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Zhang Y, Li J, Zhou Y, Zhang X, Liu X. Artificial Intelligence-Based Microfluidic Platform for Detecting Contaminants in Water: A Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:4350. [PMID: 39001129 PMCID: PMC11243966 DOI: 10.3390/s24134350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Water pollution greatly impacts humans and ecosystems, so a series of policies have been enacted to control it. The first step in performing pollution control is to detect contaminants in the water. Various methods have been proposed for water quality testing, such as spectroscopy, chromatography, and electrochemical techniques. However, traditional testing methods require the utilization of laboratory equipment, which is large and not suitable for real-time testing in the field. Microfluidic devices can overcome the limitations of traditional testing instruments and have become an efficient and convenient tool for water quality analysis. At the same time, artificial intelligence is an ideal means of recognizing, classifying, and predicting data obtained from microfluidic systems. Microfluidic devices based on artificial intelligence and machine learning are being developed with great significance for the next generation of water quality monitoring systems. This review begins with a brief introduction to the algorithms involved in artificial intelligence and the materials used in the fabrication and detection techniques of microfluidic platforms. Then, the latest research development of combining the two for pollutant detection in water bodies, including heavy metals, pesticides, micro- and nanoplastics, and microalgae, is mainly introduced. Finally, the challenges encountered and the future directions of detection methods based on industrial intelligence and microfluidic chips are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xianhua Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China; (Y.Z.); (J.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.Z.)
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2
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Zhao YL, You YX, Chen YL, Zhang Y, Du Y, Tang DQ. Fabrication of a surface molecularly imprinted polymer membrane based on a single template and its application in the separation and extraction of phenytoin, phenobarbital and lamotrigine. RSC Adv 2024; 14:8353-8365. [PMID: 38469200 PMCID: PMC10926979 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00294f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
An innovative molecularly imprinted polymer membrane (MIPM) was prepared with polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) as the support, phenytoin (PHT) as the single template, methacrylic acid as the functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as the cross-linking reagent, azobisisobutyronitrile as the initiator, and acetonitrile-dimethylformamide (1 : 1.5, v/v) as the porogen. These materials were characterized via scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller measurements and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Their adsorption performances were evaluated through a series of experiments including isothermal adsorption, kinetic adsorption, selective adsorption, adsorption-desorption, reusability, and preparation reproducibility. Additionally, the application was explored by investigating the extraction recovery of MIPMs towards PHT, phenobarbital (PHB) and lamotrigine (LTG) in different matrices including methanol, normal saline (NS), phosphate buffer solution (PBS) and plasma. The results showed that MIPMs with rough and porous surfaces were successfully constructed, which offered good preparation reproducibility, reusability and selectivity. The adsorption capacities of MIPMs towards PHT, PHB and LTG were 2.312, 2.485 and 2.303 mg g-1, respectively, while their corresponding imprinting factors were 8.538, 12.122 and 4.562, respectively. The adsorption equilibrium of MIPMs was achieved within 20 min at room temperature without stirring or ultrasonication. The extraction recoveries of MIPMs for PHT, PHB or LTG in methanol, NS and PBS were more than 80% with an RSD% value of less than 3.64. In the case of plasma, the extraction recovery of MIPMs for PHT and PHB was more than 80% with an RSD% value of less than 2.41, while that of MIPMs for LTG was more than 65% with an RSD% value of less than 0.99. All the results indicated that the preparation method for MIPMs was simple, stable, and reliable, and the prepared MIPMs possessed excellent properties to meet the extraction application of PHT, PHB and LTG in different matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Lin Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Suining People's Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University Suining 221202 China
| | - Yu-Xin You
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University 209 Tongshan Road Xuzhou 221004 Jiangsu Province China +86 516 83263313 +86 516 83263313
| | - Yu-Lang Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Suining People's Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University Suining 221202 China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Suining People's Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University Suining 221202 China
| | - Yan Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University 209 Tongshan Road Xuzhou 221004 Jiangsu Province China +86 516 83263313 +86 516 83263313
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 China
| | - Dao-Quan Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Suining People's Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University Suining 221202 China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University 209 Tongshan Road Xuzhou 221004 Jiangsu Province China +86 516 83263313 +86 516 83263313
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Madmon M, Zvuluni Y, Mordehay V, Hindi A, Malchi T, Drug E, Shenker M, Weissberg A, Chefetz B. Pharmacokinetics of the Recalcitrant Drug Lamotrigine: Identification and Distribution of Metabolites in Cucumber Plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:20228-20237. [PMID: 37935215 PMCID: PMC11137871 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Treated wastewater is an important source of water for irrigation. As a result, irrigated crops are chronically exposed to wastewater-derived pharmaceuticals, such as the anticonvulsant drug lamotrigine. Lamotrigine is known to be taken up by plants, but its plant-derived metabolites and their distribution in different plant organs are unknown. This study aimed to detect and identify metabolites of lamotrigine in cucumber plants grown for 35 days in a hydroponic solution by using LC-MS/MS (Orbitrap) analysis. Our data showed that 96% of the lamotrigine taken up was metabolized. Sixteen metabolites possessing a lamotrigine core structure were detected. Reference standards confirmed two; five were tentatively identified, and nine molecular formulas were assigned. The data suggest that lamotrigine is metabolized via N-carbamylation, N-glucosidation, N-alkylation, N-formylation, N-oxidation, and amidine hydrolysis. The metabolites LTG-N2-oxide, M284, M312, and M370 were most likely produced in the roots and were translocated to the leaves. Metabolites M272, M312, M314, M354, M368, M370, and M418 were dominant in leaves. Only a few metabolites were detected in the fruits. With an increasing exposure time, lamotrigine leaf concentrations decreased because of continuous metabolism. Our data showed that the metabolism of lamotrigine in a plant is fast and that a majority of metabolites are concentrated in the roots and leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moran Madmon
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute
for Biological Research, 7410001 Ness Ziona, Israel
- Department
of Soil and Water Sciences, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty
of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The
Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 7610001 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yifat Zvuluni
- Department
of Soil and Water Sciences, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty
of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The
Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 7610001 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Vered Mordehay
- Department
of Soil and Water Sciences, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty
of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The
Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 7610001 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ariel Hindi
- Department
of Soil and Water Sciences, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty
of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The
Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 7610001 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tomer Malchi
- Department
of Soil and Water Sciences, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty
of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The
Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 7610001 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eyal Drug
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute
for Biological Research, 7410001 Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Moshe Shenker
- Department
of Soil and Water Sciences, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty
of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The
Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 7610001 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Avi Weissberg
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, Israel Institute
for Biological Research, 7410001 Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Benny Chefetz
- Department
of Soil and Water Sciences, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty
of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The
Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 7610001 Jerusalem, Israel
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Sims N, Holton E, Archer E, Botes M, Wolfaardt G, Kasprzyk-Hordern B. In-situ multi-mode extraction (iMME) sampler for a wide-scope analysis of chemical and biological targets in water in urbanized and remote (off-the-grid) locations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 859:160034. [PMID: 36356746 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Chemical pollution (including chemicals of emerging concern - CECs) continues to gain increasing attention as a global threat to human health and the environment, with numerous reports on the adverse and sometimes devastating effects upon ecosystems the presence of these chemicals can have. Whilst many studies have investigated presence of CECs in aquatic environments, these studies have been often focused on higher income countries, leaving significant knowledge gaps for many low-middle income countries. This study proposes a new integrated powerless, in-situ multi-mode extraction (iMME) sampler for the analysis of chemicals (105 CECs) and biological (5 genes) markers in water in contrasting settings: an urbanized Avon River in the UK and remote Olifants River in Kruger National Park in South Africa. The overarching goal was to develop a sampling device that maintains integrity of a diverse range of analytes via analyte immobilization using polymeric and glass fibre materials, without access to power supply or cold chain (continuous chilled storage) for sample transportation. Chemical analysis was achieved using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Several mobile CECs showed low stability in river water, at room temperature and typical 24 h sampling/transport time. It is therefore recommended that, in the absence of cooling, environmental water samples are spiked with internal standards on site, immediately after collection and analyte immobilization option is considered, in order to allow fully quantitative analysis. iMME has proven effective in immobilization, concentration and increased stability of CECs at room temperature (and at least 7 days storage) allowing for sample collection at remote locations. The results from the River Avon and Olifants River sampling indicate that the pristine environment of Olifants catchment is largely unaffected by CECs common in the urbanized River Avon in the UK with a few exceptions: lifestyle chemicals (e.g., caffeine, nicotine and their metabolites), paracetamol and UV filters due to tourism and carbamazepine due to its persistent nature. iMME equipped with an additional gene extraction capability provides an exciting new opportunity of comprehensive biochemical profiling of aqueous samples with one powerless in-situ device. Further work is required to provide full integration of the device and comprehensive assessment of performance in both chemical and biological targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Sims
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; Centre for Doctoral Training in Sustainable Chemical Technologies, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Elizabeth Holton
- Centre for Doctoral Training in Sustainable Chemical Technologies, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Edward Archer
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Marelize Botes
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Gideon Wolfaardt
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Barbara Kasprzyk-Hordern
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; Centre for Doctoral Training in Sustainable Chemical Technologies, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK.
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5
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Mokgope H, Leudjo Taka A, Klink MJ, Pakade VE, Walmsley T. Quantification of some ARVs' removal efficiency from wastewater using a moving bed biofilm reactor. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2022; 86:2928-2942. [PMID: 36515197 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2022.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
To date, in South Africa alone, there are an estimated 4.5 million people receiving antiretroviral (ARV) therapy. This places South Africa as the country with the largest ARV therapy programme in the world. As a result, there are an increasing number of reports on the occurrence of ARVs in South African waters. Achieving efficient and bio-friendly methods for the removal of these pollutants is considered as a concern for environmental researchers. This study aims at studying the efficiency of a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) system for removing ARVs from wastewater. A continuous-flow laboratory scale system was designed, built, installed, and operated at a carrier filling rate of 30%, an organic loading rate of 0.6 kg COD/m3.d-1 OLR, a hydraulic retention time of 18h, and a 27.8 mL/min flow rate. The systems were monitored over time for the elimination of conventional wastewater parameters i.e., Biological Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand, and nutrients. The results showed that the MBBR system as a bio-friendly method has high efficiency in removing Nevirapine, Tenofovir, Efavirenz, Ritonavir and Emtricitabine from the synthetic influent sample with an average removal of 62%, 74%, 94%, 94% and 95%, respectively, after 10 days of operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman Mokgope
- Department of Biotechnology, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark Campus, Vanderbijlpark 1911, South Africa
| | - Anny Leudjo Taka
- Department of Chemistry, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark Campus, Vanderbijlpark 1911, South Africa E-mail:
| | - Michael John Klink
- Department of Chemistry, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark Campus, Vanderbijlpark 1911, South Africa E-mail:
| | - Vusumzi Emmanuel Pakade
- Department of Chemistry, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark Campus, Vanderbijlpark 1911, South Africa E-mail:
| | - Tara Walmsley
- Department of Biotechnology, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark Campus, Vanderbijlpark 1911, South Africa
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6
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He Y, Zhang Y, Ju F. Metformin Contamination in Global Waters: Biotic and Abiotic Transformation, Byproduct Generation and Toxicity, and Evaluation as a Pharmaceutical Indicator. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:13528-13545. [PMID: 36107956 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Metformin is the first-line antidiabetic drug and one of the most prescribed medications worldwide. Because of its ubiquitous occurrence in global waters and demonstrated ecotoxicity, metformin, as with other pharmaceuticals, has become a concerning emerging contaminant. Metformin is subject to transformation, producing numerous problematic transformation byproducts (TPs). The occurrence, removal, and toxicity of metformin have been continually reviewed; yet, a comprehensive analysis of its transformation pathways, byproduct generation, and the associated change in adverse effects is lacking. In this review, we provide a critical overview of the transformation fate of metformin during water treatments and natural processes and compile the 32 organic TPs generated from biotic and abiotic pathways. These TPs occur in aquatic systems worldwide along with metformin. Enhanced toxicity of several TPs compared to metformin has been demonstrated through organism tests and necessitates the development of complete mineralization techniques for metformin and more attention on TP monitoring. We also assess the potential of metformin to indicate overall contamination of pharmaceuticals in aquatic environments, and compared to the previously acknowledged ones, metformin is found to be a more robust or comparable indicator of such overall pharmaceutical contamination. In addition, we provide insightful avenues for future research on metformin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhen He
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Feng Ju
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future (RCIF), School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, 310024, Hangzhou, China
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7
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Method optimisation and application based on solid phase extraction of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antiretroviral drugs, and a lipid regulator from coastal areas of Durban, South Africa. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-022-05120-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThis study presents an optimized method that is applicable in monitoring the occurrence of pharmaceuticals in a wide range of aquatic environments. The optimised Solid Phase Extraction method is based on Bond Elut Plexa cartridges for the identification and quantification of three non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, three antiretroviral drugs and a lipid regulator in the coastal area of Durban city, South Africa covering four seasons. The extracted compounds are qualitatively and quantitatively detected by a high-performance liquid phase chromatographic instrument coupled to a photodiode array detector. The recoveries range from 62 to 110% with a Relative Standard Deviation of 0.56−4.68%, respectively, for the determination of emtricitabine, tenofovir, naproxen, diclofenac, ibuprofen, efavirenz, and gemfibrozil. The analytical method is validated by spiking estuarine water samples with 5 µg L− 1 of a mixture containing the target pharmaceuticals and the matrix detection limit is established to be 0.62–1.78 µg L− 1 for the target compounds. The optimized method is applied to seasonal monitoring of pharmaceuticals at chosen study sites from winter and spring of 2019 and summer and autumn of 2020. The results indicate the concentration of the pharmaceuticals studied varies with the type of aquatic environment and season.
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8
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Wang S, Wasswa J, Feldman AC, Kabenge I, Kiggundu N, Zeng T. Suspect screening to support source identification and risk assessment of organic micropollutants in the aquatic environment of a Sub-Saharan African urban center. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 220:118706. [PMID: 35691193 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Organic micropollutants (OMPs) are contaminants of global concern and have garnered increasing attention in Africa, particularly in urban and urbanizing areas of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). In this work, we coupled suspect screening enabled by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) with multivariate analysis to characterize OMPs in wastewater, surface water, and groundwater samples collected from Kampala, the capital and largest city of Uganda. Suspect screening prioritized and confirmed 157 OMPs in Kampala samples for target quantification. Many OMPs detected in Kampala samples occurred within concentration ranges similar to those documented in previous studies reporting OMP occurrence in SSA, but some have never or rarely been quantified in environmental water samples from SSA. Hierarchical cluster analysis established the source-related co-occurrence profiles of OMPs. Partial least squares regression and multiple linear regression analyses further pinpointed the concentration of nitrate and the content of a fluorescent organic matter component with excitation/emission maxima around 280/330 nm as predictors for the sample-specific cumulative concentrations of OMPs, suggesting the likely contribution of diffuse runoff and wastewater discharges to OMP occurrence in the aquatic environment of Kampala. Parallel calculations of exposure-activity ratios and multi-substance potentially affected fractions provided insights into the potential for biological effects associated with OMPs and highlighted the importance of expanded analytical coverage for screening-level risk assessments. Overall, our study demonstrates a versatile database-driven screening and data analysis methodology for the multipronged characterization of OMP contamination in a representative SSA urban center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiru Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 151 Link Hall, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, United States
| | - Joseph Wasswa
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 151 Link Hall, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, United States
| | - Anna C Feldman
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 151 Link Hall, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, United States
| | - Isa Kabenge
- Department of Agricultural and Bio-Systems Engineering, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Nicholas Kiggundu
- Department of Agricultural and Bio-Systems Engineering, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Teng Zeng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 151 Link Hall, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, United States.
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Paszkiewicz M, Godlewska K, Lis H, Caban M, Białk-Bielińska A, Stepnowski P. Advances in suspect screening and non-target analysis of polar emerging contaminants in the environmental monitoring. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Meena VK, Ghatak HR. Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation of Lamotrigine at Ti/DSA (Ta2O5-Ir2O5) and Stainless Steel Anodes. J ELECTROCHEM SCI TE 2022. [DOI: 10.33961/jecst.2021.01074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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He Y, Jin H, Gao H, Zhang G, Ju F. Prevalence, production, and ecotoxicity of chlorination-derived metformin byproducts in Chinese urban water systems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 816:151665. [PMID: 34785232 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The widely used antidiabetic drug metformin has become an emerging contaminant of water systems. In a prior study, we demonstrated the marked mammalian toxicity of the disinfection-derived byproducts (DBPs) Y (yellow, C4H6ClN5) and C (colorless, C4H6ClN3), and here assess the distribution, formation, and ecotoxicity of these in Chinese urban water systems. A national tap water assessment showed that metformin and C concentrations were higher in large, dense urban areas and surface water sources than in sparsely populated areas and groundwater sources. Water types' analysis clearly showed that C derived from chlorination of metformin-contaminated water (up to 4308.5 ng/L) circulated from domestic water (0.7-9.7 ng/L) via sewage (2.3 ng/L in effluent) to surface water (0.6-3.5 ng/L). Simulated disinfection and aqueous stability results systematically showed rapid formation and 24 h stability of both byproducts, indicating high exposure odds for water users. Both byproducts showed clear but distinct toxic effects on the growth (72 h IC50, 0.6 mg/L for Y and 4.4 mg/L for C) and photosynthesis of the microalgae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata at milligram levels. Combinedly, our work reveals that metformin byproducts have been disseminated to urban water cycle and contaminated tap water, increasing potential toxic risk for drinking water. Its outcomes provide a preliminary reference for future studies on the environmental fate and ecotoxicological effects of unintended DBPs formed in the chlorination of metformin-contaminated water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhen He
- Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China; Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China; Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hui Jin
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China; Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Han Gao
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China; Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Guoqing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China; Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Feng Ju
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China; Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China.
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12
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Reddy K, Renuka N, Kumari S, Bux F. Algae-mediated processes for the treatment of antiretroviral drugs in wastewater: Prospects and challenges. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 280:130674. [PMID: 34162077 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of pharmaceuticals (PCs), especially antiretroviral (ARV) drugs in various aquatic ecosystems has been expansively reported, wherein wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are identified as the primary point source. Consequently, the occurrence, ecotoxicity and treatment of ARV drugs in WWTPs have drawn much attention in recent years. Numerous studies have shown that the widely employed activated sludge-based WWTPs are incapable of removing ARV drugs efficiently from wastewater. Recently, algae-based wastewater treatment processes have shown promising results in PCs removal from wastewater, either completely or partially, through different processes such as biosorption, bioaccumulation, and intra-/inter-cellular degradation. Algal species have also shown to tolerate high concentrations of ARV drugs than the reported concentrations in the environmental matrices. In this review, emphasis has been given on discussing the current status of the occurrence of ARV drugs in the aquatic environment and WWTPs. Besides, the current trends and future perspectives of PCs removal by algae are critically reviewed and discussed. The potential pathways and mechanisms of ARV drugs removal by algae have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Reddy
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Nirmal Renuka
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Sheena Kumari
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Faizal Bux
- Institute for Water and Wastewater Technology, Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa.
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13
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Grela A, Kuc J, Bajda T. A Review on the Application of Zeolites and Mesoporous Silica Materials in the Removal of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Antibiotics from Water. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:4994. [PMID: 34501084 PMCID: PMC8433637 DOI: 10.3390/ma14174994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Zeolites and mesoporous silica materials are effective adsorbents that can be useful for the removal of various pharmaceuticals including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and antibiotics from low-quality water. This paper summarizes the properties and basic characteristics of zeolites and mesoporous silica materials and reviews the recent studies on the efficacy of the adsorption of selected non-steroidal medicinal products and antibiotics by these adsorbents to assess the potential opportunities and challenges of using them in water treatment. It was found that the adsorption capacity of sorbents with high silica content is related to their surface hydrophobicity (hydrophilicity) and structural features, such as micropore volume and pore size, as well as the properties of the studied medicinal products. This review can be of help to scientists to develop an effective strategy for reducing the amount of these two groups of pharmaceuticals in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Grela
- Faculty of Environmental and Power Engineering, The Cracow University of Technology, 30-155 Cracow, Poland
- Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Cracow, Poland; (J.K.); (T.B.)
| | - Joanna Kuc
- Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Cracow, Poland; (J.K.); (T.B.)
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, The Cracow University of Technology, 30-155 Cracow, Poland
| | - Tomasz Bajda
- Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Cracow, Poland; (J.K.); (T.B.)
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Emadian SM, Sefiloglu FO, Akmehmet Balcioglu I, Tezel U. Identification of core micropollutants of Ergene River and their categorization based on spatiotemporal distribution. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 758:143656. [PMID: 33261876 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Ergene River is heavily utilized for irrigation of fields to grow the main stocks of rice, wheat, and sunflower of Turkey also exported to Europe; therefore, monitoring the river's water quality is crucial for public health. Although the river quality is routinely monitored, the evaluation of pollution based on micropollutants is limited. In this study, we measured 222 organic micropollutants in 300 samples collected from 75 different locations on the Ergene River between August 2017 and May 2018 using direct injection liquid chromatography-tandem spectrometry with optimized scheduled multiple reaction monitoring. In total, 165 micropollutants were detected at a range of concentrations between 1.90 ng/L and 1824.55 μg/L. Sixty-three chemical substances were recurrent micropollutants that were detected at least one location in all seasons. Among them, 41 chemical substances were identified as the core micropollutants of the Ergene River using data-driven clustering methods. Hexa(methoxymethyl)melamine, benzotriazoles, and benzalkonium chlorides were frequently detected core micropollutants with an industrial origin. Besides, diuron, carbendazim, and cadusafos were common pesticides in the river. Core micropollutants were further categorized based on their type of source and environmental behavior using Kurtosis of concentration and load data obtained for each micropollutant. As a result, the majority of the core micropollutants are recalcitrant chemicals either released from a specific source located upstream of the river or have urban and agricultural sources dispersed on the watershed. In this study, we assessed the current state of pollution in the Ergene River at the micropollutant level with a very high spatial resolution and developed a statistical approach to categorize micropollutants that can be used to monitor the extent of pollution and track pollution sources in the river.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mehdi Emadian
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Bogazici University, 34342 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - F Oyku Sefiloglu
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Bogazici University, 34342 Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Ulas Tezel
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Bogazici University, 34342 Istanbul, Turkey.
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Ofrydopoulou A, Evgenidou E, Nannou C, Vasquez MI, Lambropoulou D. Exploring the phototransformation and assessing the in vitro and in silico toxicity of a mixture of pharmaceuticals susceptible to photolysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 756:144079. [PMID: 33308859 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The present study comprehensively investigates the phototransformation and ecotoxicity of a mixture of twelve pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) susceptible to photolysis. Namely, three antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin), three antidepressants (bupropion, duloxetine, olanzapine), three anti-inflammatory drugs (diclofenac, ketoprofen, nimesulide), two beta-blockers (propranolol, timolol) and the antihistamine ranitidine were treated under simulated solar irradiation in ultra-pure and river water. A total of 166 different transformation products (TPs) were identified by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with Orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Orbitrap HRMS), revealing the formation of twelve novel TPs and forty-nine not previously described in photolytic studies. The kinetic profiles of the major TPs resulting from a series of chemical reactions involving hydroxylation, cleavage and oxidation, dehalogenation, decarboxylation, dealkylation and photo substitution have been investigated and the transformation pathways have been suggested. Additionally, an in vitro approach to the toxicity assessment of daphnids was contrasted with ecotoxicity data based on the Ecological Structure Activity Relationships (ECOSAR) software comprising the in silico tool to determine the adverse effects of the whole mixture of photolabile parent compounds and TPs. The results demonstrated that photolysis of the target mixture leads to a decrease of the observed toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ofrydopoulou
- Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, Thessaloniki, GR-57001, Greece
| | - Eleni Evgenidou
- Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, Thessaloniki, GR-57001, Greece
| | - Christina Nannou
- Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, Thessaloniki, GR-57001, Greece
| | - Marlen I Vasquez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology, 3603, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Dimitra Lambropoulou
- Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, Thessaloniki, GR-57001, Greece.
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Van Hoi B, Vu CT, Phung-Thi LA, Thi Nguyen T, Nguyen PT, Mai H, Le PT, Nguyen TH, Thanh Duong D, Nguyen Thi H, Le-Van D, Chu DB. Determination of Pharmaceutical Residues by UPLC-MS/MS Method: Validation and Application on Surface Water and Hospital Wastewater. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2021; 2021:6628285. [PMID: 33505763 PMCID: PMC7811430 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6628285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an analytical method for the simultaneous determination of 7 major pharmaceutical residues in Vietnam, namely, carbamazepine, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, ketoprofen, paracetamol, sulfamethoxazole, and trimethoprim, in surface water and hospital wastewater has been developed. The method includes enrichment and clean-up steps by solid phase extraction using mix-mode cation exchange, followed by identification and quantification using an ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry and employing electrospray ionization (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS). Seven target compounds were separated on the reversed phase column and detected in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode within 6 minutes. The present study also optimized the operating parameters of the mass spectrometer to achieve the highest analytical signals for all target compounds. All characteristic parameters of the analytical method were investigated, including linearity range, limit of detection, limit of quantification, precision, and accuracy. The important parameter in UPLC-ESI-MS/MS, matrix effect, was assessed and implemented via preextraction and postextraction spiking experiments. The overall recoveries of all target compounds were in the ranges from 55% to 109% and 56 % to 115% for surface water and hospital wastewater, respectively. Detection limits for surface water and hospital wastewater were 0.005-0.015 µg L-1 and 0.014-0.123 µg L-1, respectively. The sensitivity of the developed method was allowed for determination of target compounds at trace level in environmental water samples. The in-house validation of the developed method was performed by spiking experiment in both the surface water and hospital wastewater matrix. The method was then applied to analyze several surface water and hospital wastewater samples taken from West Lake and some hospitals in Vietnam, where the level of these pharmaceutical product residues was still missed. Sulfamethoxazole was present at a high detection frequency in both surface water (33% of analyzed samples) and hospital wastewater (81% of analyzed samples) samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bui Van Hoi
- Department of Water–Environment-Oceanography, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi (USTH), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Cam-Tu Vu
- Department of Water–Environment-Oceanography, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi (USTH), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Lan-Anh Phung-Thi
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, No. 1 Dai Co Viet, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Thao Thi Nguyen
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, No. 1 Dai Co Viet, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Phuong Thanh Nguyen
- FPT University, Hoa Lac High Tech Park, Km 29 Thang Long Boulevard, Thach That, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Huong Mai
- Department of Water–Environment-Oceanography, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi (USTH), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Phuong-Thu Le
- Department of Water–Environment-Oceanography, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi (USTH), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Thanh-Hien Nguyen
- Department of Water–Environment-Oceanography, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi (USTH), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Dao Thanh Duong
- Department of Water–Environment-Oceanography, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi (USTH), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Hue Nguyen Thi
- Institute of Environmental Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Dung Le-Van
- Department of Chemistry, Vietnam Military Medical University, 160 Phung Hung, Ha Dong, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Dinh Binh Chu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, No. 1 Dai Co Viet, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
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Bhembe YA, Lukhele LP, Hlekelele L, Ray SS, Sharma A, Vo DVN, Dlamini LN. Photocatalytic degradation of nevirapine with a heterostructure of few-layer black phosphorus coupled with niobium (V) oxide nanoflowers (FL-BP@Nb 2O 5). CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 261:128159. [PMID: 33113664 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The degradation and removal of antiviral drugs in water has emerged remains a major challenge. This work presents, the photodegradation of nevirapine (NVP) with a novel p-n heterostructure of FL-BP@Nb2O5 nanoparticles synthesized via hydrothermal method. Several characterization techniques revealed a successful formation of the heterostructure with well aligned band positions that promoted excellent separation of charge carriers. A systematic study was conducted on the effect of initial pH, initial catalyst loading and initial concentration on the degradation kinetics of NVP. Degradation efficiency of 68% was achieved with the FL-BP@Nb2O5 after 3 h with 5 ppm initial concentration solution of NVP, at a working pH of 3 and 15 mg of photocatalyst. The stable fragment resulting from the degradation of NVP was n-butanol as evidenced by LC/MS. The successful degradation of NVP transpired with synergistic effect exhibited by the heterostructure that led to accelerated formation of reactive species that were responsible for the breaking down of NVP into smaller fragments. A TOC removal percentage of 19.03% after the photodegradation of NVP was observed, suggesting a successful break down of NVP to simpler non-toxic carbon-containing compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoliswa Anittah Bhembe
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Lerato Hlekelele
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI-CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Suprakas Sinha Ray
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, Johannesburg, South Africa; Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI-CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ajit Sharma
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Physical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, India
| | - Dai-Viet N Vo
- Center of Excellence for Green Energy and Environmental Nanomaterials (CE@GrEEN), Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, 755414, Viet Nam
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K'oreje KO, Okoth M, Van Langenhove H, Demeestere K. Occurrence and treatment of contaminants of emerging concern in the African aquatic environment: Literature review and a look ahead. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 254:109752. [PMID: 31733478 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Awareness about the rising detection and reported (eco)toxicological effects of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs, e.g. pharmaceuticals and personal care products - PPCPs - and modern pesticides) in the aquatic environment is growing. CECs are increasingly reported in the African aquatic environment, although the amount of data available is still limited. In this work, a comprehensive review is presented on the occurrence of CECs in wastewater, sludge, surface water, sediment, groundwater and drinking water of Africa. Further attention is given to the performance of wastewater stabilization ponds (WSPs) and trickling filters (TF) with respect to CECs removal. For the first time, we also look at the state of knowledge on the performance of point-of-use technologies (POUs) regarding the removal of CECs in drinking water. Generally, CECs in Africa occur at the same order of magnitude as in the Western world. However, for particular groups of compounds and at specific locations such as informal settlements, clearly higher concentrations are reported in Africa. Whereas antiretroviral and antimalarial drugs are rarely detected in the Western world, occurrence patterns in Africa reveal concentrations up to >100 μg L-1. Removal efficiencies of WSPs and TFs focus mainly on PPCPs and vary significantly, ranging from no removal (e.g. carbamazepine) to better than 99.9% (e.g. paracetamol). Despite the rising adoption of POUs, limited but promising information is available on their performance regarding CECs treatment in drinking water, particularly for the low-cost devices (e.g. ceramic filters and solar disinfection - SODIS) being adopted in Africa and other developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Otieno K'oreje
- Research Group Environmental Organic Chemistry and Technology (EnVOC), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium; Water Resources Authority (WRA), P.O. Box 45250, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, School of Science, University of Eldoret, P.O. Box 1125, Eldoret, Kenya.
| | - Maurice Okoth
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, School of Science, University of Eldoret, P.O. Box 1125, Eldoret, Kenya; Kenya Methodist University, P.O. Box 267-60200, Meru, Kenya.
| | - Herman Van Langenhove
- Research Group Environmental Organic Chemistry and Technology (EnVOC), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Kristof Demeestere
- Research Group Environmental Organic Chemistry and Technology (EnVOC), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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Jakab G, Szalai Z, Michalkó G, Ringer M, Filep T, Szabó L, Maász G, Pirger Z, Ferincz Á, Staszny Á, Dobosy P, Kondor AC. Thermal baths as sources of pharmaceutical and illicit drug contamination. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:399-410. [PMID: 31792791 PMCID: PMC6974506 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06633-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite the fact that there are tens of thousands of thermal baths in existence, knowledge about the occurrence of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in untreated thermal wastewater is very limited. Because used thermal water is typically legally discharged into surface waters without any treatment, the effluent poses environmental risks for the receiving water bodies. The aim of this study was to show the occurrence patterns and spatiotemporal characteristics of 111 PhACs in thermal wastewater. Six thermal water outflows of different thermal baths were tested in different seasons in the Budapest metropolitan region (Hungary), and diurnal analysis was performed. After solid-phase extraction, the samples were analysed and quantified by coupling supercritical fluid chromatography and mass spectrometry to perform simultaneous multi-residue drug analysis. The results confirm that water discharge pipes directly transport pharmaceuticals into surface water bodies; 34 PhACs were measured to be over the limit of quantification at least once, and 21 of them were found in more than one water sample. The local anaesthetic drug lidocaine, antiepileptic carbamazepine, analgesic derivative tramadol and illicit drug cocaine were detected in more than half of the samples. Caffeine, metoprolol and bisoprolol (cardiovascular drugs), benzoylecgonine (cocaine metabolite), diclofenac (NSAID), citalopram (antidepressant) and certain types of hormones also have a significant frequency of 30-50%. However, the occurrence and concentrations of PhACs vary according to the season and number/types of visitors. As demonstrated by the diurnal fluctuation, drug contamination of thermal waters can significantly vary, even for similar types of baths; furthermore, the quantity and types of some pollutants rapidly change in the discharged thermal wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Jakab
- Geographical Institute, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budaörsi út 45, Budapest, H-1112, Hungary
- Department of Environmental and Landscape Geography, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
- Institute of Geography and Geoinformatics, University of Miskolc, Egyetemváros, Miskolc, H-3515, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Szalai
- Geographical Institute, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budaörsi út 45, Budapest, H-1112, Hungary
- Department of Environmental and Landscape Geography, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
| | - Gábor Michalkó
- Geographical Institute, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budaörsi út 45, Budapest, H-1112, Hungary
- Corvinus University of Budapest, Fővám tér 8, Budapest, H-1093, Hungary
| | - Marianna Ringer
- Geographical Institute, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budaörsi út 45, Budapest, H-1112, Hungary
| | - Tibor Filep
- Geographical Institute, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budaörsi út 45, Budapest, H-1112, Hungary
| | - Lili Szabó
- Geographical Institute, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budaörsi út 45, Budapest, H-1112, Hungary
- Department of Environmental and Landscape Geography, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
| | - Gábor Maász
- MTA-Centre for Ecological Research, Balaton Limnological Institute, Klebelsberg Kuno u. 3., Tihany, H-8237, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Pirger
- MTA-Centre for Ecological Research, Balaton Limnological Institute, Klebelsberg Kuno u. 3., Tihany, H-8237, Hungary
| | - Árpád Ferincz
- Department of Aquaculture, Szent István University, Páter K. u. 1, Gödöllő, H-2100, Hungary
| | - Ádám Staszny
- Department of Aquaculture, Szent István University, Páter K. u. 1, Gödöllő, H-2100, Hungary
| | - Péter Dobosy
- MTA-Centre for Ecological Research, Danube Research Institute, Karolina út 29, Budapest, H-1113, Hungary
| | - Attila Csaba Kondor
- Geographical Institute, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budaörsi út 45, Budapest, H-1112, Hungary.
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Tian L, Verreault J, Houde M, Bayen S. Suspect screening of plastic-related chemicals in northern pike (Esox lucius) from the St. Lawrence River, Canada. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 255:113223. [PMID: 31541811 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Environmental contaminant monitoring traditionally relies on targeted analysis, and very few tools are currently available to monitor "unexpected" or "unknown" compounds. In the present study, a non-targeted workflow (suspect screening) was developed to investigate plastic-related chemicals and other environmental contaminants in a top predator freshwater fish species, the northern pike, from the St. Lawrence River, Canada. Samples were extracted using sonication-assisted liquid extraction and analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-QTOF-MS). Ten bisphenol compounds were used to test the analytical performances of the method, and satisfactory results were obtained in terms of instrumental linearity (r2 > 0.97), recoveries, (86.53-119.32%), inter-day precision and method detection limits. The non-targeted workflow data processing parameters were studied, and the peak height filters (peak filtering step) were found to influence significantly the capacity to detect and identify trace chemicals in pike muscle extracts. None of the ten bisphenol analogues were detected in pike extracts suggesting the absence of accumulation for these chemicals in pike muscle. However, the non-targeted workflow enabled the identification of diethyl phthalate (DEP) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) in pike extracts. This approach thus can be also applied to various contaminants in other biological matrices and environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tian
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Jonathan Verreault
- Centre de recherche en toxicologie de l'environnement (TOXEN), Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, P.O. Box 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Magali Houde
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Stéphane Bayen
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, H9X 3V9, Canada.
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Seale B, Schneider BB, Le Blanc JCY. Enhancing signal and mitigating up-front peptide fragmentation using controlled clustering by gas-phase modifiers. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:6365-6376. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02036-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Maasz G, Mayer M, Zrinyi Z, Molnar E, Kuzma M, Fodor I, Pirger Z, Takács P. Spatiotemporal variations of pharmacologically active compounds in surface waters of a summer holiday destination. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 677:545-555. [PMID: 31063896 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The release of pharmacologically active compounds (PhACs) into aquatic ecosystems poses an environmental risk resulting in a chronic exposure of non-target organisms. A great variety of PhACs, of generally low concentrations, and the complicated sample preparation, makes circumstantial the accurate detection and quantification. Additionally, there is little information published about the spatiotemporal variation of the PhAC load in a larger catchment area utilised for touristic purposes. In addition to the natural biotic and abiotic changes, the seasonal variation of tourism also has a dramatic impact on water quality and the natural ecosystem in larger catchment areas. Therefore, our aim was to develop a reliable solid-phase extraction (SPE)-supercritical fluid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (SFC-MS/MS) method for simultaneous multi-residue analysis of drugs to reveal the spatiotemporal changes in the PhAC contaminations in the waters of an important touristic region, the catchment area of the largest shallow lake in Central Europe, Lake Balaton (Hungary). The environmental application of the developed method revealed 69 out of the traced 134 chemical compounds, including 15 PhACs, which were detected from natural waters for the first time. Wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) loads have a major role in the PhAC contamination of the studied area; at the same time, the mass tourism-induced PhAC contamination was also detectable. Furthermore, the impact of tourism was indicated by elevated concentrations of recreational substances (e.g., caffeine and illicit drugs) in the touristic season affecting the water quality of this important summer holiday destination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabor Maasz
- NAP Adaptive Neuroethology, Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, MTA-Centre for Ecological Research, 8237 Tihany, Hungary.
| | - Matyas Mayer
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Zita Zrinyi
- NAP Adaptive Neuroethology, Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, MTA-Centre for Ecological Research, 8237 Tihany, Hungary
| | - Eva Molnar
- NAP Adaptive Neuroethology, Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, MTA-Centre for Ecological Research, 8237 Tihany, Hungary
| | - Monika Kuzma
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Istvan Fodor
- NAP Adaptive Neuroethology, Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, MTA-Centre for Ecological Research, 8237 Tihany, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Pirger
- NAP Adaptive Neuroethology, Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, MTA-Centre for Ecological Research, 8237 Tihany, Hungary
| | - Péter Takács
- Department of Hydrozoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, MTA-Centre for Ecological Research, 8237 Tihany, Hungary
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23
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Chefetz B, Marom R, Salton O, Oliferovsky M, Mordehay V, Ben-Ari J, Hadar Y. Transformation of lamotrigine by white-rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 250:546-553. [PMID: 31026702 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
One of the most persistent pharmaceutical compounds commonly found in treated wastewater is lamotrigine (LTG). It has also been detected in soils and crops irrigated with treated wastewater. Here we focused on the ability of the white-rot edible mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus to remove and transform LTG in liquid cultures. At concentrations of environmental relevance (1 and 10 μg L-1) LTG was almost completely removed from the culture medium within 20 days. To elucidate the mechanism of LTG removal and transformation, we applied a physiological-based approach using inhibitors and a competing agent. These experiments were conducted at a higher concentration for metabolites detection. Based on identification of sulfur-containing metabolites and LTG N2-oxide and the effect of specific inhibitors, cytochrome P450 oxidation is suggested as one of the reaction mechanisms leading to LTG transformation. The variety and number of transformation products (i.e., conjugates) found in the current study were larger than reported in mammals. Moreover, known conjugates with glucuronide, glutathione, or cysteine/glycine, were not found in our system. Since the majority of the identified transformation products were conjugates of LTG, this study highlights the persistence of LTG as an organic pollutant in ecosystems exposed to wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benny Chefetz
- Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
| | - Rotem Marom
- Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Orit Salton
- Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Mariana Oliferovsky
- Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Vered Mordehay
- Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Julius Ben-Ari
- Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Yitzhak Hadar
- Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
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24
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Rimayi C, Chimuka L, Gravell A, Fones GR, Mills GA. Use of the Chemcatcher® passive sampler and time-of-flight mass spectrometry to screen for emerging pollutants in rivers in Gauteng Province of South Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:388. [PMID: 31115701 PMCID: PMC6529598 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7515-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Many rivers in urbanised catchments in South Africa are polluted by raw sewage and effluent to an extent that their ecological function has been severely impaired. The Hennops and Jukskei Rivers lying in the Hartbeespoort Dam catchment are two of the worst impacted rivers in South Africa and are in need of rehabilitation. Passive sampling (Chemcatcher® with a HLB receiving phase) together with high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry-targeted screening was used to provide high sensitivity and selectivity for the identification of a wide range of emerging pollutants in these urban waters. Over 200 compounds, including pesticides, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, drugs of abuse and their metabolites were identified. Many substances (~ 180) being detected for the first time in surface water in South Africa. General medicines and psychotropic drugs were the two most frequently detected groups in the catchment. These accounted for 49% of the emerging pollutants found. Of the general medicines, antihypertensive agents, beta-blocking and cardiac drugs were the most abundant (28%) classes detected. The Hennops site, downstream of a dysfunctional wastewater treatment plant, was the most polluted with 123 substances detected. From the compounds detected, peak intensity-based prioritisation was used to identify the five most abundant pollutants, being in the order caffeine > lopinavir > sulfamethoxazole > cotinine > trimethoprim. This work provides the largest available high-quality dataset of emerging pollutants detected in South African urban waters. The data generated in this study provides a solid foundation for subsequent work to further characterise (suspect screening) and quantify (target analysis) these substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius Rimayi
- Department of Water and Sanitation, Resource Quality Information Services (RQIS), Roodeplaat, P. Bag X313, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Luke Chimuka
- School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, P. Bag 3, Wits, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
| | - Anthony Gravell
- Natural Resources Wale, NRW Analytical Services, Swansea University, Faraday Building, Singleton Campus, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Gary R Fones
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Burnaby Road, Portsmouth, PO1 3QL, UK.
| | - Graham A Mills
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, White Swan Road, Portsmouth, PO1 2DT, UK
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25
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Fekadu S, Alemayehu E, Dewil R, Van der Bruggen B. Pharmaceuticals in freshwater aquatic environments: A comparison of the African and European challenge. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 654:324-337. [PMID: 30448654 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Hundreds of tons of pharmaceutical compounds are annually dispensed and consumed worldwide. Pharmaceuticals are an important class of emerging environmental micropollutants: their presence in water bodies is an increasing environmental concern. The aim of this review paper is to provide a comprehensive review of the occurrence of pharmaceuticals in freshwater aquatic environments in the African and European context. A literature survey has been performed, resulting in 3024 data points related to environmental occurrence. The concentration levels of 71 pharmaceuticals were assessed. The top ten most frequently detected and quantified compounds in both continents were sulfamethoxazole, carbamazepine, diclofenac, trimethoprim, ibuprofen, naproxen, paracetamol (acetaminophen), ketoprofen, venlafaxine and clarithromycin. The maximum concentrations of 17β-estradiol, estriol, ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, paracetamol, naproxen reported in African aquatic environments were ~3140, ~20,000, ~125, ~100, ~215 and ~171 times higher, respectively, than the concentrations reported in European based studies. The variation in pharmaceutical consumption, partial removal of pharmaceuticals in wastewater treatment processes, and the direct discharge of livestock animal farm wastewater were identified among the major reasons for the observed differences. Several pharmaceuticals were found in aquatic environments of both continents in concentration levels higher than their ecotoxicity endpoints. In Europe, compounds such as diclofenac, ibuprofen, triclosan, sulfadimidine, carbamazepine and fluoxetine were reported in a concentration higher than the available ecotoxicity endpoints. In Africa, much more compounds reached concentrations more than the ecotoxicity endpoints, including diclofenac, ibuprofen, paracetamol, naproxen, ciprofloxacin, triclosan, trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, carbamazepine and fluoxetine, estriol and 17β-estradiol. Details for each therapeutic group are presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Fekadu
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemical Engineering, Process Engineering for Sustainable Systems Section, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; Jimma University, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ethiopia; Jimma University, Department of Environmental Health Science and Technology, Ethiopia
| | - Esayas Alemayehu
- Jimma University, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ethiopia
| | - Raf Dewil
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemical Engineering, Process and Environmental Technology Lab, J. De Nayerlaan 5, 2860 Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium
| | - Bart Van der Bruggen
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemical Engineering, Process Engineering for Sustainable Systems Section, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
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26
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Tian L, Lin L, Bayen S. Optimization of the post-acquisition data processing for the non-targeted screening of trace leachable residues from reusable plastic bottles by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to hybrid quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry. Talanta 2019; 193:70-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.09.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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27
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Mtolo SP, Mahlambi PN, Madikizela LM. Synthesis and application of a molecularly imprinted polymer in selective solid-phase extraction of efavirenz from water. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2019; 79:356-365. [PMID: 30865607 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2019.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Efavirenz is one of the antiretroviral drugs widely used to treat the human immunodeficiency virus. Antiretroviral drugs have been found to be present in surface water and wastewater. Due to complexity of environmental samples, solid-phase extraction (SPE) is used for isolation and pre-concentration of antiretroviral drugs prior to their chromatographic analysis. However, the commercially available SPE sorbents lack selectivity, which tends to prolong the analysis time. Therefore, in this study a molecularly imprinted polymer was synthesized for the specific recognition of efavirenz and then applied as the SPE sorbent for its extraction from wastewater and surface water samples. The imprinted and non-imprinted polymers were synthesized using a bulk polymerization technique where efavirenz was used as the template, 2-vinylpyridine as functional monomer, 1,1'-azobis-(cyclohexanecarbonitrile) as initiator, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as cross-linker and toluene:acetonitrile (9:1, v/v) as the porogenic solvent mixture. The characterization was performed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, elemental analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis techniques. Results showed better selectivity of molecularly imprinted polymer to efavirenz than did non-imprinted polymer. The analysis was performed using high performance liquid chromatography equipped with a photo-diode array detector. The analytical method gave a detection limit of 0.41 μg/L and the analyte recovery of 81% in wastewater. The concentrations found in wastewater ranged from 2.79 to 120.7 μg/L, while in surface water they were between 0.975 and 2.88 μg/L. Therefore, the results of this study show a strong need for a detailed screening of efavirenz in major water utilities in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinothando P Mtolo
- Department of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa E-mail:
| | - Precious N Mahlambi
- Department of Chemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa E-mail:
| | - Lawrence M Madikizela
- Department of Chemistry, Durban University of Technology, P. O. Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South Africa
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28
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Kafeenah HIS, Osman R, Bakar NKA. Disk solid-phase extraction of multi-class pharmaceutical residues in tap water and hospital wastewater, prior to ultra-performance liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) analyses. RSC Adv 2018; 8:40358-40368. [PMID: 35558236 PMCID: PMC9091434 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra06885b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, a new clean-up and pre-concentration method based on disk solid-phase extraction (SPE) was developed to determine multi-class pharmaceutical residues covering a wide range of polarities (log K ow values from -0.5 to 5.1) in water systems, prior to ultra-performance liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) analyses. Electrospray ionisation in positive and negative modes was used for the simultaneous determination of both acidic and basic pharmaceuticals. The performances of disk SPE and cartridge SPE were compared. The targeted pharmaceutical compounds list included bronchodilators, antidiabetic drugs, antihypertensive drugs, a lipid-lowering agent, analgesics, and anti-inflammatory drugs. Based on our results, the disk SPE demonstrated a higher sensitivity and recovery value and less analysis time as compared to the cartridge SPE method. The limits of detection (LOD) for the new method ranged from 0.02-3.2 ng L-1, 0.02-3.1 ng L-1 and 0.02-4.7 ng L-1 for tap, effluent and influent wastewater, respectively. The method's absolute recovery values ranged from 70% to 122% for tap water, 62% to 121% for effluent wastewater and 62% to 121% for influent wastewater, except for metformin in which the absolute recovery value was approximately 48% for all samples. Intra-day precision for tap water, effluent and influent wastewater ranged from 3-12%, 4-9% and 2-8%, respectively. The method developed was applied for the determination of targeted pharmaceuticals in tap, effluent, and influent wastewater from one hospital treatment plant in Malaysia. The results revealed that the highest concentrations of certain pharmaceuticals were up to 49 424 ng L-1 (acetaminophen) and 1763 ng L-1 (caffeine) in the influent and effluent wastewater, respectively. The results also showed a variation in the treatment efficiencies for the hospital treatment plant from one compound to another. Nevertheless, the removal efficiencies ranged from 0-99%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Husam I S Kafeenah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya 50603 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Rozita Osman
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA 40450 Shah Alam Selangor Malaysia
| | - N K A Bakar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya 50603 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
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29
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K'oreje KO, Kandie FJ, Vergeynst L, Abira MA, Van Langenhove H, Okoth M, Demeestere K. Occurrence, fate and removal of pharmaceuticals, personal care products and pesticides in wastewater stabilization ponds and receiving rivers in the Nzoia Basin, Kenya. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 637-638:336-348. [PMID: 29751313 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although there is increased global environmental concern about emerging organic micropollutants (EOMPs) such as pharmaceuticals, personal care products (PPCPs) and polar pesticides, limited information is available on their occurrence in Africa. This study presents unique data on concentrations and loads of 31 PPCPs and 10 pesticides in four wastewater stabilization ponds (WSPs) and receiving rivers (flowing through urban centres) in Kenya. The WSPs indicate a high potential to remove pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) with removals by up to >4 orders of magnitude (>99.99% removal), mainly occurring at the facultative stage. However, there are large differences in removal among the different classes, and a shift in the relative PhACs occurrence is observed during wastewater treatment. Whereas the influent is dominated by high-consumption PhACs like anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g. paracetamol and ibuprofen, up to 1000 μg L-1), the most recalcitrant PhACs including mainly antibiotics (e.g. sulfadoxin and sulfamethoxazole) and antiretrovirals (e.g. lamivudine and nevirapine) are largely abundant (up to 100 μg L-1) in treated effluent. Overall, concentrations of EOMPs in the Nzoia Basin rivers are the highest in dry season (except pesticides) and in small tributaries. They are of the same order of magnitude as those measured in the western world, but clearly lower than what we recently measured in the Ngong River, Nairobi region. Based on the specific consumption patterns and recalcitrant behavior, high concentrations (>1000 ng L-1) are observed in the rivers for PPCPs like lamivudine, zidovudine, sulfamethoxazole and methylparaben. Concentration levels of pesticides are in general one order of magnitude lower (<250 ng L-1). Our data suggest a continuous input of EOMPs to the rivers from both point (WSPs) and diffuse (urban centres) sources. To better understand and manage the impact of both sources, EOMP removal mechanisms in WSPs and their attenuation in rivers merit further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Otieno K'oreje
- Research Group Environmental Organic Chemistry and Technology (EnVOC), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; Water Resources Authority (WRA), P.O. Box 45250, Nairobi, Kenya; Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, School of Science, University of Eldoret, P.O. Box 1125, Eldoret, Kenya.
| | - Faith Jebiwot Kandie
- Research Group Environmental Organic Chemistry and Technology (EnVOC), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Leendert Vergeynst
- Research Group Environmental Organic Chemistry and Technology (EnVOC), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Herman Van Langenhove
- Research Group Environmental Organic Chemistry and Technology (EnVOC), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Maurice Okoth
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, School of Science, University of Eldoret, P.O. Box 1125, Eldoret, Kenya; Kenya Methodist University, P.O. Box 267-60200, Meru, Kenya.
| | - Kristof Demeestere
- Research Group Environmental Organic Chemistry and Technology (EnVOC), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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