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Sviatenko LK, Gorb L, Leszczynski J. 5-Amino-1,2,4-triazol-3-one Degradation by Indirect Photolysis: A Density Functional Theory Study. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:6825-6833. [PMID: 39074302 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c02298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Sunlight irradiation induces formation of reactive oxygen species (superoxide, hydroperoxyl radical, singlet oxygen, etc.), which readily take part in degradation of environmental pollutants. Being a primary ingredient in a suite of insensitive munition formulations, NTO (5-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-3-one) can be released onto training range soils and reduced to ATO (5-amino-1,2,4-triazol-3-one) by soil bacteria or iron-contained minerals. ATO can be dissolved in surface water and groundwater due to its good water solubility and then undergo further decomposition. A detailed investigation of possible mechanisms for ATO decomposition in water induced by superoxide, hydroperoxyl radical, and singlet oxygen as pathways for ATO environmental degradation was performed by computational study at the PCM(Pauling)/M06-2X/6-311++G(d,p) level. Hydrolysis and degradation of ATO induced by superoxide are unlikely to occur due to the high activation energy or endergonicity of the processes. The hydroperoxyl radical causes rapid and reversible hydrogen transfer from ATO, while an attachment of the hydroperoxyl radical to ATO can induce decomposition of ATO, leading to its mineralization. Singlet oxygen shows a higher reactivity toward ATO than the hydroperoxyl radical. Decomposition of ATO was found to be a multistep process that begins with singlet oxygen attachment to the carbon atom of the C═N double bond. The intermediate that is formed undergoes recyclization, cycle opening, and sequential elimination of nitrogen gas, ammonia, and carbon(IV) oxide. Isocyanic acid, which arises intermediately, hydrolyzes into ammonia and carbon(IV) oxide. Calculated activation energies and high exergonicity of the studied processes support the contribution of singlet oxygen and the hydroperoxyl radical to ATO degradation into low-weight inorganic compounds in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liudmyla K Sviatenko
- Department of Chemistry, Physics & Atmospheric Sciences, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, United States
| | - Leonid Gorb
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, NAS of Ukraine, 150 Zabolotny Str., Kyiv 03143, Ukraine
- QSAR Lab Sp. z o.o. Trzy Lipy 3, B, Gdansk 80-172, Poland
| | - Jerzy Leszczynski
- Department of Chemistry, Physics & Atmospheric Sciences, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, United States
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Yu Y, Root RA, Sierra-Alvarez R, Chorover J, Field JA. Treatment of the insensitive munitions compound, 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), in flow-through columns packed with zero-valent iron. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:64606-64616. [PMID: 37071366 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26922-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The need for effective technologies to remediate the insensitive munitions compound 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) is emerging due to the increasing use by the US Army and environmental concerns about the toxicity and aqueous mobility of NTO. Reductive treatment is essential for the complete degradation of NTO to environmentally safe products. The objective of this study is to investigate the feasibility of applying zero-valent iron (ZVI) in a continuous-flow packed bed reactor as an effective NTO remediation technology. The ZVI-packed columns treated an acidic influent (pH 3.0) or a circumneutral influent (pH 6.0) for 6 months (ca. 11,000 pore volumes, PVs). Both columns effectively reduced NTO to the amine product, 3-amino-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (ATO). The column treating the pH-3.0 influent exhibited prolonged longevity in reducing NTO, treating 11-fold more PVs than the column treating pH-6.0 influent until the breakthrough point (defined as when 85% of NTO was removed). The exhausted columns (defined as when only 10% of NTO was removed) regained the NTO reducing capacity by reactivation using 1 M HCl, fully removing NTO. After the experiment, solid-phase analysis of the packed-bed material showed that ZVI was oxidized to iron (oxyhydr)oxide minerals such as magnetite, lepidocrocite, and goethite during NTO treatment. This is the first report on the reduction of NTO and the concomitant oxidation of ZVI in continuous-flow column experiments. The evidence indicates that treatment in a ZVI-packed bed reactor is an effective approach for the removal of NTO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngjae Yu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210011, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Robert A Root
- Department of Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
| | - Reyes Sierra-Alvarez
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210011, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Jon Chorover
- Department of Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
| | - Jim A Field
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210011, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
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Sviatenko LK, Gorb L, Leszczynski J. Role of Molecular Singlet Oxygen in Photochemical Degradation of NTO: DFT Study. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:2688-2696. [PMID: 36940159 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c08225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
NTO (5-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-3-one), an energetic material used in military applications, may be released to the environment and dissolved in surface water and groundwater due to its good water solubility. Singlet oxygen is an important reactive oxygen species produced in the aquatic environment under sunlight irradiation. A detailed investigation of the possible mechanism for NTO decomposition in water induced by singlet oxygen as one of the pathways for NTO environmental degradation was performed by a computational study at PCM(Pauling)/M06-2X/6-311++G(d,p) level. Decomposition of NTO was found to be a multistep process that may begin with singlet oxygen attachment to the carbon atom of the C═N double bond. The formed intermediate undergoes cycle opening, and nitrogen gas, nitrous acid, and carbon (IV) oxide elimination. Isocyanic acid, arisen transiently, hydrolyzes into ammonia and carbon (IV) oxide. The obtained results show a significant increase in reactivity of the anionic form of NTO as compared to its neutral form. The calculated activation energies and high exothermicity of the studied processes support the contribution of singlet oxygen to NTO degradation into low-weight inorganic compounds in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liudmyla K Sviatenko
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanotoxicity, Department of Chemistry, Physics & Atmospheric Sciences, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, United States
| | - Leonid Gorb
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, NAS of Ukraine, 150 Zabolotny Str., Kyiv 03143, Ukraine.,QSAR Lab Sp. z o.o., Trzy Lipy 3, Building B, Gdansk 80-172, Poland
| | - Jerzy Leszczynski
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanotoxicity, Department of Chemistry, Physics & Atmospheric Sciences, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi 39217, United States
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Ariyarathna T, Twarz S, Tobias C. Adsorption and Removal Kinetics of 2,4-Dinitroanisole and Nitrotriazolone in Contrasting Freshwater Sediments: Batch Study. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2023; 42:46-59. [PMID: 36342340 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Environmental release of 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) and 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) is of great concern due to high migration potential in the environment. In the present study we evaluated the adsorption and microbially-mediated removal kinetics of dissolved DNAN and NTO in contrasting freshwater sediments with different total organic carbon (TOC) content. River sand (low TOC), pond silt (high TOC), clay-rich lake sediment (low TOC), wetland silt (high TOC), carbonate sand (low TOC), and iron-rich clay (low TOC) were evaluated. Separate abiotic and biotic bench-top sediment slurry incubations were carried out at 23, 15, and 4 °C for DNAN and NTO. Experiments were conducted over 3 weeks. Time series aqueous samples and sediment samples collected at the end of the experiment were analyzed for DNAN and NTO concentrations. The DNAN compound equilibrated with sediment within the first 2 h after addition whereas NTO showed no adsorption. 2,4-Dinitroanisole adsorbed more onto fine-grained organic-rich sediments (Kd = 2-40 L kg-1 sed-1 ) than coarse-grained organic-poor sediments (Kd = 0.2-0.6 L kg-1 sed-1 ), and the TOC content and cation exchange capacity of sediment were reliable predictors for abiotic DNAN adsorption. Adsorption rate constants and equilibrium partitioning constants for DNAN were inversely proportional to temperature in all sediment types. The biotic removal half-life of DNAN was faster (t1/2 = 0.1-58 h) than that of NTO (t1/2 = 5-347 h) in all sediment slurries. Biotic removal rates (t1/2 = 0.1-58 h) were higher than abiotic rates (t1/2 = 0.3-107 h) for DNAN at 23 °C. Smaller grain size coupled with higher TOC content enhanced biotic NTO and DNAN removal in freshwater environments. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:46-59. © 2022 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thivanka Ariyarathna
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey, USA
| | - Sydney Twarz
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Craig Tobias
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, Connecticut, USA
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Liu Z, Dang K, Gao J, Fan P, Li C, Wang H, Li H, Deng X, Gao Y, Qian A. Toxicity prediction of 1,2,4-triazoles compounds by QSTR and interspecies QSTTR models. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 242:113839. [PMID: 35816839 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
1,2,4-triazole derivatives exhibit various biological activities, including antibacterial and antifungal properties. On the other hand, these chemicals may have unique cumulative and harmful effects on living organisms. The goal of this work is to use quantitative structure-toxicity relationship (QSTR) and interspecies quantitative toxicity-toxicity relationship (iQSTTR) models to predict the acute toxicity of 1,2,4-triazole derivatives. The QSTR models were generated by multiple linear regression (MLR) following the OECD recommendations for QSAR model development and validation. The iQSTTR models were constructed using data on acute oral toxicity in rats and mice, as well as the 2D descriptor. The application domain (AD) analysis was used to identify model outliers and determine if the forecast was credible. Six QSTR models were successfully constructed in rats and mice using various delivery methods, and the scatter plots demonstrated excellent consistency across training and test sets. According to external and internal validation criteria, all six QSTR models may be broadly accepted; however, the orally administered mice model was the optimum one among the six species. Several chemicals with leverage values above the requirements were identified as response or structural outliers in the training sets for six QSTR and two iQSTTR models. All outliers, however, fell slightly outside the threshold or had low prediction errors, which may have had little impact on the capacity to forecast and were therefore preserved in the final models. In fact, neither the QSTR nor the iQSTTR test sets contained any response outliers. Additionally, all external and internal validation results for the iQSTTR models were approved, with the iQSTTR models outperforming the comparable QSTR models, which are deemed more dependable. The QSTR and iQSTTR models performed well in predicting toxicity using test sets, which would be beneficial in evaluating and synthesizing newly discovered 1,2,4-triazoles derivatives with low toxicity and environmental hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Liu
- Lab for Bone Metabolism, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China; Toxicology Research Center, Institute for Hygiene of Ordnance Industry, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710065, China
| | - Kai Dang
- Lab for Bone Metabolism, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Junhong Gao
- Toxicology Research Center, Institute for Hygiene of Ordnance Industry, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710065, China
| | - Peng Fan
- Toxicology Research Center, Institute for Hygiene of Ordnance Industry, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710065, China
| | - Cunzhi Li
- Toxicology Research Center, Institute for Hygiene of Ordnance Industry, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710065, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Toxicology Research Center, Institute for Hygiene of Ordnance Industry, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710065, China
| | - Huan Li
- Toxicology Research Center, Institute for Hygiene of Ordnance Industry, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710065, China
| | - Xiaoni Deng
- Lab for Bone Metabolism, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Yongchao Gao
- Toxicology Research Center, Institute for Hygiene of Ordnance Industry, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710065, China
| | - Airong Qian
- Lab for Bone Metabolism, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Research Center for Special Medicine and Health Systems Engineering, NPU-UAB Joint Laboratory for Bone Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, China.
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Xin D, Girón J, Fuller ME, Chiu PC. Abiotic reduction of 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) and other munitions constituents by wood-derived biochar through its rechargeable electron storage capacity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:316-329. [PMID: 35050280 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00447f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The environmental fate of 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) and other insensitive munitions constituents (MCs) is of significant concern due to their high water solubility and mobility relative to legacy MCs. Plant-based biochars have been shown to possess a considerable electron storage capacity (ESC), which enables them to undergo reversible electron transfer reactions. We hypothesized biochar can act as a rechargeable electron donor to effect abiotic reduction of MCs repeatedly through its ESC. To test this hypothesis, MC reduction experiments were performed using wood-derived biochars that were oxidized with dissolved oxygen or reduced with dithionite. Removal of aqueous NTO, an anion at circumneutral pH, by oxidized biochar was minimal and occurred through reversible adsorption. In contrast, NTO removal by reduced biochar was much more pronounced and occurred predominantly through reduction, with concomitant formation of 3-amino-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (ATO). Mass balance and electron recovery with ferricyanide further showed that (1) the amount of NTO reduced to ATO was relatively constant (85-100 μmol per gram of biochar) at pH 6-10; (2) the fraction of biochar ESC reactive toward NTO was ca. 30% of that toward ferricyanide; (3) the NTO-reactive fraction of the ESC was regenerable over multiple redox cycles. We also evaluated biochar transformation of other MCs, including nitroguanidine (NQ), 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX). While mass and electron balances could not be established due to sorption, DNAN and RDX reduction by reduced biochar was confirmed via detection of multiple reduction products. In contrast, NQ was not reduced under any of the conditions tested. This study is the first demonstration of organic contaminant degradation through biochar's rechargeable ESC. Our results indicate biochar is a regenerable electron storage medium and sorbent that can remove MCs from water through concurrent reduction and sorption, and is thus potentially useful for pollution control and remediation at military facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danhui Xin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
| | - Julián Girón
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
| | - Mark E Fuller
- Aptim Federal Services, 17 Princess Road, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA.
| | - Pei C Chiu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
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Menezes O, Yu Y, Root RA, Gavazza S, Chorover J, Sierra-Alvarez R, Field JA. Iron(II) monosulfide (FeS) minerals reductively transform the insensitive munitions compounds 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) and 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO). CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 285:131409. [PMID: 34271466 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As military applications of the insensitive munitions compounds (IMCs) 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) and 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) increase, there is a growing need to understand their environmental fate and to develop remediation strategies to mitigate their impacts. Iron (II) monosulfide (FeS) minerals are abundant in freshwater and marine sediments, marshes, and hydrothermal environments. This study shows that FeS solids can reduce DNAN and NTO to their corresponding amines under anoxic ambient conditions. The reactions between IMCs and the FeS minerals were surface-mediated since they did not occur when only dissolved Fe2+(aq) and S2-(aq) were present. Mackinawite, a tetragonal FeS with a layered structure, reduced DNAN mainly to 2-methoxy-5-nitroaniline (MENA), which in turn was partially reduced to 2-4-diaminoanisole (DAAN). The layered structure of mackinawite provided intercalation sites likely responsible for partial adsorption of MENA and DAAN. Mackinawite entirely reduced NTO to 3-amino-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (ATO). The reduction of IMCs showed concurrent oxidation of mackinawite to goethite and elemental sulfur. A commercial FeS product, composed mainly of pyrrhotite and troilite, reduced DNAN to DAAN and NTO to ATO. At pH 6.5, DNAN and NTO transformation rates were 667 and 912 μmol h-1 m-2, respectively, on the mackinawite surface and 417 and 1344 μmol h-1 m-2, respectively, on the commercial FeS surface. This is the first report of the reduction of a nitro-heterocyclic compound (NTO) by FeS minerals. The evidence indicates that DNAN and NTO can be rapidly transformed to their succeeding amines in anoxic subsurface environments and aquatic sediments rich in FeS minerals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osmar Menezes
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA; Laboratório de Saneamento Ambiental, Departamento de Engenharia Civil e Ambiental, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, 50740-530, Brazil
| | - Youngjae Yu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Robert A Root
- Department of Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Savia Gavazza
- Laboratório de Saneamento Ambiental, Departamento de Engenharia Civil e Ambiental, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, 50740-530, Brazil
| | - Jon Chorover
- Department of Environmental Science, The University of Arizona, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Reyes Sierra-Alvarez
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Jim A Field
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
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Murillo-Gelvez J, Di Toro DM, Allen HE, Carbonaro RF, Chiu PC. Reductive Transformation of 3-Nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) by Leonardite Humic Acid and Anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:12973-12983. [PMID: 34533928 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
3-Nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) is a major and the most water-soluble constituent in the insensitive munition formulations IMX-101 and IMX-104. While NTO is known to undergo redox reactions in soils, its reaction with soil humic acid has not been evaluated. We studied NTO reduction by anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS) and Leonardite humic acid (LHA) reduced with dithionite. Both LHA and AQDS reduced NTO to 3-amino-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (ATO), stoichiometrically at alkaline pH and partially (50-60%) at pH ≤ 6.5. Due to NTO and hydroquinone speciation, the pseudo-first-order rate constants (kObs) varied by 3 orders of magnitude from pH 1.5 to 12.5 but remained constant from pH 4 to 10. This distinct pH dependency of kObs suggests that NTO reactivity decreases upon deprotonation and offsets the increasing AQDS reactivity with pH. The reduction of NTO by LHA deviated continuously from first-order behavior for >600 h. The extent of reduction increased with pH and LHA electron content, likely due to greater reactivity of and/or accessibility to hydroquinone groups. Only a fraction of the electrons stored in LHA was utilized for NTO reduction. Electron balance analysis and LHA redox potential profile suggest that the physical conformation of LHA kinetically limited NTO access to hydroquinone groups. This study demonstrates the importance of carbonaceous materials in controlling the environmental fate of NTO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Murillo-Gelvez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Dominic M Di Toro
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Herbert E Allen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Richard F Carbonaro
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Manhattan College, Riverdale, New York 10471, United States
- Mutch Associates LLC, Ramsey, New Jersey 07446, United States
| | - Pei C Chiu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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Liu W, Song Z, Zhao Y, Liu Y, He X, Cui S. Flexible porous aerogels decorated with Ag nanoparticles as an effective SERS substrate for label-free trace explosives detection. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:4123-4129. [PMID: 32766632 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay00771d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sensitive and reliable methods for explosives detection are of significance in homeland security due to the serious threats of explosives in terrorist attack events. However, such suitable sensors are still rare. Herein, porous silica aerogels decorated with silver nanoparticles (SiO2-Ag hybrids) were prepared and applied as a flexible SERS substrate for ultrasensitive explosives detection. It is worth noting that the silica aerogel we prepared had good flexibility compared with traditional silica aerogels, which effectively avoided structural damage during sample collection. Also, because of excellent adsorption performance provided by the silica aerogel, trace explosive 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) could be enriched and realized by label-free detection. Combined with the plasma enhancement provided by Ag NPs decorated around these porous aerogels, the limit of detection for explosive NTO was as low as 7.94 × 10-10 M. As far as we know, this SiO2-Ag hybrid SERS substrate was firstly used for the detection of explosives. It presented good sensitivity and reproducibility for analyte sensing. Most importantly, this is a label-free method for trace explosives detection and has a good application prospect in homeland security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China. and Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China.
| | - Zihao Song
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China. and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yifan Zhao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China. and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China. and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xuan He
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China. and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Sheng Cui
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China. and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China
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Lent EM, Narizzano AM, Koistinen KA, Johnson MS. Chronic oral toxicity of 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) in rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 112:104609. [PMID: 32027946 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the effects of chronic exposure to 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (nitrotriazolone, NTO), male and female rats were given ad libitum access to NTO in drinking water at concentrations of 0, 36, 110, 360, 1100, and 3600 mg/L for one year. NTO did not affect body weight, body weight gain, or food consumption in either sex. No treatment-related effects were observed in clinical chemistry and hematology parameters at the 6 month or one year sampling. At both the interim and final sampling, males and females from the 3600 mg/L group produced smaller volumes of urine that was darker, more concentrated, and contained more bilirubin than the controls. Total and motile sperm counts were not affected by NTO treatment. Absolute and relative organ weights did not differ between control and NTO treated groups for either sex. Spontaneous age-related neoplasms occurred in controls and NTO groups at rates consistent with published historic controls. NTO was generally non-toxic in females at the doses tested. Toxicity in males was limited to testicular toxicity as demonstrated in previous studies. Chronic exposure did not result in testicular toxicity at lower doses and the toxicity observed only in the high dose group in this study is less severe than that observed in shorter exposures of previous studies, suggesting differences may be associated with influences of study design on kinetics. A Benchmark Dose (BMD) of 1604 mg/L (76 mg/kg-day) and a Benchmark Dose Lower Bound (BMDL10) of 921 mg/L (44 mg/kg-day) were determined for chronic effects of NTO in male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily May Lent
- Toxicology Directorate. Army Public Health Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA.
| | - Allison M Narizzano
- Toxicology Directorate. Army Public Health Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
| | - Keith A Koistinen
- Toxicology Directorate. Army Public Health Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
| | - Mark S Johnson
- Toxicology Directorate. Army Public Health Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
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