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Abstract
Ubiquitous environmental exposures increase cardiovascular disease risk via diverse mechanisms. This review examines personal strategies to minimize this risk. With regard to fine particulate air pollution exposure, evidence exists to recommend the use of portable air cleaners and avoidance of outdoor activity during periods of poor air quality. Other evidence may support physical activity, dietary modification, omega-3 fatty acid supplementation, and indoor and in-vehicle air conditioning as viable strategies to minimize adverse health effects. There is currently insufficient data to recommend specific personal approaches to reduce the adverse cardiovascular effects of noise pollution. Public health advisories for periods of extreme heat or cold should be observed, with limited evidence supporting a warm ambient home temperature and physical activity as strategies to limit the cardiovascular harms of temperature extremes. Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substance exposure can be reduced by avoiding contact with perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substance-containing materials; blood or plasma donation and cholestyramine may reduce total body stores of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances. However, the cardiovascular impact of these interventions has not been examined. Limited utilization of pesticides and safe handling during use should be encouraged. Finally, vasculotoxic metal exposure can be decreased by using portable air cleaners, home water filtration, and awareness of potential contaminants in ground spices. Chelation therapy reduces physiological stores of vasculotoxic metals and may be effective for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke J Bonanni
- Grossman School of Medicine (L.J.B.), NYU Langone Health, New York, NY
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2
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Pal D, Amyot M, Liang C, Ariya PA. Real-time 4D tracking of airborne virus-laden droplets and aerosols. COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING 2023; 2:41. [PMCID: PMC10955884 DOI: 10.1038/s44172-023-00088-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
There is currently no real-time airborne virus tracking method, hindering the understanding of rapid virus changes and associated health impacts. Nano-digital in-line holographic microscopy (Nano-DIHM) is a lensless technology that can directly obtain the interference patterns of objects by recording the scattered light information originating from the objects. Here, we provide evidence for real-time physicochemical tracking of virus-laden droplets and aerosols in the air using desktop label-free Nano-DIHM. The virus interference patterns, as single and ensemble particles, were imaged by the Nano-DIHM with 32.5 ms resolution. The next-generation Stingray and Octopus software was used to automate object detection, characterization and classification from the recorded holograms. The detection system was demonstrated to detect active MS2 bacteriophages, inactivated SARS-CoV-2 and RNA fragments, and an MS2 mixture with metallic and organic compounds. This work demonstrates the feasibility of using Nano-DIHM to provide rapid virus detection to improve transmission management in real time. Devendra Pal and coworkers report an imaging system using Nano-Digital in-line Holographic Microscopy (NanoDIHM) to detect airborne viruses in droplets and aerosols in real time. This system is able to detect various viruses in air, water and heterogeneous matrices within one minute, enabling real-time tracking of pollutant particles for efficient epidemic management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devendra Pal
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, 805 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B9 Canada
| | - Marc Amyot
- Department of Biological Sciences, Univerité de Montréal, Complexe des Sciences, 1375 Avenue Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux, Montréal, QC H2V 0B3 Canada
| | - Chen Liang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University and Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Cote Sainte Catherine Rd., Montreal, QC G3T 1 E2 Canada
| | - Parisa A. Ariya
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, 805 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 0B9 Canada
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, QC H3A 2K6 Canada
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3
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Gualtieri M, Berico M, Grollino MG, Cremona G, La Torretta T, Malaguti A, Petralia E, Stracquadanio M, Santoro M, Benassi B, Piersanti A, Chiappa A, Bernabei M, Zanini G. Emission Factors of CO 2 and Airborne Pollutants and Toxicological Potency of Biofuels for Airplane Transport: A Preliminary Assessment. TOXICS 2022; 10:617. [PMID: 36287897 PMCID: PMC9611748 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10100617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Aviation is one of the sectors affecting climate change, and concerns have been raised over the increase in the number of flights all over the world. To reduce the climate impact, efforts have been dedicated to introducing biofuel blends as alternatives to fossil fuels. Here, we report environmentally relevant data on the emission factors of biofuel/fossil fuel blends (from 13 to 17% v/v). Moreover, in vitro direct exposure of human bronchial epithelial cells to the emissions was studied to determine their potential intrinsic hazard and to outline relevant lung doses. The results show that the tested biofuel blends do not reduce the emissions of particles and other chemical species compared to the fossil fuel. The blends do reduce the elemental carbon (less than 40%) and total volatile organic compounds (less than 30%) compared to fossil fuel emissions. The toxicological outcomes show an increase in oxidative cellular response after only 40 min of exposure, with biofuels causing a lower response compared to fossil fuels, and lung-deposited doses show differences among the fuels tested. The data reported provide evidence of the possibility to reduce the climate impact of the aviation sector and contribute to the risk assessment of biofuels for aviation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Gualtieri
- ENEA, Division of Models and Technologies for Risk Reduction, Via Martiri di Monte Sole 4, 40146 Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimo Berico
- ENEA, Division of Models and Technologies for Risk Reduction, Via Martiri di Monte Sole 4, 40146 Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Cremona
- ENEA, Division of Models and Technologies for Risk Reduction, Via Martiri di Monte Sole 4, 40146 Bologna, Italy
| | - Teresa La Torretta
- ENEA, Division of Models and Technologies for Risk Reduction, Via Martiri di Monte Sole 4, 40146 Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonella Malaguti
- ENEA, Division of Models and Technologies for Risk Reduction, Via Martiri di Monte Sole 4, 40146 Bologna, Italy
| | - Ettore Petralia
- ENEA, Division of Models and Technologies for Risk Reduction, Via Martiri di Monte Sole 4, 40146 Bologna, Italy
| | - Milena Stracquadanio
- ENEA, Division of Models and Technologies for Risk Reduction, Via Martiri di Monte Sole 4, 40146 Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimo Santoro
- ENEA, Division of Health Protection Technologies, Via Anguillarese, 301, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Benassi
- ENEA, Division of Health Protection Technologies, Via Anguillarese, 301, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Piersanti
- ENEA, Division of Models and Technologies for Risk Reduction, Via Martiri di Monte Sole 4, 40146 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Chiappa
- Italian Air Force, Aerospatial Testing Division, Aerospace Materials and Technology Department, Aeroporto Militare de Bernardi 00071 Pratica di Mare, Pomezia, 00040 Rome, Italy
| | - Manuele Bernabei
- Italian Air Force, Aerospatial Testing Division, Aerospace Materials and Technology Department, Aeroporto Militare de Bernardi 00071 Pratica di Mare, Pomezia, 00040 Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Zanini
- ENEA, Division of Models and Technologies for Risk Reduction, Via Martiri di Monte Sole 4, 40146 Bologna, Italy
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Hall R, Pal D, Ariya PA. Novel Dynamic Technique, Nano-DIHM, for Rapid Detection of Oil, Heavy Metals, and Biological Spills in Aquatic Systems. Anal Chem 2022; 94:11390-11400. [PMID: 35929664 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Numerous anthropogenic and natural particle contaminants exist in diverse aquatic systems, with widely unknown environmental fates. We coupled a flow tube with a digital in-line holographic microscopy (nano-DIHM) technique for aquatic matrices, for in situ real-time analysis of particle size, shape, and phase. Nano-DIHM enables 4D tracking of particles in water and their transformations in three-dimensional space. We demonstrate that nano-DIHM can be automated to detect and track oil spills/oil droplets in dynamic systems. We provide evidence that nano-DIHM can detect the MS2 bacteriophage as a representative biological-viral material and mercury-containing particles alongside other heavy metals as common toxic contaminants. Nano-DIHM shows the capability of observation of combined materials in water, characterizing the interactions of various particles in mixtures, and particles with different coatings in a suspension. The observed sizes of the particles and droplets ranged from ∼1 to 200 μm. We herein demonstrate the ability of nano-DIHM to characterize and distinguish particle-based contaminants in water and their interactions in both stationary and dynamic modes with a 62.5 millisecond time resolution. The fully automated software for dynamic and real-time detection of contaminants will be of global significance. A comparison is also made between nano-DIHM and established techniques such as S/TEM for their different capabilities. Nano-DIHM can provide a range of physicochemical information in stationary and dynamic modes, allowing life cycle analysis of diverse particle contaminants in different aquatic systems, and serve as an effective tool for rapid response for spills and remediation of natural waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Hall
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Quebec H3A 2K6, Canada
| | - Devendra Pal
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, 805 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B9, Canada
| | - Parisa A Ariya
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, Quebec H3A 2K6, Canada.,Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, 805 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B9, Canada
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Rangel-Alvarado R, Pal D, Ariya P. PM 2.5 decadal data in cold vs. mild climate airports: COVID-19 era and a call for sustainable air quality policy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:58133-58148. [PMID: 35364791 PMCID: PMC8975444 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19708-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Airports are identified hotspots for air pollution, notably for fine particles (PM2.5) that are pivotal in aerosol-cloud interaction processes of climate change and human health. We herein studied the field observation and statistical analysis of 10-year data of PM2.5 and selected emitted co-pollutants (CO, NOx, and O3), in the vicinity of three major Canadian airports, with moderate to cold climates. The decadal data analysis indicated that in colder climate airports, pollutants like PM2.5 and CO accumulate disproportionally to their emissions in fall and winter, in comparison to airports in milder climates. Decadal daily averages and standard errors of PM2.5 concentrations were as follows: Vancouver, 5.31 ± 0.017; Toronto, 6.71 ± 0.199; and Montreal, 7.52 ± 0.023 μg/m3. The smallest and the coldest airport with the least flights/passengers had the highest PM2.5 concentration. QQQ-ICP-MS/MS and HR-S/TEM analysis of aerosols near Montreal Airport indicated a wide range of emerging contaminants (Cd, Mo, Co, As, Ni, Cr, and Pb) ranging from 0.90 to 622 μg/L, which were also observed in the atmosphere. During the lockdown, a pronounced decrease in the concentrations of PM2.5 and submicron particles, including nanoparticles, in residential areas close to airports was observed, conforming with the recommended workplace health thresholds (~ 2 × 104 cm-3), while before the lockdown, condensable particles were up to ~ 1 × 105 cm-3. Targeted reduction of PM2.5 emission is recommended for cold climate regions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Devendra Pal
- Department of Atmospheric & Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 2K6, Canada
| | - Parisa Ariya
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 2K6, Canada.
- Department of Atmospheric & Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 2K6, Canada.
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Tian H, He B, Yin Y, Liu L, Shi J, Hu L, Jiang G. Chemical Nature of Metals and Metal-Based Materials in Inactivation of Viruses. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12142345. [PMID: 35889570 PMCID: PMC9323642 DOI: 10.3390/nano12142345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In response to the enormous threat to human survival and development caused by the large number of viruses, it is necessary to strengthen the defense against and elimination of viruses. Metallic materials have been used against viruses for thousands of years due to their broad-spectrum antiviral properties, wide sources and excellent physicochemical properties; in particular, metal nanoparticles have advanced biomedical research. However, researchers in different fields hold dissimilar views on the antiviral mechanisms, which has slowed down the antiviral application of metal nanoparticles. As such, this review begins with an exhaustive compilation of previously published work on the antiviral capacity of metal nanoparticles and other materials. Afterwards, the discussion is centered on the antiviral mechanisms of metal nanoparticles at the biological and physicochemical levels. Emphasis is placed on the fact that the strong reducibility of metal nanoparticles may be the main reason for their efficient inactivation of viruses. We hope that this review will benefit the promotion of metal nanoparticles in the antiviral field and expedite the construction of a barrier between humans and viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haozhong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China; (H.T.); (B.H.); (Y.Y.); (L.L.); (J.S.); (G.J.)
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bin He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China; (H.T.); (B.H.); (Y.Y.); (L.L.); (J.S.); (G.J.)
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Yongguang Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China; (H.T.); (B.H.); (Y.Y.); (L.L.); (J.S.); (G.J.)
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Lihong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China; (H.T.); (B.H.); (Y.Y.); (L.L.); (J.S.); (G.J.)
| | - Jianbo Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China; (H.T.); (B.H.); (Y.Y.); (L.L.); (J.S.); (G.J.)
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Ligang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China; (H.T.); (B.H.); (Y.Y.); (L.L.); (J.S.); (G.J.)
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
- Correspondence: author:
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China; (H.T.); (B.H.); (Y.Y.); (L.L.); (J.S.); (G.J.)
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
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7
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Chételat J, Cousens B, Hebert CE, Jung TS, Mundy L, Thomas PJ, Zhang S. Isotopic evidence for bioaccumulation of aerosol lead in fish and wildlife of western Canada. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 302:119074. [PMID: 35231539 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a toxic element which is released as a result of anthropogenic activities, and Pb stable isotope ratios provide a means to distinguish sources and transport pathways in receiving environments. In this study, isotopes of bioaccumulated Pb (204Pb, 206Pb, 207Pb, 208Pb) were examined for diverse terrestrial and aquatic biota from three areas in western Canada: (a) otter, marten, gulls, terns, and wood frogs in the Alberta Oil Sands Region (AOSR), (b) fish, plankton, and gulls of Great Slave Lake (Yellowknife, Northwest Territories), and (c) wolverine from the Yukon. Aquatic and terrestrial biota from different habitats and a broad geographic area showed a remarkable similarity in their Pb isotope composition (grand mean ± 1 standard deviation: 206Pb/207Pb = 1.189 ± 0.007, 208Pb/207Pb = 2.435 ± 0.009, n = 116). Comparisons with Pb isotope ratios of local sources and environmental receptors showed that values in biota were most similar to those of atmospheric Pb, either measured in local aerosols influenced by industrial activities in the AOSR or in lichens (an aerosol proxy) near Yellowknife and in the Yukon. Biotic Pb isotope ratios were different from those of local geogenic Pb. Although the Pb isotope measurements could not unambiguously identify the specific anthropogenic sources of atmospheric Pb in biota, initial evidence points to the importance of fossil fuels currently used in transportation and power generation. Further research should characterize bioavailable chemical species of Pb in aerosols and important emission sources in western Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Chételat
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0H3, Canada.
| | - Brian Cousens
- Isotope Geochemistry and Geochronology Research Centre, Ottawa-Carleton Geoscience Centre, Department of Earth Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Craig E Hebert
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Thomas S Jung
- Yukon Department of Environment, Whitehorse, Yukon, Y1A 2C6, Canada
| | - Lukas Mundy
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Philippe J Thomas
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Shuangquan Zhang
- Isotope Geochemistry and Geochronology Research Centre, Ottawa-Carleton Geoscience Centre, Department of Earth Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
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8
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Advancing the science of dynamic airborne nanosized particles using Nano-DIHM. Commun Chem 2021; 4:170. [PMID: 36697661 PMCID: PMC9814397 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-021-00609-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In situ and real-time characterization of aerosols is vital to several fundamental and applied research domains including atmospheric chemistry, air quality monitoring, or climate change studies. To date, digital holographic microscopy is commonly used to characterize dynamic nanosized particles, but optical traps are required. In this study, a novel integrated digital in-line holographic microscope coupled with a flow tube (Nano-DIHM) is demonstrated to characterize particle phase, shape, morphology, 4D dynamic trajectories, and 3D dimensions of airborne particles ranging from the nanoscale to the microscale. We demonstrate the application of Nano-DIHM for nanosized particles (≤200 nm) in dynamic systems without optical traps. The Nano-DIHM allows observation of moving particles in 3D space and simultaneous measurement of each particle's three dimensions. As a proof of concept, we report the real-time observation of 100 nm and 200 nm particles, i.e. polystyrene latex spheres and the mixture of metal oxide nanoparticles, in air and aqueous/solid/heterogeneous phases in stationary and dynamic modes. Our observations are validated by high-resolution scanning/transmission electron microscopy and aerosol sizers. The complete automation of software (Octopus/Stingray) with Nano-DIHM permits the reconstruction of thousands of holograms within an hour with 62.5 millisecond time resolution for each hologram, allowing to explore the complex physical and chemical processes of aerosols.
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Li H, Ariya PA. Black Carbon Particles Physicochemical Real-Time Data Set in a Cold City: Trends of Fall-Winter BC Accumulation and COVID-19. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2021; 126:e2021JD035265. [PMID: 34926105 PMCID: PMC8667652 DOI: 10.1029/2021jd035265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) plays an important role in climate and health sciences. Using the combination of a year real-time BC observation (photoacoustic extinctiometer) and data for PM2.5 and selected co-pollutants, we herein show that annual BC Mass concentration has a bi-modal distribution, in a cold-climate city of Montreal. In addition to the summer peak, a winter BC peak was observed (up to 0.433 μg/m3), lasting over 3 months. A comparative study between two air pollution hotspots, downtown and Montreal international airport indicated that airborne average BC Mass concentration in downtown was 0.344 μg/m3, whereas in the residential areas around Montreal airport BC Mass values were over 400% higher (1.487 μg/m3). During the numerous snowfall events, airborne BC Mass concentration decreased. High-resolution scanning/transmission electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis of the snow samples provided evidence that airborne BC particles or carbon nanomaterials were indeed transferred from polluted air to snow. During the COVID-19 lockdown, the BC concentration and selected co-pollutants, decreased up to 72%, confirming the predominance of anthropogenic activities in BC emission. This first cold-climate BC data set can be essential for more accurate air quality and climate modeling. About one-third of the Earth's land surface receive snow annually, the impact of this study on air quality, health and climate change is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houjie Li
- Department of ChemistryMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
| | - Parisa A. Ariya
- Department of ChemistryMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
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10
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Azimzada A, Jreije I, Hadioui M, Shaw P, Farner JM, Wilkinson KJ. Quantification and Characterization of Ti-, Ce-, and Ag-Nanoparticles in Global Surface Waters and Precipitation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:9836-9844. [PMID: 34181400 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle (NP) emissions to the environment are increasing as a result of anthropogenic activities, prompting concerns for ecosystems and human health. In order to evaluate the risk of NPs, it is necessary to know their concentrations in various environmental compartments on regional and global scales; however, these data have remained largely elusive due to the analytical difficulties of measuring NPs in complex natural matrices. Here, we measure NP concentrations and sizes for Ti-, Ce-, and Ag-containing NPs in numerous global surface waters and precipitation samples, and we provide insights into their compositions and origins (natural or anthropogenic). The results link NP occurrences and distributions to particle type, origin, and sampling location. Based on measurements from 46 sites across 13 countries, total Ti- and Ce-NP concentrations (regardless of origin) were often found to be within 104 to 107 NP mL-1, whereas Ag NPs exhibited sporadic occurrences with low concentrations generally up to 105 NP mL-1. This generally corresponded to mass concentrations of <1 ng L-1 for Ag-NPs, <100 ng L-1 for Ce-NPs, and <10 μg L-1 for Ti-NPs, given that measured sizes were often below 15 nm for Ce- and Ag-NPs and above 30 nm for Ti-NPs. In view of current toxicological data, the observed NP levels do not yet appear to exceed toxicity thresholds for the environment or human health; however, NPs of likely anthropogenic origins appear to be already substantial in certain areas, such as urban centers. This work lays the foundation for broader experimental NP surveys, which will be critical for reliable NP risk assessments and the regulation of nano-enabled products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agil Azimzada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Ibrahim Jreije
- Department of Chemistry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Madjid Hadioui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Phil Shaw
- Nu Instruments, Wrexham LL13 9XS, U.K
| | - Jeffrey M Farner
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Kevin J Wilkinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada
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11
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Bendtsen KM, Bengtsen E, Saber AT, Vogel U. A review of health effects associated with exposure to jet engine emissions in and around airports. Environ Health 2021; 20:10. [PMID: 33549096 PMCID: PMC7866671 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-020-00690-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Airport personnel are at risk of occupational exposure to jet engine emissions, which similarly to diesel exhaust emissions include volatile organic compounds and particulate matter consisting of an inorganic carbon core with associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and metals. Diesel exhaust is classified as carcinogenic and the particulate fraction has in itself been linked to several adverse health effects including cancer. METHOD In this review, we summarize the available scientific literature covering human health effects of exposure to airport emissions, both in occupational settings and for residents living close to airports. We also report the findings from the limited scientific mechanistic studies of jet engine emissions in animal and cell models. RESULTS Jet engine emissions contain large amounts of nano-sized particles, which are particularly prone to reach the lower airways upon inhalation. Size of particles and emission levels depend on type of aircraft, engine conditions, and fuel type, as well as on operation modes. Exposure to jet engine emissions is reported to be associated with biomarkers of exposure as well as biomarkers of effect among airport personnel, especially in ground-support functions. Proximity to running jet engines or to the airport as such for residential areas is associated with increased exposure and with increased risk of disease, increased hospital admissions and self-reported lung symptoms. CONCLUSION We conclude that though the literature is scarce and with low consistency in methods and measured biomarkers, there is evidence that jet engine emissions have physicochemical properties similar to diesel exhaust particles, and that exposure to jet engine emissions is associated with similar adverse health effects as exposure to diesel exhaust particles and other traffic emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja M. Bendtsen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elizabeth Bengtsen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne T. Saber
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulla Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
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de Souza SLQ, Martins EM, Corrêa SM, da Silva JL, de Castro RR, de Souza Assed F. Determination of trace elements in the nanometer, ultrafine, fine, and coarse particulate matters in an area affected by light vehicular emissions in the city of Rio de Janeiro. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:92. [PMID: 33506380 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-08891-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to determine the trace element composition in the nanometric, ultrafine, fine, and coarse particulate matters (PM) found in the surrounding area of the UERJ Chemical Technology Applications Institute, using a MSP 120 MOUDI II cascade impactor. After acid extraction, the elements were analyzed via ICP-OES, and the results obtained were treated statistically. The average concentrations of the nanometric, ultrafine, fine, and coarse particles were 11.8, 8.2, 7.7, and 7.1 μg m-3, respectively. The total average concentration of Cd, Ni, Pb, Cr, and Fe complied with the air quality standards recommended by US EPA and WHO. When compared with other locations, the PM fractions found in this study were 1.1 to 346 times greater. Through the calculation of Pearson's correlation coefficient, a high correlation was observed between most of the trace elements studied, especially in the ultrafine, fine, and coarse fractions, which suggests that they are probably caused by the same sources of vehicular emissions. The enrichment factor was calculated to estimate the possible sources. Since Cd, Cu, Pb, and Mo are enriched by anthropic sources, they are probably influenced by vehicular emissions, in particular the wear on tires and brakes, and the burning of fossil fuel.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eduardo Monteiro Martins
- Faculty of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-900, Brazil
- Faculty of Technology, Rio de Janeiro State University, Resende, RJ, 27537-000, Brazil
| | - Sergio Machado Corrêa
- Faculty of Technology, Rio de Janeiro State University, Resende, RJ, 27537-000, Brazil
| | - Josiane Loyola da Silva
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20270-021, Brazil
| | | | - Flávia de Souza Assed
- Faculty of Technology, Rio de Janeiro State University, Resende, RJ, 27537-000, Brazil
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Zhang X, Karl M, Zhang L, Wang J. Influence of Aviation Emission on the Particle Number Concentration near Zurich Airport. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:14161-14171. [PMID: 33115230 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In addition to the much-publicized environmental impact of CO2 emission by air traffic, aviation particulate emission also deserves attention. The abundant ultrafine particles in the aviation exhaust with diameters less than 100 nm may penetrate deep into the human respiratory system and cause adverse health effects. Here, we quantified the detailed aviation particle number emission from Zurich Airport and evaluated its influences on the annual mean particle number concentrations in the surrounding communities. The actual flight trajectory data were utilized for the first time to develop an emission inventory with high spatial resolution. The estimated total particle number emission was in the magnitude of 1024 particles per year. The annual mean particle mass concentrations in the nearby communities were increased by about 0.1 μg m-3 due to the aviation emission, equivalent to about 1% of the background concentration. However, the particle number concentration could be increased by a factor of 2-10 of the background level (104 cm-3) for nearby communities. Further studies are required to investigate the health effects of the increased particle number concentration and to evaluate whether the regulation based on the mass concentration is still sufficient for the air quality near airports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaole Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering (IfU), ETH Zürich, Zürich CH-8093, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, Dübendorf CH-8600, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Karl
- Institute of Coastal Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Luchi Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering (IfU), ETH Zürich, Zürich CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering (IfU), ETH Zürich, Zürich CH-8093, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, Dübendorf CH-8600, Switzerland
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Environmental Impact Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements in Soils Near the Runway at the International Airport in Central Europe. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12177224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The environmental impacts of air transport and air transportation systems have become increasingly important and are heavily debated. The aim of the study was to determine the degree of soil contamination by the potentially toxic elements (Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in the vicinity of the airport runway and to evaluate whether airport traffic has had factual toxic effects on airport vegetation. The overall assessment of soil contamination by means of the Nemerow integrated pollution index indicated slight pollution; evaluation by the geoaccumulation index evinced moderate contamination by Zn and nonexistent to moderate contamination by Cu, Ni, and Pb. A significant difference between the take-off and landing sections of the runway was not statistically confirmed. The vegetation risk assessment by means of the potential ecological risk index (RI) showed the low ecological risk, while the phytotoxicity test revealed an inhibition of up to 33.7%, with a slight inhibition of 16.7% on average, and thus low toxic effects of airport traffic on airport vegetation. The results of the linear regression model between phytotoxicity and RI manifested no relation between the two. The outcomes from other studies suggest that the range of elements and the extent of contamination can be highly variable at different airports and frequently affected by car traffic. Therefore, further research on this issue is needed for the more precise determination of the elements emitted by air traffic at airports.
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Turgut ET, Açıkel G, Gaga EO, Çalişir D, Odabasi M, Ari A, Artun G, İlhan SÖ, Savaci U, Can E, Turan S. A Comprehensive Characterization of Particulate Matter, Trace Elements, and Gaseous Emissions of Piston-Engine Aircraft. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:7818-7835. [PMID: 32428403 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The gaseous and PM10 emissions of a piston-engine aircraft during ground operations at different engine states (six engine speed points and three air/fuel mixtures) representing certain flight phases were concurrently measured from the exhaust duct. PM10 emissions were sampled on a 47 mm-diameter polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filter in order to be analyzed with an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS/MS) to identify the presence and level of forty-eight elements. The most abundant element is found to be Pb (med = 4.6 × 106 ng m-3), which is 40 times the second most abundant element, Na (med = 1.1 × 105 ng m-3). The filters used for sampling exhaust gases tend to lighten with an increase in engine speed and leaning of the fuel mixture. The average of measured PM mass concentrations at all engine speeds were calculated to be 27.7 mg m-3 (full-rich) > 26.7 mg m-3 (best-power) > 24.7 mg m-3 (best-economy). The total mass of the trace elements constitutes an average of 24.1 ± 12.8% of the mass of PM. Electron microscope analyses suggest that the particles enriched by Al tend to agglomerate in a needle-shaped structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enis T Turgut
- Eskisehir Technical University, Faculty of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Aircraft Airframe and Powerplant Department, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Gürkan Açıkel
- Eskisehir Technical University, Aircraft Maintenance Centre, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Eftade O Gaga
- Eskisehir Technical University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Duran Çalişir
- Eskisehir Technical University, Aircraft Maintenance Centre, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Odabasi
- Dokuz Eylul University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Akif Ari
- Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University, Faculty of Engineering, Gölköy Campus, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Gülzade Artun
- Eskisehir Technical University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Soner Özenc İlhan
- Eskisehir Technical University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Umut Savaci
- Eskisehir Technical University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Emre Can
- Eskisehir Technical University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Servet Turan
- Eskisehir Technical University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Eskisehir, Turkey
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Robichaud A. An overview of selected emerging outdoor airborne pollutants and air quality issues: The need to reduce uncertainty about environmental and human impacts. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2020; 70:341-378. [PMID: 31994992 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2020.1723738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
According to the literature, it is estimated that outdoor air pollution is responsible for the premature death in a range from 3.7 to 8.9 million persons on an annual basis across the world. Although there is uncertainty on this figure, outdoor air pollution represents one of the greatest global risks to human health. In North America, the rapid evolution of technologies (e.g., nanotechnology, unconventional oil and gas rapid development, higher demand for fertilizers in agriculture) and growing demand for ground, marine and air transportation may result in significant increases of emissions of pollutants that have not been carefully studied so far. As a result, these atmospheric pollutants insufficiently addressed by science in Canada and elsewhere are becoming a growing issue with likely human and environmental impacts in the near future. Here, an emerging pollutant is defined as one that meets the following criteria: 1) potential or demonstrated risk for humans or the environment, 2) absence of Canada-wide national standard, 3) insufficient routine monitoring, 4) yearly emissions greater than one ton in Canada, 5) insufficient data concerning significant sources, fate, and detection limit, and 6) insufficiently addressed by epidemiological studies. A new methodology to rank emerging pollutants is proposed here based on weighting multiple criteria. Some selected emerging issues are also discussed here and include the growing concern of ultrafine or nanoparticles, growing ammonia emissions (due to rapid expansion of the agriculture), increased methane/ethane/propane emissions (due to the expanding hydraulic fracturing in the oil and gas sector) and the growing transportation sector. Finally, the interaction between biological and anthropogenic pollution has been found to be a double threat for public health. Here, a multidisciplinary and critical overview of selected emerging pollutants and related critical issues is presented with a focus in Canada.Implications: This overview paper provides a selection methodology for emerging pollutants in the atmospheric environment. It also provides a critical discussion of some related issues. The ultimate objective is to inform about the need to 1) address emerging issues through adequate surface monitoring and modeling in order to inform the development of regulations, 2) reduce uncertainties by geographically mapping emerging pollutants (e.g., through data fusion, data assimilation of observations into air quality models) which can improve the scientific support of epidemiological studies and policies. This review also highlights some of the difficulties with the management of these emerging pollutants, and the need for an integrated approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Robichaud
- Air Quality Modelling and Integration Section, Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Dorval, Quebec
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Hadioui M, Knapp G, Azimzada A, Jreije I, Frechette-Viens L, Wilkinson KJ. Lowering the Size Detection Limits of Ag and TiO 2 Nanoparticles by Single Particle ICP-MS. Anal Chem 2019; 91:13275-13284. [PMID: 31542921 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
As the production and use of engineered nanomaterials increase, there is an urgent need to develop analytical techniques that are sufficiently sensitive to be able to measure the very small nanoparticles (NP) at very low concentrations. Although single particle ICP-MS (SP-ICP-MS) is emerging as one of the best techniques for detecting NP, it is limited by relatively high size detection limits for several NP, including many of the oxides. The use of a high sensitivity sector field ICP-MS (ICP-SF-MS), microsecond dwell times, and dry aerosol sample introduction systems were examined with the goal of lowering the size detection limits of the technique. For samples injected as a wet aerosol, size detection limits as low as 4.9 nm for Ag NP and 19.2 nm for TiO2 NP were determined. By using a dry aerosol, a significant gain in ion extraction from the plasma was obtained, which resulted in a noticeable decrease of the size detection limits to 3.5 nm for the Ag NP and 12.1 nm for the TiO2 NP. These substantial improvements were applied to the detection of TiO2 NP in sunscreen lotions, rainwaters, and swimming pool waters. Concentrations of Ti-containing NP between 27 and 193 μL-1 were found in rain samples. Similar NP concentrations were detected in public swimming pools, although much higher particle number concentrations (6046 ± 290 μL-1) were measured in a paddling pool, which was attributed to a high concentration of sunscreen lotions in a small recirculated water volume. High losses of TiO2 NP through adsorption or agglomeration resulted in recoveries ranging from 14-34%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madjid Hadioui
- Biophysical Environmental Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry , University of Montreal , P.O. 6128, Succ. Centre-Ville , Quebec City , Quebec H3C 3J7 , Canada
| | - Geneviève Knapp
- Biophysical Environmental Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry , University of Montreal , P.O. 6128, Succ. Centre-Ville , Quebec City , Quebec H3C 3J7 , Canada
| | - Agil Azimzada
- Biophysical Environmental Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry , University of Montreal , P.O. 6128, Succ. Centre-Ville , Quebec City , Quebec H3C 3J7 , Canada.,Department of Chemical Engineering , McGill University , Montreal , Quebec H3A 0C5 , Canada
| | - Ibrahim Jreije
- Biophysical Environmental Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry , University of Montreal , P.O. 6128, Succ. Centre-Ville , Quebec City , Quebec H3C 3J7 , Canada
| | - Laurie Frechette-Viens
- Biophysical Environmental Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry , University of Montreal , P.O. 6128, Succ. Centre-Ville , Quebec City , Quebec H3C 3J7 , Canada
| | - Kevin J Wilkinson
- Biophysical Environmental Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry , University of Montreal , P.O. 6128, Succ. Centre-Ville , Quebec City , Quebec H3C 3J7 , Canada
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Abstract
Aerosol mixing state significantly affects concentrations of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), wet removal rates, thermodynamic properties, heterogeneous chemistry, and aerosol optical properties, with implications for human health and climate. Over the last two decades, significant research effort has gone into finding computationally-efficient methods for representing the most important aspects of aerosol mixing state in air pollution, weather prediction, and climate models. In this review, we summarize the interactions between mixing-state and aerosol hygroscopicity, optical properties, equilibrium thermodynamics and heterogeneous chemistry. We focus on the effects of simplified assumptions of aerosol mixing state on CCN concentrations, wet deposition, and aerosol absorption. We also summarize previous approaches for representing aerosol mixing state in atmospheric models, and we make recommendations regarding the representation of aerosol mixing state in future modelling studies.
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