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Graham J. Edgar
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Laure Velez
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Joshua E. Cinner
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Julien Renaud
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, Laboratoire d’Ecologie Alpine, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Andrew S. Hoey
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Stephanie Manel
- EPHE, PSL Research University, CNRS, UM, SupAgro, IRD, INRA, UMR 5175 CEFE, F-Montpellier, France
| | - David Mouillot
- MARBEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, IUF, Paris, France
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van Vliet E, Dane G, Weijs-Perrée M, van Leeuwen E, van Dinter M, van den Berg P, Borgers A, Chamilothori K. The Influence of Urban Park Attributes on User Preferences: Evaluation of Virtual Parks in an Online Stated-Choice Experiment. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 18:ijerph18010212. [PMID: 33396623 PMCID: PMC7796216 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18010212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Urban green areas, such as parks, are becoming increasingly important in densifying cities. Urban parks encourage physical and social activity, recreation and relaxation, and thus eventually promote people's well-being. The aim of the current study is to examine which urban park attributes influence the preferences of park users, in order to offer recommendations regarding how urban parks of quality can be designed. To elicit the preferences of park visitors we designed an online stated-choice experiment. Seven park attributes, in particular the number and composition of trees and the presence of benches, side paths, a playground, litter, and flowers, were manipulated in a virtual park. In an online stated-choice task, videos of these park alternatives were presented and the preferences of 697 participants were measured. It is found that especially the number of trees and the presence of flowerbeds, particularly with a diversity of flowers, influenced participants' preferences. The presence of many benches and a playground were valued as well, but to a lesser extent. The presence of litter was found to be less troublesome than expected. Alternatives with all trees placed in one cluster were disliked. Moreover, significant standard deviations were found for the presence of side paths, a playground, and the absence of litter, which indicates that preference heterogeneity for these attributes exist. In a latent class analysis, two groups were identified, namely a Nature-loving group, who mainly valued the trees and the flowers, and an Amenity-appreciating group, who valued almost all attributes. It can be concluded that natural elements and a variety of flower species are important in an urban park, while facilities are evaluated differently by different groups of people. These findings may support park designers and policymakers in decision-making. Moreover, it illustrates the usefulness of creating a virtual park in environmental preference research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther van Vliet
- Built Environment and Industrial Engineering & Innovation Sciences, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (G.D.); (M.W.-P.); (M.v.D.); (P.v.d.B.); (A.B.); (K.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Gamze Dane
- Built Environment and Industrial Engineering & Innovation Sciences, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (G.D.); (M.W.-P.); (M.v.D.); (P.v.d.B.); (A.B.); (K.C.)
| | - Minou Weijs-Perrée
- Built Environment and Industrial Engineering & Innovation Sciences, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (G.D.); (M.W.-P.); (M.v.D.); (P.v.d.B.); (A.B.); (K.C.)
| | - Eveline van Leeuwen
- Urban Economics, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 KN Wageningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Mayke van Dinter
- Built Environment and Industrial Engineering & Innovation Sciences, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (G.D.); (M.W.-P.); (M.v.D.); (P.v.d.B.); (A.B.); (K.C.)
| | - Pauline van den Berg
- Built Environment and Industrial Engineering & Innovation Sciences, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (G.D.); (M.W.-P.); (M.v.D.); (P.v.d.B.); (A.B.); (K.C.)
| | - Aloys Borgers
- Built Environment and Industrial Engineering & Innovation Sciences, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (G.D.); (M.W.-P.); (M.v.D.); (P.v.d.B.); (A.B.); (K.C.)
| | - Kynthia Chamilothori
- Built Environment and Industrial Engineering & Innovation Sciences, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (G.D.); (M.W.-P.); (M.v.D.); (P.v.d.B.); (A.B.); (K.C.)
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Blair A, Marryat L, Frank J. How community resources mitigate the association between household poverty and the incidence of adverse childhood experiences. Int J Public Health 2019; 64:1059-1068. [PMID: 31139849 PMCID: PMC6677714 DOI: 10.1007/s00038-019-01258-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess what proportion of the association between household low income and incidence of adverse childhood experiences (ACE) would be eliminated if all households had access to housing, transportation and childcare services, breastfeeding counselling, and parks. METHODS Using Growing Up in Scotland birth cohort data (N = 2816), an inverse probability-weighted regression-based mediation technique was applied to assess associations between low-income status (< £11,000 in 2004/5), resource access, and cumulative 8-year ACE incidence (≥ 1, ≥ 3 ACEs). Resource access was measured based on households' self-reported difficulties (yes/no) in accessing housing, transportation, childcare, and breastfeeding counselling, and park proximity (within 10 min from the residence). RESULTS The protective effects of resources were heterogeneous. Only access to transportation was associated with lower ACE incidence in both low- and higher-income households. If all had access to transportation, 21% (95% CI 3%, 41%) of the income-based inequality in incidence of 3 or more ACEs could be eliminated. CONCLUSIONS While second best to the elimination of child poverty, measures to improve families' access to community resources such as transportation may mitigate the effects of poverty on ACE incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Blair
- Département de médecine sociale et préventive, École de santé publique, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, 850 Ave. St-Denis, #S03-710, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
- Scottish Collaboration for Public Health Research and Policy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Louise Marryat
- Scottish Collaboration for Public Health Research and Policy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- The Farr Institute of Health Informatics Research, Edinburgh, UK
- Salvesen Mindroom Research Centre, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - John Frank
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Liu R, Li Y, Lin Y, Ruan T, Jiang G. Emerging aromatic secondary amine contaminants and related derivatives in various dust matrices in China. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2019; 170:657-663. [PMID: 30579166 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic secondary amines (Ar-SAs), constituted of several analogues with varied substitutions in molecular structure, are among the most frequently used anthropogenic antioxidants. Despite the reported toxicity effects, little information is available on their environmental contamination, except for few particular congeners such as diphenylamine. In this study, the occurrence of two kinds of Ar-SAs, substituted diphenylamines (S-DPAs) and novel substituted p-phenylenediamines (S-PPDs), was investigated in dust samples collected from outdoor rubber playgrounds and residential houses. Seven S-DPAs (GM: 102 ng/g) and two S-PPDs (GM: 20.9 ng/g) were detected in indoor dust. Significantly higher concentrations of S-DPAs (GM: 422 ng/g) and S-PPDs (GM: 31.6 ng/g) were observed in playground dust (p < 0.05). Different dominant Ar-SA congeners were found for indoor dust (low molecular weight Ar-SAs) and playground dust (high molecular weight Ar-SAs), indicating varied sources of Ar-SAs for different dust matrices. Apart from these parent chemicals, three diphenylamine derivatives, including N-nitrosodiphenylamine, 2-nitrodiphenylamine, and 4-nitrodiphenylamine, were also confirmed in indoor dust (GM: 35.7 ng/g) and playground dust (GM: 7.88 ng/g). A preliminary estimated daily intake calculation via dust ingestion indicated no immediate health risk to Chinese population. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the occurrence of a wide range of Ar-SAs and related derivates in dust matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runzeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yiling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ting Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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5
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Cariñanos P, Grilo F, Pinho P, Casares-Porcel M, Branquinho C, Acil N, Andreucci MB, Anjos A, Bianco PM, Brini S, Calaza-Martínez P, Calvo E, Carrari E, Castro J, Chiesura A, Correia O, Gonçalves A, Gonçalves P, Mexia T, Mirabile M, Paoletti E, Santos-Reis M, Semenzato P, Vilhar U. Estimation of the Allergenic Potential of Urban Trees and Urban Parks: Towards the Healthy Design of Urban Green Spaces of the Future. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:E1357. [PMID: 30991765 PMCID: PMC6517926 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16081357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The impact of allergens emitted by urban green spaces on health is one of the main disservices of ecosystems. The objective of this work is to establish the potential allergenic value of some tree species in urban environments, so that the allergenicity of green spaces can be estimated through application of the Index of Urban Green Zones Allergenicity (IUGZA). Multiple types of green spaces in Mediterranean cities were selected for the estimation of IUGZ. The results show that some of the ornamental species native to the Mediterranean are among the main causative agents of allergy in the population; in particular, Oleaceae, Cupressaceae, Fagaceae, and Platanus hispanica. Variables of the strongest impact on IUGZA were the bioclimatic characteristics of the territory and design aspects, such as the density of trees and the number of species. We concluded that the methodology to assess the allergenicity associated with urban trees and urban areas presented in this work opens new perspectives in the design and planning of urban green spaces, pointing out the need to consider the potential allergenicity of a species when selecting plant material to be used in cities. Only then can urban green areas be inclusive spaces, in terms of public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Cariñanos
- Department of Botany, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
- Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA-CEAMA), University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Filipa Grilo
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciencias da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Pedro Pinho
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciencias da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | | | - Cristina Branquinho
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciencias da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Nezha Acil
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Science and Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | | | - Andreia Anjos
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciencias da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | | | - Silvia Brini
- Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), 00144 Rome, Italy.
| | - Pedro Calaza-Martínez
- Spanish Association for Public Parks and Gardens, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Enrico Calvo
- Regional Agency for the Service of Agricultural and Forest (ERSAF), 2014 Milano, Italy.
| | | | - José Castro
- Centro de Investigação da Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal.
| | - Anna Chiesura
- Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), 00144 Rome, Italy.
| | - Otilia Correia
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciencias da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Artur Gonçalves
- Centro de Investigação da Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal.
| | - Paula Gonçalves
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciencias da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Teresa Mexia
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciencias da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Marzia Mirabile
- Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), 00144 Rome, Italy.
| | | | - Margarida Santos-Reis
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciencias da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Paolo Semenzato
- Department of Land and Agro-Forestry Systems, University of Padova, 35020 Legnano, Italy.
| | - Ursa Vilhar
- Slovenian Forestry Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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6
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Peng T, O'Connor D, Zhao B, Jin Y, Zhang Y, Tian L, Zheng N, Li X, Hou D. Spatial distribution of lead contamination in soil and equipment dust at children's playgrounds in Beijing, China. Environ Pollut 2019; 245:363-370. [PMID: 30448506 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Lead contamination is widespread across China, posing a serious public health concern. In quantifying child lead exposure, established health risk assessment (HRA) approaches often take into account residential soil lead levels. However, this may not constitute a significant exposure source for children in urban mainland China, where the population mainly dwell in high-rise buildings without back or front yards. In this setting, children's playgrounds may represent a more probable exposure source. The present study analyzed lead levels in settled dust on playground equipment and in surficial soils at 71 playgrounds in Beijing, China. Our results reveal that the average playground dust lead concentration was 80.5 mg/kg, more than twice the average soil lead concentration of 36.2 mg/kg. It was found that there are differences in statistical and spatial distributions for lead in playground dust and soils. Lead levels in equipment dust were largely consistent across Beijing, with elevated levels detected at locations in the main city area, the newly developed Tongzhou District, and the rural counties. Whereas average soil lead concentrations were higher at playgrounds in the main city area than other areas of Beijing. Statistical analysis suggests that the lead content in dust and soil may derive from different natural and anthropogenic sources. Equipment dust lead may be associated with long-distance atmospheric transportation and deposition. Whereas lead in soil is more likely to be associated with local traffic. This study also found that, in certain areas of Beijing, the risk of blood lead levels (BLLs) exceeding safe levels was up to 6 times higher when based on dust exposure than when based on playground soil exposure. The results of this study suggests that HRA undertaken for children in urban mainland China should pay closer attention to children's playgrounds as a lead exposure source, and, in particular, playground equipment dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyue Peng
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - David O'Connor
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yuanliang Jin
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yunhui Zhang
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1PZ, United Kingdom
| | - Li Tian
- School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Na Zheng
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China
| | - Xiaoping Li
- Department of Environment Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xian, 710062, China
| | - Deyi Hou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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7
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Malm WC, Schichtel B, Molenar J, Prenni A, Peters M. Which visibility indicators best represent a population's preference for a level of visual air quality? J Air Waste Manag Assoc 2019; 69:145-161. [PMID: 30067459 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2018.1506370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have been carried out over the past 20 or so years to assess the level of visual air quality that is judged to be acceptable in urban settings. Groups of individuals were shown slides or computer-projected scenes under a variety of haze conditions and asked to judge whether each image represented acceptable visual air quality. The goal was to assess the level of haziness found to be acceptable for purposes of setting an urban visibility regulatory standard. More recently, similar studies were carried out in Beijing, China, and the more pristine Grand Canyon National Park and Great Gulf Wilderness. The studies clearly showed that when preference ratings were compared to measures of atmospheric haze such as atmospheric extinction, visual range, or deciview (dv), there was not a single indicator that represented acceptable levels of visual air quality for the varied urban or more remote settings. For instance, using a Washington, D.C., setting, 50% of the observers rated the landscape feature as not having acceptable visual air quality at an extinction of 0.19 km-1 (21 km visual range, 29 dv), while the 50% acceptability point for a Denver, Colorado, setting was 0.075 km-1 (52 km visual range, 20 dv) and for the Grand Canyon it was 0.023 km-1 (170 km visual range, 7 dv). Over the past three or four decades, many scene-specific visibility indices have been put forth as potential indicators of visibility levels as perceived by human observers. They include, but are not limited to, color and achromatic contrast of single landscape features, average and equivalent contrast of the entire image, edge detection algorithms such as the Sobel index, and just-noticeable difference or change indexes. This paper explores various scene-specific visual air quality indices and examines their applicability for use in quantifying visibility preference levels and judgments of visual air quality. Implications: Visibility acceptability studies clearly show that visibility become more unacceptable as haze increases. However, there are large variations in the preference levels for different scenes when universal haze indicators, such as atmospheric extinction, are used. This variability is significantly reduced when the sky-landscape contrast of the more distant landscape features in the observed scene is used. Analysis suggest that about 50% of individuals would find the visibility unacceptable if at any time the more distant landscape features nearly disappear, that is, they are at the visual range. This common metric could form the basis for setting an urban visibility standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Malm
- a Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , CO , USA
| | - Bret Schichtel
- b Air Resources Division , National Park Service , Lakewood , CO , USA
| | - John Molenar
- c Air Resource Specialists, Inc ., Fort Collins , CO , USA
| | - Anthony Prenni
- b Air Resources Division , National Park Service , Lakewood , CO , USA
| | - Melanie Peters
- b Air Resources Division , National Park Service , Lakewood , CO , USA
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8
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Vanaken GJ, Danckaerts M. Impact of Green Space Exposure on Children's and Adolescents' Mental Health: A Systematic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2018; 15:ijerph15122668. [PMID: 30486416 PMCID: PMC6313536 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15122668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the interest in the relationship between exposure to green spaces and children’s and adolescents’ mental health has risen. This systematic review aims to provide an overview of observational studies assessing the association between empirical green space exposure with standardized outcome measures of mental health problems, mental well-being and developmental problems in children, adolescents and young adults. The PRISMA statement guidelines for reporting systematic reviews were followed. A PubMed and Scopus search resulted in the inclusion of 21 studies. The evidence consistently suggests a beneficial association between green space exposure and children’s emotional and behavioral difficulties, particularly with hyperactivity and inattention problems. Limited evidence suggests a beneficial association with mental well-being in children and depressive symptoms in adolescents and young adults. These beneficial associations are resistant to adjustment for demographic and socio-economic confounders, which thus may represent independent links. Mediating factors and the variability of this association between different age groups are discussed. From a precautionary principle, evidence up to now demands the attention of policy makers, urban planners and mental healthcare workers in order to protect children’s and adolescents’ mental health in light of rapid global urbanization by providing sufficient exposure to green spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gert-Jan Vanaken
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Psychiatric Centre Leuven, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Marina Danckaerts
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Psychiatric Centre Leuven, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Hartter J, Dowhaniuk N, MacKenzie CA, Ryan SJ, Diem JE, Palace MW, Chapman CA. Perceptions of risk in communities near parks in an African biodiversity hotspot. Ambio 2016; 45:692-705. [PMID: 27020689 PMCID: PMC5012996 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-016-0775-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding conservation and livelihood threats in park landscapes is important to informing conservation policy. To identify threats, we examined perceived risks of residents living near three national parks in Uganda. We used cross-sectional household data to document, rank, and measure severity of perceived risks. Three risk categories, grouped into protected area, climate, and health, were cited by 80 % of respondents and received the highest severity scores. Elevation, proximity to the park, local forest loss, recent population change, and measures of poverty were the most important variables in predicting whether or not an individual identified these risks as the most or second most severe risk. Health issues were cited throughout the landscape, while problems attributed to climate (mainly insufficient rainfall) were reported to be most severe farther from the park. Increased population density was associated with increased perceived risk of health challenges, but decreased perceived risks attributed to the park and climate. Participatory risk mapping provides the opportunity to make standardized comparisons across sites, to help identify commonalities and differences, as a first step to examining the degree to which conservation management might address some of these local challenges and where mitigation techniques might be transferable between different sites or conflict scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Hartter
- Environmental Studies Program, University of Colorado, Sustainability, Energy, and Environment Complex, 4001 Discovery Drive, UCB 397, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
| | - Nicholas Dowhaniuk
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, 114 James Hall, Durham, NH 03824 USA
| | - Catrina A. MacKenzie
- Department of Geography, McGill University, Burnside Hall Building, Room 705, 805 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 2K6 Canada
- Department of Geography, University of Vermont, 200 Old Mill Building, 94 University Place, Burlington, VT 05405-0114 USA
| | - Sadie J. Ryan
- Department of Geography, University of Florida, 3141 Turlington Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100009, 2055 Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA
- Center for Global Health and Translational Science, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 4200 IHP at 505 Irving Ave, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA
- Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA
- School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu Natal, Private Bag X 01, Scottsville, Kwazulu Natal 3209 South Africa
| | - Jeremy E. Diem
- Department of Geosciences, Georgia State University, 351B Sparks Hall, Atlanta, GA 30302 USA
| | - Michael W. Palace
- Earth Systems Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire, Morse Hall, Durham, NH 03824 USA
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824 USA
| | - Colin A. Chapman
- McGill School of Environment and Department of Anthropology, McGill University, 855 Sherbrook Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 2T7 Canada
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY USA
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10
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Wang J, Li S, Cui X, Li H, Qian X, Wang C, Sun Y. Bioaccessibility, sources and health risk assessment of trace metals in urban park dust in Nanjing, Southeast China. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2016; 128:161-70. [PMID: 26938154 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn total concentrations and bioaccessibilities in 15 urban park dust samples were determined. The oral bioaccessibility measured by the Simple Bioaccessibility Extraction Test (SBET) decreased in the order of Pb>Cd>Zn>Mn>Cu>Co>V>Ni>As>Cr. The Tomlinson pollution load index (PLI) and geoaccumulation index (I(geo)) were calculated to evaluate the pollution extent to which the samples were contaminated. Sources were identified using principal component analysis and Pb isotope compositions. Most elements except Co and V were considered to mainly originate from anthropogenic sources. Non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks to humans through urban park dust exposure were assessed using the oral bioaccessibilities of the elements. Ingestion was the main pathway for non-carcinogenic risk. The hazard quotients were below the safe level (=1) for all elements, however, Pb (0.154) and As (0.184) posed potential higher risks to children than adults. The carcinogenic effects occurring were below the acceptable level (10(-4)) for As and <10(-6) for Cd, Co, Cr, and Ni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Shiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Xinyi Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Huiming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Xin Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nangjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nangjing 210044, PR China.
| | - Cheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Yixuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
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11
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Abstract
Although food deserts are areas that lack easy access to food outlets and considered a barrier to a healthy diet and a healthy weight among residents, food deserts typically comprise older urban areas which may have many parks and street configurations that could facilitate more physical activity. However, other conditions may limit the use of available facilities in these areas. This paper assesses the use of parks in two Pittsburgh food desert neighborhoods by using systematic observation. We found that while the local parks were accessible, they were largely underutilized. We surveyed local residents and found that only a minority considered the parks unsafe for use during the day, but a substantial proportion suffered from health limitations that interfered with physical activity. Residents also felt that parks lacked programming and other amenities that could potentially draw more park users. Parks programming and equipment in food desert areas should be addressed to account for local preferences and adjusted to meet the needs and limitations of local residents, especially seniors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Cohen
- RAND Corporation, 1776 Main St, Santa Monica, CA, 90407, USA.
| | - Gerald Hunter
- RAND Corporation, 1776 Main St, Santa Monica, CA, 90407, USA
- RAND Corporation, 4570 Fifth Ave, Suite 600, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | | | - Tamara Dubowitz
- RAND Corporation, 1776 Main St, Santa Monica, CA, 90407, USA
- RAND Corporation, 4570 Fifth Ave, Suite 600, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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12
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Tomczyk AM, White PCL, Ewertowski MW. Effects of extreme natural events on the provision of ecosystem services in a mountain environment: The importance of trail design in delivering system resilience and ecosystem service co-benefits. J Environ Manage 2016; 166:156-167. [PMID: 26496846 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A continued supply of ecosystem services (ES) from a system depends on the resilience of that system to withstand shocks and perturbations. In many parts of the world, climate change is leading to an increased frequency of extreme weather events, potentially influencing ES provision. Our study of the effects of an intense rainfall event in Gorce National Park, Poland, shows: (1) the intense rainfall event impacted heavily on the supply of ES by limiting potential recreation opportunities and reducing erosion prevention; (2) these negative impacts were not only restricted to the period of the extreme event but persisted for up to several years, depending on the pre-event trail conditions and post-event management activities; (3) to restore the pre-event supply of ES, economic investments were required in the form of active repairs to trails, which, in Gorce National Park, were an order of magnitude higher than the costs of normal trail maintenance; and (4) when recreational trails were left to natural restoration, loss of biodiversity was observed, and recovery rates of ES (recreation opportunities and soil erosion prevention) were reduced in comparison to their pre-event state. We conclude that proper trail design and construction provides a good solution to avoid some of the negative impacts of extreme events on recreation, as well as offering co-benefits in terms of protecting biodiversity and enhancing the supply of regulating services such as erosion prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra M Tomczyk
- Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom; Faculty of Geographical and Geological Sciences, Adam Mickiewicz University, Dzięgielowa 27, 61-680 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Piran C L White
- Environment Department, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom.
| | - Marek W Ewertowski
- Faculty of Geographical and Geological Sciences, Adam Mickiewicz University, Dzięgielowa 27, 61-680 Poznań, Poland; Department of Geography, Durham University, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom.
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13
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Cetin M, Sevik H. Evaluating the recreation potential of Ilgaz Mountain National Park in Turkey. Environ Monit Assess 2016; 188:52. [PMID: 26694709 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-5064-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, natural areas have become a preferred recreation area for people looking to escape their busy urban lives. The world has become so complicated that people now seek solace in areas of nature. Recreational activities conducted in natural areas, such as Ilgaz Mountain National Park, should be respectful of the environment to ensure balance and no negative environmental impact. This balance should safeguard environmental protection and only be used with the right to establish recreation planning. National parks are protected areas where the most beautiful wonders of nature exist. Thus, urban planning for recreation, and demand for recreation areas, must demonstrate both the potential of recreation resources and the protection of Ilgaz Mountain National Park. Urban open and green spaces have an important function, and in this study, it has been looked at Ilgaz Mountain National Park to examine the current situation. The aim of this study is to ensure the sustainability of natural and cultural resources via an evaluation to reveal the necessary practices and precautions regarding the area's recreational potential. As a result, Ilgaz Mountain National Park's recreation potential was found to be 72 %, and thus, it is considered to be an area of high recreation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Cetin
- Department of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Engineering, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Hakan Sevik
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Architecture and Engineering, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey.
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14
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Watson A, Martin S, Christensen N, Fauth G, Williams D. The Relationship Between Perceptions of Wilderness Character and Attitudes Toward Management Intervention to Adapt Biophysical Resources to a Changing Climate and Nature Restoration at Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks. Environ Manage 2015; 56:653-663. [PMID: 25910871 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-015-0519-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In a recent national survey of federal wilderness managers, respondents identified the high priority need for scientific information about public attitudes toward biophysical intervention to adapt to climate change and attitudes of the public toward restoration of natural conditions. In a survey of visitors to one National Park wilderness in California, visitors revealed that they largely do not support biophysical intervention in wilderness to mitigate the effects of climate change, but broad support for activities that restore natural conditions exists. In an attempt to understand how these attitudes vary among visitors, it was found that those visitors who most value naturalness aspects of wilderness character also most positively support restoration and are most negative toward climate change intervention practices. More information about visitor-defined wilderness character attributes is needed and strategic planning to guide intervention decisions and restoration should be a priority. In this study, it was found that wilderness character is largely defined by visitors based on its wildness attributes, which include natural sounds, low density of people, pure water, clean air, and the presence of humans substantially unnoticeable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Watson
- Aldo Leopold Wilderness Research Institute, USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, 790 East Beckwith Ave., Missoula, MT, 59801, USA,
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15
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Clark SG, Vernon ME. Governance Challenges in Joint Inter-Jurisdictional Management: The Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming, Elk Case. Environ Manage 2015; 56:286-299. [PMID: 25904468 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-015-0515-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The controversial elk reduction program (elk hunt) in Grand Teton National Park, WY, has been a source of conflict since it was legislated in 1950. The hunt is jointly managed by the National Park Service and the Wyoming Game and Fish Department. This forced organizational partnership and the conflicting mandates of these two agencies have led to persistent conflict that seems irresolvable under the current decision-making process. To better understand the decision-making process and participant perspectives, we reviewed management documents, technical literature, and newspaper articles, and interviewed 35 key participants in this case. We used these data to analyze and appraise the adequacy of the decision-making process for the park elk hunt and to ask whether it reflects the common interest. We found deficiencies in all functions of the decision-making process. Neither the decisions made nor the process itself include diverse perspectives, nor do they attend to valid and appropriate participant concerns. Agency officials focus their attention on technical rather than procedural concerns, which largely obfuscates the underlying tension in the joint inter-jurisdictional management arrangement and ultimately contributes to the hunt's annual implementation to the detriment of the common interest. We offer specific yet widely applicable recommendations to better approximate an inclusive and democratic decision-making process that serves the community's common interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan G Clark
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, 195 Prospect, New Haven, CT, USA
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16
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Abstract
Environmental public goods—including national parks, clean air/water, and ecosystem services—provide substantial benefits on a global scale. These goods have unique characteristics in that they are typically “nonmarket” goods, with values from both use and passive use that accrue to a large number of individuals both in current and future generations. In this study, we test the hypothesis that neural signals in areas correlated with subjective valuations for essentially all other previously studied categories of goods (ventromedial prefrontal cortex and ventral striatum) also correlate with environmental valuations. We use contingent valuation (CV) as our behavioral tool for measuring valuations of environmental public goods. CV is a standard stated preference approach that presents survey respondents with information on an issue and asks questions that help policymakers determine how much citizens are willing to pay for a public good or policy. We scanned human subjects while they viewed environmental proposals, along with three other classes of goods. The presentation of all four classes of goods yielded robust and similar patterns of temporally synchronized brain activation within attentional networks. The activations associated with the traditional classes of goods replicate previous correlations between neural activity in valuation areas and behavioral preferences. In contrast, CV-elicited values for environmental proposals did not correlate with brain activity at either the individual or population level. For a sub-population of participants, CV-elicited values were correlated with activity within the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, a region associated with cognitive control and shifting decision strategies. The results show that neural activity associated with the subjective valuation of environmental proposals differs profoundly from the neural activity associated with previously examined goods and preference measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mel W. Khaw
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York City, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Denise A. Grab
- Institute for Policy Integrity, New York University School of Law, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Livermore
- School of Law, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Christian A. Vossler
- Department of Economics and Howard H. Baker Jr. Center for Public Policy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Paul W. Glimcher
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York City, New York, United States of America
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17
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[HYGIENIC EVALUATION OF TERRITORIES OF FERGANA VALLEY RECREATIONAL AREAS]. Gig Sanit 2015; 94:25-8. [PMID: 26859041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The article is devoted to hygienic monitoring ofrecreational areas of Fergana Valley. The aim is a hygienic evaluation of the Fergana Valley's (FV) mountain green areas on the basis of studies of heavy metals content in soil and indices of the anthropogenic load. The main contribution to the overall rate of chemical contamination of soils of the study areas was made by As, Zn, Cu and Ni, the average values of which exceed their respective PAC phytoaccumulation by 1.5-12 times. Out of studied 10 regions the one was classified as most permissible with the total allowable ratio of pollution in 13 relative units, the one--as dangerous (33 rel. units.) and eight regions were considered as moderately hazardous (18.2-27.2 rel. units). According to the degree of anthropogenic load seven studied FV areas were oppressed and three territories were classified as relatively prosperous.
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