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Ren Y, Hu Y, Cheng H. Sources, bioaccessibility and health risk of heavy metal(loid)s in the particulate matter of urban areas. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 947:174303. [PMID: 38936720 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to heavy metal(loid)s in airborne particulate matter (PM) could lead to various adverse health effects. The study investigated the total contents and the bioaccessibility of PM-bound heavy metal(loid)s (Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb), identified their potential sources, and evaluated the associated health risk via inhalation in eight typical cities in China (Nanjing, Mianyang, Huangshi, Nanchang, Kunming, Xiamen, Guangzhou, and Wuzhishan). The results showed that PM-bound Cr (VI) and As of all eight cities exceeded the limits of World Health Organization. The bioaccessibility of PM-bound heavy metal(loid)s exhibited large variations, with their means following the order of Cd > Mn > Co > Ni > Cu > Cr > As > Zn > Pb. Traffic and industrial emissions were identified as primary sources in most urban areas. The emission sources have important effects on the bioaccessibility of PM-bound heavy metal(loid)s. In particular, atmospheric Cu has its bioaccessibility significantly correlated with the contributions from traffic emissions. The bioaccessibility-based health risk assessment obtained different results from those using total contents, showing that the non-carcinogenic risks posed by most metal(loid)s were acceptable except for As in Huangshi and Nanchang. These findings highlight the source dependence of bioaccessibility of heavy metal(loid)s in airborne PM, facilitate the identification of priority pollution sources and enhance effective risk-oriented source regulatory strategies in urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Ren
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuanan Hu
- MOE Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Evolution, School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Hefa Cheng
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Feng Y, Zhang W, Wei J, Jiang D, Tong S, Huang C, Xu Z, Wang X, Tao J, Li Z, Hu J, Zhang Y, Cheng J. Medium-term exposure to size-fractioned particulate matter and asthma exacerbations in China: A longitudinal study of asthmatics with poor medication adherence. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 274:116234. [PMID: 38503107 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have shown that short- and long-term exposure to particulate matter (PM) can increase the risk of asthma morbidity and mortality. However, the effect of medium-term exposure remains unknown. We aim to examine the effect of medium-term exposure to size-fractioned PM on asthma exacerbations among asthmatics with poor medication adherence. METHODS We conducted a longitudinal study in China based on the National Mobile Asthma Management System Project that specifically and routinely followed asthma exacerbations in asthmatics with poor medication adherence from April 2017 to May 2019. High-resolution satellite remote-sensing data were used to estimate each participant's medium-term exposure (on average 90 days) to size-fractioned PM (PM1, PM2.5, and PM10) based on the residential address and the date of the follow-up when asthma exacerbations (e.g., hospitalizations and emergency room visits) occurred or the end of the follow-up. The Cox proportional hazards model was employed to examine the hazard ratio of asthma exacerbations associated with each PM after controlling for sex, age, BMI, education level, geographic region, and temperature. RESULTS Modelling results revealed nonlinear exposure-response associations of asthma exacerbations with medium-term exposure to PM1, PM2.5, and PM10. Specifically, for emergency room visits, we found an increased hazard ratio for PM1 above 22.8 µg/m3 (1.060, 95 % CI: 1.025-1.096, per 1 µg/m3 increase), PM2.5 above 38.2 µg/m3 (1.032, 95 % CI: 1.010-1.054), and PM10 above 78.6 µg/m3 (1.019, 95 % CI: 1.006-1.032). For hospitalizations, we also found an increased hazard ratio for PM1 above 20.3 µg/m3 (1.055, 95 % CI: 1.001-1.111) and PM2.5 above 39.2 µg/m3 (1.038, 95 % CI: 1.003-1.074). Furthermore, the effects of PM were greater for a longer exposure window (90-180 days) and among participants with a high BMI. CONCLUSION This study suggests that medium-term exposure to PM is associated with an increased risk of asthma exacerbations in asthmatics with poor medication adherence, with a higher risk from smaller PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufan Feng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Disease, Hefei, China
| | - Wenyi Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wei
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, USA
| | - Dingyuan Jiang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shilu Tong
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Cunrui Huang
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwei Xu
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Xiling Wang
- School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Junwen Tao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Disease, Hefei, China
| | - Zhiwei Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Disease, Hefei, China
| | - Jihong Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Disease, Hefei, China
| | - Yongming Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital; National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Jian Cheng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Disease, Hefei, China.
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Park J, Lee KH, Kim H, Woo J, Heo J, Jeon K, Lee CH, Yoo CG, Hopke PK, Koutrakis P, Yi SM. Analysis of PM 2.5 inorganic and organic constituents to resolve contributing sources in Seoul, South Korea and Beijing, China and their possible associations with cytokine IL-8. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 243:117860. [PMID: 38072108 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
China and South Korea are the most polluted countries in East Asia due to significant urbanization and extensive industrial activities. As neighboring countries, collaborative management plans to maximize public health in both countries can be helpful in reducing transboundary air pollution. To support such planning, PM2.5 inorganic and organic species were determined in simultaneously collected PM2.5 integrated filters. The resulting data were used as inputs to positive matrix factorization, which identified nine sources at the ambient air monitoring sites in both sites. Secondary nitrate, secondary sulfate/oil combustion, soil, mobile, incinerator, biomass burning, and secondary organic carbon (SOC) were found to be sources at both sampling sites. Industry I and II were only identified in Seoul, whereas combustion and road dust sources were only identified in Beijing. A subset of samples was selected for exposure assessment. The expression levels of IL-8 were significantly higher in Beijing (167.7 pg/mL) than in Seoul (72.7 pg/mL). The associations between the PM2.5 chemical constituents and its contributing sources with PM2.5-induced inflammatory cytokine (interleukin-8, IL-8) levels in human bronchial epithelial cells were investigated. For Seoul, the soil followed by the secondary nitrate and the biomass burning showed increase with IL-8 production. However, for the Beijing, the secondary nitrate exhibited the highest association with IL-8 production and SOC and biomass burning showed modest increase with IL-8. As one of the highest contributing sources in both cities, secondary nitrate showed an association with IL-8 production. The soil source having the strongest association with IL-8 production was found only for Seoul, whereas SOC showed a modest association only for Beijing. This study can provide the scientific basis for identifying the sources to be prioritized for control to provide effective mitigation of particulate air pollution in each city and thereby improve public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Park
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Kyoung-Hee Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehakno, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyewon Kim
- Incheon Regional Customs, Korea Customs Service, 70, Gonghangdong-ro 193 Beon-gil Jung-gu, Incheon, 22381, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisu Woo
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehakno, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongbae Heo
- Busan Development Institute, 955 Jungangdae-ro, Busanjin-gu, Busan, 47210, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwonho Jeon
- Climate and Air Quality Research, Department Global Environment Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Hoon Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehakno, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Gyu Yoo
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehakno, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Institute for a Sustainable Environment, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Seung-Muk Yi
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Lyu T, Tang Y, Cao H, Gao Y, Zhou X, Zhang W, Zhang R, Jiang Y. Estimating the geographical patterns and health risks associated with PM 2.5-bound heavy metals to guide PM 2.5 control targets in China based on machine-learning algorithms. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 337:122558. [PMID: 37714401 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 is the main component of haze, and PM2.5-bound heavy metals (PBHMs) can induce various toxic effects via inhalation. However, comprehensive macroanalyses on large scales are still lacking. In this study, we compiled a substantial dataset consisting of the concentrations of eight PBHMs, including As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn, across different cities in China. To improve prediction accuracy, we enhanced the traditional land-use regression (LUR) model by incorporating emission source-related variables and employing the best-fitted machine-learning algorithm, which was applied to predict PBHM concentrations, analyze geographical patterns and assess the health risks associated with metals under different PM2.5 control targets. Our model exhibited excellent performance in predicting the concentrations of PBHMs, with predicted values closely matching measured values. Noncarcinogenic risks exist in 99.4% of the estimated regions, and the carcinogenic risks in all studied regions of the country are within an acceptable range (1 × 10-5-1 × 10-6). In densely populated areas such as Henan, Shandong, and Sichuan, it is imperative to control the concentration of PBHMs to reduce the number of patients with cancer. Controlling PM2.5 effectively decreases both carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic health risks associated with PBHMs, but still exceed acceptable risk level, suggesting that other important emission sources should be given attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Lyu
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yilin Tang
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Hongbin Cao
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Yue Gao
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xu Zhou
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Ruidi Zhang
- Beijing Area Major Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yanxue Jiang
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
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Fakhri N, Fadel M, Öztürk F, Keleş M, Iakovides M, Pikridas M, Abdallah C, Karam C, Sciare J, Hayes PL, Afif C. Comprehensive chemical characterization of PM 2.5 in the large East Mediterranean-Middle East city of Beirut, Lebanon. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 133:118-137. [PMID: 37451782 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The chemical composition of PM2.5 at two sites in Lebanon, a country in the East Mediterranean - Middle East region, is investigated in the spring and summer seasons. The average PM2.5 concentrations were of (29 ± 16) µg/m3 for Beirut urban site and (32 ± 14) µg/m3 for Beirut suburban site. This study showed that the geographic location of the East Mediterranean region, such as its proximity to the Mediterranean Sea and the dust storm intrusion are a significant contributor to the high PM levels from natural sources, which cannot be mitigated, rendering the PM2.5 WHO annual Air Quality guideline unattainable due to high natural background, which also applies to the entire Middle East region. Turkey and Eastern Europe are the dominant origin of air masses throughout our sampling days, suggesting the long-range transport as an important potential contributor to the high observed concentrations of V, Ni, and sulfate in this region most probably in other East Mediterranean countries than Lebanon too. Main local sources determined through the chemical speciation including organics are road transport, resuspension of dust and diesel private generators. A health risk assessment of airborne metals was performed and the carcinogenic risk for all the metals exceeded by 42 (adults) and 14 (children) times the acceptable risk level (10-6) at both sites. Vanadium was the predominant carcinogenic metal, emphasizing the need to replace energy production with cleaner energy on a regional level and highlighting the severe impact of air pollution on the health of inhabitants in this region's main cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nansi Fakhri
- EMMA Research Group, Centre d' Analyses et de Recherche, Faculty of Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marc Fadel
- EMMA Research Group, Centre d' Analyses et de Recherche, Faculty of Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Fatma Öztürk
- Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Melek Keleş
- Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Minas Iakovides
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Michael Pikridas
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Charbel Abdallah
- EMMA Research Group, Centre d' Analyses et de Recherche, Faculty of Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Cyril Karam
- EMMA Research Group, Centre d' Analyses et de Recherche, Faculty of Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Jean Sciare
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Patrick L Hayes
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
| | - Charbel Afif
- EMMA Research Group, Centre d' Analyses et de Recherche, Faculty of Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph, Beirut, Lebanon; Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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Zhang X, Sun M, Aikawa M. Characteristics of PM 2.5-bound metals in Japan over six years: Spatial distribution, health risk, and source analysis. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 344:118750. [PMID: 37573701 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Air sampling campaigns were conducted at 100 survey sites across Japan from April 2014 to February 2020, and a comprehensive database of atmospheric particles was obtained. In this study, the characteristics of PM2.5 and 26 metals were investigated in depth. Spatially, the concentration of PM2.5 gradually increased from the northeast to the southwest of Japan. The pollution in Kitakyushu City was the most serious, reaching 19.8 μg m-3. As an important particle component, metals did not show obviously spatial variation in Japan, with a sum concentration of 0.4 μg m-3. Anthropogenic metals only accounted for about 8% of the total metals, but they could pose a serious threat to public health. For children, the non-carcinogenic risk and carcinogenic risk due to exposure to anthropogenic metals could not be neglected in Japan; the corresponding HI and CR values at 100 survey sites ranged from 2.7 to 15.0 and 4.1 × 10-5 to 3.4 × 10-4, respectively. Adults faced lower health risks than children, with HI values ranging from 0.2 to 2.0 and CR values ranging from 2.0 × 10-5 to 1.6 × 10-4. The integrated health risk assessment results showed that the coastal region of the Seto Inland Sea and the north Tohoku Region were the most heavily polluted areas of Japan; in this study, 20 survey sites were finally determined to be high-risk sites, among which pollution control for Niihama City, Kitakyushu City, Hachinohe City, and Shimonoseki City were of first priority. With further combination with a positive matrix factorization model, it can be known that these four cities mainly had five to seven metal sources, and their heavy pollution was mainly caused by ship emissions, industrial emissions, biomass burning, and coal combustion. Overall, our study comprehensively revealed the regional patterns of PM2.5-bound metal pollution across Japan, which can help in making cost-effective risk management policies with limited national/local budgets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1, Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 808-0135, Japan.
| | - Meng Sun
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1, Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 808-0135, Japan
| | - Masahide Aikawa
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1, Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 808-0135, Japan.
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Aldekheel M, Farahani VJ, Sioutas C. Assessing Lifetime Cancer Risk Associated with Population Exposure to PM-Bound PAHs and Carcinogenic Metals in Three Mid-Latitude Metropolitan Cities. TOXICS 2023; 11:697. [PMID: 37624202 PMCID: PMC10457896 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11080697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Lifetime cancer risk characterization of ambient PM-bound carcinogenic metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were examined in the cities of Los Angeles (USA), Thessaloniki (Greece) and Milan (Italy), which share similar Mediterranean climates but are different in their urban emission sources and governing air quality regulations. The samples in Milan and Thessaloniki were mostly dominated by biomass burning activities whereas the particles collected in Los Angeles were primary impacted by traffic emissions. We analyzed the ambient PM2.5 mass concentration of Cadmium (Cd), Hexavalent Chromium (Cr(VI)), Nickel (Ni), Lead (Pb), as well as 13 PAH compounds in the PM samples, collected during both cold and warm periods at each location. Pb exhibited the highest annual average concentration in all three cities, followed by Ni, As, Cr(VI), Cd and PAHs, respectively. The cancer risk assessment based on outdoor pollutants was performed based on three different scenarios, with each scenario corresponding to a different level of infiltration of outdoor pollutants into the indoor environment. Thessaloniki exhibited a high risk associated with lifetime inhalation of As, Cr(VI), and PAHs, with values in the range of (0.97-1.57) × 10-6, (1.80-2.91) × 10-6, and (0.77-1.25) × 10-6, respectively. The highest cancer risk values were calculated in Milan, exceeding the US EPA standard by a considerable margin, where the lifetime risk values of exposure to As, Cr(VI), and PAHs were in the range of (1.29-2.08) × 10-6, (6.08-9.82) × 10-6, and (1.10-1.77) × 10-6, respectively. In contrast, the estimated risks associated with PAHs and metals, except Cr(VI), in Los Angeles were extremely lower than the guideline value, even when the infiltration factor was assumed to be at peak. The lifetime cancer risk values associated with As, Cd, Ni, Pb, and PAHs in Los Angeles were in the range of (0.04-0.33) × 10-6. This observation highlights the impact of local air quality measures in improving the air quality and lowering the cancer risks in Los Angeles compared to the other two cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Aldekheel
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; (M.A.); (V.J.F.)
- Department of Civil Engineering, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 5969, Safat 13060, Kuwait
| | - Vahid Jalali Farahani
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; (M.A.); (V.J.F.)
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; (M.A.); (V.J.F.)
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Fakhri N, Fadel M, Pikridas M, Sciare J, Hayes PL, Afif C. Source apportionment of PM 2.5 using organic/inorganic markers and emission inventory evaluation in the East Mediterranean-Middle East city of Beirut. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 223:115446. [PMID: 36758920 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Source contributions to PM2.5 concentrations were evaluated in Greater Beirut (Lebanon), a typical East Mediterranean-Middle East (EMME) city, using Positive Matrix Factorization with two approaches. The first approach included only inorganic species (PMF-trad) and the other approach added organic markers (PMF-org). PMF-org identified 4 additional sources, and large discrepancies in contributions were observed for some major sources found in both approaches, highlighting the importance of including organic markers. The traffic factor was underestimated in PMF-trad by 2 to 7 folds. Moreover, results showed that this city is prone to high desert dust concentrations originating from uncontrollable dust storm events, like all cities in the Middle East. A PM2.5 mitigation plan taking into account the potency of the identified sources was developed. Sources like diesel generators or traffic presented smaller contributions in term of mass compared to desert dust, however the health impact of the latter is relatively small and actions should target sources with the highest potency. Local emission inventories in the EMME region are scarce and studies typically rely on global emission inventories for local air quality management plans, but these inventories significantly underestimate Beirut's road transport emissions by more than an order of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nansi Fakhri
- EMMA Research Group, Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche, Faculty of Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marc Fadel
- EMMA Research Group, Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche, Faculty of Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Michael Pikridas
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Jean Sciare
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Patrick L Hayes
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
| | - Charbel Afif
- EMMA Research Group, Centre d'Analyses et de Recherche, Faculty of Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph, Beirut, Lebanon; Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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Cui Q, Li L, Cao Y, Yang B, Liu L, Dong X, Cha Y, Ruan H, Tang S, Wang Q. Trends in elemental Pb concentrations within atmospheric PM 2.5 and associated risk to human health in major cities of China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 320:121036. [PMID: 36623789 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
High concentrations of elemental lead (Pb) in the atmosphere pose a serious threat to human health. This study presents and summarizes data obtained from relevant literature on Pb concentrations within fine particulate matter (PM2.5) recorded in major cities in China from 2008 to 2019. An environmental health risk assessment model was then used to evaluate the health hazards of inhaling Pb among adults and children in China. Owing to the promulgation and implementation of a series of air pollution control measures, the Pb concentrations within PM2.5 measured in major cities in China showed a downward trend after peaking in 2013. The concentrations were higher in winter than in summer, and higher in northern cities than in southern cities. Although the Pb concentrations in most cities did not exceed the limit (500 ng/m3) set by China, they remained much higher than concentrations recorded in developed countries. The results of the environmental health risk analysis showed that the non-carcinogenic risk from atmospheric Pb exposure was higher in children than in adults (adult females > adult males), while the carcinogenic risk was higher in adults than in children. This study shows that even if the health risk of Pb in PM2.5 does not exceed the acceptable limit, stricter Pb pollution control measures are required to safeguard population health due to the dangers of Pb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Cui
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China; School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Liangzhong Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, Center for Environmental Health Research, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Ministry of Ecological and Environment of PR China, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Yaqiang Cao
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China; School of Public Health Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Bo Yang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China; Baotou Medical College, Baotou, 014040, China
| | - Lindou Liu
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China; School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Xiaoyan Dong
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yu'e Cha
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Hongjie Ruan
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Song Tang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100021, China.
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10
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Li Z, Peng S, Chen M, Sun J, Liu F, Wang H, Xiang H. Associations of fine particulate matter and its metal constituents with blood pressure: A panel study during the seventh World Military Games. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 217:114739. [PMID: 36368372 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Evidence is needed to elucidate the association of blood pressure (BP) changes with metal constituents in fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Therefore, we designed a longitudinal panel study enrolling 70 healthy students from Wuhan University in the context of the seventh World Military Games (the 7th WMG) from September 2019 to January 2020. A total of eight visits were conducted before, during, and after the 7th WMG. During every visit, each participant was asked to carry a personal PM2.5 monitor to measure hourly PM2.5 levels for three consecutive days. Questionnaire investigation and physical examination were completed on the fourth day. We analyzed ten metal constituents of ambient PM2.5 collected from the fixed station, and blood pressure was recorded during each visit. The linear mixed-effects models were performed to evaluate associations of metal constituents and blood pressure measurements. We observed a dramatic variation of PM2.5 concentration ranging from 7.38 to 132.04 μg/m3. A 10 μg/m3 increment of PM2.5 was associated with an increase of 0.64 mmHg (95% CI: 0.44, 0.84) in systolic BP (SBP), 0.40 mmHg (0.26, 0.54) in diastolic BP (DBP), 0.31 mmHg (0.15, 0.47) in pulse pressure (PP) and 0.44 mmHg (0.26, 0.62) in mean artery pressure (MAP), respectively. For metal constituents in PM2.5, robust positive associations were observed between BP and selenium, manganese, arsenic, cadmium, and thallium. For example, for an IQR (0.93 ng/m3) increment of selenium, SBP and MAP elevated by 0.98 mmHg (0.09, 1.87) and 0.71 mmHg (0.03, 1.39), respectively. Aluminum was found to be robustly associated with decreased SBP, DBP, and MAP. The study indicated that exposure to PM2.5 total mass and metal constituents including selenium, manganese, arsenic, cadmium, and thallium were associated with the elevated BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyuan Li
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, 115# Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, China; Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, 115# Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Shouxin Peng
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, 115# Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, China; Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, 115# Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Meijin Chen
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, 115# Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, China; Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, 115# Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Jinhui Sun
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, 115# Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, China; Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, 115# Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Feifei Liu
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, 115# Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, China; Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, 115# Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Huaiji Wang
- Wuhan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 288# Machang Road, Wuhan, 430024, China.
| | - Hao Xiang
- Department of Global Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, 115# Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, China; Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, 115# Donghu Road, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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11
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Huang Z, Ma Y, Zhan X, Lin H, Zheng C, Tigabu M, Guo F. Composition of inorganic elements in fine particulate matter emitted during surface fire in relation to moisture content of forest floor combustibles. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 312:137259. [PMID: 36400192 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The moisture content of combustible material on the forest floor is constantly changing due to environmental factors, which have a direct impact on the composition and emission intensity of particulate matter released during fire. In this study, an indoor biomass combustion analysis device was used to analyze the emission characteristics of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) from combustion of herbaceous combustible materials with different moisture contents (0%, 15%, and 30%). The composition of inorganic elements in PM2.5 (Zn, K, Mg, Ca, and other 13 measurable elements) were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). The results showed that the PM2.5 emission factor increased significantly with the increase of moisture content of combustible materials in the range of 11.63 ± 0.55 for dry samples to 36.71 ± 1.21 g/kg for samples with 30% moisture content. The main elemental components of PM2.5 were K, Zn, Ca, Mg, and Na and K, Ca, Mg, and Na emission factors increased with the increase of moisture content of combustibles. The proportion of macronutrients in PM2.5 released by combustion of each herb increased as the moisture content increased, but the proportion of trace elements gradually decreased. There was a good correlation between elemental composition of PM2.5 and that of herbaceous combustibles. The results provide evidence that the moisture content of combustible materials has a significant effect on the emission of inorganic elements in particulate matter, and hence cautions should be exercised during fuel reduction treatments, such as early prescribed fire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Huang
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Yuanfan Ma
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Zhan
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Haichuan Lin
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Chenyue Zheng
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Mulualem Tigabu
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 190, SE-234 22 Lomma, Sweden.
| | - Futao Guo
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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12
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Xu J, Wang M, Zhong T, Zhao Z, Lu Y, Zhao X, Cai X. Insights into site-specific influences of emission sources on accumulation of heavy metal(loid)s in soils by wheat grains. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:73131-73146. [PMID: 35622279 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21022-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Excessive accumulation of heavy metal(loid)s in agricultural environment usually originates from anthropogenic activities. Both large diversities of emission sources and complexity of plant accumulation challenge the understanding of the site-specific effects of emission sources on heavy metal(loid)s in wheat grains. Herein, both soil samples and wheat grain samples (n = 80) were collected from the farmland of Jiyuan City, China. Soil and grain burdens of heavy metal(loid)s were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and/or X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF). The quotients (Q) were developed to indicate relative impacts of industrial plants and traffic to soil sites. Principal component analysis-absolute principal component scores-multivariate linear regression (PCA-APCS-MLR) analysis was conducted to reveal the source contributions to heavy metal(loid)s in grains, considering Q values, soil, and wheat grain data. Results showed that contributions of main sources and factors drastically varied with soil sites, and usually overlapped to different extents. For grain Cd and grain Pb, natural soil silicate (0.066/0.104 mg/kg) and iron-bearing minerals (- 0.044/ - 0.174 mg/kg) contributed to high extents, while metal smelting activities (0.018/0.019 mg/kg) and agronomic activities (- 0.017/ - 0.019 mg/kg) unexpectedly posed low or moderate contributions. The pH-mediated availability of soil Cd (0.035 mg/kg) and the sand-dust weather (0.028 mg/kg) also made considerable contributions to grain Cd. For grain As, both natural soil iron-bearing (- 0.048 mg/kg) and silicate minerals (- 0.013 mg/kg) made negative contributions. The results benefit to the decision-making of pollution remediation of farmland soils in the regional scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Maolin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Tianxiang Zhong
- CECEP DADI Environmental Remediation Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100089, China
| | - Zongsheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Heavy-Metal Pollution Monitoring and Remediation of Henan Province, Jiyuan, 459000, China
| | - Yifu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Heavy-Metal Pollution Monitoring and Remediation of Henan Province, Jiyuan, 459000, China
| | - Xiaoxue Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Heavy-Metal Pollution Monitoring and Remediation of Henan Province, Jiyuan, 459000, China
| | - Xiyun Cai
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
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13
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Sun J, Zhao M, Cai B, Song X, Tang R, Huang X, Huang H, Huang J, Fan Z. Risk assessment and driving factors of trace metal(loid)s in soils of China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 309:119772. [PMID: 35843449 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Recently, with the rapid development of China's economy, the pollution of trace metal(loid)s (TMs) in soils has become increasingly severe and attracted widespread attention. Based on 1,402 published papers from 2000 to 2021, this study aimed to analyze the pollution intensity, ecological risk and driving factors for eight TMs (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in Chinese soils. Results showed that the average concentrations of eight TMs in Chinese soils all exceeded background values, and the pollution of Cd and Hg was the most serious. Based on Principal component analysis of pollution intensity and ecological risk, the priority control TMs were identified for the heavily polluted provinces. The results of Geo-detector model suggested that Urban development factors contributed most to the TM accumulation in Chinese soils. Further, spatial analysis using bivariate Moran's I indicated that industrial activities contributed most to soil TM accumulation in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, while soil TM pollution in the southwest and northwest provinces was mainly caused by mining and metal smelting. This study investigated the relationship between soil TM pollution and anthropogenic activities, thus providing a scientific basis for controlling soil TM pollution at a large-scale level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxun Sun
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Menglu Zhao
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Boya Cai
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xiaoyong Song
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Rui Tang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xinmiao Huang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Honghui Huang
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510300, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zhengqiu Fan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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14
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Yan RH, Peng X, Lin W, He LY, Wei FH, Tang MX, Huang XF. Trends and Challenges Regarding the Source-Specific Health Risk of PM 2.5-Bound Metals in a Chinese Megacity from 2014 to 2020. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:6996-7005. [PMID: 35050611 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c06948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Identifying the health risk of PM2.5 is essential for urban air pollution control. In 2013, China announced the ever-strict national Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan, and its health benefit should be evaluated to provide reference for future policymaking. In this study, we conducted a seven-year (2014-2020) continuous observation of PM2.5 in Shenzhen, the third largest city in China, which has relatively good air quality. The results showed that the annual mean PM2.5 and total concentration of 21 associated metals dropped from 37.7 to 18.5 μg/m3 and from 2.4 to 1.1 μg/m3, respectively. Combining methods for source apportionment and health risk assessment, we found that the total carcinogenic risk (CR) of five hazardous metals (Cd, Cr, Ni, Co, and Pb) showed a clear decreasing trend. However, the total CR (1.8 × 10-6) in 2020 still exceeded the widely acceptable risk level (i.e., 1 × 10-6), with the primary contributor changing from industrial emissions (61%) to vehicle emissions (63%). Further analysis indicated that the CR of vehicles mainly came from Cr and Ni released by braking and tire wearing and has fluctuated in recent years, highlighting a great challenge of controlling nonexhaust emissions of vehicles (including electric cars) in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run-Hua Yan
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xing Peng
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Weiwei Lin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ling-Yan He
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Feng-Hua Wei
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Meng-Xue Tang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Huang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
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15
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Li X, Yan C, Wang C, Ma J, Li W, Liu J, Liu Y. PM 2.5-bound elements in Hebei Province, China: Pollution levels, source apportionment and health risks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150440. [PMID: 34844311 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Particle-bound elements have attracted increasing attentions due to their health effects and atmospheric catalytic reactivity. However, elements in atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) have not been well investigated even in some highly polluted area. In this study, 22 elements in PM2.5 were measured by a multi-metal monitor in ten prefecture-level and county-level cities in Hebei province, one of the most polluted provinces in China, during the heating and non-heating seasons. Source apportionment of PM2.5-bound elements were conducted, and health risks of individual elements and different sources were assessed. The results showed that, total elements (TEs) measured contributed to 2%-7% of the PM2.5 mass, with potassium (K), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) as the most abundant elements, accounting for about 71%- 87% of TEs mass. Concentrations of chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), and cadmium (Cd) were more likely to exceed the World Health Organization (WHO) limits. Source apportionment results indicated that PM2.5-bound elements were primarily from coal combustion, dust, traffic, ferrous metal smelting and oil combustion, and other industrial related sources. Therein, ferrous metal smelting and oil combustion, coal combustion and industry were the predominant source of Cr, As and Cd, respectively. Health risk assessment indicated that the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of As for children could exceed the precautionary criteria, and coal combustion source had the highest carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks. This study suggested that attentions should be paid not only on PM2.5 mass but also PM2.5-bound compounds especially heavy metals and metalloids to reduce health risks in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Caiqing Yan
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Chunying Wang
- Sailhero Environmental Protection High-tech Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Jingjin Ma
- Sailhero Environmental Protection High-tech Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Wanxin Li
- Sailhero Environmental Protection High-tech Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Junyi Liu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yue Liu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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16
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Mainka A, Fantke P. Preschool children health impacts from indoor exposure to PM 2.5 and metals. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 160:107062. [PMID: 34959196 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.107062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the relation between children health and indoor air quality, we measured the concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and 11 metals (arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, nickel, lead, antimony, selenium, and zinc) from air samples taken during both winter and spring, and focused on urban and rural area kindergartens of the Upper Silesia Region, Poland, typified by the use of fossil fuels for power and heat purposes. We combined related inhalation intake estimates for children and health effects using separate dose-response approaches for PM2.5 and metals. Results show that impacts on children from exposure to PM2.5 was 7.5 min/yr, corresponding to 14 μDALY/yr (DALY: disability-adjusted life years) with 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.3-164 min/yr, which is approximately 10 times lower than cumulative impacts from exposure to the metal components in the PM2.5 fraction of indoor air (median 76 min/yr; CI: 0.2-4.5 × 103 min/yr). Highest metal-related health impacts were caused by exposure to hexavalent chromium. The average combined cancer and non-cancer effects for hexavalent chromium were 55 min/yr, corresponding to 104 μDALY/yr, with CI: 0.5 to 8.0 × 104 min/yr. Health impacts on children varied by season and across urban and rural sites, both as functions of varying PM2.5 metal compositions influenced by indoor and outdoor emission sources. Our study demonstrates the need to consider indoor environments for evaluating health impacts of children, and can assist decision makers to focus on relevant impact reduction and indoor air quality improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mainka
- Department of Air Protection, Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 22B, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Peter Fantke
- Quantitative Sustainability Assessment, Department of Technology, Management and Economics, Technical University of Denmark, Produktionstorvet 424, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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17
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Zhang X, Eto Y, Aikawa M. Risk assessment and management of PM 2.5-bound heavy metals in the urban area of Kitakyushu, Japan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 795:148748. [PMID: 34328942 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The sampling campaign of PM2.5 was carried out in Kitakyushu City on the western edge of Japan from 2013 to 2019, and 29 heavy metals loaded in PM2.5 were measured in this study. During the whole sampling period, the PM2.5 mass concentration ranged from 6.3 μg·m-3 to 57.5 μg·m-3, with a median value of 21.3 μg·m-3, and the sum concentration of heavy metals only accounted for 3%. According to the enrichment factor (EF) and geo-accumulation index (Igeo) analysis, it can be known that Se, Mo, Pb, As, Zn, W, Sb, Cu, V, Cr, Ni, and Cs were mainly from anthropogenic sources, which had EF values larger than 10 and Igeo values larger than 0. The comprehensive ecological risk index for these 12 anthropogenic metals was far greater than 600. This large index showed severe metal pollution and very high ecological risk in the urban area of Kitakyushu, Japan, which should be paid great attention. The human health assessment result further revealed that children living at the sampling site faced severe non-carcinogenic risk (HI = 7.8) and moderate carcinogenic risk (CR = 1.2 × 10-4), and oral ingestion was basically the most important exposure pathway, followed by dermal contact and inhalation. The priority control metals included Mo, Se, As, Pb, Sb, and Cr; moreover, the concentration-weighted trajectory analysis (CWT) indicated that Mo, Sb, and Cr were from ship emissions because some shipping routes around the Kyushu area were identified as their potential pollution source regions, while Se, As, and Pb were carried by the air masses from the Asian landmass. Overall, although the PM2.5 concentration in the urban area of Kitakyushu, Japan was not high, the heavy metal risk cannot be overlooked; it is necessary to strengthen the source control of high-risk metals and raise public protection awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1, Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan
| | - Yuko Eto
- Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences, City of Kitakyushu, 1-2-1 Shin-ike, Tobata-ku, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 804-0082, Japan
| | - Masahide Aikawa
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1, Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan.
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18
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Crispo M, Dobson MC, Blevins RS, Meredith W, Lake JA, Edmondson JL. Heavy metals and metalloids concentrations across UK urban horticultural soils and the factors influencing their bioavailability to food crops. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 288:117960. [PMID: 34426231 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Urban horticulture (UH) has been proposed as a solution to increase urban sustainability, but the potential risks to human health due to potentially elevated soil heavy metals and metalloids (HM) concentrations represent a major constraint for UH expansion. Here we provide the first UK-wide assessment of soil HM concentrations (total and bioavailable) in UH soils and the factors influencing their bioavailability to crops. Soils from 200 allotments across ten cities in the UK were collected and analysed for HM concentrations, black carbon (BC) and organic carbon (OC) concentrations, pH and texture. We found that although HM are widespread across UK UH soils, most concentrations fell below the respective UK soil screening values (C4SLs): 99 % Cr; 98 % As, Cd, Ni; 95 % Cu; 52 % Zn. However, 83 % of Pb concentrations exceeded C4SL, but only 3.5 % were above Pb national background concentration of 820 mg kg-1. The bioavailable HM concentrations represent a small fraction (0.01-1.8 %) of the total concentrations even for those soils that exceeded C4SLs. There was a significant positive relationship between both total and bioavailable HM and soil BC and OC concentrations. This suggest that while contributing to the accumulation of HM concentrations in UH soils, BC and OC may also provide a biding surface for the bioavailable HM concentrations contributing to their immobilisation. These findings have implications for both management of the risk to human health associated with UH growing in urban soils and with management of UH soil. There is a clear need to understand the mechanisms driving soil-to-crop HM transfer in UH to improve potentially restrictive C4SL (e.g. Pb) especially as public demand for UH land is growing. In addition, the UH community would benefit from education programs promoting soil management practices that reduce the risk of HM exposure - particularly in those plots where C4SLs were exceeded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Crispo
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
| | - Miriam C Dobson
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Roscoe S Blevins
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Will Meredith
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Janice A Lake
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Jill L Edmondson
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
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19
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Fu S, Yue D, Lin W, Hu Q, Yuan L, Zhao Y, Zhai Y, Mai D, Zhang H, Wei Q, He L. Insights into the source-specific health risk of ambient particle-bound metals in the Pearl River Delta region, China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 224:112642. [PMID: 34399126 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Quantification of source-specific health risks of PM2.5 plays an essential role in health-oriented air pollution control. However, there is limited evidence supporting the source-based risk apportionment of particle-bound metals. In this study, source-specific cancer and non-cancer risk characterization of 12 particle-bound metals was performed in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region, China. A combination of health risk assessment model and receptor-based source apportionment modeling with positive matrix factorization (PMF) was applied for characterizing the spatial-temporal patterns for inhalation health risks of particle-bound metals in three main city clusters, inland area and coastal area in the region from December 2014 through July 2016. Results showed that the carcinogenic risk of particle-bound metals for adults (4.13 × 10-5) was higher than that for children (9.53 × 10-6) in the PRD region. The highest and significant non-carcinogenic risk was found in the northwest city cluster. Industrial emission (63.3%) were the dominant contributors to the cancer risk, while the main contributors to the non-cancer risk were the vehicle emission source (33.2%) in the dry season and industrial emission (30.8%) in the wet season. Our results provide important evidence for spatial source-specific health risks with temporal characteristics of particle-bound metals in most densely populated areas in the southern China, and suggest that reduction of industrial and vehicle emissions could facilitate more cost-effective PM2.5 control measures to improve human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojie Fu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Dingli Yue
- Guangdong Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Air Quality Monitoring, Guangzhou 510308, China
| | - Weiwei Lin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Qiansheng Hu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Luan Yuan
- Guangdong Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Air Quality Monitoring, Guangzhou 510308, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Guangdong Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Air Quality Monitoring, Guangzhou 510308, China
| | - Yuhong Zhai
- Guangdong Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Air Quality Monitoring, Guangzhou 510308, China
| | - Dejian Mai
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Hedi Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qing Wei
- Experimental Teaching Center, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Lingyan He
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
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20
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Zhang Z, Zeng Y, Yan K. A hybrid deep learning technology for PM 2.5 air quality forecasting. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:39409-39422. [PMID: 33759095 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12657-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The concentration of PM2.5 is one of the main factors in evaluating the air quality in environmental science. The severe level of PM2.5 directly affects the public health, economics and social development. Due to the strong nonlinearity and instability of the air quality, it is difficult to predict the volatile changes of PM2.5 over time. In this paper, a hybrid deep learning model VMD-BiLSTM is constructed, which combines variational mode decomposition (VMD) and bidirectional long short-term memory network (BiLSTM), to predict PM2.5 changes in cities in China. VMD decomposes the original PM2.5 complex time series data into multiple sub-signal components according to the frequency domain. Then, BiLSTM is employed to predict each sub-signal component separately, which significantly improved forecasting accuracy. Through a comprehensive study with existing models, such as the EMD-based models and other VMD-based models, we justify the outperformance of the proposed VMD-BiLSTM model over all compared models. The results show that the prediction results are significantly improved with the proposed forecasting framework. And the prediction models integrating VMD are better than those integrating EMD. Among all the models integrating VMD, the proposed VMD-BiLSTM model is the most stable forecasting method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhendong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Wave Information Technology and Metrology of Zhejiang Province, College of Information Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Yongkang Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Wave Information Technology and Metrology of Zhejiang Province, College of Information Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Ke Yan
- Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Wave Information Technology and Metrology of Zhejiang Province, College of Information Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
- National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117566, Singapore.
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21
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Ren Y, Luo Q, Zhuo S, Hu Y, Shen G, Cheng H, Tao S. Bioaccessibility and public health risk of heavy Metal(loid)s in the airborne particulate matter of four cities in northern China. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 277:130312. [PMID: 33774239 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric coarse particulate matter (PM10) enriched with heavy metal(loid)s could pose potentially significant health risk to humans, while accurate health risk assessment calls for characterization of their bioaccessibility, besides the total contents. The health risk of major toxic heavy metal(loid)s in the PM10 from four large cities in northern China via inhalation was investigated based on their total contents and bioaccessibility. The annual mean concentrations of PM-bound Zn, As, Pb, and Mn in the atmosphere of the four cities were 650, 305, 227, and 177 ng⋅m-3, respectively. The levels of heavy metal(loid)s in the PM10 were generally higher in winter but lower in summer in all four cities, which resulted primarily from the emissions associated with coal combustion for district and household heating and the unfavorable meteorological conditions in winter. The bioaccessibility of heavy metal(loid)s in the PM10 ranged from 0.9 to 48.7%, following the general order of Mn > Co > Ni > Cd > Cu > As > Cr > Zn > Pb. Based on their total contents in the PM10, most heavy metal(loid)s posed significant public health risk via inhalation exposure in the four cities. However, after accounting for the bioaccessibility of metal(loid)s, the non-carcinogenic risk of most metal(loid)s was negligible, except for As in the PM10 of Jinzhong, while only the carcinogenic risk posed by Cr and As in the PM10 exceeded the acceptable level. These findings demonstrate the importance of characterizing the bioaccessibility of airborne PM-bound heavy metal(loid)s in health risk assessment and could guide the on-going efforts on reducing the public health risk of PM10 in northern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Ren
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qing Luo
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shaojie Zhuo
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuanan Hu
- MOE Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and Evolution, School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Guofeng Shen
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hefa Cheng
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Shu Tao
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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22
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Liu Y, Li X, Wang W, Yin B, Gao Y, Yang X. Chemical Characteristics of Atmospheric PM 10 and PM 2.5 at a Rural Site of Lijiang City, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17249553. [PMID: 33419360 PMCID: PMC7765913 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17249553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Emissions from biomass burning are very serious in Southeast Asia and South Asia in April. In order to explore the effect of long-range transport of biomass emissions from the Indochina Peninsula in Southwest China during the period of the southeast monsoon season and to find out the main pollution sources in local atmospheric PM2.5, a field campaign was conducted from 6–26 April 2011 in Lijiang, China. Twenty-four-hour PM10 and PM2.5 filter samples were collected, and inorganic ions, elements, and carbonaceous components (including organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitrated PAHs (NPAHs)) were measured. The monthly mean mass concentrations of particulate matter (PM) were 40.4 and 14.4 μg/m3 for PM10 and PM2.5, respectively. The monthly mean concentrations of OC and EC in PM10 were 6.2 and 1.6 μg/m3, respectively. The weekly mean concentrations of ∑PAHs and ∑NPAHs were 11.9 ng/m3 and 289 pg/m3, respectively, in atmospheric PM10 of Lijiang. The diagnostic ratios of PAH and NPAH isomers were used to analyze the sources of PAHs and NPAHs in PM10. The ratios of Benz(a)anthracene/(Chrysene+Benz(a)anthracen), Fluoranthene/(Fluoranthene+Pyrene) and Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene/(Benzo(g,h,i)perylene+Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene) were 0.45 ± 0.04, 0.61 ± 0.01, and 0.53 ± 0.03, respectively, indicating the contribution from coal combustion and biomass burning. The 1-nitropyrene/Pyrene (1-NP/Pyr) ratio was 0.004 ± 0.001, suggesting that the contribution to NPAHs mainly came from coal combustion. Sulfate was the most prominent inorganic ionic species, with monthly mean levels of 2.28 and 1.39 μg/m3 in PM10 and PM2.5, respectively. The monthly mean mass ratios of NO3−/SO42− were 0.40 and 0.23 in PM10 and PM2.5, respectively, indicating that the contribution of atmospheric anions from coal combustion sources was much more important than that from other sources. Based on the relatively high SO42− concentrations and low NO3−/SO42− ratios, combined with the data analysis of isomer ratios of PAHs and NPAHs, we can conclude that coal combustion, traffic, and dust were the major contributors to local atmospheric PM in Lijiang city, while biomass burning may also have contributed to local atmospheric PM in Lijiang city to some degree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China; (Y.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Xurui Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China; (Y.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Wan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; (B.Y.); (Y.G.); (X.Y.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Baohui Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; (B.Y.); (Y.G.); (X.Y.)
| | - Yuanguan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; (B.Y.); (Y.G.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xiaoyang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; (B.Y.); (Y.G.); (X.Y.)
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