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Qu S, Zhao Y, Zhang K, Wang J, Li M, Yang X, Ren X, Hao Y, Yu R. Multi-isotopes (δD, δ 18O water, 87Sr/ 86Sr, δ 34S and δ 18O sulfate) as indicators for groundwater salinization genesis and evolution of a large agricultural drainage lake basin in Inner Mongolia, Northwest China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174181. [PMID: 38917902 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Groundwater salinization, a major eco-environmental problem in arid and semi-arid areas, can accelerate soil salinization, reducing crop productivity and imbalances in ecosystem diversity. This study classified water samples collected from the Ulansuhai Lake basin into five clusters using self-organizing maps (SOM). On this basis, multiple isotopes (δ18Owater, δD, 87Sr/86Sr, δ18Osulfate and δ34S) and isotopic models (Rayleigh fractionation and Bayesian isotope mixing models) were used to identify and quantify the genesis and evolution of groundwater salinization. The results showed that the samples were brackish or saline water, and the hydrochemical types were dominated by Na + K-Cl (SO4). It has been proved that the processes associated with groundwater salinization in the Ulansuhai Lake basin were dominated by water-rock interaction and human inputs. Among them, evaporite dissolution contributed substantially to groundwater salinity. Furthermore, salt inputs from human activities cannot be negligible. Based on the model calculations, evaporite dissolution accounted for the most significant proportion of all sources, with a mean value of 53 %. In addition, human inputs from regular agricultural activities (28 % from sewage and manure and 8 % from fertilizers) constituted another vital source of groundwater salinization associated with extensive agricultural activities in the study area. This study's results can deepen our understanding of the genesis of groundwater salinization and the evolution of the agricultural drainage lake basin. This knowledge will assist the Environmental Protection Department in developing effective policies for groundwater management in the Yellow River Basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Qu
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of River and Lake Ecology, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China.
| | - Yuanzhen Zhao
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of River and Lake Ecology, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Keyi Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of River and Lake Ecology, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Juliang Wang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of River and Lake Ecology, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Muhan Li
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of River and Lake Ecology, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Xu Yang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of River and Lake Ecology, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Xiaohui Ren
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of River and Lake Ecology, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Yanling Hao
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of River and Lake Ecology, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Ruihong Yu
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of River and Lake Ecology, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China.
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Lone SA, Jeelani G, Mukherjee A. Hydrogeochemical controls on contrasting co-occurrence of geogenic Arsenic (As) and Fluoride (F -) in complex aquifer system of Upper Indus Basin, (UIB) western Himalaya. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 260:119675. [PMID: 39059621 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Arsenicosis and fluorosis have become severe health hazards associated with the drinking of Arsenic (As) and Fluoride (F-) contaminated groundwater across south-east Asia. Although, significant As and F- concentration is reported from major Himalayan river basins but, the hydrogeochemical processes and mechanisms controlling their contrasting co-occurrence in groundwater is still poorly explored and understood. In the present study, groundwater samples were collected from phreatic and confined aquifers of Upper Indus Basin (UIB), India to understand the hydrogeochemical processes controlling the distribution and co-occurrence of geogenic As and F- in this complex aquifer system. Generally, the groundwater is circum-neutral to alkaline with Na+-HCO3-, Ca2+-Na+-HCO3- and Ca2+-Mg2+-HCO3- water facies signifying the dominance of silicate and carbonate dissolution. The poor correlation of As and F- in groundwater depicted that these geogenic elements have discrete sources of origin with distinct mechanisms controlling their distribution. As enrichment in groundwater is associated with high pH, Fe, Mn and NH4-N suggesting dominance of metal oxide/hydroxide reduction with organic matter degradation. However, F- enrichment in groundwater is associated with high pH, HCO3- and Na+, which is assisted by the incessant dissolution of fluorinated minerals. The study also revealed that high HCO3- facilitates the exchange of hydroxides (OH-) with As and F- on sediment surfaces that contribute to As and F- enrichment in groundwater through desorption. 70% groundwater samples have As and F- concentration above the permissible limit given by WHO. Therefore, continuous exposure to these contaminants may pose severe health hazard of arsenicosis and fluorosis to people living in the region and downstream. The study provides insights into geological sources, hydrogeochemical processes and mechanisms controlling distribution of As and F- in groundwater that will help in developing the appropriate measures to mitigate the impact these contaminants on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhail A Lone
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Kashmir Srinagar, 190006, India
| | - Gh Jeelani
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Kashmir Srinagar, 190006, India.
| | - Abhijit Mukherjee
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, WB, 721302, India
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Walche A, Haile W, Kiflu A, Tsegaye D. Spatial analysis and mapping of intensity and types of agricultural salt-affected soils around Abaya and Chamo Lakes, South Ethiopia Rift Valley. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33410. [PMID: 39027597 PMCID: PMC11255672 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Salt-affected soils have significant enough salt concentrations to impact other land and soil resource uses, plant health, soil characteristics, and water quality. Consequently, a study was carried out in the South Ethiopian Rift Valley area around the lakes of Abaya and Chamo to determine the intensity and the types of salt-affected soil and map their spatial distributions. Methods At 0-20 cm depths, a grid soil sampling scheme was employed to gather data from agricultural soils affected by salt. An adequately spaced grid cell of 200 m*200 m or seven transects, with seven samples collected every 200 m on each sampling site, was generated by the QGIS software's Fishnet tool, and an auger collected 226 soil samples from the proposed 245 soil sampling points. The analysis and interpretation of the data were done using both statistical and geostatistical methods. The un-sampled surface was predicted and mapped from laboratory point data using the standard Kriging algorithm in QGIS. Results According to the results, the soil in the study area was rated as strongly alkaline and moderately alkaline in the reaction. The coefficient of variation (CV) was the lowest for soil pH. Except for the Ganta Kanchama site, low CV (<10 %) confirmed the similarity of pH values throughout all research areas. The EC values depicted that the study area is slightly saline except for the Ganta Kanchame site, which rated moderately saline to strongly saline. The variability of soil EC rated moderate to strong variation for the studied area. The exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) values distribution between the study sites demonstrates considerable variability and difference. The area is dominated by low to high-risk rate soil sodicity, as evidenced by the soil ESP CV of the studied area, which was >100 % and showed significant variability among the samples. Out of 2274.65ha of the studied area, the type of salt 62.28 %, 26.09 %, 10.99 %, and 0.63 % were categorized as non-saline non-sodic, saline-sodic, sodic, and saline, respectively. Following saline-sodic, sodic, and saline soils, respectively, non-saline and non-sodic soils comprise most of the investigated areas. Conclusions The result indicates almost all the salt-affected areas were situated in relatively lower slope areas exhibiting a flat to almost flat slope (0-2%). The study's findings are that the studied area needs specific soil management strategies to boost the salinity and sodicity problems around the study area and recommended reclamation techniques as the extent of the problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azmera Walche
- College of Agricultural Sciences, Arba Minch University, P.O. Box: 21, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
- College of Agriculture, Hawassa University, P.O. Box: 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Wassie Haile
- College of Agriculture, Hawassa University, P.O. Box: 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Alemayehu Kiflu
- College of Agriculture, Hawassa University, P.O. Box: 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Dereje Tsegaye
- College of Agricultural Sciences, Arba Minch University, P.O. Box: 21, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
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Rashid A, Ayub M, Gao X, Khattak SA, Ali L, Li C, Ahmad A, Khan S, Rinklebe J, Ahmad P. Hydrogeochemical characteristics, stable isotopes, positive matrix factorization, source apportionment, and health risk of high fluoride groundwater in semiarid region. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 469:134023. [PMID: 38492393 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to high fluoride (F-) levels in groundwater causes community fluorosis and non-carcinogenic health concerns in local people. This study described occurrence, dental fluorosis, and origin of high F-groundwater using δ2H and δ18O isotopes at semiarid Gilgit, Pakistan. Therefore, groundwater (n = 85) was collected and analyzed for F- concentrations using ion-chromatography. The lowest F- concentration was 0.4 mg/L and the highest 6.8 mg/L. F- enrichment is linked with higher pH, NaHCO3, NaCl, δ18O, Na+, HCO3-, and depleted Ca+2 aquifers. The depleted δ2H and δ18O values indicated precipitation and higher values represented the evaporation effect. Thermodynamic considerations of fluorite minerals showed undersaturation, revealing that other F-bearing minerals viz. biotite and muscovite were essential in F- enrichment in groundwater. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) and principal component analysis multilinear regression (PCAMLR) models were used to determine four-factor solutions for groundwater contamination. The PMF model results were accurate and reliable compared with those of the PCAMLR model, which compiled the overlapping results. Therefore, 28.3% exceeded the WHO permissible limit of 1.5 mg/L F-. Photomicrographs of granite rocks showed enriched F-bearing minerals that trigger F- in groundwater. The community fluorosis index values were recorded at > 0.6, revealing community fluorosis and unsuitability of groundwater for drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Rashid
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China; National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, 25130, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Ayub
- Department of Botany Hazara University, Mansehra PO 21300 Pakistan
| | - Xubo Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
| | - Seema Anjum Khattak
- National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, 25130, Pakistan
| | - Liaqat Ali
- National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, 25130, Pakistan
| | - Chengcheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Ajaz Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sardar Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, PO 25120, Pakistan
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Laboratory of Soil, and Groundwater-Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Parvaiz Ahmad
- Department of Botany, GDC, Pulwama 192301, Jammu and Kashmir, India
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Aryan Y, Pon T, Panneerselvam B, Dikshit AK. A comprehensive review of human health risks of arsenic and fluoride contamination of groundwater in the South Asia region. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2024; 22:235-267. [PMID: 38421620 PMCID: wh_2023_082 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2023.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The present study found that ∼80 million people in India, ∼60 million people in Pakistan, ∼70 million people in Bangladesh, and ∼3 million people in Nepal are exposed to arsenic groundwater contamination above 10 μg/L, while Sri Lanka remains moderately affected. In the case of fluoride contamination, ∼120 million in India, >2 million in Pakistan, and ∼0.5 million in Sri Lanka are exposed to the risk of fluoride above 1.5 mg/L, while Bangladesh and Nepal are mildly affected. The hazard quotient (HQ) for arsenic varied from 0 to 822 in India, 0 to 33 in Pakistan, 0 to 1,051 in Bangladesh, 0 to 582 in Nepal, and 0 to 89 in Sri Lanka. The cancer risk of arsenic varied from 0 to 1.64 × 1-1 in India, 0 to 1.07 × 10-1 in Pakistan, 0 to 2.10 × 10-1 in Bangladesh, 0 to 1.16 × 10-1 in Nepal, and 0 to 1.78 × 10-2 in Sri Lanka. In the case of fluoride, the HQ ranged from 0 to 21 in India, 0 to 33 in Pakistan, 0 to 18 in Bangladesh, 0 to 10 in Nepal, and 0 to 10 in Sri Lanka. Arsenic and fluoride have adverse effects on animals, resulting in chemical poisoning and skeletal fluorosis. Adsorption and membrane filtration have demonstrated outstanding treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash Aryan
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India E-mail:
| | - Thambidurai Pon
- Department of Coastal Disaster Management, School of Physical, Chemical and Applied Sciences, Pondicherry University, Port Blair Campus - 744112, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - Balamurugan Panneerselvam
- Center of Excellence in Interdisciplinary Research for Sustainable Development, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Anil Kumar Dikshit
- Environmental Science and Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
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Zhang Q, Qian H, Ren W, Xu P, Li W, Yang Q, Shang J. Salinization of shallow groundwater in the Jiaokou Irrigation District and associated secondary environmental challenges. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168445. [PMID: 37949127 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding groundwater salinization of irrigation areas and related secondary environmental challenges is important for ensuring sustainable development. However, the mechanism under which groundwater salinization forms under the influence of long-term anthropogenic activities remains unclear. Therefore, this study analyzed the spatiotemporal variation in groundwater salinization and the underlying mechanism, and discussed the secondary environmental challenges in an irrigation area. The Jiaokou Irrigation District, North China, was adopted as a case study. The results showed a slight downward trend in groundwater salinity over the past two decades at a rate of 0.0229 g/L/y. Higher groundwater salinity was observed in areas with shallow groundwater depth. This correlation was mainly attributed to evaporative concentration, with secondary processes including natural weathering, depth of water-table, and fertilizer leaching. Drainage ditches may reduce groundwater salinity. Groundwater was transformed from freshwater to salt water and then to brackish water during the runoff process. The former transformation is mainly related to evaporation and fertilization. The latter transformation could be related to the inverse relationship between the distance to the Wei River and sediment permeability, with sediment permeability positively related to groundwater flow and leading to the discharge of salt into the Wei River. The secondary environmental challenges related to groundwater salinization in irrigation areas, mainly manifested in deterioration of irrigation water quality, soil salinization, and increased fluorine concentration. This study can act as a theoretical and practical reference for the development and utilization of water resources, ecological protection, and soil salinization in typical irrigation districts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiying Zhang
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Hui Qian
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Wenhao Ren
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China
| | - Panpan Xu
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China
| | - Weiqing Li
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qiaoyang Yang
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiatao Shang
- Wugong County Water Conservancy Bureau, Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province, China
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Jasechko S, Seybold H, Perrone D, Fan Y, Shamsudduha M, Taylor RG, Fallatah O, Kirchner JW. Rapid groundwater decline and some cases of recovery in aquifers globally. Nature 2024; 625:715-721. [PMID: 38267682 PMCID: PMC10808077 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06879-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Groundwater resources are vital to ecosystems and livelihoods. Excessive groundwater withdrawals can cause groundwater levels to decline1-10, resulting in seawater intrusion11, land subsidence12,13, streamflow depletion14-16 and wells running dry17. However, the global pace and prevalence of local groundwater declines are poorly constrained, because in situ groundwater levels have not been synthesized at the global scale. Here we analyse in situ groundwater-level trends for 170,000 monitoring wells and 1,693 aquifer systems in countries that encompass approximately 75% of global groundwater withdrawals18. We show that rapid groundwater-level declines (>0.5 m year-1) are widespread in the twenty-first century, especially in dry regions with extensive croplands. Critically, we also show that groundwater-level declines have accelerated over the past four decades in 30% of the world's regional aquifers. This widespread acceleration in groundwater-level deepening highlights an urgent need for more effective measures to address groundwater depletion. Our analysis also reveals specific cases in which depletion trends have reversed following policy changes, managed aquifer recharge and surface-water diversions, demonstrating the potential for depleted aquifer systems to recover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Jasechko
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
| | - Hansjörg Seybold
- Department of Environmental Systems Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Debra Perrone
- Environmental Studies Program, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Ying Fan
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Mohammad Shamsudduha
- Institute for Risk and Disaster Reduction, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Othman Fallatah
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Center for Training and Radiation Protection, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - James W Kirchner
- Department of Environmental Systems Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Wei B, Yin S, Yu J, Yang L, Wen Q, Wang T, Yuan X. Monthly variations of groundwater arsenic risk under future climate scenarios in 2081-2100. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:122230-122244. [PMID: 37966647 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30965-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
The seasonal variations of shallow groundwater arsenic have been widely documented. To gain insight into the monthly variations and mechanisms behind high groundwater arsenic and arsenic exposure risk in different climate scenarios, the monthly probability of high groundwater arsenic in Hetao Basin was simulated through random forest model. The model was based on arsenic concentrations obtained from 566 groundwater sample sites, and the variables considered included soil properties, climate, topography, and landform parameters. The results revealed that spatial patterns of high groundwater arsenic showed some fluctuations among months under different future climate scenarios. The probability of high total arsenic and trivalent arsenic was found to be elevated at the start of the rainy season, only to rapidly decrease with increasing precipitation and temperature. The probability then increased again after the rainy season. The areas with an increased probability of high total arsenic and trivalent arsenic and arsenic exposure risk under SSP126 were typically found in the high-arsenic areas of 2019, while those with decreased probabilities were observed in low-arsenic areas. Under SSP585, which involves a significant increase in precipitation and temperature, the probability of high total arsenic and trivalent arsenic and arsenic exposure risk was widely reduced. However, the probability of high total arsenic and trivalent arsenic and arsenic exposure risk was mainly observed in low-arsenic areas from SSP126 to SSP585. In conclusion, the consumption of groundwater for human and livestock drinking remains a threat to human health due to high arsenic exposure under future climate scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binggan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11 A Datun Road, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Shuhui Yin
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11 A Datun Road, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jiangping Yu
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Linsheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11 A Datun Road, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qiqian Wen
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11 A Datun Road, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11 A Datun Road, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xing Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11 A Datun Road, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Shahid SU, Iqbal J, Abbasi NA, Tahir A. GIS based hotspot analysis and health risk assessment of groundwater arsenic from an unconfined deep aquifer of Lahore, Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:6053-6068. [PMID: 37233862 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01612-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Use of groundwater for drinking purpose poses serious hazards of arsenic contamination particularly in plains of western Himalayan region. Therefore, current study was designed to investigate the level of Arsenic (As) in the water obtained from tubewells in a metropolitan city of Lahore, Pakistan and assess the human health risk. So, a total of 73 tubewells were sampled randomly in the manner that the whole study region was covered without any clustering. The water samples were analyzed for As using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. These samples were also tested for total dissolved solids, chlorides, pH, alkalinity, turbidity, hardness and calcium. GIS based hotspots analysis technique was used to investigate the spatial distribution patterns. Our results revealed that only one sample out of total 73 had arsenic level below the WHO guideline of 10 μg/L. The spatial distribution map of arsenic revealed that the higher concentrations of arsenic are present in the north-western region of Lahore. The cluster and outlier analysis map using Anselin Local Moran's I statistic indicated the presence of an arsenic cluster in the west of River Ravi. Furthermore, the optimized hotspot analysis based on Getis-Ord Gi* statistics confirmed the statistical significance (P < 0.05) and (P < 0.01) of these samples from the vicinity of River Ravi. Regression analysis showed that variables such as turbidity, alkalinity, hardness, chlorides, calcium and total dissolved solids were significantly (all P < 0.05) associated with level of Arsenic in tubewells. Whereas, PH and electrical conductivity and other variables like town, year of installation, depth and diameter of the wells were not significantly associated with Arsenic concentrations in tubewells. Principal component analysis (PCA) exhibited that the random distribution of tubewell samples showed no distinct clustering with towns studied. Health risk assessment based on hazard and Cancer risk index revealed serious risk of developing carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic diseases particularly in children. The health risk due to prevalence of high As concentration in tubewells' water need to be mitigated immediately to avoid worst consequences in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Umair Shahid
- Centre for Integrated Mountain Research (CIMR), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
- Institute of Geographical Information Systems (IGIS), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Javed Iqbal
- Institute of Geographical Information Systems (IGIS), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Naeem Akhtar Abbasi
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Areej Tahir
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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Shahid SU, Abbasi NA, Tahir A, Ahmad S, Ahmad SR. Health risk assessment and geospatial analysis of arsenic contamination in shallow aquifer along Ravi River, Lahore, Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:4866-4880. [PMID: 35976585 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22458-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The exposure variation of arsenic from different ground and surface water sources has remained unpredictable which may cause severe human health problems. The current study is, therefore, designed to analyze the spatial variability of arsenic contamination in shallow aquifer and assess the potential human health risks. For this purpose, a total of 55 groundwater, 10 drain water, 4 river water, and 6 sediment samples were collected along zero to 5 km stretch of the River Ravi, Lahore. All water samples were tested for As, pH, and total dissolved solids (TDS), whereas sediments were only tested for As. Health risk models were used to predict cancer and non-cancer risk in adults and children. Among water samples, highest median (minimum-maximum) concentrations (µg/L) of As were recorded 53.32 (1.98-1555) in groundwater, followed by 53.04 (1.58-351.5) in drain water, and 4.80 (2.13-8.67) in river water, respectively, whereas As concentration (mg/kg) in river sediments was 6.03 (5.56-13.92). Variation of As in groundwater was non-significant (P > 0.05) among every 1-km stretch from the Ravi River. However, maximum median concentrations (µg/L) of 60.18 and 60.08 were recorded between 2-3 and 0-1 km from River Ravi, respectively, reflecting possible mixing of river water with shallow aquifers. A very high cancer and non-cancer risk (HI > 1.0 × 10-4) through groundwater As exposure was predicted for both children and adults. The current study concluded that prevalence of As above WHO prescribed limits in shallow aquifer along the urban stretch of the River Ravi is posing serious health risk to the exposed population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Umair Shahid
- Centre for Integrated Mountain Research (CIMR), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Naeem Akhtar Abbasi
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences (CEES), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Areej Tahir
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences (CEES), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sajjad Ahmad
- World Wildlife Fund (WWF), Ferozepur Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Rashid Ahmad
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences (CEES), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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Ullah Z, Rashid A, Ghani J, Talib MA, Shahab A, Lun L. Arsenic Contamination, Water Toxicity, Source Apportionment, and Potential Health Risk in Groundwater of Jhelum Basin, Punjab, Pakistan. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:514-524. [PMID: 35171408 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03139-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Potable groundwater (GW) contamination through arsenic (As) is a commonly reported environmental issue in Pakistan. In order to examine the groundwater quality for As contamination, its geochemical behavior, and other physicochemical parameters, 69 samples from various groundwater sources were collected from the mining area of Pind Dadan Khan, Punjab, Pakistan. The results showed the concentration of elevated As, its source of mobilization, and linked public health risk. Arsenic detected in the groundwater samples varied from 0.5 to 100 µg/L, with an average value of 21.38 µg/L. Forty-two samples were beyond the acceptable limit of 10 µg/L of the WHO for drinking purposes. The statistical summary showed that the groundwater cation concentration was in decreasing order such as Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+, while anions were as follows: HCO3- > SO42- > Cl- > NO3-. Hydrochemical facies results depicted that groundwater samples belong to CaHCO3 type. Rock-water interactions control the hydrochemistry of groundwater. Saturation indices' results indicated the saturation of the groundwater sources for CO3 minerals due to their positive SI values. Such minerals include aragonite, calcite, dolomite, and fluorite. The principal component analysis (PCA) findings possess a total variability of 77.36% suggesting the anthropogenic and geogenic contributing sources of contaminant. The results of the Exposure-health-risk-assessment model for measuring As reveal significant potential carcinogenic risk exceeding the threshold level (value > 10-4) and HQ level (value > 1.0).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahid Ullah
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Abdur Rashid
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Junaid Ghani
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Afnan Talib
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Asfandyar Shahab
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lu Lun
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, China
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Qiao W, Cao W, Gao Z, Pan D, Ren Y, Li Z, Zhang Z. Contrasting behaviors of groundwater arsenic and fluoride in the lower reaches of the Yellow River basin, China: Geochemical and modeling evidences. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158134. [PMID: 35987243 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Genesis of the contrasting distributions of high arsenic (>10 μg/L) and fluoride (>1 mg/L) groundwater and their negative correlations remain poorly understood. We investigated spatial distributions of groundwater arsenic and fluoride concentrations in the lower reaches of the Yellow River basin, Henan Province, China, using bivariate statistical analyses and geochemical simulations. Results suggest that high arsenic and fluoride groundwater showed contrasting distributions with few overlapped area. Groundwater arsenic concentrations were significantly negatively correlated with oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) values and positively with NH4+ and Fe(II) concentrations, while the opposites were true for groundwater fluoride concentrations. These may suggest that high arsenic groundwater is related to stronger organic matter degradation and Fe(III) oxide reduction, while groundwater fluoride enrichment occurs with less extent of organic matter degradation. Geochemical calculations supported that groundwater fluoride enrichment was governed by extent of fluorite dissolution, which was constrained by varied saturation indices of fluorite in groundwater. However, groundwater arsenic mobility may be explained by different solubility of Fe(III) oxides. Higher Fe(III) oxide solubility corresponding to goethite and lepidocrocite was related to higher arsenic concentrations, while hematite was too low in solubility to produce high arsenic groundwater. The study presented both geochemical and modeling evidences for the contrasting behaviors of groundwater arsenic and fluoride concentrations in anoxic aquifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Mine Ecological Effects and Systematic Restoration, Ministry of Natural Resources, China Institute of Geo-Environment Monitoring, China Geological Survey, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Wengeng Cao
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050061, PR China; National Observation and Research Station on Groundwater and Land Subsidence in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Plain, Shijiazhuang 050061, PR China.
| | - Zhipeng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Deng Pan
- Institute of Natural Resource Monitoring of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450016, PR China
| | - Yu Ren
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050061, PR China; National Observation and Research Station on Groundwater and Land Subsidence in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Plain, Shijiazhuang 050061, PR China
| | - Zeyan Li
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050061, PR China; National Observation and Research Station on Groundwater and Land Subsidence in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Plain, Shijiazhuang 050061, PR China
| | - Zhuo Zhang
- Tianjin Center of Geological Survey, China Geological Survey, Tianjin 300170, PR China
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Hu B, Song X, Lu Y, Liang S, Liu G. Fluoride enrichment mechanisms and related health risks of groundwater in the transition zone of geomorphic units, northern China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113588. [PMID: 35654157 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Although groundwater is the primary drinking water source in northern of China, little is known about generation mechanisms and related health risks of high fluoride groundwater at the geomorphic transition zones. Thus, 419 groundwater samples were collected from Zhangjiakou region, where is a typically geomorphic transition zone of the North China Plain and the Inner Mongolia Plateau, to conduct the hydrochemical analysis, geochemical modeling, multivariate statistical analysis, and health risks assessment. From the results, F- concentration in groundwater had a range of 0.05-9.71 mg L-1. About 37.1% and 26.2% of groundwater samples from Bashang region (BSR) and Baxia region (BXR), respectively, were over the 1.50 mg L-1, which were mainly distributed in the groundwater flow retardation area and/or evaporation discharge area. Thermodynamic simulations demonstrated that F-bearing minerals dissolution and Ca2+/Mg2+ removal via calcite/dolomite precipitation primarily governed high-F- groundwater formation in the whole study area. Competitive adsorption, evaporation, evaporites dissolution and salt-effect also affected F- enrichment in BSR. Desorption in alkaline environment, ion exchange and human activities played a vital role in F- enrichment at BXR. The multivariate statistical analysis revealed that the origin of F- contamination was geogenic in BSR; whereas, it was geogenic and anthropogenic in BXR. Besides, more than 71.8%, 51.0%, 36.1% and 25.5% of the study area exceeded the acceptable level (health index>1) for infants, children, adult males, and females, respectively. The health risks for different groups of people varied significantly and ranked: infants > children > males > females, suggesting that younger people were more susceptible to fluoride contamination. Meanwhile, females were more resistant to fluoride contamination than males. These findings are vital to providing insights on high-F- groundwater formation, investigate the situation of health risks, and conduct the integrated management for high fluoride groundwater in geomorphic transition zones at northern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xiaoguang Song
- Land and Resources Exploration Center of Hebei Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources Exploration, Shijiazhuang, 050081, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Land and Resources Exploration Center of Hebei Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources Exploration, Shijiazhuang, 050081, China
| | - Shikai Liang
- Land and Resources Exploration Center of Hebei Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources Exploration, Shijiazhuang, 050081, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Elmeknassi M, Bouchaou L, El Mandour A, Elgettafi M, Himi M, Casas A. Multiple stable isotopes and geochemical approaches to elucidate groundwater salinity and contamination in the critical coastal zone: A case from the Bou-areg and Gareb aquifers (North-Eastern Morocco). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 300:118942. [PMID: 35134425 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mediterranean areas are characterized by complex hydrogeological systems, where water resources are faced with several issues such as salinity and pollution. Fifty-one water samples were gathered from the Bou-areg coastal and the Gareb aquifers to evaluate the source of water salinity and to reveal the processes of the different sources of pollution using a variety of chemical and isotopic indicators (δ2H-H2O, δ18O-H2O, δ34S-SO4, and δ18O-SO4). The results of the hydrochemical analysis of water samples show that the order of dominated elements is Cl- > HCO3- > SO42- > NO3- and Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ and evidenced extremely high salinity levels (EC up to 22000 μS/cm). All samples exceeded the WHO drinking water guidelines, making them unfit for human consumption. Ion ratio diagrams, isotopic results, and graphical comparing indicate that the mineralization of groundwater in the area, is controlled by carbonate dissolution, evaporite dissolution, ion exchange, and sewage invasion. The return of irrigation water plays a significant role as well in the groundwater recharge and its mineralization by fertilizers mainly. Evaporites (Gypsum), sewage, and fertilizers constitute the main sources of sulfates in the investigated water resources. These scientific results will be an added value for decision-makers to more improve the sustainable management of groundwater in water-stressed regions. The use of chemical and isotopic tracers once again shows their relevance in such zones where systematic monitoring is lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malak Elmeknassi
- GeoSciencesSemlalia Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh, 40000, Morocco.
| | - Lhoussaine Bouchaou
- Applied Geology and Geo-Environment Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, 80000, Morocco; Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, International Water Research Institute, Benguerir, 43150, Morocco
| | - Abdennabi El Mandour
- GeoSciencesSemlalia Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh, 40000, Morocco; Mohamed VI Museum for the Civilization of Water in Morocco, Ministry of Habous and Islamic Affairs, Marrakesh, 40000, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Elgettafi
- Mohamed First University Multidisciplinary Faculty of Nador, LCM2E Lab Géo-Environnement et Santé, BP 300 Selouane, 62702, Morocco
| | - Mahjoub Himi
- Earth Sciences Faculty, University of Barcelona, Marti i Franquès, s/n, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Casas
- Earth Sciences Faculty, University of Barcelona, Marti i Franquès, s/n, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
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Huang L, Sun Z, Zhou A, Bi J, Liu Y. Source and enrichment mechanism of fluoride in groundwater of the Hotan Oasis within the Tarim Basin, Northwestern China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 300:118962. [PMID: 35131332 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In arid inland irrigated areas, the role of human activities on fluoride enrichment in groundwater is not fully understood. There is an extremely arid climate, high-intensity irrigation, and severe soil salinization in the Hotan Oasis within the Tarim Basin, Northwestern China. In this study, hydrogeochemistry and environmental isotope methods were combined to explore the distribution characteristics and controlling processes of fluoride enrichment in groundwater. The F- concentration in groundwater had a range of 1.12-9.4 mg/L. F- concentrations of all the groundwater samples were higher than 1.0 mg/L (Chinese Standards for Drinking Water Quality), and about 89% were higher than 1.5 mg/L (WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality). High fluoride groundwater was mainly distributed downstream of the river and in the middle of the interfluvial zone. Vertically, the fluoride concentration was higher when the sampling depth was less than 15 m. There was a significant positive correlation between F- concentration and salinity in groundwater. F- in groundwater was mainly derived from river water fluoride, which could be imported to groundwater with infiltration of rivers and irrigation canals as well as irrigation return flow. Anthropogenic inputs may be partly responsible for fluoride enrichment in groundwater. Fluoride accumulated in the vadose zone by strong evapotranspiration and then leached into groundwater with irrigation return flow was the main mechanism of F- enrichment in groundwater in the study area. This work is a clear example of how human activities together with natural processes can affect the chemical quality of groundwater, which is essential to safeguard the sustainable management of water and soil resources inland arid oasis areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Huang
- Institute of Geological Survey, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Ziyong Sun
- School of Environmental Studies & State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Aiguo Zhou
- Institute of Geological Survey, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; School of Environmental Studies & State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Junbo Bi
- Xi'an Center of Geological Survey, Chinese Geological Survey, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Yunde Liu
- School of Environmental Studies & State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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Masood N, Hudson-Edwards KA, Farooqi A. Groundwater nitrate and fluoride profiles, sources and health risk assessment in the coal mining areas of Salt Range, Punjab Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:715-728. [PMID: 34037891 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-00987-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To assess the loading profiles of groundwater nitrate (NO3-) and fluoride (F-), their spatial distributions, geochemistry and associated health risks were determined for 131 groundwater samples from eastern (ESR), central (CSR) and Trans-Indus Salt Ranges (TSR) in Pakistan. Groundwater NO3- concentrations were 0.2-308 mg/L (mean 59 mg/L) in ESR, 2.7-203 mg/L (mean 73 mg/L) in CSR and 1.1-259 mg/L (mean 69 mg/L) in the TSR. Forty-one %, 57% and 36% of the ESR, CSR and TSR samples, respectively, exceeded the WHO and Pak-NEQs permissible limit of 50 mg/L NO3-. Likewise, groundwater F- concentrations ranged from 0.1-1.8 mg/L (mean 0.6 mg/L), 0.1-2.7 mg/L (mean 0.9 mg/L) and 0.3-2.5 mg/L (mean 1.6 mg/L) mg/L in the ESR, CSR and TSR sites, respectively. In this case, 3%, 17% and 27% of the ESR, CSR and TSR samples, respectively, exceeded the WHO and Pak-NEQs permissible limit of 1.5 mg/L F. Oxidation of coal and coal waste resulted in the release of NO3- to groundwater. By contrast, enrichment of F- in groundwater was due to dissolution and cation exchange processes. Elevated values of the Higher Pollution Index (PI) and Health Risk Index (HRI) reflect a non-acceptable carcinogenic risk for drinking water NO3- and F- which should be addressed on a priority basis to protect human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noshin Masood
- Environmental Geochemistry Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, PO, Pakistan
| | - Karen A Hudson-Edwards
- Environment & Sustainability Institute and Camborne School of Mines, University of Exeter, Penryn, TR10 9EZ, UK
| | - Abida Farooqi
- Environmental Geochemistry Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, PO, Pakistan.
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Hydrogeochemical Investigation of Elevated Arsenic Based on Entropy Modeling, in the Aquifers of District Sanghar, Sindh, Pakistan. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13233477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) contamination in drinking groundwater is a common environmental problem in Pakistan. Therefore, sixty-one groundwater samples were collected from various groundwater sources in District Sanghar, Sindh province, Pakistan, to understand the geochemical behavior of elevated As in groundwater. Statistical summary showed the cations and anions abundance in decreasing order of Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+, and HCO3− > Cl− > SO42− > NO3−. Arsenic was found with low to high concentration levels ranging from 5 µg to 25 µg/L with a mean value of 12.9 µg/L. A major water type of groundwater samples was mixed with NaCl and CaHCO3 type, interpreting the hydrochemical behavior of rock–water interaction. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed the mixed anthropogenic and natural sources of contamination in the study area. Moreover, rock weathering and exchange of ions controlled the hydrochemistry. Chloro-alkaline indices revealed the dominance of the reverse ion exchange mechanism in the region. The entropy water quality index (EWQI) exposed that 17 samples represent poor water, and 11 samples are not suitable for drinking.
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Rathi BS, Kumar PS. A review on sources, identification and treatment strategies for the removal of toxic Arsenic from water system. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 418:126299. [PMID: 34102361 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic liberation and accumulation in the groundwater environment are both affected by the presence of primary ions and soluble organic matter. The most important influencing role in the co-occurrence is caused by human activity, which includes logging, agricultural runoff stream, food, tobacco, and fertilizers. Furthermore, it covers a wide range of developed and emerging technologies for removing arsenic impurities from the ecosystem, including adsorption, ion exchangers, bio sorption, coagulation and flocculation, membrane technology and electrochemical methods. This review thoroughly explores various arsenic toxicity to the atmosphere and the removal methods involved with them. To begin, the analysis focuses on the general context of arsenic outbreaks in the area, health risks associated with arsenic, and measuring techniques. The utilization of innovative functional substances such as graphite oxides, metal organic structures, carbon nanotubes, and other emerging types of composite materials, as well as the ease, reduced price, and simple operating method of the adsorbent material, are better potential alternatives for arsenic removal. The aim of this article is to examine the origins of arsenic, as well as identification and treatment methods. It also addressed recent advancements in Arsenic removal using graphite oxides, carbon nanotubes, metal organic structures, magnetic nano composites, and other novel types of usable materials. Under ideal conditions for the above methods, the arsenic removal will achieve nearly 99% in lab scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Senthil Rathi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, St. Joseph's College of Engineering, Chennai 600119, India
| | - P Senthil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai 603110, India; Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai 603110, India.
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Chen X, Jiang C, Zheng L, Zhang L, Fu X, Chen S, Chen Y, Hu J. Evaluating the genesis and dominant processes of groundwater salinization by using hydrochemistry and multiple isotopes in a mining city. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 283:117381. [PMID: 34034018 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The increasing salinization of groundwater renders it challenging to maintain the water quality. Moreover, knowledge regarding the characteristics and mechanism of groundwater salinization in mining areas remains limited. This study represents the first attempt of combining the hydrochemical, isotope (δD, δ18O, δ37Cl, and 87Sr/86Sr) and multivariate statistical analysis methods to explore the origin, control, and influence of fluoride enrichment in mining cities. The TDS content of groundwater ranged from 275.9 mg/L to 2452.0 mg/L, and 54% of the groundwater samples were classified as class IV water according to China's groundwater quality standards (GB/T 14848-2017), indicating a decline in the water quality of the study area. The results of the groundwater ion ratio and isotope discrimination analysis showed that dissolution and evaporation involving water-rock interactions and halite were the main driving processes for groundwater salinization in the study area. In addition to the hydrogeological and climatic conditions, mine drainage inputs exacerbated the increasing salinity of the groundwater in local areas. The mineral dissolution, cation exchange, and evaporation promoted the F- enrichment, while excessive evaporation and salinity inhibited the F- enrichment. Gangue accumulation and infiltration likely led to considerable F- enrichment in individual groundwater regions. Extensive changes in the groundwater salinity indicated differences in the geochemical processes that controlled the groundwater salinization. Given the particularity of the study area, the enrichment of salinization and fluoride triggered by mining activities cannot be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Chen
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Mine Ecological Remediation, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Chunlu Jiang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Mine Ecological Remediation, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Liugen Zheng
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Mine Ecological Remediation, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China.
| | - Liqun Zhang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Mine Ecological Remediation, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Xianjie Fu
- Pingan Mining Engineering Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Huainan, 232001, Anhui, China
| | - Shigui Chen
- Pingan Mining Engineering Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Huainan, 232001, Anhui, China
| | - Yongchun Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory of Coal Mine Ecological Environment Protection, Huainan, 232001, Anhui, China
| | - Jie Hu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Mine Ecological Remediation, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
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Yan X, Chen X, Tian X, Qiu Y, Wang J, Yu G, Dong N, Feng J, Xie J, Nalesnik M, Niu R, Xiao B, Song G, Quinones S, Ren X. Co-exposure to inorganic arsenic and fluoride prominently disrupts gut microbiota equilibrium and induces adverse cardiovascular effects in offspring rats. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 767:144924. [PMID: 33636766 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Co-exposure to inorganic arsenic (iAs) and fluoride (F-) and their collective actions on cardiovascular systems have been recognized as a global public health concern. Emerging studies suggest an association between the perturbation of gut bacterial microbiota and adverse cardiovascular effects (CVEs), both of which are the consequence of iAs and F- exposure in human and experimental animals. The aim of this study was to fill the gap of understanding the relationship among co-exposure to iAs and F-, gut microbiota perturbation, and adverse CVEs. We systematically assessed cardiac morphology and functions (blood pressure, echocardiogram, and electrocardiogram), and generated gut microbiota profiles using 16S rRNA gene sequencing on rats exposed to iAs (50 mg/L NaAsO2), F- (100 mg/L NaF) or combined iAs and F- (50 mg/L NaAsO2 + 100 mg/L NaF), in utero and during early postnatal periods (postnatal day 90). Correlation analysis was then performed to examine relationship between significantly altered microbiota and cardiac performance indices. Our results showed that co-exposure to iAs and F- resulted in more prominent effects in CVEs and perturbation of gut microbiota profiles, compared to iAs or F- treatment alone. Furthermore, nine bacterial genera (Adlercreutzia, Clostridium sensu stricto 1, Coprococcus 3, Romboutsia, [Bacteroides] Pectinophilus group, Lachnospiraceae NC2004 group, Desulfovibrio, and two unidentified genera in Muribaculaceae and Ruminococcaceae family), which differed significantly in relative abundance between control and iAs and F- co-exposure group, were strongly correlated with the higher risk of CVEs (correlation coefficient = 0.70-0.88, p < 0.05). Collectively, these results suggest that co-exposure to iAs and F- poses a higher risk of CVEs, and the part of the mode of action is potentially through inducing gut microbiota disruption, and the strong correlations between them indicate a high potential for the development of novel microbiome-based biomarkers of iAs and/or F- associated CVEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Yan
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, PR China.
| | - Xushen Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Xiaolin Tian
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, PR China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Yulan Qiu
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Guan Yu
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Nisha Dong
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Jing Feng
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, PR China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Experimental Animal and Human Disease Animal Models, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Jiaxin Xie
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Morgan Nalesnik
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Ruiyan Niu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Guohua Song
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Experimental Animal and Human Disease Animal Models, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Sarah Quinones
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Xuefeng Ren
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
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