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Cui L, Li X, Luo Y, Gao X, Wang Y, Lv X, Zhang H, Lei K. A comprehensive review of the effects of salinity, dissolved organic carbon, pH, and temperature on copper biotoxicity: Implications for setting the copper marine water quality criteria. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169587. [PMID: 38154639 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a growing concern about the ecological hazards associated with copper, which has sparked increased interest in copper water quality criteria (WQC). The crucial factors affecting the bioavailability of copper in seawater are now acknowledged to be salinity, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), pH, and temperature. Research on the influence of these four water quality parameters on copper toxicity is rapidly expanding. However, a comprehensive and clear understanding of the relevant mechanisms is currently lacking, hindering the development of a consistent international method to establish the seawater WQC value for copper. As a response to this knowledge gap, this study presents a comprehensive summary with two key focuses: (1) It meticulously analyzes the effects of salinity, DOC, pH, and temperature on copper toxicity to marine organisms. It takes into account the adaptability of different species to salinity, pH and temperature. (2) Additionally, the study delves into the impact of these four water parameters on the acute toxicity values of copper on marine organisms while also reviewing the methods used in establishing the marine WQC value of copper. The study proposed a two-step process: initially zoning based on the difference of salinity and DOC, followed by the establishment of Cu WQC values for different zones during various seasons, considering the impacts of water quality parameters on copper toxicity. By providing fundamental scientific insights, this research not only enhances our understanding and predictive capabilities concerning water quality parameter-dependent Cu toxicity in marine organisms but also contributes to the development of copper seawater WQC values. Ultimately, this valuable information facilitates more informed decision-making in marine water quality management efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Cui
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Environment, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environment Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xiaoguang Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Environment, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environment Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yan Luo
- Ningbo Research Institute of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Ningbo 315012, China
| | - Xiangyun Gao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Environment, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environment Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Environment, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environment Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xubo Lv
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Environment, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environment Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Environment, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environment Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Kun Lei
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Environment, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environment Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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2
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Stark JS, Johnstone GJ, King C, Raymond T, Rutter A, Stark SC, Townsend AT. Contamination of the marine environment by Antarctic research stations: Monitoring marine pollution at Casey station from 1997 to 2015. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288485. [PMID: 37556440 PMCID: PMC10411823 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The contamination of the marine environment surrounding coastal Antarctic research stations remains insufficiently understood in terms of its extent, persistence, and characteristics. We investigated the presence of contaminants in marine sediments near Casey Station, located in the Windmill Islands of East Antarctica, during the period spanning from 1997 to 2015. Metals, hydrocarbons, PBDEs, PCBs, and nutrients were measured in sediments at anthropogenically disturbed sites, including the wastewater outfall, the wharf area, two former waste disposal sites, and various control locations. Sampling was carried out at three spatial scales: Locations, which were generally kilometres apart and formed the primary scale for comparison; Sites, which were 100 meters apart within each location; and Plots, which were 10 meters apart within each site. Consistently higher concentrations of most contaminants, and in some cases nutrients, were observed at disturbed locations. Some locations also exhibited an increase in contaminant concentrations over time. The spatial distribution of sediment properties (such as grain size and organic matter) and contaminants displayed intricate patterns of variation. Variation in grain size depended on the size category, with fine grains (e.g., <63 μm) showing the greatest variation at the Location scale, while coarse grains exhibited minimal variation at this scale. Contaminant levels demonstrated significant differences between Locations, accounting for approximately 55% of the overall variation for metals, while the variation within the 10-meter scale generally exceeded that within the 100-meter scale. Residual variation among replicate samples was also very high, demonstrating the need for adequate replication in studies of sediments and contaminants around stations. Some contaminants exceeded international guidelines for sediment quality, including metals, hydrocarbons, and PCBs. We conclude that Antarctic research stations such as Casey are likely to pose a moderate level of long-term ecological risk to local marine ecosystems through marine pollution. However, contamination is expected to be confined to areas in close proximity to the stations, although its extent and concentration are anticipated to increase with time. Raising awareness of the contamination risks associated with Antarctic stations and implementing monitoring programs for marine environments adjacent to these stations can contribute to informed decision-making and the improvement of environmental management practices in Antarctica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S. Stark
- Australian Antarctic Division, East Antarctic Monitoring Program, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Glenn J. Johnstone
- Australian Antarctic Division, East Antarctic Monitoring Program, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Catherine King
- Australian Antarctic Division, East Antarctic Monitoring Program, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Tania Raymond
- Australian Antarctic Division, East Antarctic Monitoring Program, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Allison Rutter
- Analytical Services Unit, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Scott C. Stark
- Australian Antarctic Division, East Antarctic Monitoring Program, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Ashley T. Townsend
- Central Science Laboratory, College of Sciences and Engineering, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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Lowes HM, Weinrauch AM, Bouyoucos IA, Griffin RA, Kononovs D, Alessi DS, Blewett TA. Copper exposure does not alter the ability of intertidal sea cucumber Cucumaria miniata to tolerate emersion during low tide. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 872:162085. [PMID: 36775175 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Intertidal animals experience cycles of tidal emersion from water and are vulnerable to copper (Cu) exposure due to anthropogenic toxicant input into marine waters. Both emersion and Cu toxicity can cause damage to physiological processes like aerobic metabolism, ammonia excretion, and osmoregulation, but the interactions of the combination of these two stressors on marine invertebrates are understudied. Mixed effects of 96 h of low and high Cu exposure (20 and 200 μg/L) followed by 6 h of tidal emersion were evaluated on the intertidal sea cucumber Cucumaria miniata. The respiratory tree accumulated the highest concentrations of Cu, followed by the introvert retractor muscle, body wall, and coelomic fluid. Emersion affected accumulation of Cu, perhaps by inhibiting excretion. 200 μg/L of Cu increased lactate production in the respiratory tree, indicative of damaged aerobic metabolism. Cu diminished ammonia excretion, but emersion increased oxygen uptake and ammonia excretion upon re-immersion. The combination of the two stressors did not have any interactive effects on metabolism or ammonia excretion. Neither Cu exposure nor emersion altered ion (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium) content of the coelomic fluid. Overall, results of this study suggest that Cu exposure does not alter C. miniata's high tolerance to emersion, and some potential strategies that this species uses to overcome environmental stress are illuminated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Lowes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, BC V0R 1B0, Canada
| | - Alyssa M Weinrauch
- Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, BC V0R 1B0, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Ian A Bouyoucos
- Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, BC V0R 1B0, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Robert A Griffin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, BC V0R 1B0, Canada
| | - Daniels Kononovs
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Daniel S Alessi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Tamzin A Blewett
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, BC V0R 1B0, Canada.
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Jeong H, Byeon E, Kim DH, Maszczyk P, Lee JS. Heavy metals and metalloid in aquatic invertebrates: A review of single/mixed forms, combination with other pollutants, and environmental factors. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 191:114959. [PMID: 37146547 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals (HMs) and metalloid occur naturally and are found throughout the Earth's crust but they are discharged into aquatic environments at high concentrations by human activities, increasing heavy metal pollution. HMs can bioaccumulate in higher organisms through the food web and consequently affect humans. In an aquatic environment, various HMs mixtures can be present. Furthermore, HMs adsorb on other environmental pollutants, such as microplastics and persistent organic pollutants, causing a synergistic or antagonistic effect on aquatic organisms. Therefore, to understand the biological and physiological effects of HMs on aquatic organisms, it is important to evaluate the effects of exposure to combinations of complex HM mixtures and/or pollutants and other environmental factors. Aquatic invertebrates occupy an important niche in the aquatic food chain as the main energy link between higher and lower organisms. The distribution of heavy metals and the resulting toxic effects in aquatic invertebrates have been extensively studied, but few reports have dealt with the relationship between HMs, pollutants, and environmental factors in biological systems with regard to biological availability and toxicity. This review describes the overall properties of individual HM and their effects on aquatic invertebrates and comprehensively reviews physiological and biochemical endpoints in aquatic invertebrates depending on interactions among HMs, other pollutants, and environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haksoo Jeong
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Eunjin Byeon
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Duck-Hyun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Piotr Maszczyk
- Department of Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jae-Seong Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
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Redondo-López S, González-Ortegón E, Mena F, Araújo CVM. Dissimilar behavioral and spatial avoidance responses by shrimps from tropical and temperate environments exposed to copper. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:28023-28034. [PMID: 36385343 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23825-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral changes associated with exposure to pollutants represent the earliest response for organisms confronted by perceivable chemical signals. This study was carried out with the objective of evaluating behavioral responses associated with different scenarios of exposure to pollutants (non-forced vs forced) in two shrimp species (Penaeus vannamei and Palaemon varians), representative of different latitudes and using copper as a model contaminant. The effects on locomotion were evaluated by exposing the shrimps to a range of copper concentrations (0, 0.5, 5, 50, and 250 µg/L) in the forced scenario. After exposure, the movement patterns for each shrimp were recorded and used to estimate changes in the shrimps' locomotion. For the non-forced scenario, the avoidance response was assessed by placing shrimps in a multi-compartment system where they were able to move freely along a gradient of copper (0, 0.5, 5, 50, and 250 µg/L). In terms of locomotion, an opposite trend was observed between the species: movements were significantly reduced in P. varians with concentrations above 50 µg/L, while hyperactivity was observed for P. vannamei. When exposed to a gradient of copper in the multi-compartment system, both species significantly avoided the highest concentrations of copper, although the repellence of copper was stronger for P. vannamei. In summary, both species of shrimps were able to recognize and avoid copper; however, in terms of locomotion, they showed an opposite behavioral reaction. These results show that a contamination event can have different behavioral outcomes depending on the species and complementing forced and non-forced exposure with species-specific information can be helpful to characterize and predict the effects of contaminants at higher biological levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei Redondo-López
- Instituto Regional de Estudios en Sustancias Tóxicas (IRET), Universidad Nacional, 86-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica.
| | - Enrique González-Ortegón
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (CSIC), Puerto Real, 11510, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Freylan Mena
- Instituto Regional de Estudios en Sustancias Tóxicas (IRET), Universidad Nacional, 86-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Cristiano V M Araújo
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (CSIC), Puerto Real, 11510, Cádiz, Spain
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Liu C, Wang R, Gao H, Wu X, Yin D. Transport of trace metals and their bioaccumulation in zooplankton from Changjiang (Yangtze River) to the East China Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158156. [PMID: 35988603 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The present study conducted a comprehensive field investigation on the transport and bioaccumulation of six trace metals (Cr, Cd, Pb, Mn, Ni, Cu) along a transect from Changjiang (Yangtze River) to the East China Sea continental shelf, which exhibited large variations in physiochemical properties (salinity, turbidity, pH, chlorophyll a, total nitrogen, dissolved oxygen, dissolved and particulate organic matter). From riverine sites to marine sites, dissolved Cr and Cd significantly increased, dissolved Pb and Mn showed less variations, while dissolved Cu and Ni showed complex spatial distribution patterns. Particulate trace metals (for Cr, Mn, Ni and Cu) were significantly negatively correlated with salinity. As a result, partition coefficients of trace metals (except Pb) were all significantly negatively correlated with salinity, indicating high salinity facilitated desorption/dissolution of metals from particulate phase. Additionally, the Changjiang derived particulate Pb, Mn, Ni and Cu sharply decreased (particularly for Mn) at the downstream of turbidity maximum zone, suggesting the efficient trapping of metals within this region. We further investigated the site-specific bioaccumulation of trace metals in size-fractionated zooplankton. Metal contents in macro-zooplankton were lower than micro- and meso-zooplankton owing to size-dependent zooplankton communities, while site-specific metal bioaccumulation mainly driven by site-specific zooplankton communities and salinity. The bioaccumulation factors of metals (Cr, Cd, Ni and Cu) were significantly negatively correlated with salinity, indicating high salinity hampered metal uptake which might attribute to competition of cations and formation of less bioavailable inorganic complexes with anions. Overall, high salinity generated two-sided effects (elevated dissolved metal concentrations Vs. reduced metal bioaccumulation) on metal contents in zooplankton (especially for Cr, Cd, Ni, and Cu), resulting in metal- and site-specific metal contents. We noticed relatively higher metal contents in zooplankton at hypoxia sites which could further transfer to predators in the East China Sea, and the underlying mechanisms still require future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Hang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, School of Ocean and Earth Science, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Xinghua Wu
- China Three Gorges Corporation, Wuhan 430014, PR China
| | - Daqiang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
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Moulding BJG, Kon Kam King G, Shenton M, Bray JP, Nichols SJ, Kefford BJ. Assessing the Relative Toxicity of Different Road Salts and Effect of Temperature on Salinity Toxicity: LC x Values versus No-Effect Concentration (NEC) Values. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 82:281-293. [PMID: 35091822 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-580126/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater biota are at risk globally from increasing salinity, including increases from deicing salts in cold regions. A variety of metrics of toxicity are used when estimating the toxicity of substances and comparing the toxicity between substances. However, the implications of using different metrics are not widely appreciated. Using the mayfly Colobruscoides giganteus (Ephemeroptera: Colobruscoidea), we compare the toxicity of seven different salts where toxicity was estimated using two metrics: (1) the no-effect concentrations (NEC) and (2) the lethal concentrations for 10, 25 and 50% of the test populations (LCx). The LCx values were estimated using two different models, the classic log-logistic model and the newer toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic (TKTD) model. The NEC and both types of LCx values were estimated using Bayesian statistics. We also compared the toxicity of two salts (NaCl and CaCl2) for C. giganteus at water temperatures of 4 °C, 7 °C and 15 °C using the same metrics of toxicity. Our motivation for using a mayfly to assess salinity toxicity was because mayflies are generally salt sensitive, are ecologically important and are common in Australian (sub-)alpine streams. The temperature ranges were chosen to mimic winter, spring and summer water temperatures for Australian (sub-)alpine streams. Considering 144-h classical LCx values, we found toxicity differed between various salts, i.e., the lowest 144-h LC50 (8 mS/cm) for a salt used by a ski resort was half that of the highest 144-h LC50 from artificial marine salts and CaCl2 applied to roads (16 mS/cm). The analytical grade NaCl (as shown by 144-h LC50 value at 7 °C) was substantially more toxic (7.3 mS/cm) compared to analytical grade CaCl2 (12.5 mS/cm). Yet for NEC values, there were comparably fewer differences in toxicity between salts and none between the same salts at different temperatures. We conclude that LCx values are better suited to compare the difference in toxicity between substances or between the same substance at different test temperatures, while NEC values are better suited to estimating concentrations of substances that have no effect to the test species and endpoint measured under laboratory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J G Moulding
- Centre for Applied Water Science, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | | | - Mark Shenton
- Centre for Applied Water Science, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Jon P Bray
- Centre for Applied Water Science, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Gisborne District Council, PO Box 747, Gisborne, 4010, New Zealand
| | - Susan J Nichols
- Centre for Applied Water Science, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Ben J Kefford
- Centre for Applied Water Science, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
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Moulding BJG, Kon Kam King G, Shenton M, Bray JP, Nichols SJ, Kefford BJ. Assessing the Relative Toxicity of Different Road Salts and Effect of Temperature on Salinity Toxicity: LC x Values versus No-Effect Concentration (NEC) Values. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 82:281-293. [PMID: 35091822 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-021-00908-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater biota are at risk globally from increasing salinity, including increases from deicing salts in cold regions. A variety of metrics of toxicity are used when estimating the toxicity of substances and comparing the toxicity between substances. However, the implications of using different metrics are not widely appreciated. Using the mayfly Colobruscoides giganteus (Ephemeroptera: Colobruscoidea), we compare the toxicity of seven different salts where toxicity was estimated using two metrics: (1) the no-effect concentrations (NEC) and (2) the lethal concentrations for 10, 25 and 50% of the test populations (LCx). The LCx values were estimated using two different models, the classic log-logistic model and the newer toxicokinetic-toxicodynamic (TKTD) model. The NEC and both types of LCx values were estimated using Bayesian statistics. We also compared the toxicity of two salts (NaCl and CaCl2) for C. giganteus at water temperatures of 4 °C, 7 °C and 15 °C using the same metrics of toxicity. Our motivation for using a mayfly to assess salinity toxicity was because mayflies are generally salt sensitive, are ecologically important and are common in Australian (sub-)alpine streams. The temperature ranges were chosen to mimic winter, spring and summer water temperatures for Australian (sub-)alpine streams. Considering 144-h classical LCx values, we found toxicity differed between various salts, i.e., the lowest 144-h LC50 (8 mS/cm) for a salt used by a ski resort was half that of the highest 144-h LC50 from artificial marine salts and CaCl2 applied to roads (16 mS/cm). The analytical grade NaCl (as shown by 144-h LC50 value at 7 °C) was substantially more toxic (7.3 mS/cm) compared to analytical grade CaCl2 (12.5 mS/cm). Yet for NEC values, there were comparably fewer differences in toxicity between salts and none between the same salts at different temperatures. We conclude that LCx values are better suited to compare the difference in toxicity between substances or between the same substance at different test temperatures, while NEC values are better suited to estimating concentrations of substances that have no effect to the test species and endpoint measured under laboratory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J G Moulding
- Centre for Applied Water Science, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | | | - Mark Shenton
- Centre for Applied Water Science, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Jon P Bray
- Centre for Applied Water Science, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Gisborne District Council, PO Box 747, Gisborne, 4010, New Zealand
| | - Susan J Nichols
- Centre for Applied Water Science, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Ben J Kefford
- Centre for Applied Water Science, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
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Martins I, Soares J, Neuparth T, Barreiro AF, Xavier C, Antunes C, Santos MM. Prioritizing the Effects of Emerging Contaminants on Estuarine Production under Global Warming Scenarios. TOXICS 2022; 10:46. [PMID: 35202234 PMCID: PMC8877751 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10020046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Due to non-linear interactions, the effects of contaminant mixtures on aquatic ecosystems are difficult to assess, especially under temperature rise that will likely exacerbate the complexity of the responses. Yet, under the current climatic crisis, assessing the effects of water contaminants and temperature is paramount to understanding the biological impacts of mixtures of stressors on aquatic ecosystems. Here, we use an ecosystem model followed by global sensitivity analysis (GSA) to prioritize the effects of four single emerging contaminants (ECs) and their mixture, combined with two temperature rise scenarios, on the biomass production of a NE Atlantic estuary. Scenarios ran for 10 years with a time-step of 0.1 days. The results indicate that macroinvertebrate biomass was significantly explained by the effect of each single EC and by their mixture but not by temperature. Globally, the most adverse effects were induced by two ECs and by the mixture of the four ECs, although the sensitivity of macroinvertebrates to the tested scenarios differed. Overall, the present approach is useful to prioritize the effects of stressors and assess the sensitivity of the different trophic groups within food webs, which may be of relevance to support decision making linked to the sustainable management of estuaries and other aquatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Martins
- CIMAR/CIIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Av. General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (J.S.); (T.N.); (A.F.B.); (C.A.)
| | - Joana Soares
- CIMAR/CIIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Av. General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (J.S.); (T.N.); (A.F.B.); (C.A.)
| | - Teresa Neuparth
- CIMAR/CIIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Av. General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (J.S.); (T.N.); (A.F.B.); (C.A.)
| | - Aldo F. Barreiro
- CIMAR/CIIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Av. General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (J.S.); (T.N.); (A.F.B.); (C.A.)
| | - Cândido Xavier
- FCUP—Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre S/N, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Carlos Antunes
- CIMAR/CIIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Av. General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (J.S.); (T.N.); (A.F.B.); (C.A.)
- Aquamuseu do Rio Minho, Parque do Castelinho, 4920-290 Vila Nova de Cerveira, Portugal
| | - Miguel M. Santos
- CIMAR/CIIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Av. General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (J.S.); (T.N.); (A.F.B.); (C.A.)
- FCUP—Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre S/N, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal;
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10
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Khabib MNH, Sivasanku Y, Lee HB, Kumar S, Kue CS. Alternative animal models in predictive toxicology. Toxicology 2022; 465:153053. [PMID: 34838596 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.153053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Toxicity testing relies heavily on animals, especially rodents as part of the non-clinical laboratory testing of substances. However, the use of mammalians and the number of animals employed in research has become a concern for institutional ethics committees. Toxicity testing involving rodents and other mammals is laborious and costly. Alternatively, non-rodent models are used as replacement, as they have less ethical considerations and are cost-effective. Of the many alternative models that can be used as replacement models, which ones can be used in predictive toxicology? What is the correlation between these models and rodents? Are there standardized protocols governing the toxicity testing of these commonly used predictive models? This review outlines the common alternative animal models for predictive toxicology to address the importance of these models, the challenges, and their standard testing protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Nur Hamizan Khabib
- Faculty of Health and Life Science, Management and Science University, Seksyen 13, 40100, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yogeethaa Sivasanku
- Faculty of Health and Life Science, Management and Science University, Seksyen 13, 40100, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hong Boon Lee
- School of Biosciences, Taylor's University Lakesike Campus, 47500, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Faculty of Health and Life Science, Management and Science University, Seksyen 13, 40100, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chin Siang Kue
- Faculty of Health and Life Science, Management and Science University, Seksyen 13, 40100, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Dinh KV, Doan KLU, Doan NX, Pham HQ, Le THO, Le MH, Vu MTT, Dahms HU, Truong KN. Parental exposures increase the vulnerability of copepod offspring to copper and a simulated marine heatwave. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 287:117603. [PMID: 34147778 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Extreme temperatures from marine heatwaves (MHWs) and pollution are dominant stressors in tropical marine ecosystems. However, we know little about the role of transgenerational effects of metals and MHWs in shaping the offspring's vulnerability to these stressors. We addressed this fundamental knowledge gap by exposing the planktonic copepod Pseudodiaptomus incisus to copper (Cu: control, 15 and 60 μg L-1) under 2 temperatures (30 and a simulated marine heatwave at 34 °C) in the first generation (F1) and 16 treatments in F2: offspring from each of 4 F1 conditions (control or 15 μg Cu L-1 × 30 or 34 °C) was reared in 4 F2 conditions (control or 15 μg Cu L-1 × 30 or 34 °C). We assessed changes in copepod performance, particularly survival, adult size, grazing, and reproduction. In F1, Cu or marine heatwave (MHW) exposures reduced all fitness traits of F1; the effects were particularly strong when both stressors were present. Transgenerational effects of Cu or MHW also strongly reduced F2 performance. Direct Cu and MHW effects on the offspring were further strengthened by transgenerational effects, resulting in more substantial reductions in F2 performance when both generations were exposed to these stressors. As copepods are major food resources for corals, shrimps, or fish larvae and juveniles, strong transgenerational and direct effects of Cu and MHW can have a cascading effect on entire coastal food webs. These results highlight the importance of considering the interaction of transgenerational and direct effects of multiple stressors, particularly relevant for short-lived organisms in tropical marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khuong V Dinh
- Cam Ranh Centre for Tropical Marine Research and Aquaculture, Institute of Aquaculture, Nha Trang University, No 2 Nguyen Dinh Chieu Street, Nha Trang City, Viet Nam.
| | - Kha L U Doan
- Cam Ranh Centre for Tropical Marine Research and Aquaculture, Institute of Aquaculture, Nha Trang University, No 2 Nguyen Dinh Chieu Street, Nha Trang City, Viet Nam; Department of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Nam X Doan
- Cam Ranh Centre for Tropical Marine Research and Aquaculture, Institute of Aquaculture, Nha Trang University, No 2 Nguyen Dinh Chieu Street, Nha Trang City, Viet Nam
| | - Hung Q Pham
- Cam Ranh Centre for Tropical Marine Research and Aquaculture, Institute of Aquaculture, Nha Trang University, No 2 Nguyen Dinh Chieu Street, Nha Trang City, Viet Nam
| | - Thi Hoang Oanh Le
- Department of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Minh-Hoang Le
- Cam Ranh Centre for Tropical Marine Research and Aquaculture, Institute of Aquaculture, Nha Trang University, No 2 Nguyen Dinh Chieu Street, Nha Trang City, Viet Nam
| | - Minh T T Vu
- Cam Ranh Centre for Tropical Marine Research and Aquaculture, Institute of Aquaculture, Nha Trang University, No 2 Nguyen Dinh Chieu Street, Nha Trang City, Viet Nam
| | - Hans-Uwe Dahms
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan; Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Kiem N Truong
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, VNU Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
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Koppel DJ, Whitelaw N, Adams MS, King CK, Jolley DF. The microalga Phaeocystis antarctica is tolerant to salinity and metal mixture toxicity interactions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2021; 23:1362-1375. [PMID: 34351327 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00233c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Salinity in the Antarctic nearshore marine environment is seasonally dynamic and climate change is driving greater variability through altered sea ice seasons, ocean evaporation rates, and increased terrestrial ice melt. The greatest salinity changes are likely to occur in the nearshore environment where elevated metal exposures from historical waste or wastewater discharge occur. How salinity changes affect metal toxicity has not yet been investigated. This study investigated the toxicity of cadmium, copper, nickel, lead, and zinc, and their equitoxic mixtures across a salinity gradient to the Antarctic marine microalga Phaeocystis antarctica. In the metal-free control exposures, algal population growth rates were significantly lower at salinities <20 PSU or >35 PSU compared to the control growth rate at 35 PSU of 0.60 ± 0.05 doublings per day and there was no growth below 10 or above 68 PSU. Salinity-induced changes to metal speciation and activity were investigated using the WHAM VII model. Percentages of free ion activity and metal-organic complexes increased at decreasing salinities while the activity of inorganic metal complexes increased with increasing salinities. Despite metal speciation and activity changes, toxicity was generally unchanged across the salinity gradient except that there was less copper toxicity and more lead toxicity than model predictions at salinities of 15 and 25 PSU and antagonistic interactions in metal-mixture treatments. In mixtures with and without copper, it was shown that copper was responsible for ∼50% of the antagonism from observed toxicity at salinities below 45 PSU. Across all treatments, using different metal fractions in toxicity models did not improve toxicity predictions compared to dissolved metal concentrations. These results provide evidence that P. antarctica is unlikely to be at a greater risk from metal contaminants as a result of salinity changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren J Koppel
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
- Faculty of Science, Medicine, and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- CSIRO Land and Water, Lucas Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicholas Whitelaw
- Faculty of Science, Medicine, and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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King CK, Wasley J, Holan J, Richardson J, Spedding T. Using an expert judgment response matrix to assess the risk of groundwater discharges from remediated fuel spill sites to the marine environment at sub-Antarctic Macquarie Island, Australia. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2021; 17:785-801. [PMID: 33369043 PMCID: PMC8359375 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study assesses toxicity of groundwater from remediated fuel spill sites, as the final phase of an environmental risk assessment of contaminated sites at sub-Antarctic Macquarie Island, Tasmania, Australia. To complement previous terrestrial ecotoxicological research, we determine risk to marine environments from residual biodegraded hydrocarbon contaminants in groundwater discharges. Direct toxicity assessments were conducted on 7 composite groundwater test solutions, adjusted to ambient seawater salinity. Eleven native marine invertebrates (from varied taxa: gastropods, bivalves, flatworms, amphipods, copepods, isopods) were exposed and observed for up to 21 d. Lethal time estimates (LT10, LT50) showed sensitivity was time dependent (LT10s = 4-15 d) and variable between species. Three species showed no response to any test solution, and most species did not respond for up to 5 d. Data were interpreted using an expert judgment response matrix with multiple lines of evidence to predict risk. No consistent patterns in the relative toxicity of test solutions, based on polar or nonpolar hydrocarbon concentrations, were identified. Although toxicity was observed in some species, this was only under worst-case conditions of undiluted, continuous, extended exposure. Natural dynamics of the site, including low groundwater discharge rates, high rainfall, and a highly energetic receiving environment, ensure groundwater is rapidly diluted and dispersed. In this context, and based on site conditions at the time of testing, these toxicity assessments provide robust evidence that residual contamination in groundwater at remediated sites at Macquarie Island is unlikely to represent a risk to the adjacent marine communities tested. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:785-801. © 2020 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jane Wasley
- Australian Antarctic DivisionKingstonTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Jessica Holan
- Australian Antarctic DivisionKingstonTasmaniaAustralia
| | | | - Tim Spedding
- Australian Antarctic DivisionKingstonTasmaniaAustralia
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Rodríguez-Romero A, Viguri JR, Calosi P. Acquiring an evolutionary perspective in marine ecotoxicology to tackle emerging concerns in a rapidly changing ocean. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 764:142816. [PMID: 33092841 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tens of thousands of anthropogenic chemicals and wastes enter the marine environment each year as a consequence of the ever-increasing anthropogenic activities and demographic growth of the human population, which is majorly concentrated along coastal areas. Marine ecotoxicology has had a crucial role in helping shed light on the fate of chemicals in the environment, and improving our understanding of how they can affect natural ecosystems. However, chemical contamination is not occurring in isolation, but rather against a rapidly changing environmental horizon. Most environmental studies have been focusing on short-term within-generation responses of single life stages of single species to single stressors. As a consequence, one-dimensional ecotoxicology cannot enable us to appreciate the degree and magnitude of future impacts of chemicals on marine ecosystems. Current approaches that lack an evolutionary perspective within the context of ongoing and future local and global stressors will likely lead us to under or over estimations of the impacts that chemicals will exert on marine organisms. It is therefore urgent to define whether marine organisms can acclimate, i.e. adjust their phenotypes through transgenerational plasticity, or rapidly adapt, i.e. realign the population phenotypic performances to maximize fitness, to the new chemical environment within a selective horizon defined by global changes. To foster a significant advancement in this research area, we review briefly the history of ecotoxicology, synthesis our current understanding of the fate and impact of contaminants under global changes, and critically discuss the benefits and challenges of integrative approaches toward developing an evolutionary perspective in marine ecotoxicology: particularly through a multigenerational approach. The inclusion of multigenerational studies in Ecological Risk Assessment framework (ERA) would provide significant and more accurately information to help predict the risks of pollution in a rapidly changing ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araceli Rodríguez-Romero
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Río San Pedro, Puerto Real, 11510 Cádiz, Spain; Departamento de Ecología y Gestión Costera, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (CSIC), Campus Universitario Río San Pedro, 11519 Puerto Real, Spain.
| | - Javier R Viguri
- Green Engineering & Resources Research Group (GER), Departamento de Química e Ingeniería de Procesos y Recursos, ETSIIT, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. de los Castros s/n, 39005 Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Piero Calosi
- Département de Biologie, Chimie et Géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada
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Pereira TM, Gnocchi KG, Merçon J, Mendes B, Lopes BM, Passos LS, Chippari Gomes AR. The success of the fertilization and early larval development of the tropical sea urchin Echinometra lucunter (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) is affected by the pH decrease and temperature increase. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 161:105106. [PMID: 32861967 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The decrease in the pH of oceans and the increase in their temperature are the two main problems observed in the marine ecosystems due to the increasing emission of CO2 in the atmosphere. Both conditions can affect the ecological processes of reproduction, recruitment and survival of the marine biota. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of pH decrease and temperature increase of seawater on the fertilization success and embryo-larval development of a species of tropical sea urchin. For this purpose, fertilization success (gametes) and embryo-larval development rate were determined by exposing gametes and embryos to decreasing pH values (8.0 (control), 7.7, and 7.4) and increasing temperatures (26 (control), 28, 30, 34, and 38 °C). These conditions were tested associated with each other (in synergy). The gamete test was sensitive to all investigated scenarios, the fertilization success was significantly reduced in the conditions of increased temperature (28, 30, 34, and 38 °C) associated with the ideal pH (pH 8.0) and the conditions of reduced pH (pH 7.7, and 7.4), remaining unchanged only in the ideal condition (pH 8.0 + 26 °C). However, the embryo test displayed enhanced sensitivity in the scenarios of temperature increase (28, 30, 34, and 38 °C) associated with pH decrease conditions. A significantly reduction of 29%, 23% and 10% was observed in all tested pH values at 38 °C, when compared to the control group (80%, 79.5% and 63%, respectively). Therefore, the present study suggests that the occurrence of both scenarios may have a significant impact, in the coming years, on the population of Echinometra lucunter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Miura Pereira
- Laboratory of Applied Ichthyology (FISHLAB), University Vila Velha (UVV), Vila Velha, ES, Brazil.
| | - Karla Giavarini Gnocchi
- Laboratory of Applied Ichthyology (FISHLAB), University Vila Velha (UVV), Vila Velha, ES, Brazil
| | - Julia Merçon
- Laboratory of Applied Ichthyology (FISHLAB), University Vila Velha (UVV), Vila Velha, ES, Brazil
| | - Bruna Mendes
- Laboratory of Applied Ichthyology (FISHLAB), University Vila Velha (UVV), Vila Velha, ES, Brazil
| | - Barbara Martins Lopes
- Laboratory of Applied Ichthyology (FISHLAB), University Vila Velha (UVV), Vila Velha, ES, Brazil
| | - Larissa Souza Passos
- Laboratory of Applied Ichthyology (FISHLAB), University Vila Velha (UVV), Vila Velha, ES, Brazil
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