1
|
Chang CY, Wang JL, Chen YC, Chen WN, Wang SH, Chuang MT, Lin NH, Chou CCK, Huang WS, Ke LJ, Pan XX, Ho YJ, Chen YY, Chang CC. Spatiotemporal characterization of PM 2.5, O 3, and trace gases associated with East Asian continental outflows via drone sounding. Sci Total Environ 2024; 930:172732. [PMID: 38663609 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
East Asian continental outflows with PM2.5, O3, and other species may determine the baseline conditions and affect the air quality in downwind areas via long-range transport (LRT). To gain insight into the impact and spatiotemporal characteristics of airborne pollutants in East Asian continental outflows, a versatile multicopter drone sounding platform was used to simultaneously observe PM2.5, O3, CO2, and meteorological variables (temperature, specific humidity, pressure, and wind vector) above the northern tip of Taiwan, Cape Fuiguei, which often encounters continental outflows during winter monsoon periods. By coordinating hourly high-spatial-resolution profiles provided by drone soundings, WRF/CMAQ model air quality predictions, HYSPLIT-simulated backward trajectories, and MERRA-2 reanalysis data, we analyzed two prominent phenomena of airborne pollutants in continental outflows to better understand their physical/chemical characteristics. First, we found that pollutants were well mixed within a sounding height of 500 m when continental outflows passed through and completely enveloped Cape Fuiguei. Eddies induced by significant fluctuations in wind speeds coupled with minimal temperature inversion and LRT facilitated vertical mixing, possibly resulting in high homogeneity of pollutants within the outflow layer. Second, the drone soundings indicated exceptionally high O3 concentrations (70-100 ppbv) but relatively low concentrations of PM2.5 (10-20 μg/m3), CO2 (420-425 ppmv), and VOCs in some air masses. The low levels of PM2.5, CO2, and VOCs ruled out photochemistry as the cause of the formation of high-level O3. Further coordination of spatiotemporal data with air mass trajectories and O3 cross sections provided by MERRA-2 suggested that the high O3 concentrations could be attributed to stratospheric intrusion and advection via continental outflows. High-level O3 concentrations persisted in the lower troposphere, even reaching the surface, suggesting that stratospheric intrusion O3 may be involved in the rising trend in O3 concentrations in parts of East Asia in recent years in addition to surface photochemical factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yuan Chang
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Lin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Chungli 320, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chen Chen
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Nai Chen
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Hsiang Wang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tung Chuang
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Neng-Huei Lin
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Charles C-K Chou
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Syun Huang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Li-Jin Ke
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Xiang-Xu Pan
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jui Ho
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ying Chen
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chung Chang
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ye J, Zheng H, Liu M, Tanli Y, Qi H, Jing L, Huang J, Hossain KB, Ke H, Wang C, Wang S, Cai M. Upwelling impact and lateral transport of dissolved PAHs in the Taiwan Strait and adjacent South China Sea. Sci Total Environ 2023; 895:165159. [PMID: 37385490 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
The spatial distribution and depth profile of dissolved polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in the western Taiwan Strait (TWS) and northeastern South China Sea (SCS) during the southwest monsoon for a comprehensive study of spatial distribution, potential sources, upwelling, and lateral PAHs transport flux to assess the impacts of oceanic processes. The concentrations of ∑14PAHs were 33 ± 14 ng L-1 and 23 ± 11 ng L-1 in western TWS and northeastern SCS, respectively. A minor difference in potential sources in different areas was shown in principle component analysis results, which illustrated mixed sources (petrogenic and pyrogenic) in western TWS and petrogenic sources in northeastern SCS. An "enrichment in surface or deep but depletion in medium water" distribution pattern of PAHs depth profile during summertime was observed in Taiwan Bank, which was potentially influenced by the upwelling. The greatest lateral ∑14PAHs transport flux was found along the Taiwan Strait Current area (43.51 g s-1), followed by those along South China Sea Warm Current and Guangdong Coastal Current areas. Though the oceanic response to PAHs varied relatively slowly, the ocean current was a less-dominant pathway for PAHs exchange between the SCS and the East China Sea (ECS).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiandong Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Haowen Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Mengyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yina Tanli
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Huaiyuan Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Lingkun Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jiajin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Kazi Belayet Hossain
- Coastal and Ocean Management Institute, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Hongwei Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Chunhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Shanlin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Minggang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Coastal and Ocean Management Institute, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen YC, Wang JL, Chang CY, Chuang MT, Chou CCK, Pan XX, Ho YJ, Ou-Yang CF, Liu WT, Chang CC. Using drone soundings to study the impacts and compositions of plumes from a gigantic coal-fired power plant. Sci Total Environ 2023:164709. [PMID: 37301392 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The immense impacts of coal-fired power plant plumes on the atmospheric environment have caused great concern linked to climate and health issues. However, studies on the field observations of aerial plumes are relatively limited, mainly due to the lack of suitable plume observation tools and techniques. In this study, we use a multicopter unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) sounding technique to study the influences of the aerial plumes of the world's fourth-largest coal-fired power plant on the atmospheric physical/chemical conditions and air quality. A set of species, including 106 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), CO, CO2, CH4, PM2.5, and O3, and meteorological variables of temperature (T), specific humidity (SH), and wind data, are collected by the UAV sounding technique. The results reveal that the large-scale plumes of the coal-fired power plant cause local temperature inversion and humidity changes, and even affect the dispersion of pollutants below. The chemical compositions of coal-fired power plant plumes are significantly different from those of another ubiquitous vehicular source. High fractions of ethane, ethene, and benzene and low fractions of n-butane and isopentane found in plumes could serve as the key features to help distinguish the influences of coal-fired power plant plumes from other pollution sources in a particular area. By taking the ratios of pollutants (e.g., PM2.5, CO, CH4, and VOCs) to CO2 in plumes and the CO2 emission amounts of the power plant into calculation, we enable the easy quantification of the specific pollutant emissions released from power plant plumes to the atmosphere. In summary, observation by using drone soundings dissecting the aerial plumes provides a new methodology that allows aerial plumes to be readily detected and characterized. Furthermore, the influences of the plumes on the atmospheric physical/chemical conditions and air quality can be assessed rather straightforwardly, which was not easily achievable in the past.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chen Chen
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Lin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Chungli 320, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yuan Chang
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tung Chuang
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Charles C-K Chou
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Xiang-Xu Pan
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jui Ho
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Feng Ou-Yang
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Chungli 320, Taiwan; Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Chungli 320, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Tzu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan University, Chungli 320, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chung Chang
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen L, Pang X, Li J, Xing B, An T, Yuan K, Dai S, Wu Z, Wang S, Wang Q, Mao Y, Chen J. Vertical profiles of O 3, NO 2 and PM in a major fine chemical industry park in the Yangtze River Delta of China detected by a sensor package on an unmanned aerial vehicle. Sci Total Environ 2022; 845:157113. [PMID: 35787910 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The vertical profiles and diurnal variations of air pollutants at different heights in the fine chemical industry park (FCIP) were systematically studied in this study. Air pollutants in a major FCIP in the Yangtze River Delta of China within 500 m above ground level (AGL) detected by a sensor package on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The air pollutants including ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particulate matter (PM), total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) and carbon monoxide (CO), respectively, had been measured through more than one hundred times of vertical flights from Aug. 2020 to Jul. 2021. The concentrations of NO2 and CO generally decreased with the height while the concentrations of O3 increased with the height within 500 m AGL. The photochemical reaction resulted in a strong inverse relationship between the vertical profiles of O3 and that of NO2. The concentrations of PM2.5 and TVOCs generally decreased with the height below 100 m AGL and were fully mixed above 100 m AGL. The vertical profiles of different particle sizes were well consistent with the R2 value of 0.97 between PM1 and PM2.5 and 0.93 between PM2.5 and PM10. The NO2 and PM2.5 concentrations sometimes increased with height maybe due to the influence of temperature inversion layer or long-distance transportation from northern China. The diurnal variations of NO2, O3, TVOCs and CO concentrations at different heights within 500 m AGL were basically consistent. The diurnal variations range of PM2.5 concentrations below 100 m AGL was large and different from other heights, which should be greatly influenced by the local emissions. The unstable atmospheric stability was accompanied by strong photochemical reactions and convective activities, resulting in low concentrations of NO2 and PM2.5, while high concentrations of O3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lang Chen
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Xiaobing Pang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310000, China.
| | - Jingjing Li
- Shaoxing Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center of Zhejiang Province, Shaoxing 312000, China.
| | - Bo Xing
- Shaoxing Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center of Zhejiang Province, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Kaibin Yuan
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Shang Dai
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Zhentao Wu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Shuaiqi Wang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Yiping Mao
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Jianmeng Chen
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chang CY, Wang JL, Chen YC, Pan XX, Chen WN, Lin MR, Ho YJ, Chuang MT, Liu WT, Chang CC. A study of the vertical homogeneity of trace gases in East Asian continental outflow. Chemosphere 2022; 297:134165. [PMID: 35245587 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
East Asian continental outflows containing with pollutants may deteriorate air quality in the downwind region via long-range transport (LRT). In particular, cold fronts with high wind speeds generally promote the LRT of air pollutants to further downwind areas, including Taiwan. To gain an insightful understanding of the characteristics and vertical homogeneity of trace gases in East Asian continental outflows, as well as their relation with atmospheric meteorological conditions, whole air samples were collected above a cape at the northern tip of the island of Taiwan during frontal passages. Aerial samples were collected at multiple altitudes from the surface to a maximum height of 700 m with a multicopter sounding platform carrying a robotic whole air sampling device. Simultaneously, aerial meteorological variables of temperature and wind vector from near the surface to a maximum height of 1000 m were also measured during the whole air sampling periods. An array of 106 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as well as CO, CO2, and CH4 were analyzed to characterize the air composition and vertical homogeneity of trace gases. The results revealed rather homogeneous vertical distributions of most VOCs, CO, CO2, and CH4 in the frontal passages, indicating well-mixed conditions of trace gases in the East Asian continental outflows. The strong wind shear and minimal temperature inversion associated with the frontal passage likely induced turbulence and increased vertical mixing. Furthermore, higher levels of species characteristic of the East Asian continent were observed from the surface up to hundreds of meters above the cape, revealing a strong inflow of polluted air masses from the East Asian continent brought by cold frontal passages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yuan Chang
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Lin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Chungli, 320, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chen Chen
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Xiang-Xu Pan
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Nai Chen
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ren Lin
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jui Ho
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tung Chuang
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Tzu Liu
- Center for Environmental Monitoring and Technology, National Central University, Chungli, 320, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chung Chang
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shi S, Zhu B, Lu W, Yan S, Fang C, Liu X, Liu D, Liu C. Estimation of radiative forcing and heating rate based on vertical observation of black carbon in Nanjing, China. Sci Total Environ 2021; 756:144135. [PMID: 33288247 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Owing to a lack of vertical observations, the impacts of black carbon (BC) on radiative forcing (RF) have typically been analyzed using ground observations and assumed profiles. In this study, a UAV platform was used to measure high-resolution in-situ vertical profiles of BC, fine particles (PM2.5), and relevant meteorological parameters in the boundary layer (BL). Further, a series of calculations using actual vertical profiles of BC were conducted to determine its impact on RF and heating rate (HR). The results show that the vertical distributions of BC were strongly affected by atmospheric thermodynamics and transport. Moreover. Three main types of profiles were revealed: Type I, Type II, Type III, which correspond to homogenous profiles (HO), negative gradient profiles (NG), and positive gradient profiles (PG), respectively. Types I and II were related to the diurnal evolution of the BL, and Type III was caused by surrounding emissions from high stacks and regional transport. There were no obvious differences in RF calculated for HO profiles and corresponding surface BC concentrations, unlike for NG and PG profiles. RF values calculated using surface BC concentrations led to an overestimate of 13.2 W m-2 (27.5%, surface) and 18.2 W m-2 (33.4%, atmosphere) compared to those calculated using actual NG profiles, and an underestimate of approximately 15.4 W m-2 (35.0%, surface) and 16.1 W m-2 (29.9%, atmosphere) compared to those calculated using actual PG profiles. In addition, the vertical distributions of BC HR exhibited clear sensitivity to BC profile types. Daytime PG profiles resulted in a positive vertical gradient of HR, which may strengthen temperature inversion at high altitudes. These findings indicate that calculations that use BC surface concentrations and ignore the vertical distribution of BC will lead to substantial uncertainties in the effects of BC on RF and HR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME), Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME), Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Wen Lu
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME), Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Shuqi Yan
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME), Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Chenwei Fang
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME), Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME), Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Duanyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Transportation Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Jiangsu Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Nanjing Joint Institute for Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME), Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu M, Hu J, Lin Y, Ke H, Lian J, Xu Y, Chen K, Zheng H, Chen M, Cai M. Full-depth profiles of PAHs in the Western South China Sea: Influence of Upwelling and Mesoscale Eddy. Chemosphere 2021; 263:127933. [PMID: 32822935 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Oceanic processes such as coastal upwelling and mesoscale eddy, could influence the spatial distribution and environmental behaviors of semi-volatile organic pollutants in the marine environment. Seawater samples were collected from the full-depth water columns from the South China Sea (SCS), and PAH concentrations (∑14PAH) in the continental shelf and the open basin areas were 16-110 and 10-93 ng/L respectively. Results of isomeric ratios and principal component analysis illustrated PAHs' mixed sources (petrogenic and pyrogenic). PAH inventory of the SCS seawater was estimated as 100 ± 58 thousand tons, and the majority of them was stored in the intermediate and deep water masses. Generally, full-depth profiles of dissolved PAHs showed an "enrichment in surface and exhaustion in the deep" pattern, and this might be influenced by the oceanic processes such as coastal upwelling or eddy diffusion. In the cross-shelf area, upwelling could enhance the scavenging efficiency of PAHs on the upper layer, and increase the pollutant concentration in the medium and deep water. While in the open-basin area, PAHs were more likely influenced by the halocline stratification and eddy diffusion, and their vertical fluxes due to eddy diffusion was estimated to be 1.2 × 10-6 g s-1. This study highlighted the influences of oceanic processes in transport PAHs in the marginal sea, further study is needed to investigate their seasonal variations related to the monsoon characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Jiahui Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yan Lin
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Hongwei Ke
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Jiongjie Lian
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Ye Xu
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Kai Chen
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Haowen Zheng
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Mian Chen
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Minggang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Coastal Ecology and Environmental Studies, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chang CC, Chang CY, Wang JL, Pan XX, Chen YC, Ho YJ. An optimized multicopter UAV sounding technique (MUST) for probing comprehensive atmospheric variables. Chemosphere 2020; 254:126867. [PMID: 32957282 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The unique maneuverability, ease of deployment, simplicity in logistics, and relatively low costs of multicopters render them effective vehicles for low atmospheric research. While many efforts have contributed to the fundamental success of atmospheric applications of multicopters in the past, several challenges remain, including limited measurable variables, possible response-delay in real-time observations, insufficient measurement accuracy, endurance of harsh conditions and tolerance towards interferences. To address these challenges and further fortify the applicability in diversified research disciplines, this study developed an optimized multicopter UAV sounding technique (MUST). The MUST serves as an integrated platform by combining self-developed algorithms, optimized working environments for sensors/monitors, and retrofitted sampling devices to probe a comprehensive set of atmospheric variables. These variables of interest include meteorological parameters (temperature, relative humidity, pressure, wind direction and speed), the chemical composition (speciated VOCs, CO, CO2, CH4, CO2 isotopologues, O3, PM2.5, and black carbon), and the radiation flux, as well as visible and thermal images. The aim of this study is to achieve the following objectives: 1. to easily probe a comprehensive set of near-surface atmospheric variables; 2. to improve data quality by correcting for sensors' delay in real-time observations and minimizing environmental interferences; and 3. to enhance the versatility and applicability of aerial measurements by incorporating necessary hardware and software. Field launching cases from the surface to a maximum height of 1000 m were conducted to validate the robustness of the integrated MUST platform with sufficient speed, accuracy and resolution for the target variables.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chung Chang
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Yuan Chang
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Lin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Central University, Chungli, 320, Taiwan
| | - Xiang-Xu Pan
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chen Chen
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jui Ho
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang H, Zhang Y, Huang Z, Acton WJF, Wang Z, Nemitz E, Langford B, Mullinger N, Davison B, Shi Z, Liu D, Song W, Yang W, Zeng J, Wu Z, Fu P, Zhang Q, Wang X. Vertical profiles of biogenic volatile organic compounds as observed online at a tower in Beijing. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 95:33-42. [PMID: 32653190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Vertical profiles of isoprene and monoterpenes were measured by a proton transfer reaction-time of flight-mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) at heights of 3, 15, 32, 64, and 102 m above the ground on the Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP) tower in central Beijing during the winter of 2016 and the summer of 2017. Isoprene mixing ratios were larger in summer due to much stronger local emissions whereas monoterpenes were lower in summer due largely to their consumption by much higher levels of ozone. Isoprene mixing ratios were the highest at the 32 m in summer (1.64 ± 0.66 ppbV) and at 15 m in winter (1.41 ± 0.64 ppbV) with decreasing concentrations to the ground and to the 102 m, indicating emission from the tree canopy of the surrounding parks. Monoterpene mixing ratios were the highest at the 3 m height in both the winter (0.71 ± 0.42 ppbV) and summer (0.16 ± 0.10 ppbV) with a gradual decreasing trend to 102 m, indicting an emission from near the ground level. The lowest isoprene and monoterpene mixing ratios all occurred at 102 m, which were 0.71 ± 0.42 ppbV (winter) and 1.35 ± 0.51 ppbV (summer) for isoprene, and 0.42 ± 0.22 ppbV (winter) and 0.07 ± 0.06 ppbV (summer) for monoterpenes. Isoprene in the summer and monoterpenes in the winter, as observed at the five heights, showed significant mutual correlations. In the winter monoterpenes were positively correlated with combustion tracers CO and acetonitrile at 3 m, suggesting possible anthropogenic sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huina Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Zhonghui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Water and Air Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - W Joe F Acton
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA14YQ, UK
| | - Zhaoyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Eiko Nemitz
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Ben Langford
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Neil Mullinger
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Brian Davison
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA14YQ, UK
| | - Zongbo Shi
- School of Geography Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Di Liu
- School of Geography Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Wei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Weiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jianqiang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhenfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Reaction Engineering and Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu C, Huang J, Wang Y, Tao X, Hu C, Deng L, Xu J, Xiao HW, Luo L, Xiao HY, Xiao W. Vertical distribution of PM 2.5 and interactions with the atmospheric boundary layer during the development stage of a heavy haze pollution event. Sci Total Environ 2020; 704:135329. [PMID: 31831235 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Vertical profiles of PM2.5 (i.e., particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 µm or less) and meteorological variables (e.g., potential temperature, specific humidity) are crucial to understand formation mechanism including accumulation and dispersion process of PM2.5, as well as interactions between aerosols and the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). In this study, vertical distributions of PM2.5 are characterized through comprehensive analyses of vertical profiles measured by unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), Micro Pulse LiDAR, and other surface observational data of a heavy aerosol pollution episode occurring on December 22-25, 2017 in Nanjing, China. Results show that PM2.5 profiles are characterized by a clear three-layer structure with near constant within the mixed layer, a transition layer with a large local gradient in the entrainment zone, and a layer with low concentration and small gradient in the free atmosphere, which shows a large similarity to that of specific humidity. The accumulation of aerosols is found near top of the ABL with the largest increase rate. Vertical distributions of PM2.5 and their evolution are largely constrained by the ABL thermodynamics during daytime, but show much less dependence on the ABL evolution at nighttime. PM2.5 provides an important feedback on the nocturnal boundary layer (NBL) leading to significant modification of vertical distributions of potential temperature and water vapor. Moreover, this study suggests that the current boundary layer parameterization scheme needs refinement with aerosol radiative effect included to further improve the ABL height (ABLH) and air quality predictions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Liu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of the Causes and Control of Atmospheric Pollution/School of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Jianping Huang
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, International Joint Laboratory on Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Yongwei Wang
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, International Joint Laboratory on Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xinyu Tao
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, International Joint Laboratory on Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Cheng Hu
- College of Biology and the Environment, Joint Center for Sstainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Lichen Deng
- Ecological Meteorology Center, Jiangxi Meteorological Bureau, Nanchang 330096, China
| | - Jiaping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Transportation Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hong-Wei Xiao
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of the Causes and Control of Atmospheric Pollution/School of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Li Luo
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of the Causes and Control of Atmospheric Pollution/School of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Hua-Yun Xiao
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of the Causes and Control of Atmospheric Pollution/School of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang 330013, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, International Joint Laboratory on Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Shi C, Yu L, Chai M, Niu Z, Li R. The distribution and risk of mercury in Shenzhen mangroves, representative urban mangroves affected by human activities in China. Mar Pollut Bull 2020; 151:110866. [PMID: 32056646 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sediments were collected from urban mangroves in Shenzhen, China, including Shajing (SJ) and Xixiang (XX) featured with industrial district; Futian (FT) and Baguang (BG) featured with central business district and ecological preserve, respectively. Distributions, pollution levels and human health risks of Hg were explored. In both surface and vertical sediments, mean Hg concentration was highest in SJ mangrove, which may be due to its proximity to point-source discharge of Maozhou River in Pearl River Estuary, China. Sediment properties (pH, salinity, TOC and particle size) had limited impact on Hg accumulation due to their non-significant correlations. Geo-accumulation index, pollution load index, potential ecological risk index, and the ecological risk assessment code showed the highest ecological risk in SJ mangrove, followed by XX, FT, and BG mangroves. The assessment of human health risks showed that public experience little adverse health risk due to exposure to Hg polluted sediment in urban mangroves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Shi
- Key Laboratory for Heavy Metal Pollution Control and Reutilization, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Lingyun Yu
- Key Laboratory for Heavy Metal Pollution Control and Reutilization, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Minwei Chai
- Key Laboratory for Heavy Metal Pollution Control and Reutilization, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Zhiyuan Niu
- Key Laboratory for Heavy Metal Pollution Control and Reutilization, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Ruili Li
- Key Laboratory for Heavy Metal Pollution Control and Reutilization, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Oliveira VH, Coelho JP, Reis AT, Vale C, Bernardes C, Pereira ME. Mobility versus retention of mercury in bare and salt marsh sediments of a recovering coastal lagoon (Ria de Aveiro, Portugal). Mar Pollut Bull 2018; 135:249-255. [PMID: 30301036 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
During decades, mercury (Hg) was discharged into the Aveiro Lagoon. Twenty-five years after the cessation of discharges, sediment cores were collected at two areas to assess the evolution of the mercury contamination status. Vertical Hg profiles differed considerably between bare and vegetated sediments. Bare sediments contained significantly less Hg (<8 mg kg-1) than historical data of 1995 (up to 40 mg kg-1), probably resulting from erosion. Salt marsh sediments were marked by a Hg sub-surface enrichment, reaching 44 mg kg-1 in the site closer to the industrial discharge point. High Hg concentrations in 2007, 2011 and 2016 were found at similar sediment layers. These results emphasise the role of halophyte plants in the cycling and retention of Hg in sediments. The persistency of high Hg in the upper marsh layers highlights the complexity in the recovery of historically contaminated marshes and the vulnerability to modifications in hydrology associated with climate changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vitor H Oliveira
- Chemistry Department and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - J P Coelho
- Chemistry Department and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - A T Reis
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Institute of Public Health (ISPUP), Porto University, Porto, Portugal
| | - C Vale
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - C Bernardes
- Geosciences Department and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M E Pereira
- Chemistry Department and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sun J, Wang Y, Wu F, Tang G, Wang L, Wang Y, Yang Y. Vertical characteristics of VOCs in the lower troposphere over the North China Plain during pollution periods. Environ Pollut 2018; 236:907-915. [PMID: 29157970 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, photochemical smog and gray haze-fog have frequently appeared over northern China. To determine the spatial distribution of volatile organic compounds (VOC) during a pollution period, tethered balloon flights were conducted over a suburban site on the North China Plain. Statistical analysis showed that the VOCs concentrations peaked at the surface, and decreased with altitude. A rapid decrease appeared from the surface to 400 m, with concnetrations of alkanes, alkenes, aromatics and halocarbons decreasing by 48.0%, 53.3%, 43.3% and 51.1%, respectively. At heights in the range of 500-1000 m, alkenes concnetrations decline by 40.2%; alkanes and halocarbons concnetrations only decreased by 24.8% and 6.4%, respectively; and aromatics increased slightly by 5.5%. High concentrations VOCs covered a higher range of height (400 m) on heavy pollution days due to lacking of diffusion power. The VOCs concentrations decreased by 50% at 200 m on light pollution days. The transport of air mass affected the composition and concentration of high-altitude VOCs, especially on lightly polluted days. These air masses originated in areas with abundant traffic and combustion sources. Reactive aromatics (kOH>20,000 ppm-1 min-1 and kOH<20,000 ppm-1 min-1) were the main contributor to the ozone formation, accounting for 37%, on the surface on light pollution days. The contribution increased to 52% with pollution aggravated, and increased to 64% with height. The contributions of reactive aromatics were influenced by the degree of air mass aging. Under the umbrella of aging air mass, the contribution of reactive aromatics increased with height.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Sun
- LAPC, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100191, China; Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Center of Technical Support and Service, China
| | - Yuesi Wang
- LAPC, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Fangkun Wu
- LAPC, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100191, China; Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Center of Technical Support and Service, China
| | - Guiqian Tang
- LAPC, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lili Wang
- LAPC, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yinghong Wang
- LAPC, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yuan Yang
- LAPC, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100191, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Han SQ, Hao TY, Zhang YF, Liu JL, Li PY, Cai ZY, Zhang M, Wang QL, Zhang H. Vertical observation and analysis on rapid formation and evolutionary mechanisms of a prolonged haze episode over central-eastern China. Sci Total Environ 2018; 616-617:135-146. [PMID: 29112837 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To clarify the rapid formation and evolutionary mechanisms of an extremely severe and persistent haze and fog (HF) episode that occurred in central-eastern China from Dec 20 to 25, 2015, a novel campaign was conducted and vertical profiles of wind, temperature, light extinction coefficient (LEC) and PM2.5 concentration were used to analyze the rapid formation and evolutionary mechanisms of this HF episode. The substantial downward transportation of regional pollution from high layers and stagnant weather conditions favorable for the local pollution accumulation were the two main causes of the rapid increase in pollutant concentration. Southwest wind speeds of 4m/s between 300 and 600m and obvious downward flows were observed, whereas the southwest wind speeds were low below 300m, and strong temperature inversion with intensity of 4.5°C/100m expanded vertically to a height of 600m. Two peaks of PM2.5 concentration were observed at 200 and 700m, corresponding to 235 and 215μg/m3, respectively. The frequent change in wind direction and wind speeds resulted in the fluctuation of PM2.5 concentration. The turbulence within lower layers of the troposphere was enhanced by easterly and northerly winds which decreased the pollution level; however, the strength and stretching height of the winds were insufficient to fully clear the air of pollutants. The PM2.5 concentration revealed 2-high concentration layers in the vertical direction. The maximum concentration layer was below 100m, while the second high-concentration layer was at 400m.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Su-Qin Han
- Tianjin Institute of Meteorological Science, No.100 Qi Xiang Tai Road, Tianjin 300074,China
| | - Tian-Yi Hao
- Tianjin Institute of Meteorological Science, No.100 Qi Xiang Tai Road, Tianjin 300074,China
| | - Yu-Fen Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Jing-le Liu
- Tianjin Institute of Meteorological Science, No.100 Qi Xiang Tai Road, Tianjin 300074,China
| | - Pei-Yan Li
- Tianjin Institute of Meteorological Science, No.100 Qi Xiang Tai Road, Tianjin 300074,China
| | - Zi-Ying Cai
- Tianjin Institute of Meteorological Science, No.100 Qi Xiang Tai Road, Tianjin 300074,China
| | - Min Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Meteorological Science, No.100 Qi Xiang Tai Road, Tianjin 300074,China
| | - Qin-Liang Wang
- Tianjin Institute of Meteorological Science, No.100 Qi Xiang Tai Road, Tianjin 300074,China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Meteorological Science, No.100 Qi Xiang Tai Road, Tianjin 300074,China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Dumka UC, Saheb SD, Kaskaoutis DG, Kant Y, Mitra D. Columnar aerosol characteristics and radiative forcing over the Doon Valley in the Shivalik range of northwestern Himalayas. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2016; 23:25467-25484. [PMID: 27704378 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7766-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Spectral aerosol optical depth (AOD) measurements obtained from multi-wavelength radiometer under cloudless conditions over Doon Valley, in the foothills of the western Himalayas, are analysed during the period January 2007 to December 2012. High AOD values of 0.46 ± 0.08 and 0.52 ± 0.1 at 500 nm, along with low values of Ångström exponent (0.49 ± 0.01 and 0.44 ± 0.03) during spring (March-May) and summer (June-August), respectively, suggest a flat AOD spectrum indicative of coarse-mode aerosol abundance compared with winter (December-February) and autumn (September-November), which are mostly dominated by fine aerosols from urban/industrial emissions and biomass burning. The columnar size distributions (CSD) retrieved from the King's inversion of spectral AOD exhibit bimodal size patterns during spring and autumn, while combinations of the power-law and unimodal distributions better simulate the retrieved CSDs during winter and summer. High values of extinction coefficient near the surface (∼0.8-1.0 km-1 at 532 nm) and a steep decreasing gradient above are observed via CALIPSO profiles in autumn and winter, while spring and summer exhibit elevated aerosol layers between ∼1.5 and 3.5 km due to the presence of dust. The particle depolarisation ratio shows a slight increasing trend with altitude, with higher values in spring and summer indicative of non-spherical particles of dust origin. The aerosol-climate implications are evaluated via the aerosol radiative forcing (ARF), which is estimated via the synergy of OPAC and SBDART models. On the monthly basis, the ARF values range from ∼ -30 to -90 W m-2 at the surface, while aerosols cause an overall cooling effect at the top of atmosphere (approx. -5 to -15 W m-2). The atmospheric heating via aerosol absorption results in heating rates of 1.2-1.6 K day-1 during March-June, which may contribute to changes in monsoon circulation over northern India and the Himalayas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U C Dumka
- Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences, Manora Peak, Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263 001, India.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200 433, China.
| | - Shaik Darga Saheb
- Department of Space, Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, ISRO, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248 001, India
| | - D G Kaskaoutis
- Atmospheric Research Team, Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Athens, 11810, Greece
| | - Yogesh Kant
- Department of Space, Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, ISRO, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248 001, India
| | - D Mitra
- Department of Space, Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, ISRO, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248 001, India
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kirchner M, Fegg W, Römmelt H, Leuchner M, Ries L, Zimmermann R, Michalke B, Wallasch M, Maguhn J, Faus-Kessler T, Jakobi G. Nitrogen deposition along differently exposed slopes in the Bavarian Alps. Sci Total Environ 2014; 470-471:895-906. [PMID: 24211349 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The Alps are affected by high nitrogen deposition, particularly in the fringe of the Northern and Southern Alps. In the framework of a two-year monitoring study performed in 2010 and 2011, we investigated the ammonia and nitrogen dioxide air concentration and ammonium and nitrate deposition at different altitudes between 700 and 1,600 ma.s.l. in the Garmisch-Partenkirchen district in the Upper Bavaria region (Germany). Four-weekly measurements of deposition collected with bulk open field samplers and under-crown were performed in a profile perpendicular to the axis of the Loisach valley; measurements were conducted at eight sites. Whereas open field deposition ranged from 5 to 11 kg ha(-1)a(-1), nitrogen throughfall has reached up to 21 kg ha(-1)a(-1). Data from the valley and the slopes were compared with measurements performed on the platform of the Environmental Research Station Schneefernerhaus (Zugspitze) at an altitude of 2,650 ma.s.l. For the rough estimation of the total yearly deposition rate of nitrogen, the canopy uptake model was applied. By regarding nitrogen uptake by the trees, total deposition can exceed the throughfall in all sites by up to 50%. Additionally, we estimated the total deposition from the sum of wet and dry deposition. On the one side, the wet deposition could be extrapolated from the open field deposition. On the other side, we used the inferential method to calculate the dry deposition on the basis of NH3 and NO2 air concentrations and their literature based deposition velocities. Since fixed deposition velocities are inappropriate particularly in complex orography, we tried to find correction factors based upon terrain characteristics and meteorological considerations. Temperature monitoring at the eight sites and wind measurements at two sites provided some evidence for the semi-empirical parameterization. Due to numerous imponderabilities, the results of the two methods were not consistent for all sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Kirchner
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics", Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Fegg
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics", Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Horst Römmelt
- ROE LABOR GmbH Umweltanalytik, Adlerstr. 11a, D-82166 Gräfelfing, Germany.
| | - Michael Leuchner
- Technische Universität München, Chair of Ecoclimatology, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, D-85354 Freising, Germany.
| | - Ludwig Ries
- Umweltbundesamt, GAW Globalstation Zugspitze/Hohenpeissenberg, Zugspitze 5, D-82475 Zugspitze, Germany.
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics", Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Bernd Michalke
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Molecular BioGeoChemistry and Analytics - BioGeomics, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Markus Wallasch
- Umweltbundesamt, Messnetzzentrale Langen, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 29, D-63225 Langen, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Maguhn
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics", Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Theresa Faus-Kessler
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Gert Jakobi
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Cooperation Group "Comprehensive Molecular Analytics", Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|