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Hong Q, Xing J, Xing C, Yang B, Su W, Chen Y, Zhang C, Zhu Y, Liu C. Investigating vertical distributions and photochemical indications of formaldehyde, glyoxal, and NO 2 from MAX-DOAS observations in four typical cities of China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 954:176447. [PMID: 39307370 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2024] [Revised: 09/05/2024] [Accepted: 09/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (HCHO), glyoxal (CHOCHO), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) are crucial in atmospheric photochemical processes at both surface and elevated altitudes. This study presents synchronous multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) measurements of the vertical distributions of summertime HCHO, CHOCHO and NO2 in four representative megacities within the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH), Yangtze River Delta (YRD), Sichuan Basin (SB), and Pearl River Delta (PRD) regions of China. The vertical distributions of HCHO and CHOCHO tended to occur at higher altitudes compared to NO2, influenced by both primary emissions near the ground and photochemical oxidation processes at elevated altitudes. Source separation regression analysis using the CO-CHOCHO trace pair identified secondary formation as the predominant source of ambient HCHO. In urban areas, the ratio of CHOCHO to secondary HCHO (RGFsec) serves as a more reliable metric at ground level for diagnosing VOC precursor sources, excluding the interference of primary and background HCHO. The increase in RGF values at higher altitudes highlights the relative contribution of VOCs favoring CHOCHO production. Moreover, four indicators (e.g. FNR, FNRsec, GNR, and MNR) were utilized to characterize O3 formation sensitivity at different altitudes. The range of FNR, FNRsec, GNR, and MNR marking the O3 formation sensitivity regime varies regionally, highlighting the need for localized assessments. The VOC-limited regime dominated at the ground level, whereas the contribution of the NOx-limited regime increased with altitude. Therefore, a comprehensive control strategy addressing both VOC and NOx emissions across different altitudes is essential for effectively mitigating photochemical pollution in urban areas of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Hong
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Carbon Source and Sink, China Meteorological Administration (ECSS-CMA), Wuxi University, Wuxi 214105, China
| | - Jingchen Xing
- School of Environmental and Ecology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Chengzhi Xing
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
| | - Baixue Yang
- School of Environmental and Ecology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wenjing Su
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yujia Chen
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Science and Satellite Remote Sensing, Anhui Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; Shouxian National Climatology Observatory, Huaihe River Basin Typical Farm Eco-meteorological Experiment Field of CMA, Shouxian 232200, China
| | - Chengxin Zhang
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yizhi Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
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Li X, Wang W, Yang S, Cheng Y, Zeng L, Yu X, Lu S, Liu Y, Hu M, Xie S, Huang X, Zhou J, Shi L, Xu H, Lin S, Liu H, Feng M, Song D, Tan Q, Zhang Y. Ozone sensitivity regimes vary at different heights in the planetary boundary layer. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 944:173712. [PMID: 38830412 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
The sensitivity of tropospheric ozone (O3) to its precursors volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides (NOX) determines the emission reduction strategy for O3 mitigation. Due to the lack of comprehensive vertical measurements of VOCs, the vertical distribution of O3 sensitivity regimes has not been well understood. O3 precursor sensitivity determined by ground-level measurements has been generally used to guide O3 control strategy. Here, to precisely diagnose O3 sensitivity regimes at different heights in the planetary boundary layer (PBL), we developed a vertical measurement system based on an unmanned aerial vehicle platform to conduct comprehensive vertical measurements of VOCs, NOX and other relevant parameters. Our results suggest that the O3 precursor sensitivity shifts from a VOC-limited regime at the ground to a NOX-limited regime at upper layers, indicating that the ground-level O3 sensitivity cannot represent the situation of the whole PBL. We also found that the state-of-the-art photochemical model tends to underestimate oxygenated VOCs at upper layers, resulting in overestimation of the degree of VOCs-limited regime. Therefore, thorough vertical measurements of VOCs to accurately diagnose O3 precursor sensitivity is in urgent need for the development of effective O3 control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100816, China; Collaborative Innovation Centre of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Wenjie Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Minerva Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany.
| | - Suding Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100816, China
| | - Yafang Cheng
- Minerva Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Limin Zeng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100816, China; Collaborative Innovation Centre of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xuena Yu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Sihua Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100816, China; Collaborative Innovation Centre of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100816, China
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100816, China; Collaborative Innovation Centre of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Shaodong Xie
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100816, China
| | - Xiaofeng Huang
- Environmental Laboratory, PKU-HKUST Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institution, Shenzhen 518057, China; Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Quadrant Space (Tianjin) Technology Co., Ltd, Tianjin 301700, China
| | - Haibin Xu
- Quadrant Space (Tianjin) Technology Co., Ltd, Tianjin 301700, China
| | - Shuchen Lin
- Quadrant Space (Tianjin) Technology Co., Ltd, Tianjin 301700, China
| | - Hefan Liu
- Chengdu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Miao Feng
- Chengdu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Danlin Song
- Chengdu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Qinwen Tan
- Chengdu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100816, China; Collaborative Innovation Centre of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
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Wu W, Ge Y, Wang Y, Su J, Wang X, Zhou B, Chen J. Vertical ozone formation mechanisms resulting from increased oxidation on the mountainside of Mount Tai, China. PNAS NEXUS 2024; 3:pgae347. [PMID: 39238602 PMCID: PMC11376371 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
The vertical distribution of ozone (O3) within the boundary layer (BL) and its ground-level effects have been extensively studied. However, observational limitations in obtaining high-resolution, real-time data on O3 and its precursors, especially volatile organic compounds (VOCs), have led to a scarcity of research on O3 formation sensitivity and mechanisms. Online measurements for O3, nitrogen oxides (NO x ), and VOCs were made on the mountainside of Mount Tai (∼550 m a.s.l.) in China during the summer of 2022 and were compared with the data from a ground-level site. The Master Chemical Mechanism (V3.3.1) was used to uncover a positive correlation between NO x and photochemical reaction rates on the mountainside, marking it as a NO x -limited regime in contrast to the VOC-limited regime identified at surface. On the mountainside, lower NO levels limited hydroxyl radicals (OH) recycling reactions, resulting in earlier O3 peaks and higher concentrations of hydroperoxy radicals (HO2) and organic peroxy radicals (RO2). The arrival of fresh air masses rich in NO accelerated OH radical cycling, enhanced atmospheric oxidization, and significantly impacted surface O3 concentrations though vertical transport. Moreover, NO x reduction scenario simulations show that when considering vertical transport, the peak O3 production rate at the surface is lower due to differences in O3 formation sensitivity vertically. This study highlights the significant sensitivity of O3 formation to NO within the BL, underscoring the potential impact of vertical in situ O3 formation above the ground on surface-level O3 concentrations through vertical exchange, particularly in cities with mountainous terrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqi Wu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yanzhen Ge
- Tai'an Ecological Environment Protection and Control Center, Tai'an Ecological Environment Bureau, Tai'an 271000, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Environment, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jixin Su
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Environment, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xinfeng Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Environment, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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Díez-Palet I, Jaén C, Marco E, Van Drooge BL, Fernández P, Grimalt JO. Measurement of volatile organic compounds using tethered balloons in a polluted industrial site in Catalonia (Spain). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-34020-3. [PMID: 38922473 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-34020-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the chemical composition of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) near emission sources and in the background atmosphere above the mixing layer height (MLH) provides insight into the fate of VOCs and is essential for developing effective air pollution control strategies. Unfortunately, knowledge of the qualitative and quantitative changes of VOCs and their vertical transport in the atmosphere is limited due to challenging experimental setups. In this study, an innovative method using tethered balloons was tested and implemented to sample 40 VOCs and O3 below and above the MLH at an industrial site in Spain. VOC and O3 samples were collected with different types of sorbent cartridges and analyzed using chromatographic techniques. Overall, a decrease in VOC concentration with altitude was observed along with a homogeneous chemical composition up to 300 m AGL. This decrease with altitude denoted the primary origin of these VOCs, which were strongly influenced by industrial processes and the traffic emissions in the area. Conversely, O3 concentrations were notably higher at balloon level and increased during nighttime temperature inversion episodes in those samples collected above the mixing layer. Ground samples contained freshly emitted pollutants of industrial origin, while balloon samples consisted of aged pollutants from traffic, other combustion sources, or from a secondary origin. This study is the first to assess the vertical composition of VOCs at a site of these characteristics and demonstrates that tethered balloons are a cost-effective method for studying air pollution dynamics from the ground to higher altitudes in the low troposphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Díez-Palet
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Clara Jaén
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Esther Marco
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Barend L Van Drooge
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Pilar Fernández
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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5
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Yao D, Wang Y, Bai Z, Cheng M, Tang G, Liu Y, Zhuoga D, Yu H, Bian J, Wang Y. Vertical distribution of VOCs in the boundary layer of the Lhasa valley and its impact on ozone pollution. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 340:122786. [PMID: 37871738 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the vertical distribution of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) concentrations in the Lhasa valley region, an intensive measurement campaign was first conducted in summer using a tethered balloon. The results showed that the average concentration of surface VOCs was 49.1 ± 30.1 ppbv, alkanes and aromatics were the main components. Notably, a very large discrepancy in VOCs was obtained between the wet (71.6 ± 25.9 ppbv) and dry (25.6 ± 8.0 ppbv) episodes, which was attributed to the atmospheric stability and diffusion capacity. Moreover, the total VOC (TVOCs) concentration declined under fluctuations, but it rapidly increased with height in the afternoon during the wet episode (2.50 ppbv/100 m, R2 = 0.47). According to the PMF results, combustion was the dominant emission source, additionally, the contribution of solvent coating in the wet episode and the background in the dry episode increased with height. Moreover, the O3 concentration increased with height, and the decrease in LNOx-OH could effectively prevent the occurrence of high O3 values. This study indicated that low wind speeds and high humidity levels highly likely cause the accumulation of atmospheric VOCs under static and stable conditions, while the control of high O3 concentrations must still greatly consider summertime NOx emissions in Lhasa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yao
- Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, China
| | - Yinghong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhixuan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Mengtian Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Guiqian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing, 100084, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Yuting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Deqing Zhuoga
- Tibet Institute of Plateau Atmospheric Environmental Science, Lhasa, 850000, China
| | - Hao Yu
- Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, China
| | - Jianchun Bian
- Key Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yuesi Wang
- Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, China; State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Kong L, Zhou L, Chen D, Luo L, Xiao K, Chen Y, Liu H, Tan Q, Yang F. Atmospheric oxidation capacity and secondary pollutant formation potentials based on photochemical loss of VOCs in a megacity of the Sichuan Basin, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 901:166259. [PMID: 37595915 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are significant precursors to photochemical pollution. However, reactive VOC species are easily oxidized during transportation, resulting in a systematic underestimate of the measured concentrations. To address this, we applied an improved calculation method to correct the measured VOC concentrations into photochemical initial concentrations (PICs) in Chengdu, a megacity in the Sichuan Basin, China, which is highly vulnerable to complex pollution. In this study, 56 VOC species on the Photochemical Assessment Monitor Station (PAMS) target list were quantitatively monitored throughout all four seasons. Comparing to directly measured values, photochemically initialized total mixing ratios of VOCs increased by 18.6 % in general. The photochemical loss percentages of alkenes and aromatics were prominent in summer (68.6 %, 28.7 %) and spring (65.9 %, 24.7 %), respectively. Furthermore, we examined contributions of VOCs to atmospheric oxidation capacity (AOC) depending on PICs and found that maximum daily total AOC showed a surge in spring and summer. Besides hydroxyl radicals, daytime O3 in spring and late-afternoon nitrate radicals in summer were essential for AOC with PICs. As expected, alkenes and aromatics dominated PIC-based ozone formation potentials (OFPs). Furthermore, contribution of alkenes to secondary organic aerosol formation potentials reached 15.5 % and 7.6 % in spring and summer, respectively. Using positive matrix factorization model, we identified five VOC sources including vehicular exhaust, industrial emissions, solvent usage, biogenic sources, and liquefied petroleum gas/natural gas use. Based on PICs, biogenic sources were significantly underestimated in spring and summer. Meanwhile, m,p-xylene from solvent usage and isoprene from biogenic sources were the primary contributors to OFPs. Consequently, these results emphasize the significance of photochemically oxidized VOC concentrations, especially for reactive species in typical seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Kong
- College of Carbon Neutrality Future Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Yibin Institute of Industrial Technology, Sichuan University Yibin Park, Yibin 644000, China
| | - Li Zhou
- College of Carbon Neutrality Future Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Yibin Institute of Industrial Technology, Sichuan University Yibin Park, Yibin 644000, China.
| | - Dongyang Chen
- College of Carbon Neutrality Future Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Yibin Institute of Industrial Technology, Sichuan University Yibin Park, Yibin 644000, China
| | - Lan Luo
- Sichuan province Chengdu Ecological Environment Monitoring Center Station, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Kuang Xiao
- Sichuan province Chengdu Ecological Environment Monitoring Center Station, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Sichuan province Chengdu Ecological Environment Monitoring Center Station, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Hefan Liu
- Chengdu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Qinwen Tan
- Chengdu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Fumo Yang
- College of Carbon Neutrality Future Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Yibin Institute of Industrial Technology, Sichuan University Yibin Park, Yibin 644000, China
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7
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Saraga DΕ, Querol X, Duarte RMBO, Aquilina NJ, Canha N, Alvarez EG, Jovasevic-Stojanovic M, Bekö G, Byčenkienė S, Kovacevic R, Plauškaitė K, Carslaw N. Source apportionment for indoor air pollution: Current challenges and future directions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 900:165744. [PMID: 37487894 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Source apportionment (SA) for indoor air pollution is challenging due to the multiplicity and high variability of indoor sources, the complex physical and chemical processes that act as primary sources, sinks and sources of precursors that lead to secondary formation, and the interconnection with the outdoor environment. While the major indoor sources have been recognized, there is still a need for understanding the contribution of indoor versus outdoor-generated pollutants penetrating indoors, and how SA is influenced by the complex processes that occur in indoor environments. This paper reviews our current understanding of SA, through reviewing information on the SA techniques used, the targeted pollutants that have been studied to date, and their source apportionment, along with limitations or knowledge gaps in this research field. The majority (78 %) of SA studies to date focused on PM chemical composition/size distribution, with fewer studies covering organic compounds such as ketones, carbonyls and aldehydes. Regarding the SA method used, the majority of studies have used Positive Matrix Factorization (31 %), Principal Component Analysis (26 %) and Chemical Mass Balance (7 %) receptor models. The indoor PM sources identified to date include building materials and furniture emissions, indoor combustion-related sources, cooking-related sources, resuspension, cleaning and consumer products emissions, secondary-generated pollutants indoors and other products and activity-related emissions. The outdoor environment contribution to the measured pollutant indoors varies considerably (<10 %- 90 %) among the studies. Future challenges for this research area include the need for optimization of indoor air quality monitoring and data selection as well as the incorporation of physical and chemical processes in indoor air into source apportionment methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dikaia Ε Saraga
- Atmospheric Chemistry & Innovative Technologies Laboratory, INRASTES, NCSR Demokritos, Aghia Paraskevi, Athens 15310, Greece.
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Regina M B O Duarte
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Noel J Aquilina
- Department of Chemistry - Faculty of Science, Chemistry Building, University of Malta, Malta
| | - Nuno Canha
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares (C(2)TN), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, Km 139.7, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal
| | - Elena Gómez Alvarez
- Department of Agronomy, University of Cordoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Milena Jovasevic-Stojanovic
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gabriel Bekö
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Healthy and Sustainable Built Environment Research Centre, Ajman University, Ajman, P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Steigvilė Byčenkienė
- Department of Environmental Research, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Saulėtekio ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | - Kristina Plauškaitė
- Department of Environmental Research, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Saulėtekio ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Nicola Carslaw
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, UK
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8
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Liu Z, Zha F, Wang Y, Yuan B, Liu B, Tang G. Vertical evolution of the concentrations and sources of volatile organic compounds in the lower boundary layer in urban Beijing in summer. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 332:138767. [PMID: 37105313 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Exploring the vertical variations in volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the atmosphere and quantifying the sources of VOCs at different heights can help control atmospheric photochemical pollution in summer. Here, VOCs were vertically detected at three heights (47 m, 200 m and 320 m) along a 325 m tower of the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, in the mornings (8:00) and afternoons (15:00) from May 19 to June 18, 2021. The VOC concentrations in Beijing in summer were 16.2 ± 5.6 ppbv, 14.7 ± 2.5 ppbv and 14.9 ± 3.8 ppbv at 47 m, 200 m and 320 m, respectively, and alkanes accounted for the largest proportion at all heights (>56%). The vertical gradients of the VOC concentrations and components did not significantly change, which was consistent with the summer observations of other stations in North China in recent years, but these results significantly differed from observations from more than a decade ago. To determine the reason for this, a classification based on atmospheric stability was performed, revealing that the vertical distribution of VOCs was uniform in convective and stable conditions and decreased with increasing height in neutral condition. With the transition of atmospheric stability from neutral to convective to stable, the contributions of fuel combustion sources and solvent use sources gradually increased, while those of biogenic sources and background sources gradually decreased. With increasing height, the contributions of background sources increased, those of biogenic sources, solvent use and gasoline vehicular emissions decreased, and those of fuel combustion and industrial emissions remained basically unchanged. The above results indicated that with air pollution treatment, the potential for reducing emissions of VOCs in Beijing has decreased. Therefore, regional joint prevention and control are the main ways to control VOC pollution in Beijing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyun Liu
- School of Earth and Environment, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Anhui, 232001, China; State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Fugeng Zha
- School of Earth and Environment, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Anhui, 232001, China.
| | - Yinghong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Bin Yuan
- Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Baoxian Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Airborne Particulate Matter Monitoring Technology, Beijing Municipal Ecological Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Guiqian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing, 100084, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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9
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Hong Q, Liu C, Hu Q, Zhang Y, Xing C, Ou J, Tan W, Liu H, Huang X, Wu Z. Vertical distribution and temporal evolution of formaldehyde and glyoxal derived from MAX-DOAS observations: The indicative role of VOC sources. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 122:92-104. [PMID: 35717094 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (HCHO) and glyoxal (CHOCHO) are important oxidization intermediates of most volatile organic compounds (VOCs), but their vertical evolution in urban areas is not well understood. Vertical profiles of HCHO, CHOCHO, and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) were retrieved from ground-based Multi-Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) observations in Hefei, China. HCHO and CHOCHO vertical profiles prefer to occur at higher altitudes compared to NO2, which might be caused by the photochemistry-oxidation of longer-lived VOCs at higher altitudes. Monthly means of HCHO concentrations were higher in summer, while enhanced amounts of NO2 were mainly observed in winter. CHOCHO exhibited a hump-like seasonal variation, with higher monthly-averaged values not only occurred in warm months (July-August) but also in cold months (November-December). Peak values mainly occurred during noon for HCHO but emerged in the morning for CHOCHO and NO2, suggesting that HCHO is stronger link to photochemistry than CHOCHO. We further use the glyoxal to formaldehyde ratio (GFR) to investigate the VOC sources at different altitudes. The lowest GFR value is almost found in the altitude from 0.2 to 0.4 km, and then rises rapidly as the altitude increases. The GFR results indicate that the largest contributor of the precursor VOC is biogenic VOCs at lower altitudes, while at higher altitudes is anthropogenic VOCs. Our findings provide a lot more insight into VOC sources at vertical direction, but more verification is recommended to be done in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Hong
- School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Key Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
| | - Qihou Hu
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
| | - Yanli Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Chengzhi Xing
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jinping Ou
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Wei Tan
- Key Lab of Environmental Optics & Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Haoran Liu
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Xiaoqing Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhenfeng Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Jing D, Cheng N, Zhang C, Chen Z, Cai X, Li S, Zhao J, Wang Q, Li W. A novel approach for VOC source apportionment combining characteristic factor and pattern recognition technology in a Chinese industrial area. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 121:25-37. [PMID: 35654513 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compound (VOC) emission control and source apportionment in small-scale industrial areas have become key topics of air pollution control in China. This study proposed a novel characteristic factor and pattern recognition (CF-PR) model for VOC source apportionment based on the similarity of characteristic factors between sources and receptors. A simulation was carried out in a typical industrial area with the CF-PR model involving simulated receptor samples. Refined and accurate source profiles were constructed through in situ sampling and analysis, covering rubber, chemicals, coating, electronics, plastics, printing, incubation and medical treatment industries. Characteristic factors of n-undecane, styrene, o-xylene and propane were identified. The source apportionment simulation results indicated that the predicted contribution rate was basically consistent with the real contribution rate. Compared to traditional receptor models, this method achieves notable advantages in terms of refinement and timeliness at similar accuracy, which is more suitable for VOC source identification and apportionment in small-scale industrial areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deji Jing
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Industrial Ecology and Environment, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University (Yuquan Campus), Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Nana Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Industrial Ecology and Environment, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University (Yuquan Campus), Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Industrial Ecology and Environment, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University (Yuquan Campus), Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Ziwei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Industrial Ecology and Environment, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University (Yuquan Campus), Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xingnong Cai
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Industrial Ecology and Environment, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University (Yuquan Campus), Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Sujing Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Industrial Ecology and Environment, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University (Yuquan Campus), Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jingkai Zhao
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Qiaoli Wang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Industrial Ecology and Environment, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University (Yuquan Campus), Hangzhou 310027, China
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11
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Chang CY, Wang JL, Chen YC, Pan XX, Chen WN, Lin MR, Ho YJ, Chuang MT, Liu WT, Chang CC. A study of the vertical homogeneity of trace gases in East Asian continental outflow. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 297:134165. [PMID: 35245587 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
East Asian continental outflows containing with pollutants may deteriorate air quality in the downwind region via long-range transport (LRT). In particular, cold fronts with high wind speeds generally promote the LRT of air pollutants to further downwind areas, including Taiwan. To gain an insightful understanding of the characteristics and vertical homogeneity of trace gases in East Asian continental outflows, as well as their relation with atmospheric meteorological conditions, whole air samples were collected above a cape at the northern tip of the island of Taiwan during frontal passages. Aerial samples were collected at multiple altitudes from the surface to a maximum height of 700 m with a multicopter sounding platform carrying a robotic whole air sampling device. Simultaneously, aerial meteorological variables of temperature and wind vector from near the surface to a maximum height of 1000 m were also measured during the whole air sampling periods. An array of 106 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as well as CO, CO2, and CH4 were analyzed to characterize the air composition and vertical homogeneity of trace gases. The results revealed rather homogeneous vertical distributions of most VOCs, CO, CO2, and CH4 in the frontal passages, indicating well-mixed conditions of trace gases in the East Asian continental outflows. The strong wind shear and minimal temperature inversion associated with the frontal passage likely induced turbulence and increased vertical mixing. Furthermore, higher levels of species characteristic of the East Asian continent were observed from the surface up to hundreds of meters above the cape, revealing a strong inflow of polluted air masses from the East Asian continent brought by cold frontal passages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yuan Chang
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Lin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Chungli, 320, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chen Chen
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Xiang-Xu Pan
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Nai Chen
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ren Lin
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jui Ho
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tung Chuang
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Tzu Liu
- Center for Environmental Monitoring and Technology, National Central University, Chungli, 320, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chung Chang
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
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12
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Zhang H, Ji Y, Wu Z, Peng L, Bao J, Peng Z, Li H. Atmospheric volatile halogenated hydrocarbons in air pollution episodes in an urban area of Beijing: Characterization, health risk assessment and sources apportionment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150283. [PMID: 34563911 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Volatile halogenated hydrocarbons (VHCs) have attracted wide attention in the atmospheric chemistry field since they not only affect the ecological environment but also damage human health. In order to better understand the characteristics, sources and health risks of VHCs in typical urban areas in Beijing, and also verify the achievement in implementing the Montreal Protocol (MP) in Beijing, observational studies on 22 atmospheric VHCs species were conducted during six air pollution episodes from December 2016 to May 2017. The range in daily mixing ratios of the 6 MP-regulated VHCs was 1000-1168 pptv, and the 16 MP-unregulated VHCs was 452-2961 pptv. The 16 MP-unregulated VHCs accounted for a relatively high concentration proportion among the 22 VHCs with a mean of 70.25%. Compared with other regions, the mixing ratios of MP-regulated VHCs were in the middle concentrations. The mixing ratios of the MP-regulated VHCs remained the same concentrations during the air pollution episodes, while the concentrations of MP-unregulated VHCs were generally higher on polluted days than on clean days and increased with the aggravation of the pollution episodes. The mixing ratios of dichlorodifluoromethane and trichlorofluoromethane were higher than Northern Hemisphere (NH) background values, while the mixing ratios of the other 4 MP-regulated VHCs were moderate and similar to the NH background values. All the 9 VHCs with carcinogenic risk might pose potential carcinogenic risks to the exposed populations in the six pollution episodes, while none of the 12 VHCs might pose appreciable non-carcinogenic risks to the exposed populations. Considering the higher concentration levels and higher risk values of 1,2-dichloropropane, 1,2-dichloroethane, carbon tetrachloride and trichloromethane, Beijing needs to further strengthen the control of these VHCs. The analysis of air mass transportation and PMF model showed that regional transportation and leakage of CFCs banks were important sources of VHCs in Beijing, and the contribution of industrial process and solvent usage should not be neglected. The results revealed the effective implementation of the MP in Beijing and its surrounding areas, while further measures are suggested to control the emissions of important VHCs especially from regional transportation and leakage of CFCs banks to reduce the possible health risks to the exposed population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- School of Science, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; College of Earth Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China
| | - Zhenhai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Liang Peng
- Nanjing Intelligent Environmental Sci-Tech Company Limited, Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Jiemeng Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Hubei Provincial Academy of Eco-environmental Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhijian Peng
- School of Science, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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13
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Mo Z, Huang S, Yuan B, Pei C, Song Q, Qi J, Wang M, Wang B, Wang C, Shao M. Tower-based measurements of NMHCs and OVOCs in the Pearl River Delta: Vertical distribution, source analysis and chemical reactivity. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 292:118454. [PMID: 34737024 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of vertical distribution of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have attracted wide attentions, which could help to understand atmospheric oxidation mechanism and provide implications for VOC control. This study measured the non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) and oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) simultaneously for the first time at three different heights, namely ground, 118 m and 488 m, in the Canton Tower located in the urban core of the Pearl River Delta (PRD). The results show that NMHCs decreased while some OVOC species such as formaldehyde and acetaldehyde increased with increasing height. It was mainly attributed to the dilution and chemical loss of NMHCs but secondary production of OVOCs during vertical transport. Ratio analysis and receptor modeling indicate that vehicle exhausts (47%) and fuel evaporation (39%) were major sources of the total NMHCs. Interestingly, industry contributed much more at 118 m, probably affected by organic gas discharge from the high chimney of industrial factories. The chemical reactivities in terms of OH radical loss rate (LOH), ozone formation potential (OFP) and secondary organic aerosol potential (SOAP) were lowest at 118 m, smaller than those influenced by high fresh NMHC emissions at ground and strong formation of secondary species (e.g. OVOCs) at 488 m. OH exposure estimated by isoprene and m,p-xylene/ethylbenzene was different depending on their time scale of vertical turbulent mixing and chemical loss. OVOC species measured at different heights were positively correlated with Ox (R = 0.48-0.87), indicating that OVOCs were largely contributed by secondary formation in photochemical process. The tower measurements of NMHCs and OVOCs provided a unique opportunity to investigate the VOC distribution and chemical behaviors, which could give important information for understanding O3 and PM2.5 pollution mechanism in the PRD region with fast developing urban setting and substantially changing air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Mo
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519082, China
| | - Shan Huang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou, 511443, China.
| | - Bin Yuan
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Chenglei Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Guangzhou Sub-branch of Guangdong Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Qicong Song
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Jipeng Qi
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Baolin Wang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Chen Wang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Min Shao
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou, 511443, China
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14
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Wang Y, Wang Y, Tang G, Yang Y, Li X, Yao D, Wu S, Kang Y, Wang M, Wang Y. High gaseous carbonyl concentrations in the upper boundary layer in Shijiazhuang, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 799:149438. [PMID: 34426343 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) are important precursors of secondary air pollutants. However, knowledge of the vertical characteristics of OVOCs in the lower troposphere is lacking. Pairs of OVOCs samples were simultaneously collected via 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) near the ground and in the upper boundary layer (at 500 m in winter and 600 m in summer) with a tethered balloon in Shijiazhuang in January and June 2019. The samples were analyzed via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and 26 vertical profiles of 13 OVOCs were obtained in this study. In winter, the average concentrations of the total OVOCs (TOVOCs) in the upper boundary layer and near the ground were 7.9 ± 4.1 ppbv and 5.5 ± 2.8 ppbv, respectively; while in summer, the average concentrations were 7.1 ± 3.5 ppbv and 6.5 ± 2.7 ppbv, respectively. Acetone, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were the three main components accounting for more than 80% of the TOVOCs. Significant vertical differences were observed before sunrise in winter and in the afternoon in summer. The TOVOCs concentration in the residual layer (8.4 ± 3.6 ppbv) was higher than that near the ground (6.0 ± 2.5 ppbv), while in the summer afternoon, the concentration in the upper mixing layer (ML) (9.5 ± 2.2 ppbv) was higher than that near the ground (5.8 ± 3.1 ppbv). OVOCs sources were examined with a positive matrix factorization (PMF) model. In winter, the small-molecule carbonyls (SMCs) in the upper boundary layer are mainly derived from secondary + long-lived species (68.4%) because volatile organic compounds at high concentrations were oxidized into OVOCs. In summer, the SMCs in the upper ML were mainly affected by elevated industrial point source emissions (42.9%). These data indicate that vertical gradient observations of SMCs are an important supplement to advance current air pollution research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yinghong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Guiqian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yang Yang
- Weather Modification Office of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050021, China
| | - Xingru Li
- Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Dan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yanyu Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Meng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yuesi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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15
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Spatial Modeling of Asthma-Prone Areas Using Remote Sensing and Ensemble Machine Learning Algorithms. REMOTE SENSING 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/rs13163222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, asthma-prone area modeling of Tehran, Iran was provided by employing three ensemble machine learning algorithms (Bootstrap aggregating (Bagging), Adaptive Boosting (AdaBoost), and Stacking). First, a spatial database was created with 872 locations of asthma patients and affecting factors (particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5), ozone (O3), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), rainfall, wind speed, humidity, temperature, distance to street, traffic volume, and a normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)). We created four factors using remote sensing (RS) imagery, including air pollution (O3, SO2, CO, and NO2), altitude, and NDVI. All criteria were prepared using a geographic information system (GIS). For modeling and validation, 70% and 30% of the data were used, respectively. The weight of evidence (WOE) model was used to assess the spatial relationship between the dependent and independent data. Finally, three ensemble algorithms were used to perform asthma-prone areas mapping. According to the Gini index, the most influential factors on asthma occurrence were distance to the street, NDVI, and traffic volume. The area under the curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) values for the AdaBoost, Bagging, and Stacking algorithms was 0.849, 0.82, and 0.785, respectively. According to the findings, the AdaBoost algorithm outperforms the Bagging and Stacking algorithms in spatial modeling of asthma-prone areas.
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16
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Yan Y, Wang S, Zhu J, Guo Y, Tang G, Liu B, An X, Wang Y, Zhou B. Vertically increased NO 3 radical in the nocturnal boundary layer. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 763:142969. [PMID: 33127147 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the nocturnal boundary layer, nitrate radical (NO3) has an important contribution to atmospheric chemistry through oxidation of nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons. Vertical distributions of NO2, O3 and NO3 were measured by four differential optical absorption spectroscopy instruments at meteorological tower in Beijing from June 1 to July 22, 2019. The results show the mean diurnal variations of NO2, O3, and NO3 display a single peak (up to 65.0 ppbv, 196.8 ppbv and 317.5 pptv, respectively) in time. O3 and NO3 mixing ratios generally increased against heights, which is opposite to NO2, suggesting the contribution of O3 to NO3 production at higher altitude. According to the correlation coefficients between NO3 production rates (PNO3) and NO2 or O3 levels, PNO3 was sensitive to NO2 mixing ratio at higher altitude but to O3 near the ground. Averaged NO3 lifetimes (τNO3) of lowest, middle, upper and highest layer intervals were 104, 118, 164 and 213 s, respectively, which indicates τNO3 increase against height and explains why NO3 mixing ratios are larger at higher altitude to some extent. Main control factors of NO3 removal changed from gas-phase reactions to N2O5 hydrolysis with height increase. When relative humidity (RH) exceeded 70% or PM2.5 level exceeded 50 μg·m-3, τNO3 was almost less than 300 s with mixing ratio lower than 70 pptv. The clear negative dependence of τNO3 on RH and PM2.5 reveals the influencing factors on indirect loss. Under polluted conditions, vertical profiles of NO2, O3 and NO3 varied drastically. Stable atmosphere (low nocturnal boundary layer height and thermal inversion), RH level and RH gradient are the main reason for the evident difference in NO3 gradient. Vertically increased NO3 radicals may imply the formation of nitrate aerosols and further increase the nitrate content in high- altitude particulate matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Yan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), No. 20 Cuiniao Road, Shanghai 202162, China.
| | - Jian Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yanlin Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Guiqian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Baoxian Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Airborne Particulate Matter Monitoring Technology, Beijing Municipal Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xinxin An
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Airborne Particulate Matter Monitoring Technology, Beijing Municipal Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yuesi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), No. 20 Cuiniao Road, Shanghai 202162, China; Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Wang F, Du W, Lv S, Ding Z, Wang G. Spatial and Temporal Distributions and Sources of Anthropogenic NMVOCs in the Atmosphere of China: A Review. ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES 2021; 38:1085-1100. [PMID: 33948045 PMCID: PMC8085794 DOI: 10.1007/s00376-021-0317-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
As the key precursors of O3, anthropogenic non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) have been studied intensively. This paper performed a meta-analysis on the spatial and temporal variations of NMVOCs, their roles in photochemical reactions, and their sources in China, based on published research. The results showed that both non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) and oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) in China have higher mixing ratios in the eastern developed cities compared to those in the central and western areas. Alkanes are the most abundant NMHCs species in all reported sites while formaldehyde is the most abundant among the OVOCs. OVOCs have the highest mixing ratios in summer and the lowest in winter, which is opposite to NMHCs. Among all NMVOCs, the top eight species account for 50%-70% of the total ozone formation potential (OFP) with different compositions and contributions in different areas. In devolved regions, OFP-NMHCs are the highest in winter while OFP-OVOCs are the highest in summer. Based on positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis, vehicle exhaust, industrial emissions, and solvent usage in China are the main sources for NMHCs. However, the emission trend analysis showed that solvent usage and industrial emissions will exceed vehicle exhaust and become the two major sources of NMVOCs in near future. Based on the meta-analysis conducted in this work, we believe that the spatio-temporal variations and oxidation mechanisms of atmospheric OVOCs, as well as generating a higher spatial resolution of emission inventories of NMVOCs represent an area for future studies on NMVOCs in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanglin Wang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241 China
| | - Wei Du
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241 China
| | - Shaojun Lv
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241 China
| | - Zhijian Ding
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241 China
| | - Gehui Wang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241 China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming, Shanghai, 200062 China
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Mo Z, Huang S, Yuan B, Pei C, Song Q, Qi J, Wang M, Wang B, Wang C, Li M, Zhang Q, Shao M. Deriving emission fluxes of volatile organic compounds from tower observation in the Pearl River Delta, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 741:139763. [PMID: 32886964 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Accurate estimation of speciated emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is challenging due to the complexity of both species and sources. Evaluation of the bottom-up emission inventory (EI) by atmospheric observation is needed to better understand the VOC emissions and then to control air pollutions caused by VOCs. This study conducts vertical measurements of VOCs between November 3 and 11, 2018 at the Canton Tower in the urban core of Pearl River Delta (PRD), China. A mixed layer gradient (MLG) technique is applied to the tower observation data to derive emission fluxes for individual VOC. The results show that the measured VOCs concentrations at ground level were always higher than those at the heights of 118 m and 488 m. Obvious vertical gradients of concentrations were found for VOC species, such as benzene, toluene and isoprene. The emission flux was estimated to be largest for propane (3.29 mg m-2 h-1), followed by toluene (2.55 mg m-2 h-1), isoprene (2.24 mg m-2 h-1), n-butane (2.10 mg m-2 h-1) and iso-pentane (1.73 mg m-2 h-1). The total VOC emission fluxes were around 3 times larger than those in the EI, suggesting 1.5-2 times underestimations of ozone formation potential (OFP) and secondary organic aerosol potential (SOAP) by current EI. Substantial underestimations (3-20 times) were found for C2-C5 alkanes by current EI. Due to unmeasured input parameters, limited sample size and short sampling period, there are still large uncertainties (40%-117%) in the estimated emission fluxes for individual species. Whereas, this study shows that the tower observation and emission estimation using MLG method could provide useful information for better understanding vertical distributions and emission fluxes of VOCs, and pioneer in assessing the existing emission inventories at species-level and hour-level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Mo
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Shan Huang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Bin Yuan
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Chenglei Pei
- Guangzhou Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou 510030, China
| | - Qicong Song
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Jipeng Qi
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Baolin Wang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Chen Wang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Min Shao
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China
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19
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Guan Y, Wang L, Wang S, Zhang Y, Xiao J, Wang X, Duan E, Hou L. Temporal variations and source apportionment of volatile organic compounds at an urban site in Shijiazhuang, China. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 97:25-34. [PMID: 32933737 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Shijiazhuang, the city with the worst air quality in China, is suffering from severe ozone pollution in summer. As the key precursors of ozone generation, it is necessary to control the Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) pollution. To have a better understanding of the pollution status and source contribution, the concentrations of 117 ambient VOCs were analyzed from April to August 2018 in an urban site in Shijiazhuang. Results showed that the monthly average concentration of total VOCs was 66.27 ppbv, in which, the oxygenated VOCs (37.89%), alkanes (33.89%), and halogenated hydrocarbons (13.31%) were the main composite on. Eight major sources were identified using Positive Matrix Factorization modeling with an accurate VOCs emission inventory as inter-complementary methods revealed that the petrochemical industry (26.24%), other industrial sources (15.19%), and traffic source (12.24%) were the major sources for ambient VOCs in Shijiazhuang. The spatial distributions of major industrial activities emissions were identified by using geographic information statistics system, which illustrated the VOCs was mainly from the north and southeast of Shijiazhuang. The inverse trajectory analysis using Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) and Potential Source Contribution Function (PSCF) clearly demonstrated the features of pollutant transport to Shijiazhuang. These findings can provide references for local governments regarding control strategies to reduce VOCs emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Guan
- Scshool of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Center of Volatile Organic Compounds & Odorous Pollution Control Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Scshool of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Shujuan Wang
- Hebei Province Environmental Monitoring Center, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Yihao Zhang
- Scshool of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Jieying Xiao
- Scshool of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Hebei Province Environmental Emergency and Heavy Pollution Weather Warning Center, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Erhong Duan
- Scshool of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Center of Volatile Organic Compounds & Odorous Pollution Control Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China.
| | - Li'an Hou
- Logistics Science and Technology Research Institute of Rocket Army, Beijing 100011, China
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20
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Geng C, Wang J, Yin B, Zhao R, Li P, Yang W, Xiao Z, Li S, Li K, Bai Z. Vertical distribution of volatile organic compounds conducted by tethered balloon in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region of China. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 95:121-129. [PMID: 32653171 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as precursors of ozone and secondary organic aerosols can cause adverse effects on the environment and human health. However, knowledge of the VOC vertical profile in the lower troposphere of major Chinese cities is poorly understood. In this study, tethered balloon flights were conducted over the juncture of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei in China during the winter of 2016. Thirty-six vertical air samples were collected on selected heavy and light pollution days at altitudes of 50-1000 meters above ground level. On average, the concentration of total VOCs (TVOCs) at 50-100 m was 4.9 times higher than at 900-1000 m (46.9 ppbV vs. 8.0 ppbV). TVOC concentrations changed rapidly from altitudes of 50-100 to 401-500 m, with an average decrease of 72%. With further altitude increase, the TVOC concentration gradually decreased. The xylene/benzene ratios of 34/36 air samples were lower than 1.1, and the benzene/toluene ratios of 34/36 samples were higher than 0.4, indicating the occurrence of aged air mass during the sampling period. Alkenes contributed most in terms of both OH loss rate (39%-71%) and ozone formation potential (40%-72%), followed by aromatics (6%-38%). Finally, the main factors affecting the vertical distributions of VOCs were local source emission and negative dispersion conditions on polluted days. These data could advance our scientific understanding of VOC vertical distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Baohui Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Ruojie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Peng Li
- Tianjin Eco-Environmental Monitoring Center, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Wen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Zhimei Xiao
- Tianjin Eco-Environmental Monitoring Center, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Shijie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Kangwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Zhipeng Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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21
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Zhang H, Zhang Y, Huang Z, Acton WJF, Wang Z, Nemitz E, Langford B, Mullinger N, Davison B, Shi Z, Liu D, Song W, Yang W, Zeng J, Wu Z, Fu P, Zhang Q, Wang X. Vertical profiles of biogenic volatile organic compounds as observed online at a tower in Beijing. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 95:33-42. [PMID: 32653190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Vertical profiles of isoprene and monoterpenes were measured by a proton transfer reaction-time of flight-mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) at heights of 3, 15, 32, 64, and 102 m above the ground on the Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP) tower in central Beijing during the winter of 2016 and the summer of 2017. Isoprene mixing ratios were larger in summer due to much stronger local emissions whereas monoterpenes were lower in summer due largely to their consumption by much higher levels of ozone. Isoprene mixing ratios were the highest at the 32 m in summer (1.64 ± 0.66 ppbV) and at 15 m in winter (1.41 ± 0.64 ppbV) with decreasing concentrations to the ground and to the 102 m, indicating emission from the tree canopy of the surrounding parks. Monoterpene mixing ratios were the highest at the 3 m height in both the winter (0.71 ± 0.42 ppbV) and summer (0.16 ± 0.10 ppbV) with a gradual decreasing trend to 102 m, indicting an emission from near the ground level. The lowest isoprene and monoterpene mixing ratios all occurred at 102 m, which were 0.71 ± 0.42 ppbV (winter) and 1.35 ± 0.51 ppbV (summer) for isoprene, and 0.42 ± 0.22 ppbV (winter) and 0.07 ± 0.06 ppbV (summer) for monoterpenes. Isoprene in the summer and monoterpenes in the winter, as observed at the five heights, showed significant mutual correlations. In the winter monoterpenes were positively correlated with combustion tracers CO and acetonitrile at 3 m, suggesting possible anthropogenic sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huina Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Zhonghui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - W Joe F Acton
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA14YQ, UK
| | - Zhaoyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Eiko Nemitz
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Ben Langford
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Neil Mullinger
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Brian Davison
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA14YQ, UK
| | - Zongbo Shi
- School of Geography Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Di Liu
- School of Geography Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Wei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Weiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jianqiang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhenfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Tan Q, Liu H, Xie S, Zhou L, Song T, Shi G, Jiang W, Yang F, Wei F. Temporal and spatial distribution characteristics and source origins of volatile organic compounds in a megacity of Sichuan Basin, China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 185:109478. [PMID: 32276165 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As important pollution gases and represented precursors of both ozone and second organic aerosol (SOA), the component characteristics, source origins, environmental health and emission control of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), are gaining more and more attention in Chinese megacities. In order to understand the concentration, composition and temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of VOCs in the atmosphere of Chengdu, a megacity located in Sichuan basin in southwest China, the offline sampling measurements of VOCs were carried out at 28 different field sites covering all the districts and counties of Chengdu during special periods from May 2016 to January 2017. Speciated VOCs measurement was performed by the GC-FID/MS, and 99 species were identified. The averaged total VOC mixing ratios of each sampling site were in the range from 35.03 to 180.57 ppbv. Based on these observational data, the distribution characteristics of VOCs in different months and different regions of Chengdu were clarified. The VOCs data were used to estimate the potential amount of ozone, secondary aerosol formation and health risk assessment in Chengdu. Furthermore, the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model was used to identify the dominant emission sources and evaluate their contribution to VOCs in the city. The two main sources of VOCs in Chengdu were motor vehicle exhaust and solvent utilization. These accounted for 43% of all emission sources. In the summertime, due to higher temperatures and stronger sunlight, the contribution of natural sources and secondary emissions were also relatively high, which were supported by the regional emission inventories. Finally, the controlling direction of VOCs and O3 pollution in Chengdu was discussed, and the VOCs pollution control strategy was proposed for the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinwen Tan
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Chengdu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Hefan Liu
- Chengdu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Shaodong Xie
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhou
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Tianli Song
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guangming Shi
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenju Jiang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fumo Yang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Fusheng Wei
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Luo H, Li G, Chen J, Lin Q, Ma S, Wang Y, An T. Spatial and temporal distribution characteristics and ozone formation potentials of volatile organic compounds from three typical functional areas in China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 183:109141. [PMID: 31999999 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ozone is currently one of the most important air pollutants. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can easily react with atmospheric radicals to form ozone. In-field measurement of VOCs may help in estimating the local VOC photochemical pollution level. METHOD This study examined the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of VOCs during winter at three typical sites of varying classification in China; industrial (Guangzhou Economic and Technological Development District (GETDD)), urban (Guangzhou higher education mega center (HEMC)), and rural (Pingyuan county (PYC)), using Proton-Transfer-Reaction Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS). RESULTS The concentrations of total VOCs (TVOCs) at the GETDD, HEMC and PYC sites were 352.5, 129.2 and 75.1 ppb, respectively. The dominant category of VOCs is nitrogen-containing VOCs (NVOCs, accounting for 43.3% of TVOCs) at GETDD, of which C4H11N (m/z+ = 74.10, butyl amine) was the predominant chemical species (80.5%). In contrast, oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) were the most abundant at HEMC and PYC, accounting for 60.2% and 64.1% of the total VOCs, respectively; here, CH4O (m/z+ = 33.026, methanol) was the major compound, accounting for 40.5% of the VOCs at HEMC and 50.9% at PYC. The ratios of toluene to benzene (T/B) were calculated for different measured sites, as the ratios of T/B can reveal source resolution of aromatic VOCs. The average contributions to total ozone formation potentials (OFP) of the total measured VOCs in each area were 604.9, 315.9 and 111.7 μg/m3 at GETDD, HEMC and PYC, respectively; the highest OFP contributors of the identified VOCs were aliphatic hydrocarbons (AlHs) at GETDD, aromatic hydrocarbons (AHs) at HEMC, and OVOCs at PYC. CONCLUSIONS OFP assessment indicated that the photochemical pollution caused by VOCs at GETDD was serious, and was also significant in the HEMC region. The dominant VOC OFP groups (AlHs and AHs) should be prioritized for control, in order to help reduce these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Luo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jiangyao Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qinhao Lin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yujie Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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24
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Dieu Hien VT, Lin C, Thanh VC, Kim Oanh NT, Thanh BX, Weng CE, Yuan CS, Rene ER. An overview of the development of vertical sampling technologies for ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs). JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 247:401-412. [PMID: 31254756 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.06.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are harmful to human health and the environment, and are precursors of other toxic air pollutants, e.g. ozone (O3) and secondary organic aerosols (SOAs). In recent years, due to scientific and technological advancements, vertical VOC profile in the atmosphere has been increasingly studied since it plays an essential role in the atmospheric research by providing multilevel three-dimensional data. Such information will improve the predictive ability of existing air quality models. This review summarizes the latest development of vertical VOC sampling technologies, highlighting the technical and non-technical challenges with possible solutions and future applications of vertical VOC sampling technologies. Further, other important issues concerning ambient VOCs have also been discussed, e.g. emission sources, VOC air samplers, VOC monitoring strategies, factors influencing airborne VOC measurement, the use of VOC data in air quality models and future smart city air quality management. Since ambient VOC levels can fluctuate significantly with altitude, technologies for vertical VOC profiling have been developed from building/tower-based measurements and tethered balloons to aircrafts, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and satellites in order to improve the temporal-spatial capacity and accuracy. Between the existing sampling methods, so far, UAVs are capable of providing more reliable VOC measurements and better temporal-spatial capacities. Heretofore, their disadvantages and challenges, e.g. sampling height, sampling time, sensitivity of the sensors and interferences from other chemical species, have limited the application of UAV for vertical VOC profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vo Thi Dieu Hien
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 81157, Taiwan
| | - Chitsan Lin
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 81157, Taiwan.
| | - Vu Chi Thanh
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA
| | - Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh
- Environmental Engineering and Management, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand
| | - Bui Xuan Thanh
- Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Technology, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
| | - Chien-Erh Weng
- Department of Electronic Communication Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 81157, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Shin Yuan
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Eldon R Rene
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Water Technology, IHE-Delft Institute for Water Education, 2601DA Delft, the Netherlands
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25
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Zhao W, Tang G, Yu H, Yang Y, Wang Y, Wang L, An J, Gao W, Hu B, Cheng M, An X, Li X, Wang Y. Evolution of boundary layer ozone in Shijiazhuang, a suburban site on the North China Plain. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 83:152-160. [PMID: 31221378 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The structure of the boundary layer affects the evolution of ozone (O3), and research into this structure will provide important insights for understanding photochemical pollution. In this study, we conducted a one-month observation (from June 15 to July 14, 2016) of the boundary layer meteorological factors as well as O3 and its precursors in Luancheng County, Shijiazhuang (37°53'N, 114°38'E). Our research showed that photochemical pollution in Shijiazhuang is serious, and the mean hourly maximum and mean 8-hr maximum O3 concentrations are 97.9 ± 26.1 and 84.4 ± 22.4 ppbV, respectively. Meteorological factors play a significant role in the formation of O3. High temperatures and southeasterly winds lead to elevated O3 values, and at moderate relative humidity (40%-50%) and medium boundary layer heights (1200-1500 m), O3 production sensitivity occurred in the transitional region between volatile organic compounds (VOC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) limitations, and the O3 concentration was the highest. The vertical profiles of O3 were also measured by a tethered balloon. The results showed that a large amount of O3 was stored in the residual layer, and the concentration was positively correlated with the O3 concentration measured the previous day. During the daytime of the following day, the contribution of O3 stored in the residual layer to the boundary layer reached 27% ± 7% on average.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Guiqian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Huan Yu
- Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Yang Yang
- Weather Modification Office of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050021, China
| | - Yinghong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lili Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Junlin An
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME), Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Wenkang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Bo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Mengtian Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xingqin An
- Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuesi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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