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Wang S, Wang Q, Yuan Z, Wu X. Application of the multimedia fugacity model in predicting the environmental behaviors of PCBs: Based on field measurements and level III fugacity model simulation. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 263:115286. [PMID: 37481858 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
The comprehensive understanding of PCBs' fate has been impeded by the lack of simultaneous monitoring of PCBs in multiple environmental media in the background areas, which were considered long-term sinks for highly chlorinated PCBs. To address this gap, this study analyzed soils, willow tree barks, water, suspended particulate matter (SPM), and sediment samples collected from the middle reach of the Huaihe River in China for 27 PCBs. The results showed that the levels of ∑27PCBs in the soils were comparable to or lower than the background values worldwide. There were no significant correlations between organic matter and ∑27PCB concentrations in the soils and sediments. Additionally, the contamination of dioxin-like PCBs in the aquatic environment of the study area deserves more attention than in the soils. Applying the level III fugacity model to PCB 52, 77, 101, and 114 revealed that the soil was the primary reservoir, and air-soil exchange was the dominant intermedia transfer process, followed by air-water exchange. Furthermore, simulated results of air-soil and air-water diffusion were compared with those calculated from the field concentrations to predict the potential environmental behaviors of PCBs. Results indicated that the studied river would be a "secondary source" for PCB 52, 77, and 101. However, PCB 52, 77, 101, and 114 would continue to transfer from the air to the soil. This study combines multimedia field measurements and the fugacity model, providing a novel approach to predicting the potential environmental behaviors of PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Wang
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Water and Soil Pollution Control and Remediation, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, PR China; Wuhu Dongyuan New Country Developing Co., Ltd., Wuhu, Anhui 241000, PR China; Center of Cooperative Innovation for Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang City Belt, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, PR China; CAS Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Qing Wang
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Water and Soil Pollution Control and Remediation, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, PR China; Center of Cooperative Innovation for Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang City Belt, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, PR China
| | - Zijiao Yuan
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Water and Soil Pollution Control and Remediation, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, PR China; Center of Cooperative Innovation for Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang City Belt, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, PR China
| | - Xiaoguo Wu
- Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Water and Soil Pollution Control and Remediation, School of Ecology and Environment, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, PR China; Center of Cooperative Innovation for Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang City Belt, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, PR China.
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2
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Wang C, Wang X, Gong P, Wang X. Evaluation of the spatiotemporal variations of organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the forests of the Himalaya and Hengduan mountains using tree bark and tree core samples. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 859:160306. [PMID: 36403843 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
There have been few reports of the large-scale spatial distribution and long-term historical variations of pollutants in high-altitude forests. Tree bark and tree core samples were collected from forests in the Himalaya and Hengduan mountains to determine the spatiotemporal variations of persistent organic pollutants. The average concentrations of dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethanes (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in tree bark samples were 9.09, 0.10, 0.13, 0.11and 26 ng/g dry weight, respectively, and 1.30, 0.02, 0.17, 0.07 and 186 ng/g dry weight, respectively, in tree core samples. Higher levels of these pollutants were observed in the forests on the southern slopes of the Himalaya (Nepal) and the southern part of the Hengduan mountains (Yunnan, China). Lower concentrations of these pollutants were found in the interior of the Tibetan Plateau on the northern slopes of the Himalaya as a result of the blocking effect of these mountain ranges. The concentrations of DDTs and HCHs in Himalayan tree cores showed increasing trends from 1956 to 1975 when they were used as pesticide extensively worldwide, especially in India. Peak concentrations of DDTs, HCHs and PAHs in tree cores of Qamdo located in Hengduan Mountains were observed in 2013, which were consistent with the history of industrial and agricultural development in Sichuan. This study provides new insights into the impact of atmospheric pollutants in South and Southeast Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanfei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ping Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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3
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Wang S, Sun F, Wang X, Wei Y, Li L, Wang W, Zhang R, Ding Z, Dang J, Xu F, Wang W, Huo X, Zhang Q, Wang Q. Atmospheric oxidation of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) initiated by OH and NO3 radicals: A quantum chemical investigation. Chem Phys Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.139225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Huang H, Liu H, Xiong S, Zeng F, Bu J, Zhang B, Liu W, Zhou H, Qi S, Xu L, Chen W. Rapid transport of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in multimedia environment from karst area. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 775:145698. [PMID: 33631579 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Karst groundwater is crucial, but particularly vulnerable to contaminants. Anthropologically derived pollutants on the surface-environment in karst areas could easily and rapidly enter groundwater through highly developed transmissible structures and threaten water safety. To investigate such transport, we analyzed 24 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the multimedia environment from the Zigui karst area of China, where agriculture is the predominant human activity. OCPs were frequently detected with the total OCP concentrations ranged from 228 to 7970 pg/g, 300 to 32,200 pg/L, 318 to 2250 pg/L, 149 to 2760 pg/g, and 752 to 12,000 pg/g in the soil, spring water, river water, spring sediment, and river sediment, respectively. HCB and p,p'-DDT were the most dominant OCP species. Isomeric and metabolic ratios indicated fresh inputs of Lindane, technical DDT, and Aldrin, although they have been banned in China. The spatial distributions, correlation analysis, and regression analysis suggested rapid OCP transport from the soil to the spring water, and from the soil and spring water to river water. OCPs in the soil and springs explained 92.3% and 89.0% of those in the spring water and river water, respectively. The solid transport with the fast-moving water was predominant for OCPs in sediments. Highly dynamic water systems and rapid OCP transport in the intro- and inter-medium suggested by our results substantiate the groundwater's vulnerability in karst areas. More studies on levels and transport of organic contaminants in karst systems and policy for protecting the karst groundwater are urgently required to control contaminant sources and ensure groundwater sustainability, since the karst water resources may suffer a potentially bleak future consisted of the decreased groundwater quantity and low water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanfang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China
| | - Huafeng Liu
- Shandong Institute of Geological Survey, Jinan 250013, China
| | - Shuai Xiong
- Institute of Geological Survey, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Faming Zeng
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Jianwei Bu
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China
| | - Biao Zhang
- Binzhou Ecological Environment Comprehensive Service Centre, Binzhou 256600, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Institute of Geological Survey, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Karst Dynamics, MNR & Guangxi, Institute of Karst Geology, CAGS, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Institute of Geological Survey, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shihua Qi
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China; State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China
| | - Li Xu
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China; Institute of Geological Survey, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Karst Dynamics, MNR & Guangxi, Institute of Karst Geology, CAGS, Guilin 541004, China; State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Systematic Water Pollution Control, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, China; Ecological Environment Monitoring Station, Ninth Division, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Tacheng, Xinjiang 834601, China.
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5
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Niu S, Chen R, Hageman KJ, Zou Y, Dong L, Zheng R, Wang X, Hai R. Disentangling the contributions of urban and production sources in short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffin concentrations in a complex source region. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 405:124117. [PMID: 33129601 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (MCCPs) were measured in tree bark samples. These samples were collected around a chemical industrial park containing several chlorinated paraffin (CP) production plants, in a nearby city (Zhengzhou), and along a transect between the industrial park and city. Theoretical air concentrations were back-calculated from concentrations in bark using a predictive equation for estimating equilibrium bark-air partition coefficients. We developed this equation from a series of previously published Kbark-air measurements. Comparison of the normalized concentration profiles along south to north transects showed that wind played only a minor role in CP concentrations and profiles in the region. Three distinct source profiles were found in the complex source region. A fingerprint analysis technique was used to quantify the contribution of each source to the CP burden at various locations along the transect. We found that CP profiles at sites up to 6 km from the industrial park were strongly influenced by CP plant emissions, whereas the sites located in the rural zone and rural-urban interface were influenced by a mixture of CP plant emissions and the neighboring city.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Niu
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan 84322, USA; National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ruiwen Chen
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan 84322, USA
| | - Kimberly J Hageman
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan 84322, USA.
| | - Yun Zou
- Organic Biological Analytical Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Liège, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Liang Dong
- National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ran Zheng
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102202, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Environmental Material for Water Purification, Beijing University of Chemical and Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Reti Hai
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Environmental Material for Water Purification, Beijing University of Chemical and Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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6
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Wang X, Gong P, Wang C, Wang X, Pokhrel B, Dotel J. Spatial distribution patterns and human exposure risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in Nepal using tree bark as a passive air sampler. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 186:109510. [PMID: 32311529 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nepal is abutted between the populated Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) and Himalayan mountains. Currently, knowledge on the country-wide distribution and cancer risks of atmospheric organic toxicants in Nepal remains limited. In this study, the concentrations, sources, and distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), along with their cancer risks, were investigated in Nepal by using tree bark as a passive air sampler. After transferring by a bark/air partitioning model, the averaged concentrations of ∑PAHs, ∑DDTs, ∑HCHs, HCB, ∑Endo and ∑PCBs in the atmosphere of Nepal were 3.71 × 104 pg/m3, 1.10 × 103 pg/m3, 2.92 × 102 pg/m3, 4.38 × 102 pg/m3, 4.66 pg/m3 and 65.8 pg/m3, respectively. Source diagnosis suggested that biomass burning is the major source for PAHs, while local application and long-range transport jointly contribute to the high levels of DDT and HCH in the air. The ILCR (incremental lifetime cancer risk) value was used to assess the risks of various chemicals. Adults have a higher risk than other age groups; the major exposure pathway for risk is by inhalation; and PAHs and HCHs are the dominant chemical classes that lead to risk. It was also found that, in certain hotspots in south Nepal, the carcinogenic risks caused by DDT and HCH were particularly high (>1 × 10-4). Given that illegal and disordered use of legacy POPs in south Nepal and the IGP region is common, our results highlight an urgent need for voluntary regulation of the ongoing use of pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environmental Changes and Land Surface Process, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ping Gong
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environmental Changes and Land Surface Process, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Chuanfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environmental Changes and Land Surface Process, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environmental Changes and Land Surface Process, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Balram Pokhrel
- School of Science, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, 45200, Nepal
| | - Jagdish Dotel
- Central Department of Hydrology and Meteorology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, 44618, Nepal
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Li P, Sun P, Dong X, Li B. Residue analysis and kinetics modeling of thiophanate-methyl, carbendazim, tebuconazole and pyraclostrobin in apple tree bark using QuEChERS/HPLC-VWD. Biomed Chromatogr 2020; 34:e4851. [PMID: 32307729 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Winter is the key period for the control of apple diseases, and fungicides are needed to protect the trunk or main branches. Fungicide residue in apple tree bark is an important basis for the action of the pesticide, but there are no reports on analytical methods or dissipation patterns. In this work, thiophanate-methyl, carbendazim, tebuconazole and pyraclostrobin were selected as typical fungicides and a new QuEChERS-HPLC-VWD(QuEChERS extraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography detection with a variable wavelength detector) analytical method was developed to estimate their residue kinetics in apple tree bark during the winter months. In the pretreatment step, the sorbent for the clean-up of extracts was optimized as 60 mg/ml primary secondary amine and a gradient-elution model followed by a variable wavelength detection was developed for instrumental analysis. Then this method was validated and applied to the analysis of apple tree bark samples with the linearity range of 0.010-50.00 mg/L, quantification limit range of 0.028-0.080 mg/kg and recovery range of 86.1-101.4%. The dissipation kinetics of thiophanate-methyl and pyraclostrobin could be described by the first-order and two-phase kinetics models, respectively. For carbendazim and tebuconazole, two new models were developed to describe their residue kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingliang Li
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Qingdao, China
| | - Pingyang Sun
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiangli Dong
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Qingdao, China
| | - Baohua Li
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, Qingdao, China
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Lv M, Luan X, Guo X, Liao C, Guo D, Miao J, Wu X, Zhou R, Liu D, Wang D, Zhao Y, Chen L. A national-scale characterization of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in intertidal sediment of China: Occurrence, fate and influential factors. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 257:113634. [PMID: 31780363 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have been restricted for application for about 30 years in China. Intertidal zone is a sink for anthropogenic pollutants, and to better understand the current pollution status of OCPs in China, 324 surface sediment samples collected from 14 typical intertidal zones of China were analyzed for 22 OCPs. The total concentrations of OCPs ranged from 0.051 to 4141.711 ng/g, with DDTs and HCHs being the dominant components. Seasonal variations were not significant for most intertidal zones (p > 0.05), while significant spatial variations (p < 0.05) were found among 14 intertidal zones, with the highest OCPs concentrations detected in Jiulong Jiang (JLJ). The OCPs concentrations in intertidal sediments would rarely to frequently cause adverse biological effects and DDTs were the major threat. Apart from the historical usage of technical DDT and lindane, current usage of technical DDT and HCH were also implied, especially for intertidal zones such as Beidaihe (BDH) and Yingluo Wan (YLW). PCA analysis indicated that compounds within the same type of OCPs were from similar source, while different types of OCPs were generally from different sources and not used together. Our results further indicated that OCPs together with organic particles entered into the intertidal zones mainly through river input.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Lv
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China.
| | - Xiaolin Luan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaotong Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chunyang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Dufa Guo
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Jing Miao
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Xiaqing Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Ruichen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Dongyan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Dongqi Wang
- School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 201100, China
| | - Yanchuang Zhao
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Lingxin Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China.
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Niu L, Zhou Y, Xu C, Zhang C, Zhou J, Zhang X, Liu W. Solid fuel combustion as a major contributor of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in rural China: Evidence from emission inventory and congener profiles in tree bark. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 246:621-629. [PMID: 30605817 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.12.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) remain a focal concern of the air pollution in China. To discriminate the sources of airborne PAHs in Chinese rural regions, a national-scale tree bark sampling campaign and emission inventory estimation were conducted. The concentrations of the sum of 16 U.S. EPA priority PAHs in rural bark ranged from 6.30 to 3803 ng/g, with the dominance of 3- and 4-ring PAHs. Bark residual PAH concentration correlated significantly with emission flux rate, bark lipid content, ambient PM2.5, precipitation and sampling location. Based on the information of emission data, bark PAH congener profiles, principal component analysis, diagnostic ratios and compound-specific isotope analysis, solid fuel combustion was identified as the major source and could explain 40.3%-46.4% of bark PAH residues in rural China. The δ13C values of most individual PAHs were more negative at sites with lower longitude and latitude, suggesting a greater contribution of biomass combustion to PAH residues. Our results suggest the importance of regulating solid fuel combustion to significantly improve the air quality in China, and bark samples can provide a wealth of information on effectively monitoring and controlling the sources of PAH emission in rural China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Niu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China; International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Yuting Zhou
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chao Xu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Chunlong Zhang
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, TX, 77058, USA
| | - Jinghua Zhou
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xichang Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Weiping Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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10
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Niu L, Xu C, Zhou Y, Liu W. Tree bark as a biomonitor for assessing the atmospheric pollution and associated human inhalation exposure risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in rural China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 246:398-407. [PMID: 30577008 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Inhalation exposure to atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is posing a great threat to human health. Biomass combustion in rural areas contributes greatly to the total PAH emission in China. To conduct a comprehensive risk assessment of ambient PAHs in rural China, a nationwide air sampling campaign was carried out in this study. The 16 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency priority PAHs in tree bark, which was employed as a passive air sampler, were analyzed. The summation of the 16 PAHs ranged from 11.7 to 12,860 ng/m3 in the air of rural China. The national median benzo(a)pyrene equivalent (BaPeq) concentration was 18.4 ng/m3, with the range from 0.334 to 2497 ng/m3. The total inhalation carcinogenic risks of individual PAHs, with the exception for naphthalene, were very low (<1 × 10-6) at most of the sampling sites. The national median excess lifetime lung cancer risk associated with inhalation exposure to atmospheric PAHs was 20.3 × 10-6, corresponding to a population attributable fraction (PAF) of 3.38‰. Our estimations using tree bark were comparable to those reported in other studies and the uncertainties of the variables in the dataset were within the acceptable levels, demonstrating that tree bark is feasible for assessing the atmospheric PAH pollution and associated health risks. We feel that the outputs from this study can assist decision-makers focusing on protecting human health against exposure to atmospheric PAHs in rural China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Niu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310036, China; International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Chao Xu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Yuting Zhou
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Weiping Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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Wu X, Ding Y, Wang R, Rensing C, Li Y, Feng R. Differences in the uptake and bioconcentration of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane by eight vegetable cultivars and their health risk assessments. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 215:596-604. [PMID: 30342404 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) is not easily degraded in soils, which will pose a threat to human health. We investigated the differences of eight vegetables' capacity to take up DDT, removing DDT from soil, and tolerating DDT (monitoring the responses of growth, root morphology and photosynthesis of vegetables to DDT). These vegetables included Chinese mustard (two genotypes, B.jf and B,jm), napa cabbage (two genotypes, B.coz and B.coc) and Bok choy (four genotypes, B.cz, B.cq, B.cs and B.chg). The results demonstrated that 5 mg kg-1 DDT did not display significant effects on the growth of most vegetables in this study. As compared to the control, 5 mg kg-1 DDT significantly increased the shoot and root biomass, the fine root numbers, and the fine root ratio for the genotype of B.chg. However, 5 mg kg-1 DDT exposure showed a negative effect on the shoot growth of two genotypes of napa cabbage. In general, 5 mg kg-1 DDT did not significantly affect the photosynthesis and root morphology of most vegetables in this study. Consuming these vegetables had a low non-cancer health risk, but showed a high cancer health risk. In addition, among the eight vegetables, B.chg accumulated less DDT in the edible parts and had low values of HRnon-cancer and HRcancer for consuming these vegetables containing DDT. Planting these vegetables might promote the degradation of DDT reducing its residual amount in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Wu
- Institute of Environmental Microbiology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture & Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Institute of Agro-Environmental Protection, The Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Yongzhen Ding
- Institute of Agro-Environmental Protection, The Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Ruigang Wang
- Institute of Agro-Environmental Protection, The Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Christopher Rensing
- Institute of Environmental Microbiology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture & Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Yuanping Li
- Institute of Environmental Microbiology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture & Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Renwei Feng
- Institute of Environmental Microbiology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture & Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Institute of Agro-Environmental Protection, The Ministry of Agriculture, Tianjin 300191, China.
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Niu L, Xu C, Zhu S, Zhang H, Liu W. Factors influencing the ecological and human health risks of DDTs in soils and air at the isomeric and enantiomeric levels. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 359:316-324. [PMID: 30048946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.07.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Even though the application of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) has been restricted for over 30 years, their ubiquitous existence still poses profound adverse impacts on ecosystem and human health. In this study, simultaneous soil and air sampling campaigns at different functional areas were conducted in warm and cold seasons. Based on the residue levels and enantiomeric signatures of DDT and its metabolites in soils and air, the parameters influencing ecological and human health risks were explored. ΣDDT concentrations in soils correlated positively with organic matter (OM) and negatively with pH, whereas atmospheric DDT levels were primarily facilitated by increased temperature. High temperature and low soil pH were also favorable for the transformation of DDT into its metabolites. The inhabitants living in agricultural regions or in areas with higher soil OM or pH < 7 were exposed to higher existing and potential health risks of soil DDTs. In addition, at lower temperatures, the existing and potential carcinogenic risks of DDTs from soil exposure were higher, whereas risks from air inhalation were lower. Health risks would be increased when considering the enantioselective toxicity of o,p'-DDT and o,p'-DDD. The results from this study could provide baseline support for risk control and avoidance of DDTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Niu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, 310036, China; International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Chao Xu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Siyu Zhu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hangjun Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, 310036, China
| | - Weiping Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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A New Method for Characterizing Bark Microrelief Using 3D Vision Systems. FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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