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Pulcastro H, Ziv-Gal A. Parabens effects on female reproductive health - Review of evidence from epidemiological and rodent-based studies. Reprod Toxicol 2024; 128:108636. [PMID: 38876430 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2024.108636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Parabens have been used as antimicrobial preservatives since the 1920s. The prevalent use of parabens increases their detection in the environment and in women's biological samples including reproductive tissues. Recent studies suggest parabens may alter endocrine function and thus female reproductive health may be affected. In this literature review, we summarize findings on parabens and female reproduction while focusing on epidemiological and rodent-based studies. The topics reviewed include paraben effects on cyclicity, pregnancy, newborn and pubertal development, reproductive hormones, and ovarian and uterine specific outcomes. Overall, the scientific literature on paraben effects on female reproduction is limited and with some conflicting results. Yet, some epidemiological and/or rodent-based experimental studies report significant findings in relation to paraben effects on cyclicity, fertility, gestation length, birth weight, postnatal development and pubertal onset, hormone levels, and hormone signaling in reproductive tissues. Future epidemiological and experimental studies are needed to better understand paraben effects on female reproduction while focusing on human related exposures including mixtures, physiologic concentrations of parabens, and multi-generational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Pulcastro
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Ayelet Ziv-Gal
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
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2
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Yoon Y, Cho M. Detrimental impacts and QSAR baseline toxicity assessment of Japanese medaka embryos exposed to methylparaben and its halogenated byproducts. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 927:171448. [PMID: 38453088 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Despite the theoretical risk of forming halogenated methylparabens (halo-MePs) during water chlorination in the absence or presence of bromide ions, there remains a lack of in vivo toxicological assessments on vertebrate organisms for halo-MePs. This research addresses these gaps by investigating the lethal (assessed by embryo coagulation) or sub-lethal (assessed by hatching success/heartbeat rate) toxicity and teratogenicity (assessed by deformity rate) of MeP and its mono- and di-halogen derivatives (Cl- or Br-) using Japanese medaka embryos. In assessing selected apical endpoints to discern patterns in physiological or biochemical alterations, heightened toxic impacts were observed for halo-MePs compared to MeP. These include a higher incidence of embryo coagulation (4-36 fold), heartbeat rate decrement (11-36 fold), deformity rate increment (32-223 fold), hatching success decrement (11-59 fold), and an increase in Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) level (1.2-7.4 fold)/Catalase (CAT) activity (1.7-2.8 fold). Experimentally determined LC50 values are correlated and predicted using a Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship (QSAR) based on the speciation-corrected liposome-water distribution ratio (Dlipw, pH 7.5). The QSAR baseline toxicity aligns well with (sub)lethal toxicity and teratogenicity, as evidenced by toxic ratio (TR) analysis showing TR < 10 for MeP exposure in all cases, while significant specific or reactive toxicity was found for halo-MeP exposure, with TR > 10 observed (excepting three values). Our extensive findings contribute novel insights into the intricate interplay of embryonic toxicity during the early-life-stage of Japanese medaka, with a specific focus on highlighting the potential hazards associated with halo-MePs compared to the parent compound MeP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younggun Yoon
- Gyeongnam Department of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Gyeongsangnam-do, 52834, South Korea; Division of Biotechnology, SELS Center, College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54596, South Korea.
| | - Min Cho
- Division of Biotechnology, SELS Center, College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Jeonbuk 54596, South Korea.
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3
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Khan SA, Jain M, Pant KK, Ziora ZM, Blaskovich MAT. Photocatalytic degradation of parabens: A comprehensive meta-analysis investigating the environmental remediation potential of emerging pollutant. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 920:171020. [PMID: 38369133 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of paraben compounds in the environment has given rise to concerns regarding their detrimental impacts on both ecosystems and human health. Over the past few decades, photocatalytic reactions have drawn significant attention as a method to accelerate the otherwise slow degradation of these pollutants. The current study aims to evaluate the current efficacy of the photocatalytic method for degrading parabens in aqueous solutions. An extensive literature review and bibliometric analysis were conducted to identify key research trends and influential areas in the field of photocatalytic paraben degradation. Studies were screened based on the predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria, which led to 13 studies that were identified as being appropriate for the meta-analysis using the random effects model. Furthermore, experimental parameters such as pH, paraben initial concentration, catalyst dosage, light intensity, and contact time have been reported to have key impacts on the performance of the photocatalytic degradation process. A comprehensive quantitative assessment of these parameters was carried out in this work. Overall, photocatalytic techniques could eliminate parabens with an average degradation efficiency of >80 %. The findings of the Egger's test and the Begg's test were statistically not significant suggesting potential publication bias was not observed. This review provides a holistic understanding of the photocatalytic degradation of parabens and is anticipated to encourage more widespread adoption of photocatalytic procedures as a suitable method for the elimination of parabens from aqueous solutions, opening new avenues for future research in this direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Aiman Khan
- The University of Queensland - Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Academy of Research (UQIDAR), India; Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, New Delhi, India; Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Marut Jain
- The University of Queensland - Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Academy of Research (UQIDAR), India; Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, New Delhi, India; Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Kamal Kishore Pant
- The University of Queensland - Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Academy of Research (UQIDAR), India; Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, New Delhi, India.
| | - Zyta Maria Ziora
- The University of Queensland - Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Academy of Research (UQIDAR), India; Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Mark A T Blaskovich
- The University of Queensland - Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Academy of Research (UQIDAR), India; Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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4
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Mao W, Jin H, Guo R, Chen P, Zhong S, Wu X. Distribution of parabens and 4-HB in human blood. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:169874. [PMID: 38185174 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.169874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Human blood has been commonly and routinely analyzed to determine internal human exposure to parabens. However, data on the occurrence of parabens and their common metabolite, p-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HB), in different human blood matrixes is still limited. In this study, 139 pairs of serum and whole blood samples were collected from Chinese adults, and then analyzed them for 5 parabens and 4-HB. Methylparaben (MeP) and propylparaben (PrP) were consistently the predominant parabens in human serum (mean 2.3 and 2.1 ng/mL, respectively) and whole blood (1.9 and 1.3 ng/mL, respectively). Mean concentrations of 4-HB in human serum and whole blood were 7.7 and 12 ng/mL, respectively. Concentrations of parabens, except benzylparaben (BzP), and 4-HB in human serum were significantly (p < 0.01) correlated with that in whole blood. Distribution pattern of parabens and 4-HB in human blood was evaluated, for the first time, based on their partitioning between human serum and whole blood (Kp). Mean Kp values of parabens, except BzP, increased with the alkyl chain length from 0.83 to 1.6. BzP (mean 1.4) had a comparable mean Kp value to PrP (mean 1.4). Among target analytes, 4-HB had the lowest mean Kp value (0.75). These data are important to select appropriate blood matrixes for conducting human exposure assessment and epidemiological studies on parabens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Mao
- Department of Pharmacy, Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, Zhejiang 324000, PR China
| | - Hangbiao Jin
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, PR China; Innovation Research Center of Advanced Environmental Technology, Eco-Industrial Innovation Institute ZJUT, Quzhou, Zhejiang 324400, PR China
| | - Ruyue Guo
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, PR China
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, Zhejiang 324000, PR China
| | - Songyang Zhong
- Department of Pharmacy, Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, Zhejiang 324000, PR China
| | - Xilin Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, Zhejiang 324000, PR China.
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Li Y, Zheng N, Sun S, Wang S, Li X, Pan J, Li M, Lang L, Yue Z, Zhou B. Exposure estimates of parabens from personal care products compared with biomonitoring data in human hair from Northeast China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 267:115635. [PMID: 37897980 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Parabens (PBs), a class of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), are extensively used as additives in personal care products (PCPs); however, distinguishing between endogenous and exogenous contamination from PCPs in hair remains a challenge. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of the levels, distribution patterns, impact factors, and sources of PBs in 119 human hair samples collected from Changchun, northeast China. The detection rates of methylparaben (MeP), propylparaben (PrP), and ethylparaben (EtP) in hair samples were found to be 100%. The concentration of PBs in hair followed the order of MeP (57.48 ng/g) > PrP (46.40 ng/g) > EtP (6.80 ng/g). The concentration of PrP in female hair was significantly higher (65.38 ng/g) than that observed in male hair (7.82 ng/g) (p < 0.05). The levels of excretion rates of MeP (ERMeP) and excretion rates of PrP (ERPrP) in the hair-dying samples (ERMeP: 17.89 ng/day; ERPrP: 14.15 ng/day) were found to be 2.52 and 2.40 times higher, respectively, compared to the non-hair-dying samples (ERMeP: 7.09 ng/day; ERPrP: 6.05 ng/day). However, the system exposure dosage (SED) results revealed that although hair dyes exhibited higher PBs, human exposure was found to be lower than certain PCPs. The results of the correlation analysis revealed that toner, face cream, body lotion, and hair conditioner were identified as the primary sources of PBs in male hair. Furthermore, the human exposure resulting from the utilization of female hair dye and serum exhibited a positive correlation with hair ERMeP and ERPrP levels, indicating in the screening of samples, excluding hair samples using hair dye and haircare essential oil can effectively avoid the interference caused by exogenous contamination from PCPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, China; Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Na Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, China; Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China.
| | - Siyu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, China
| | - Sujing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, China
| | - Xiaoqian Li
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, China
| | - Jiamin Pan
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Resources, Jilin University, China; Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Muyang Li
- Jilin Province Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Institute, Changchun, China
| | - Le Lang
- Jilin Province Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Institute, Changchun, China
| | - Zelin Yue
- Jilin Province Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Institute, Changchun, China
| | - Binbin Zhou
- Changchun Sci-Tech University, Shuangyang District, Changchun, China
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6
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Barazorda-Ccahuana HL, Fajardo AS, Dos Santos AJ, Lanza MRV. Decentralized approach toward organic pollutants removal using UV radiation in combination with H 2O 2-based electrochemical water technologies. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 342:140079. [PMID: 37709061 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The current literature lacks a comprehensive discussion on the trade-off between pollutant degradation/mineralization and treatment time costs in utilizing UV light in combination with H2O2-based electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOPs). The present study sheds light on the benefits of using the photoelectro-Fenton (PEF) process with UVA or UVC for methylparaben (MetP) degradation in real drinking water. Although light boosts the photodegradation of refractory Fe(III) complexes and the photolysis of H2O2 (with UVC only), the energy-intensive nature of light-based treatments is acknowledged. To help tackle the high energy consumption issue, a novel approach was employed: partial application of UVA or UVC light after a predetermined electro-Fenton electrolysis time. The proposed treatment approach yielded satisfactory comparable results to those obtained from the application of PEF/UVA or PEF/UVC in terms of total organic carbon removal (ca. 100%), with notably lower energy consumption (ca. 50%). The study delves into the combined method's feasibility, analyzing pollutant degradation/mineralization process and overall energy consumption. The research identifies possible degradation routes based on intermediate detection and radical quenching experiments. Finally, toxicological assessments evaluate the toxicity levels of MetP and its intermediates. The findings of this study bring meaningful contributions to the fore and point to the highly promising potential of the proposed approach, in terms of sustainability and cost-effectiveness, when applied for decentralized water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruna L Barazorda-Ccahuana
- Computational Biology and Chemistry Research Group, Catholic University of Santa María, Urb. San José s/n - Umacollo, Arequipa, 04000, Peru
| | - Ana S Fajardo
- Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Applied Research Institute, Rua Da Misericórdia, Lagar Dos Cortiços - S. Martinho Do Bispo, 3045-093 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Alexsandro J Dos Santos
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São Carlense 400, São Carlos, SP 13566-590, Brazil.
| | - Marcos R V Lanza
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São Carlense 400, São Carlos, SP 13566-590, Brazil.
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7
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Hu C, Bai Y, Sun B, Zhou X, Chen L. Exposure to methylparaben at environmentally realistic concentrations significantly impairs neuronal health in adult zebrafish. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 132:134-144. [PMID: 37336604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Methylparaben (MeP) is an emerging aquatic pollutant that is found to impact neural functions. However, it still lacks a comprehensive understanding about its neurotoxicology. The present study exposed adult zebrafish to environmentally realistic concentrations (0, 1, 3, and 10 µg/L) of MeP for 28 days, with objectives to elucidate the neurotoxic effects and mechanisms. Proteomic profiling found that MeP pollutant induced distinct mechanism of neurotoxicity as a function of sex. MeP pollutant appeared to preferentially target the neurotransmission cascade via synapse junctions. In male brain, glutamatergic neural signaling was enhanced by 10 µg/L of MeP in characteristics of higher glutamate neurotransmitter content (by 61.9%) and up-regulated glutamate receptor expression by 2.6-fold relative to the control. In MeP-exposed female brain, biomarker proteins of synapse formation and regeneration had significantly lower abundance, accounting for the blockage of synaptic neurotransmission. Furthermore, under the stress of MeP pollutant, both male and female zebrafish initiated a negative feedback mechanism along stress neuroendocrine axis by down-regulating the transcriptions of corticotropin-releasing hormone and its binding protein, which subsequently decreased blood cortisol concentrations. MeP subchronic exposure also disturbed innate immune function. In particular, significant increases in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) content by 15.6% were caused by MeP exposure in male brain, thereby inducing the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In contrast, female brain was able to adaptively up-regulate the protein expression of blood brain barrier to inhibit the infiltration of LPS endotoxin into brain. Overall, the present findings pinpoint the potent neurotoxicity of MeP pollutant even at environmentally realistic concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyan Hu
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yachen Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Baili Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiangzhen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lianguo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
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Ren X, Deng Y, Liu W, Fu J, Huang Z, Zhang D, Xiao Q, Li X, Chen X, Huang X, Liu J, Lu S. Co-exposure to parabens and triclosan and associations with cognitive impairment in an elderly population from Shenzhen, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 331:138699. [PMID: 37062391 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Parabens and triclosan (TCS) have been extensively applied in personal care products (PCPs) as preservatives and antibacterial agents. However, their potentiality to disrupt the neurological system has induced increasing concern. The elderly population is at a higher risk of neurodegenerative disorder, although research on its association with PCP exposure remains scarce. Here, we measured the urinary levels of four parabens, TCS, and an oxidative stress marker among 540 participants from the Shenzhen aging-related disorder cohort during 2017-2018. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) was used to assess the cognitive status of participants. Their demographic, dietary, and behavioral factors were collected via questionnaire survey. Among the four paraben analogs, the median concentration of methyl parabens (MeP) was the highest (Low-risk group: 1.21 ng/mL, High-risk group: 1.64 ng/mL). TCS and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) were detected in more than 90% of the samples. Weighted quantile sum regression and quantile-based g-computation showed that the combined effect of all analytes was positively associated with the level of 8-OHdG. BtP, EtP and MeP were identified as the major contributors to the joint effect. After stratification by gender, females exhibited more pronounced changes in urinary 8-OHdG level than males. However, the positive correlation between co-exposure to parabens and TCS and cognitive impairment was not significant (p > 0.05) in both models, which warrants investigation with the larger sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohu Ren
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yilan Deng
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jinfeng Fu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Zhihong Huang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Duo Zhang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Qinru Xiao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Xiangyu Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xinfeng Huang
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Shaoyou Lu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
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9
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Chen MH, Jia SM, Yang PF, Zhu FJ, Ma WL. Health Risk Assessment of Organophosphate Flame Retardants in Soil Across China Based on Monte Carlo Simulation. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2023; 85:129-139. [PMID: 37578493 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-023-01023-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Health risks from exposure to contaminants are generally estimated by evaluating concentrations of the contaminants in environmental matrixes. However, accurate health risk assessment is difficult because of uncertainties regarding exposures. This study aims to utilize data on the concentrations of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in surface soil across China coupled with Monte Carlo simulations to compensate for uncertainties in exposure to evaluate the health risks associated with contamination of soil with this class of flame retardants. Results revealed that concentrations of ∑OPFRs were 0.793-406 ng/g dry weight (dw) with an average of 23.2 ng/g dw. In terms of spatial distribution, higher OPFRs concentrations were found in economically developed regions. Although the values of health risk of OPFRs in soil across China were below the threshold, the high concentrations of OPFRs in soil in some regions should attract more attentions in future. Sensitivity analysis revealed that concentrations of OPFRs in soil, skin adherence factor, and exposure duration were the most sensitive parameters in health risk assessment. In summary, the study indicated that the national scale soil measurement could provide unique information on OPFRs exposure and health risk assessment, which was useful for the management of soil in China and for better understanding of the environmental fate of OPFRs in the global perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150090, Heilongjiang, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Shi-Ming Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150090, Heilongjiang, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Pu-Fei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150090, Heilongjiang, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Fu-Jie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150090, Heilongjiang, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150090, Heilongjiang, China.
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
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10
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Mao W, Qu J, Zhong S, Wu X, Mao K, Liao K, Jin H. Associations between urinary parabens and lung cancer. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:66186-66194. [PMID: 37097579 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26953-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Parabens are a family of endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Environmental estrogens may play a vital role in the development of lung cancer. To date, the association between parabens and lung cancer is unknown. Based on the 189 cases and 198 controls recruited between 2018 and 2021 in Quzhou, China, we measured 5 urinary parabens concentrations and examined the association between urinary concentrations of parabens and lung cancer risk. Cases showed significantly higher median concentrations of methyl-paraben (MeP) (2.1 versus 1.8 ng/mL), ethyl-paraben (0.98 versus 0.66 ng/mL), propyl-paraben (PrP) (2.2 versus 1.4 ng/mL), and butyl-paraben (0.33 versus 0.16 ng/mL) than controls. The detection rates of benzyl-paraben were only 8 and 6% in the control and case groups, respectively. Therefore, the compound was not considered in the further analysis. The significant correlation between urinary concentrations of PrP and the risk of lung cancer (odds ratio (OR)adjusted = 2.22, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.76, 2.75; Ptrend < 0.001) was identified in the adjusted model. In the stratification analysis, we found that urinary concentrations of MeP were significantly associated with lung cancer risk (OR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.27 for the highest quartile group). Besides, comparing the second, third, and fourth quartile groups with the lowest group of PrP, we also observed urinary PrP concentrations associated with lung cancer risk, with the adjusted OR of 1.52 (95% CI: 1.29, 1.65, Ptrend = 0.007), 1.39 (95% CI: 1.15, 1.60, Ptrend = 0.010), and 1.85 (95% CI: 1.53, 2.30, Ptrend = 0.001), respectively. MeP and PrP exposure, reflected in urinary concentrations of parabens, may be positively associated with the risk of lung cancer in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Mao
- Department of Pharmacy, Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, Zhejiang, 324000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianli Qu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310032, People's Republic of China
| | - Songyang Zhong
- Department of Pharmacy, Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, Zhejiang, 324000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xilin Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, Zhejiang, 324000, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaili Mao
- Department of Pharmacy, Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, Zhejiang, 324000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kaizhen Liao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310032, People's Republic of China
| | - Hangbiao Jin
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310032, People's Republic of China
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11
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Moscoso-Ruiz I, Navalón A, Rivas A, Zafra-Gómez A. Presence of parabens in children's faeces. Optimization and validation of a new analytical method based on the use of ultrasound-assisted extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 225:115212. [PMID: 36584550 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Due to their antimicrobial properties, parabens are a family of synthetic chemical compounds widely used as preservative additives in food and cosmetics. For this reason, humans are highly exposed to them. These substances are capable of altering the proper functioning of the endocrine system and are classified as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Traditionally, urine has been the typical matrix studied as an excretion route. However, faeces contain valuable information. In the present study, the presence of methyl-, ethyl-, isopropyl-, propyl-, isobutyl-, butyl- and phenylparaben in stool samples from children has been evaluated. A new analytical method has been optimised and validated. The method is based on the use of ultrasound-assisted extraction followed by clean-up of the extracts by dispersive solid phase extraction dSPE). Parabens were analysed by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). The matrix effect was evaluated and a significant effect was observed for all analytes. Therefore, calibration and validation were performed by addition of different concentrations of analytes to faecal blanks. The coefficient of determination (%R2) for calibration curves was higher than 98.9% in all cases. The limits of detection and quantification were between 0.2 and 0.4 and 0.6-1.0 ng g-1 respectively. The recovery for accuracy assessment had values between 89.0% and 112.7% with an RSD of less than 15% in all cases. The method was successfully applied to 14 samples from children volunteers, 100% of which showed contamination by at least one of the analysed compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Moscoso-Ruiz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain; Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Alberto Navalón
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Rivas
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain; Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, INYTA, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Alberto Zafra-Gómez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain; Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, INYTA, University of Granada, Spain.
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12
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Zhang D, Xiao J, Xiao Q, Chen Y, Li X, Zheng Q, Ma J, Xu J, Fu J, Shen J, Xiao L, Lu S. Infant exposure to parabens, triclosan, and triclocarban via breastfeeding and formula supplementing in southern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159820. [PMID: 36349623 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Parabens, triclosan (TCS), and triclocarban (TCC) are antimicrobial additives that are widely used in personal care products (PCPs) and may dysregulate infant gut microbiota and induce a series of chronic diseases. Dietary intake may be an underestimated exposure route of such antimicrobial additives in infants, but relevant data remain scarce. Therefore, this study determined five common preservatives, including methyl- (MeP), ethyl- (EtP), propyl- (PrP), butyl- (BuP), and benzyl-paraben (BeP), and two antimicrobials TCS and TCC, in major infant food sources (breastmilk, milk-based infant formula [MIF], and cereal-based complementary food [CCF]) in southern China. The health risks associated with dietary exposure among infants across different months of age were also evaluated. The results demonstrated a high incidence of MeP, EtP, PrP, and BeP in processed infant food products, while TCS and TCC were mainly detected in maternal breastmilk. Notably, MeP and EtP were found in all of the MIFs tested, while MeP, EtP, and BeP were detected in 85.6 %-100 % of the CCFs. By incorporating the human equivalent dose and an additional 10-fold margin of safety for infants into the health risk assessment, the 95th percentile hazard quotient of PrP via the ingestion of breastmilk among neonates exceeded 1. For the first time, the results showed that exposure to PrP via breastmilk intake may pose a considerable health risk to urban neonates in southern China. The health risks caused by antimicrobial exposure via ingesting MIF and CCF among infants were negligible. Thus, we recommend breastfeeding women reduce their consumption of PCPs and processed food, especially during the first month after delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Zhang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Jinqiu Xiao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Qinru Xiao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Yining Chen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Xiangyu Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Quanzhi Zheng
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Jiaojiao Ma
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Jiayi Xu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Jinfeng Fu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Junchun Shen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Lehan Xiao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Shaoyou Lu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
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13
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Gonkowski S, Martín J, Aparicio I, Santos JL, Alonso E, Rytel L. Evaluation of Parabens and Bisphenol A Concentration Levels in Wild Bat Guano Samples. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1928. [PMID: 36767313 PMCID: PMC9916121 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20031928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Parabens and bisphenol A are synthetic compounds found in many everyday objects, including bottles, food containers, personal care products, cosmetics and medicines. These substances may penetrate the environment and living organisms, on which they have a negative impact. Till now, numerous studies have described parabens and BPA in humans, but knowledge about terrestrial wild mammals' exposure to these compounds is very limited. Therefore, during this study, the most common concentration levels of BPA and parabens were selected (such as methyl paraben-MeP, ethyl paraben-EtP, propyl paraben-PrP and butyl paraben-BuP) and analyzed in guano samples collected in summer (nursery) colonies of greater mouse-eared bats (Myotis myotis) using liquid chromatography with the tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) method. MeP has been found in all guano samples and its median concentration levels amounted to 39.6 ng/g. Other parabens were present in smaller number of samples (from 5% for BuP to 62.5% for EtP) and in lower concentrations. Median concentration levels of these substances achieved 0.95 ng/g, 1.45 ng/g and 15.56 ng/g for EtP, PrP and BuP, respectively. BPA concentration levels did not exceed the method quantification limit (5 ng/g dw) in any sample. The present study has shown that wild bats are exposed to parabens and BPA, and guano samples are a suitable matrix for studies on wild animal exposure to these substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slawomir Gonkowski
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Street Oczapowskiego 14, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Julia Martín
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Virgen de África, 7, E-41011 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Irene Aparicio
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Virgen de África, 7, E-41011 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Santos
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Virgen de África, 7, E-41011 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Esteban Alonso
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Virgen de África, 7, E-41011 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Liliana Rytel
- Department of Internal Diseases with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Oczapowskiego 14, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
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14
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Mild Fenton Processes for the Removal of Preservatives: Interfering Effect of Methylisothiazolinone (MIT) on Paraben Degradation. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12111390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The degradation of various preservatives used in the cosmetics industry, including five parabens and their most employed substitute, methylisothiazolinone (MIT), was investigated. A mild photo-Fenton process was applied using low iron concentrations (5 mg/L) at a pH of five, instead of the traditional acidic value of three. At these conditions, the paraben degradation was very low after one hour of reaction and it was necessary to present humic-like substances (HLS) acting as iron chelators to improve the process. Values obtained when MIT was treated were very low, also in the presence of HLS, indicating that their complexing effect was not acting properly. When MIT was added to the mixture of parabens an inhibitory effect was found in the presence of HLS. A possible complex between iron and MIT was suggested and the studies of hydrogen peroxide consumption and Job’s plot technique confirmed this hypothesis. Evidence of the formation of this inactive complex, so far never reported, will be essential in future work when dealing with this compound using Fenton processes. Furthermore, this fact points out the importance of using mixtures of model contaminants instead of a single one or a group of the same family, since their ability to form active or inactive complexes with iron can strongly change the behavior of the whole system.
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15
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Zhou S, Lu H, Zhang X, Shi X, Jiang S, Wang L, Lu Q. Paraben exposures and their interactions with ESR1/2 genetic polymorphisms on hypertension. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 213:113651. [PMID: 35690089 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The widely used paraben preservatives have been frequently detected in human urine, and shown to disrupt the endocrine system. Recently, several epidemiologic studies have investigated the associations between paraben exposures and hypertension risk, but findings are inconsistent. Genetic susceptibility variation may contribute to the conflicting results. This study aimed to explore the associations of paraben exposures and their interactions with estrogen receptor genes 1 and 2 (ESR1 and ESR2) polymorphisms with hypertension. We conducted a hospital-based case-control study involving 396 hypertension cases and 396 controls in Wuhan, China. The urinary paraben concentrations were determined using a liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometer. The genotyping of ESR1 and ESR2 was performed using the Applied Biosystems 3730 XL sequencer. Multivariable logistic regression models were applied to examine the associations between urinary paraben concentrations and hypertension risk. Gene-environment interactions were estimated on both multiplicative and additive scales. The results showed that urinary ethylparaben (EtP), propylparaben (PrP), and ∑parabens (∑PBs) levels were positively associated with the risk of hypertension (Ptrend<0.05). Compared with their reference groups, subjects in the highest tertile of EtP, PrP, and ∑PBs had a 4.05-fold (95% CI: 2.56, 6.41), 2.72-fold (95% CI: 1.76, 4.20), and 1.60-fold (95% CI: 1.08, 2.36) increased risk of hypertension, respectively. When stratified by sex, the hypertensive effect of EtP was more pronounced in males (Pinteraction = 0.012). Furthermore, interaction analysis showed that PrP exposure interacted with ESR1 rs2234693 polymorphism on hypertension risk, with the significance of multiplicative (Pinteraction = 0.043) and additive (RERI = 1.27, AP = 0.52). Our results suggested that paraben exposure was positively related to hypertension risk, and that ESR1 rs2234693 polymorphism might modify the parabens exposure-related hypertensive effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xueting Shi
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shunli Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qing Lu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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16
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Adhikari S, Kumar R, Driver EM, Perleberg TD, Yanez A, Johnston B, Halden RU. Mass trends of parabens, triclocarban and triclosan in Arizona wastewater collected after the 2017 FDA ban on antimicrobials and during the COVID-19 pandemic. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 222:118894. [PMID: 35917669 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobials like parabens, triclosan (TCS), and triclocarban (TCC) are of public health concern worldwide due to their endocrine-disrupting properties and ability to promote antimicrobial drug resistance in human pathogens. The overall use of antimicrobials presumably has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, whereas TCS and TCC may have experienced reductions in use due to their recent ban from thousands of over-the-counter (OTC) personal care products by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). No quantitative data are available on the use of parabens or the impact the FDA ban had on TCC and TCS. Here, we use wastewater samples (n = 1514) from 10 different communities in Arizona to measure the presence of the six different antimicrobial products (TCS, TCC, and four alkylated parabens [methylparaben (MePb), ethylparaben (EtPb), propylparaben (PrPb), butylparaben (BuPb)]) collected before and during the COVID-19 pandemic using a combination of solid-phase extraction, liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and isotope dilution for absolute quantitation. The average mass loadings of all antimicrobials combined (1,431 ± 22 mg/day per 1,000 people) after the onset of the local epidemic (March 2020 - October 2020) were significantly higher (945 ± 62 mg/day per 1,000 people; p < 0.05) than before the pandemic (January 2019 - February 2020). Overall, parabens (∑Pbs = 999 ± 16 mg/day per 1,000 people) were the most used antimicrobials, followed by TCS (117 ± 14 mg/day per 1,000 people) and TCC (117 ± 14 mg/day per 1,000 people). After the 2017 U.S. FDA ban, we found a statistically significant (p < 0.05) reduction in the mass loadings of TCS (-89%) and TCC (-80%) but a rise in paraben use (+72%). Mass flows of 3 of a total of 4 parabens (MePb, EtPb, and PrPb) in wastewater were significantly higher upon the onset of the epidemic locally (p < 0.05). This is the first longitudinal study investigating the use of antimicrobials during the COVID-19 pandemic by employing wastewater-based epidemiology. Whereas an overall increase in the use of antimicrobials was evident from analyzing Arizona wastewater, a notable reduction in the use of TCS and TCC was evident during the pandemic, triggered by the U.S. FDA ban.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeet Adhikari
- School of Sustainable Engineering and Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; Biodesign Center for Environmental Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Biodesign Center for Environmental Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Erin M Driver
- Biodesign Center for Environmental Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Tyler D Perleberg
- Biodesign Center for Environmental Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Allan Yanez
- Biodesign Center for Environmental Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Bridger Johnston
- Biodesign Center for Environmental Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Rolf U Halden
- School of Sustainable Engineering and Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; Biodesign Center for Environmental Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; OneWaterOneHealth, Nonprofit Project of the Arizona State University Foundation, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; Global Futures Laboratory, Arizona State University, 800 S. Cady Mall, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA.
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17
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Zhao X, Zheng Y, Quan F, Hu S, Wu Q, Luo M, Gu Y, Tang S, Jiang J. Road runoff as a significant nonpoint source of parabens and their metabolites in urban rivers. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 301:134632. [PMID: 35439487 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Parabens are widely added to food, cosmetics, and medicines as preservatives and are typical contaminants of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). However, their fate and transport in urban watersheds remain largely unexplored. This study investigated the role of road runoff as a critical nonpoint source of parabens and their metabolites in urban rivers based on 73 multimedia (road runoff and dust in different urban land uses, wastewater, stormwater discharge and river water) samples collected from a highly urbanized drainage area. Seven parabens and five metabolites were detected in the road runoff, with mean concentrations of ∑parabens and ∑metabolites equal to 47.5 ng/L and 4710 ng/L, respectively. The concentrations in road runoff were comparable to those in treated wastewater and river water and showed a land use pattern of residential > industrial > commercial. A first flush effect of the contaminants was observed in a heavy rainfall event with an antecedent dry period. In general, the population-based and area-based emission intensities of ∑parabens and ∑metabolites in road runoff were one order of magnitude higher than those in wastewater effluent during the rainfall events. This study provides quantitative evidence that road runoff can be a major pollution source of parabens and their metabolites in rapidly growing cities during the wet season and calls for the integrated management of nonpoint sources to prevent urban river contamination by typical PPCPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Feng Quan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Shiyao Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Meiyu Luo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yang Gu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Sijie Tang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jiping Jiang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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18
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Wei M, Wang P, Wan Y, Jiang Y, Song W, He Z, Wang Q. Urinary parabens and their derivatives associated with oxidative stress biomarkers in children from South and Central China: Repeated measures. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 817:152639. [PMID: 34971688 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies implied that elevated exposure to parabens may result in increased oxidative stress. However, the association between exposure to paraben derivatives and oxidative stress biomarkers in children has been rarely studied. This study examined the associations between exposure to paraben derivatives and oxidative stress biomarkers in Chinese children. Nine targeted compounds of parabens and their derivatives including methyl paraben (MeP), ethyl paraben (EtP), propyl paraben (PrP), butyl paraben (BuP), p-hydrox4ybenzoic acid (p-HB), 3,4-dihydroxy benzoic acid (3,4-DHB), benzoic acid, methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (rOH-MeP), and ethyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (rOH-EtP) were detected in urine collected from 139 children from South and Central China. Additionally, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), 8-hydroxyguanosine (8-OHG), and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal mercapturic acid (HNE-MA) were measured as oxidative stress biomarkers. All targeted compounds (except for BuP) were frequently detected in urine (detection frequencies ranged 80.8%-100%). Linear mixed effects model revealed that all targeted compounds (with detection frequencies >50%), except for EtP, were significantly associated with an increase in 8-OHdG. rOH-EtP was found to be significantly associated with 8-OHG (β = 0.12; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.08, 0.16) positively. In addition, PrP and benzoic acid were associated with elevated levels of HNE-MA. Weighted quantile sum regression revealed that co-exposure to the targeted compounds was positively associated with 8-OHdG (β = 0.17; 95% CI: 0.12, 0.22), 8-OHG (β = 0.14; 95% CI: 0.10, 0.18), and HNE-MA (β = 0.43; 95% CI: 0.27, 0.59); rOH-EtP and benzoic acid were the major contributors for the combined effects on oxidative stress of nucleic acids and lipid, respectively. Our findings provide new evidence for the effects of exposure to paraben derivatives on nucleic acid oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhong Wei
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | - Pei Wang
- Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei 430024, PR China
| | - Yanjian Wan
- Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei 430024, PR China.
| | - Ying Jiang
- Nanshan District Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518054, PR China
| | - Wenjing Song
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China
| | - Zhenyu He
- Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei 430024, PR China
| | - Qi Wang
- MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, PR China.
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19
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Wei X, Hu Y, Zhu Q, Gao J, Liao C, Jiang G. Co-exposure and health risks of several typical endocrine disrupting chemicals in general population in eastern China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:112366. [PMID: 34774506 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) is a health concern due to their wide use and interference with the human endocrine system. Parabens, bisphenols, benzophenones, triclosan (TCC), triclocarban (TCS), and tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) and its derivatives tetrachlorobisphenol-A (TCBPA) and tetrabromobisphenol-S (TBBPS), are typical EDCs that are frequently detected in environmental and human samples. However, only a few studies have assessed the co-exposure of these chemicals in humans. In this study, urine samples were collected from the general population in the city of Wuxi (n = 121) and a county, Taishun (n = 120), eastern China, and analyzed for these EDCs. Parabens, bisphenols, TCS, and benzophenones were frequently detected in urine, whereas TBBPA and its derivatives were not detected. The geometric mean concentrations of parabens, bisphenols, and benzophenones in urine from the Wuxi population were 25.7, 2.45, and 2.34 ng/mL, respectively, which were substantially higher than those from the Taishun population (17.2, 1.70, and 2.65 ng/mL). These results suggest an urban-rural difference in urinary EDCs. The exposure risks to these EDCs were estimated based on the measured urinary concentrations and acceptable daily intakes (ADIs). Hazard quotient values for EDCs in humans from both locations were generally less than 1, indicating a low exposure risk of EDCs in these regions. Nonetheless, the health risks caused by co-exposure to such EDCs cannot be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianping Wei
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430056, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Yu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qingqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Jia Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chunyang Liao
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430056, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430056, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310024, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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20
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Hu C, Tian M, Wu L, Chen L. Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of paraben preservative over designed g-C 3N 4/BiVO 4 S-scheme system and toxicity assessment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 231:113175. [PMID: 35007828 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Paraben preservatives have been listed as emerging pollutants due to their ubiquity in various environmental matrices, especially the water bodies. How to efficiently and practically eliminate these paraben pollutants is therefore of great importance. Herein, a designed S-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst, consisting of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and monoclinic bismuth vanadate (BiVO4), was fabricated by a facile hydrothermal synthesis and employed to treat benzyl-paraben (BzP). TEM and XPS analysis testified the intimate interaction between g-C3N4 and BiVO4, and the consequently smoothed interfacial charge transfer rendered the feasible recombination of the photoexcited electrons (from BiVO4) and holes (from g-C3N4). The as-established S-scheme system enabled the left g-C3N4 electrons and BiVO4 holes to maintain the high redox abilities and accelerated the charge separation concurrently. In particular, the g-C3N4/BiVO4 composite generated much higher photocurrent response as compared with pure g-C3N4 and BiVO4, highlighting the improved separation of photoinduced charges. Therefore, under visible light and natural solar light irradiation, the g-C3N4/BiVO4 composite showed the significantly enhanced photocatalytic degradation of BzP, which was further optimized with 5 wt% g-C3N4 in the composite. According to the Mott-Schottky plots and identified active species, the mechanism of the g-C3N4/BiVO4 S-scheme heterojunction system was illustrated. In addition, during the photocatalytic degradation process, the acute toxicity of the reaction solutions on zebrafish embryos was notably reduced. In conclusion, the demonstrated strategy to enhance the photocatalytic performance by designing S-scheme heterostructure may provide more insights into the development of high-efficiency photocatalyst towards the solar energy utilization and environmental treatment. Furthermore, photocatalytic degradation had been proved to be an efficient method for eliminating the ecological risk of paraben pollutants, warranting more attention in future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyan Hu
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Maosheng Tian
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Liqing Wu
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Lianguo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
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