1
|
Li N, Wang X, Li X, Yi S, Guo Y, Wu N, Lin H, Zhong B, Wu WM, He Y. Anthropogenic and biological activities elevate microplastics pollution in headwater ecosystem of Yangtze tributaries in Hindu Kush-Himalayan region. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 471:134395. [PMID: 38663293 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Microplastic (MP) pollution is widely spread in oceans, freshwater, and terrestrial environments but MPs in mountainous headwater ecosystem are rarely reported. This study focuses on the headwater of Yangtze tributaries of the Hindu Kush-Himalayan (HKH) region. Five streams at elevations of 900 to 3300 m were selected to investigate the distribution of MPs in water and sediments across altitudes. MPs were found in all water and sediment samples from top stream zone nearly in absence of anthropogenic activity, low anthropogenic zone, and high anthropogenic zone, increased from 12-54, 81-185 to 334-847 items/L, and 2-35, 26-84 to 124-428 items/kg, respectively. This elevation-dependent MP distribution indicated that as elevation decreased, anthropogenic activities intensified and increased MPs input and their abundance, size, and diversity. Notably, hydraulic projects, such as damming, were identified as potential barriers to the migration of MPs downstream. Microbiome analyses revealed the presence of bacterial genes associated with plastic biodegradation in all sediment samples. The study indicates that Shangri-la mountainous streams have been polluted with MPs for years with potential risk of generation of nano-sized particles via natural fragmentation and biodegradation, and thus raises concern on MPs pollution in headwaters streams in mountainous regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naying Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bio-resources Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; School of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- School of Geography and Tourism, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 400047, China
| | - Xianxiang Li
- School of Geography and Tourism, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 400047, China
| | - Shaoliang Yi
- International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, GPO Box, Kathmandu 3226, Nepal
| | - Yun Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bio-resources Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ning Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bio-resources Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, GPO Box, Kathmandu 3226, Nepal
| | - Honghui Lin
- School of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Bo Zhong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bio-resources Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Wei-Min Wu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, William & Cloy Codiga Resource Recovery Research Center, Center for Sustainable Development & Global Competitiveness, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-4020, United States.
| | - Yixin He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bio-resources Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Van Overmeiren P, Demeestere K, De Wispelaere P, Gili S, Mangold A, De Causmaecker K, Mattielli N, Delcloo A, Langenhove HV, Walgraeve C. Four Years of Active Sampling and Measurement of Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Oxygenated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:1577-1588. [PMID: 38194437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Antarctica, protected by its strong polar vortex and sheer distance from anthropogenic activity, was always thought of as pristine. However, as more data on the occurrence of persistent organic pollutants on Antarctica emerge, the question arises of how fast the long-range atmospheric transport takes place. Therefore, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and oxygenated (oxy-)PAHs were sampled from the atmosphere and measured during 4 austral summers from 2017 to 2021 at the Princess Elisabeth station in East Antarctica. The location is suited for this research as it is isolated from other stations and activities, and the local pollution of the station itself is limited. A high-volume sampler was used to collect the gas and particle phase (PM10) separately. Fifteen PAHs and 12 oxy-PAHs were quantified, and concentrations ranging between 6.34 and 131 pg m3 (Σ15PAHs-excluding naphthalene) and between 18.8 and 114 pg m3 (Σ13oxy-PAHs) were found. Phenanthrene, pyrene, and fluoranthene were the most abundant PAHs. The gas-particle partitioning coefficient log(Kp) was determined for 6 compounds and was found to lie between 0.5 and -2.5. Positive matrix factorization modeling was applied to the data set to determine the contribution of different sources to the observed concentrations. A 6-factor model proved a good fit to the data set and showed strong variations in the contribution of different air masses. During the sampling campaign, a number of volcanic eruptions occurred in the southern hemisphere from which the emission plume was detected. The FLEXPART dispersion model was used to confirm that the recorded signal is indeed influenced by volcanic eruptions. The data was used to derive a transport time of between 11 and 33 days from release to arrival at the measurement site on Antarctica.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Preben Van Overmeiren
- EnVOC Research Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kristof Demeestere
- EnVOC Research Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Patrick De Wispelaere
- EnVOC Research Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefania Gili
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, 208 Guyot Hall, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Alexander Mangold
- Atmospheric Composition, Measurements and Modeling Group, Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium (RMI), 3 Avenue Circulaire, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karen De Causmaecker
- Atmospheric Composition, Measurements and Modeling Group, Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium (RMI), 3 Avenue Circulaire, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nadine Mattielli
- G-Time Laboratory, Département des Géosciences, Environnement et Société, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Av. A. Depage 30, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Andy Delcloo
- Atmospheric Composition, Measurements and Modeling Group, Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium (RMI), 3 Avenue Circulaire, 1180 Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Herman Van Langenhove
- EnVOC Research Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christophe Walgraeve
- EnVOC Research Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zheng H, Wan X, Kang S, Chen P, Li Q, Maharjan L, Guo J. Molecular characterization of organic aerosols over the Tibetan Plateau: Spatiotemporal variations, sources, and potential implications. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 340:122832. [PMID: 37913981 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Organic aerosols have profound and far-reaching influences on the Earth's climate, ecosystems, environmental quality, and public health. Elucidating the precise composition and sources of these aerosols over the Tibetan Plateau, a region highly sensitive to climate change and vulnerable to ecosystems, is critically important. Sixteen organic molecular tracers in aerosols were quantified using solvent extraction-BSTFA derivatization, and GC/MS analysis at six sites over the Tibetan Plateau during 2014 and 2016. Average total tracer concentration was 32.5 ± 20.1 ng m-3. The highest levels of biomass burning tracers (anhydrosugars and aromatic acids) were found at southeastern Tibetan Plateau site Yulong (20.8 ± 21.3 ng m-3) followed by the western site Ngari (13.3 ± 10.6 ng m-3). Biomass burning tracers decreased from southern sites like Everest (9.50 ± 10.5 ng m-3) to northern aeras such as Laohugou (2.59 ± 2.19 ng m-3). Biomass burning tracers peaked in non-monsoon seasons while primary saccharides and sugar alcohols predominated during monsoon months. Using tracer-based methods, biomass burning contributed 0.4%-8.4% of organic carbon over the plateau, with higher non-monsoon contributions (3.6% ± 3.7%). Backward air mass trajectories and fire spots indicated South Asian biomass burning impacts on organic aerosols at western, southern, and southeastern Tibetan Plateau sites, particularly in non-monsoon periods. Fungal spores and plant debris comprised 0.6%-6.3% and 0.3%-1.2% of organic carbon respectively, with higher monsoon contributions (4.2% ± 4.7%) of fungal spores. Secondary organic carbon was estimated to contribute substantially (45.5%-73.5%) over the plateau but requires further investigation. These results provide insights into pollution mitigation and the assessments of climate and ecology changes for the Tibetan Plateau.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xin Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Pengfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Quanlian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Linda Maharjan
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Junming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chai L, Zhou Y, Dong H, Gong P, Wang X. Soil contamination and carrying capacity across the Tibetan plateau using structural equation models. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 337:122640. [PMID: 37769704 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Soil contamination is a major environmental issue worldwide. Compared with Arctic, European Alps and Rocky Mountains, the soil contamination and soil environment carrying capacity (SECC) of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is not systematic and multidimensional. In this study, the levels, influencing factors including climate factors [(i.e., mean annual precipitation (MAP) and mean annual temperature (MAT)], socio-economic factors [(i.e., population, population density and gross domestic product (GDP)], vegetation coverage factor, soil factors [(i.e., pH, soil organic carbon (SOC), total phosphorus and total nitrogen] and topographic factors [(i.e., longitude, latitude and digital elevation model (DEM)] and carrying capacity of multiple soil contaminants [persistent organic pollutants (POPs), heavy metals (HMs) and microplastics (MPs)] was systematically studied. Results show that the spatial distribution of POPs in the eastern was higher than that in the western region, and the structural equation model (SEM) demonstrate that SOC and MAT were the key factors influencing distribution. Regarding HMs, except As, moderate and heavy pollution of the remaining elements were found in the northern and eastern TP regions, and pH and MAP were the main influencing factors. The MPs showed that the distribution of the patches was influenced by GDP and MAP. Furthermore, a higher SECC in the eastern region that gradually decreased from east to west. pH is the primary factors affecting SECC, followed by normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). An increase of pH and NDVI by one unit is likely to make SECC scores decrease by 0.8 and increase by 0.32, respectively. Taken together, these studies provide a system, cost-effective, and quantitative framework for soil contamination and carrying capacity in the TP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yunqiao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Huike Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ping Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Han D, Wu Q, Wen M, Tang Y, Li G, Ren Y, Cui Y, Li Z, Shi J, Zhang Q, Yin X, Wang S. Isotopic Fractionation Characteristics of Speciated Mercury from Local Biomass Combustion in the Tibetan Plateau. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:4775-4783. [PMID: 36926863 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
As the Third Pole of the world, the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is sensitive to anthropogenic influences. Biomass combustion is one of the most important anthropogenic sources of mercury (Hg) emissions in the TP. However, due to the lack of knowledge about Hg emission characteristics and activity levels in the plateau, atmospheric Hg emissions from biomass combustion in the TP are under large uncertainties. Here, based on pilot-scale experiments, we found that particle-bound mercury (PBM; mean of 83.1-87.7 ng/m3) occupied 17.93-49.31% of the total emitted Hg and the PBM δ202Hg values (average -1.65‰ to -0.77‰) were significantly higher than those of the corresponding feeding biomass. The Δ200Hg values of total gaseous mercury and PBM were more negative (-0.08‰ to -0.05‰) than other anthropogenic emissions, providing unique isotopic fingerprints for this sector. Together with the investigated local activity levels, Hg emissions from biomass combustion reached 402 ± 74 kg/a, which were dozens of times higher than previous estimates. The emissions were characterized by conspicuous spatial heterogeneity, concentrated in the northern and central TP. Specialized Hg emissions and the Hg isotope fingerprint of local biomass combustion can aid in evaluating the influence of this sector on the fragile ecosystems of the TP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deming Han
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 310000 Hangzhou China
| | - Qingru Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Minneng Wen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Yi Tang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Guoliang Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Yujia Ren
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Yuying Cui
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Zhijian Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Jianbo Shi
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 310000 Hangzhou China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085 Beijing, China
| | - Qianggong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Xiufeng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000 Lanzhou, China
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, 100084 Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Singh BP, Zughaibi TA, Alharthy SA, Al-Asmari AI, Rahman S. Statistical analysis, source apportionment, and toxicity of particulate- and gaseous-phase PAHs in the urban atmosphere. Front Public Health 2023; 10:1070663. [PMID: 36703843 PMCID: PMC9871548 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1070663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The concentrations of particulate and gaseous Polycyclic Hydrocarbons Carbon (PAHs) were determined in the urban atmosphere of Delhi in different seasons (winter, summer, and monsoon). Methodology The samples were collected using instrument air metric (particulate phase) and charcoal tube (gaseous phase) and analyzed through Gas chromatography. The principal component and correlation were used to identify the sources of particulate and gaseous PAHs during different seasons. Results and discussion The mean concentration of the sum of total PAHs (TPAHs) for particulate and gaseous phases at all the sites were found to be higher in the winter season (165.14 ± 50.44 ng/m3 and 65.73 ± 16.84 ng/m3) than in the summer season (134.08 ± 35.0 ng/m3 and 43.43 ± 9.59 ng/m3), whereas in the monsoon season the concentration was least (68.15 ± 18.25 ng/m3 and 37.63 1 13.62 ng/m3). The principal component analysis (PCA) results revealed that seasonal variations of PAHs accounted for over 86.9%, 84.5%, and 94.5% for the summer, monsoon, and winter seasons, respectively. The strong and positive correlation coefficients were observed between B(ghi)P and DahA (0.922), B(a)P and IcdP (0.857), and B(a)P and DahA (0.821), which indicated the common source emissions of PAHs. In addition to this, the correlation between Nap and Flu, Flu and Flt, B(a)P, and IcdP showed moderate to high correlation ranging from 0.68 to 0.75 for the particulate phase PAHs. The carcinogenic health risk values for gaseous and particulate phase PAHs at all sites were calculated to be 4.53 × 10-6, 2.36 × 10-5 for children, and 1.22 × 10-5, 6.35 × 10-5 for adults, respectively. The carcinogenic health risk for current results was found to be relatively higher than the prescribed standard of the Central Pollution Control Board, India (1.0 × 10-6).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhupendra Pratap Singh
- Department of Environmental Studies, Deshbadhu College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
- Delhi School of Climate Change and Sustainability, Institute of Eminence, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Torki A. Zughaibi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Toxicology and Forensic Science Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saif A. Alharthy
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Toxicology and Forensic Science Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed I. Al-Asmari
- Toxicology and Forensic Science Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Laboratory Department, Ministry of Health, King Aziz Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shakilur Rahman
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ravanbakhsh M, Yousefi H, Lak E, Ansari MJ, Suksatan W, Qasim QA, Asban P, Kianizadeh M, Mohammadi MJ. Effect of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) on Respiratory Diseases and the Risk Factors Related to Cancer. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2022.2149569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Majid Ravanbakhsh
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Homayon Yousefi
- Thalassemia & Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Elena Lak
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javed Ansari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wanich Suksatan
- Faculty of Nursing, HRH Princess Chulabhorn College of Medical Science, Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Parisa Asban
- Student of Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mahsa Kianizadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Mohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Environmental Technologies Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jiang Q, Zhang X, Liu T, Shi J, Gu X, Xiao J, Fang J. Assessment of the temporal variability and health risk of atmospheric particle-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a northeastern city in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:64536-64546. [PMID: 35471760 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20378-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the sources and temporal variability of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) found in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in a typical industrial city in northern China. We also evaluated the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) from the inhalation of these PAHs. Atmospheric PM2.5 samples were collected for 7 consecutive days each month from 2014 to 2019, and the 16 PAHs were measured using multiplex gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The carcinogenic risk of PAH exposure was assessed using the inhalation unit risk (IUR) and cancer slope factor (CSF) methods. The annual average concentrations of PM2.5 for each year from 2014 to 2019 were 102.87±55.25, 86.92±60.43, 69.17±37.74, 58.20±59.15, 56.01±34.52, and 52.54±58.15 µg m-3, and the annual average ΣPAH concentrations were 56.03±81.09, 47.99±79.30, 40.41±57.31, 33.57±51.79, 43.23±74.80, and 25.20±50.91 ng m-3, respectively. Source identification, using diagnostic ratio analysis, indicated that the major PAH sources were coal/biomass combustion, fuel combustion, and traffic emissions. A health risk assessment showed that the ILCR from PAH inhalation decreased throughout the study period and varied with age. The IUR and CSF methods both showed that the adult ILCR exceeded 1.0×10-6. These findings demonstrate the importance of addressing the carcinogenic risk of PM2.5-bound PAHs, particularly in adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qizheng Jiang
- Hebei University of Science & Technology, No. 26 Yuxiangjie, Yuhua District, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Xianhui Zhang
- Jinan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Harbin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin, 150056, China
| | - Jie Shi
- Harbin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin, 150056, China
| | - Xiaolin Gu
- Harbin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin, 150056, China
| | - Jieying Xiao
- Hebei University of Science & Technology, No. 26 Yuxiangjie, Yuhua District, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China.
| | - Jianlong Fang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang Y, Li X, Zhang H, Liu W, Liu Y, Guo C, Xu J, Wu F. Distribution, source apportionment and health risk assessment of phthalate esters in outdoor dust samples on Tibetan Plateau, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 834:155103. [PMID: 35398431 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The urbanization of Tibetan Plateau (TP) probably results in a significant contamination of organic pollutants in the area, such as phthalate esters (PAEs). However, there is a lack of monitoring and evaluation of their occurrence and risks in the outdoor dust on TP. This study for the first time investigated the concentrations, distributions and health risk of PAEs in outdoor dust samples on TP, China. A total of 132 outdoor dust samples were collected from five different functional areas, and results showed the ubiquitous detection of all PAEs in the samples. The Σ6PAEs concentrations ranged from 0.08 to 31.49 μg·g-1 with a mean of 3.57 μg·g-1. High concentrations of Σ6PAEs in the outdoor dust were found in commercial districts, which were attributed to the heavy use of PAEs in the public commerce such as consumer products, commodities, and building materials. Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were the dominant components accounting for 30.65% and 53.19% of the Σ6PAEs. Principal component analysis, positive matrix factorization, and correlation analysis were used to apportion the potential sources of PAEs in outdoor dust samples. The PAEs in the outdoor dust originated mainly from wide application of plasticizers as well as cosmetics and personal care products. The main pathways of human exposure to PAEs in the outdoor dust were ingestion and dermal absorption of dust particles. The total intakes of PAEs from outdoor dusts for children and adults were 1.50 × 10-5 and 2.47 × 10-6 mg·kg-1·d-1, respectively. Children were more susceptible to the PAEs intake than the adults. Although the estimated health risks of the six PAEs are currently acceptable, caution is needed given the likely future increase in use of these PAEs and the currently unknown contribution to human exposure by other medium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology of Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Wenxiu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Changsheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Ecological Effect and Risk Assessment of Chemicals, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Fengchang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology of Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yang L, Luo W, Zhao P, Zhang Y, Kang S, Giesy JP, Zhang F. Microplastics in the Koshi River, a remote alpine river crossing the Himalayas from China to Nepal. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 290:118121. [PMID: 34523512 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Studies of microplastics (MPs) in remote, trans-boundary and alpine rivers are currently lacking. To understand the sinks and transport mechanisms of MPs, this study investigated the distributions and sources of MPs in the surface waters and sediments of five tributaries of the Koshi River (KR), a typical alpine river in the Himalayas between China and Nepal. Mean abundances of MPs in water and sediment were 202 ± 100 items/m3 and 58 ± 27 items/kg, dry weight, respectively. The upstream tributary, Pum Qu in China, had the smallest abundance of MPs, while the middle tributary, Sun Koshi in Nepal, had the greatest abundance. Compared to international values in rivers, contamination of the KR with MPs was low to moderate. Fibers represented 98% of all MP particles observed, which consisted of polyethylene, polyethyleneterephthalate, polyamide, polypropylene, and polystyrene. Blue and black MPs were prevalent, and small MPs (<1 mm) accounted for approximately 60% of all MPs. Atmospheric transmission and deposition were considered to be the principal sources of MPs in the upstream tributary. The results imply that point sources associated with mostly untreated sewage effluents and solid wastes from households, major settlements, towns, and cities were most important sources of MPs in the KR. Non-point sources from agricultural runoff and atmospheric transport and deposition in the middle stream tributaries also contribute a part of microplastics, while the least amount was from fishing in the downstream tributary. Urbanization, agriculture, traffic, and tourism contributed to pollution in the KR by MPs. Equations to predict abundances of MPs based on river altitudes revealed that different trends were affected by both natural and human factors within the KR basin. This study presents new insights into the magnitude of MP pollution of a remote alpine river and provides valuable data for developing MP monitoring and mitigation strategies in similar environments worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yang
- Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wei Luo
- Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Pin Zhao
- Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yulan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - John P Giesy
- Toxicology Program Faculty, Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B3, Canada; Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Fan Zhang
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100085, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ali-Taleshi MS, Moeinaddini M, Riyahi Bakhtiari A, Feiznia S, Squizzato S, Bourliva A. A one-year monitoring of spatiotemporal variations of PM 2.5-bound PAHs in Tehran, Iran: Source apportionment, local and regional sources origins and source-specific cancer risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 274:115883. [PMID: 33189444 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5-bound PAHs were analyzed in a total of 135 daily samples collected during four seasons from 2018 to 2019, at three urban sites in Tehran, Iran. This study aims to investigate spatio-temporal variations, source apportionment, potential local and regional sources contributions and lung cancer risks associated with the 16 US EPA priority PAHs. PM2.5 concentrations ranged from 43.8 to 80.3 μg m-3 with the highest concentrations observed in summer. Total PAHs (TPAHs) concentrations ranged between 24.6 and 38.9 ng m-3. Autumn period exhibited the highest average concentration (48.3 ng m-3) followed by winter (29.5 ng m-3), spring (25.9 ng m-3) and summer (16.1 ng m-3). Five PAHs sources were identified by positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis: diesel exhaust, unburned petroleum-petrogenic, industrial, gasoline exhaust and coal/biomass combustion-natural gas emissions, accounting for 22.3%, 15.6%, 7.5%, 30.9%, and 23.6% of TPAHs, respectively. Site-specific bivariate polar (BP) and conditional bivariate probability function (CBPF) plots were computed to assess PM2.5 and TPAHs local source locations. CBPF pointed out that TPHAs sources are likely of local origin, showing the highest probability close to the sampling sites associated with low wind speed (<5 m s-1). The potential source contribution function (PSCF) and the concentration weighted trajectory (CWT) models were applied to investigate the long-range transport of PM2.5 and TPAHs. In addition to local sources contributions, Eastern areas were highly related to long-distance transport of PM2.5 and the Western areas showed the highest contribution of the total, medium molecular weight (MMW) (4 rings) and high molecular weight (HMW) (5-6 rings) PAHs. The upper bound of incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) via inhalation exposure to PM2.5-bound PAHs was at a moderate risk level (3.14 × 10-4 to 6.17 × 10-4).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mazaher Moeinaddini
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Alireza Riyahi Bakhtiari
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Sadat Feiznia
- Department of Reclamation of Arid and Mountainous Regions, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Stefania Squizzato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali Informatica e Statistica, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, Venezia, Italy.
| | - Anna Bourliva
- Department of Geophysics, School of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang L, Yang L, Bi J, Liu Y, Toriba A, Hayakawa K, Nagao S, Tang N. Characteristics and unique sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM2.5 at a highland background site in northwestern China ☆. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 274:116527. [PMID: 33508715 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitro-PAHs (NPAHs) in PM2.5 were first observed at a background site (Yuzhong site: YZ site) in the northwestern highlands of China in five seasonal campaigns. Compared with major northwestern cities, PAHs and NPAHs at the YZ site were at a lower level but showed consistent seasonal differences. The PAH and NPAH concentrations peaked in the winter campaigns, which were 36.11 ± 6.54 ng/m3 and 418.11 ± 123.55 pg/m3, respectively, in winter campaign 1 and 28.97 ± 10.07 ng/m3 and 226.89 ± 133.54 pg/m3, respectively, in winter campaign 2. These values were approximately a dozen times larger those in other campaigns. The diagnostic ratios indicate that vehicle emissions were the primary source of the PAHs throughout the five campaigns, and coal and biomass combustion also contributed during the winter, summer, and fall campaigns. Among NPAHs, 2-nitrofluoranthene and 2-nitropyrene were generated through OH radical-initiated reactions during atmospheric transport, while 1-nitropyrene came from combustion sources. There is an observation worth pondering, which is that the ratio between pyrene and fluoranthene increased abnormally in the spring and fall campaigns, which is presumably caused by the burning of Tibetan barley straw in the northwestern highlands. The backward trajectories over Tibetan areas in Qinghai and southwestern Gansu are consistent with this hypothesis. In addition, this study reported for the first time that the burning of Tibetan barley straw has become a seasonal contributor to air pollution in northwestern China and is participating in the atmospheric transport of air pollutants driven by the monsoon in East Asia, which urgently requires further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Zhang
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Lu Yang
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Jianrong Bi
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Yuzhi Liu
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Akira Toriba
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan.
| | - Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Seiya Nagao
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Ning Tang
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan; Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|