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Yadav P, Petrella A, Todaro F, De Gisi S, Vitone C, Petti R, Notarnicola M. Ex Situ Stabilization/Solidification Approaches of Marine Sediments Using Green Cement Admixtures. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:3597. [PMID: 39063888 PMCID: PMC11278605 DOI: 10.3390/ma17143597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The routine dredging of waterways produces huge volumes of sediments. Handling contaminated dredged sediments poses significant and diverse challenges around the world. In recent years, novel and sustainable ex situ remediation technologies for contaminated sediments have been developed and applied. This review article focuses on cement-based binders in stabilizing contaminants through the stabilization/solidification (S/S) technique and the utilization of contaminated sediments as a resource. Through S/S techniques, heavy metals can be solidified and stabilized in dense and durable solid matrices, reducing their permeability and restricting their release into the environment. Industrial by-products like red mud (RM), soda residue (SR), pulverized fly ash (PFA), and alkaline granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) can immobilize heavy metal ions such as lead, zinc, cadmium, copper, and chromium by precipitation. However, in a strong alkali environment, certain heavy metal ions might dissolve again. To address this, immobilization in low pH media can be achieved using materials like GGBS, metakaolin (MK), and incinerated sewage sludge ash (ISSA). Additionally, heavy metals can be also immobilized through the formation of silicate gels and ettringites during pozzolanic reactions by mechanisms such as adsorption, ion exchanges, and encapsulation. It is foreseeable that, in the future, the scientific community will increasingly turn towards multidisciplinary studies on novel materials, also after an evaluation of the effects on long-term heavy metal stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravendra Yadav
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry (DICATECh), Polytechnic University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (P.Y.); (C.V.); (R.P.); (M.N.)
| | - Andrea Petrella
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry (DICATECh), Polytechnic University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (P.Y.); (C.V.); (R.P.); (M.N.)
| | - Francesco Todaro
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry (DICATECh), Polytechnic University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (P.Y.); (C.V.); (R.P.); (M.N.)
| | - Sabino De Gisi
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy;
| | - Claudia Vitone
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry (DICATECh), Polytechnic University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (P.Y.); (C.V.); (R.P.); (M.N.)
| | - Rossella Petti
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry (DICATECh), Polytechnic University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (P.Y.); (C.V.); (R.P.); (M.N.)
| | - Michele Notarnicola
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry (DICATECh), Polytechnic University of Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (P.Y.); (C.V.); (R.P.); (M.N.)
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Rolka E, Wyszkowski M, Żołnowski AC, Skorwider-Namiotko A. Role of Woody Biomass Ash Material in Immobilization of Cadmium, Lead and Zinc in Soil. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2206. [PMID: 38793272 PMCID: PMC11122979 DOI: 10.3390/ma17102206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Nowadays, we have observed the dynamic development of bio-heating plants that use wood biomass for heating or energy purposes. The result of this process is a reduction in carbon dioxide emissions as well as in the production of biomass ash (BA). Despite the waste nature of BA, it should be carefully analyzed and assessed for various applications, including environmental ones. Due to the features attributed to BA, including its alkaline reaction, the high capacity of its sorption complex, relatively low salinity, and significant content of macro- and microelements, a hypothesis was put forward in this work undertaken about the positive role of BA as an immobilizing factor for Cd-, Pb-, and Zn-contaminated soils. This research was based on a pot experiment in which four series were considered: (1) BA; (2) BA + Cd; (3) BA + Pb; and (4) BA + Zn. BA was used at doses of 30, 60, and 90 mg pot-1, and metals at doses of 2 mg Cd, 100 mg Pb, and 300 mg Zn kg-1 of soil. The test plant was corn grown for green mass. The study took into account the influence of BA on the content of the total forms of heavy metals (Metot) and their available forms (Meav). In the soil without the addition of metals, a significant increase in the content of Cdtot and Cdav, and a decrease in the content of Zntot were observed due to the application of BA. The addition of metals against the background of the BA used resulted in a significant increase in Cdtot, Pbtot, and Zntot, as well as an increase in the available forms of Pbav but a decrease in Znav. However, there was no significant increase in the Cdav content. The obtained results may indicate the potentially immobilizing role of BA only in the case of zinc. They may constitute the basis for further, more detailed research aimed at determining the role of BA in the immobilization of various metals in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mirosław Wyszkowski
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Łódzki 4 Sq., 10-727 Olsztyn, Poland; (E.R.); (A.C.Ż.); (A.S.-N.)
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Teng Y, Chen K, Jiang H, Hu Y, Seyler BC, Appiah A, Peng S. Utilization of phosphoric acid-modified biochar to reduce vanadium leaching potential and bioavailability in soil. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 344:123360. [PMID: 38228260 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Remediating vanadium (V) polluted soil has garnered widespread attention over the past decade. Yet, few research projects have investigated the stabilization of soil V using modified biochar, so the effects and interacting mechanisms between soil properties and modified biochar for V immobilization and stabilization remain unclear. Hence, this gap is addressed by determining the leaching behavior and mechanisms of soil V on different dosages of phosphoric acid (H3PO4) impregnated biochar (MLBC, 0.5%-4%). The applicability and durability in soil V immobilization was investigated under acid precipitation. The MLBC effect on V bioavailability and mobility was assessed first by CaCl2, Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) and Synthetic Precipitation Leaching Procedure (SPLP) extractions in different periods. The V concentrations significantly reduced in CaCl2, TCLP, and SPLP extract with MLBC at each dosage (30 d), while slight to significant increase in SPLP and TCLP extract V was recorded in a long-term incubation (90 d). Column leaching test further demonstrated the high durability of 4% MLBC in V stabilization under continuous acid exposure. Compared to the control (no-biochar), the accumulated V content in the leaching solution significantly decreased in MLBC-amended soil. Acid soluble fraction of V showed significant negative correlation with both soil organic matter (SOM) and available P, which was positively correlated with pH, suggested that pH, available P and SOM were key factors affecting the bioavailability of V in soil. Moreover, combining with the characterization results of MLBC and amended soil, the results revealed that H3PO4 modified biochar played a vital role on V immobilization and soil improvement by forming electrostatic adsorption, ion exchange, redox reaction or complexation with the increase of functional groups. These revealed an efficient and steady development of soil quality and treatment for soil V contamination, under MLBC operation to soil polluted with exogenous V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Proctection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, Sichuan, China; College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610059, China
| | - Kexin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Proctection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, Sichuan, China; College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610059, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Proctection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, Sichuan, China; College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610059, China
| | - Yunfei Hu
- College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610059, China
| | - Barnabas C Seyler
- Shude International, Chengdu Shude High School, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan, China; Department of Environment, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Augustine Appiah
- State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Proctection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, Sichuan, China; College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610059, China
| | - Shuming Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Proctection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, Sichuan, China; College of Ecology and Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, Sichuan 610059, China.
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Jiang Z, Nie K, Arinzechi C, Li J, Liao Q, Si M, Yang Z, Li Q, Yang W. Cooperative effect of slow-release ferrous and phosphate for simultaneous stabilization of As, Cd and Pb in soil. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 452:131232. [PMID: 36940528 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The different chemical behavior of anionic As and cationic Cd and Pb makes the simultaneous stabilization of soils contaminated with arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) challenging. The use of soluble, insoluble phosphate materials and iron compounds cannot simultaneously stabilize As, Cd, and Pb in soil effectively due to the easy re-activation of heavy metals and poor migration. Herein, we propose a new strategy of "cooperatively stabilizing Cd, Pb, and As with slow-release ferrous and phosphate". To very this theory, we developed ferrous and phosphate slow-release materials to simultaneously stabilize As, Cd, and Pb in soil. The stabilization efficiency of water-soluble As, Cd and Pb reached 99% within 7d, and the stabilization efficiencies of NaHCO3-extractable As, DTPA-extractable Cd and Pb reached 92.60%, 57.79% and 62.81%, respectively. The chemical speciation analysis revealed that soil As, Cd and Pb were transformed into more stable states with the reaction time. The proportion of residual fraction of As, Cd, and Pb increased from 58.01% to 93.82%, 25.69 to 47.86%, 5.58 to 48.54% after 56 d, respectively. Using ferrihydrite as a representative soil component, the beneficial interactions of phosphate and slow-release ferrous material in stabilizing Pb, Cd, and As were demonstrated. The slow-release ferrous and phosphate material reacted with As and Cd/Pb to form stable ferrous arsenic and Cd/Pb phosphate. Furthermore, the slow-release phosphate converted the adsorbed As into dissolved As, then the dissolved As reacted with released ferrous to form a more stable form. Concurrently, As, Cd and Pb were structurally incorporated into the crystalline iron oxides during the ferrous ions-catalyzed transformation of amorphous iron (hydrogen) oxides. The results demonstrates that the use of slow-release ferrous and phosphate materials can aid in the simultaneous stabilization of As, Cd, and Pb in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Jiang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Kai Nie
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Chukwuma Arinzechi
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Qi Liao
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China; Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Mengying Si
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China; Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Zhihui Yang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China; Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Qingzhu Li
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China; Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Weichun Yang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China; Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha 410083, PR China.
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Chen L, Nakamura K, Hama T. Review on stabilization/solidification methods and mechanism of heavy metals based on OPC-based binders. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 332:117362. [PMID: 36716545 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Stabilization/solidification (S/S) with ordinary portland cement (OPC)-based binders is a suitable method to remediate heavy metal (HM)-contaminated soil and reuse resources of industrial wastes. In industrial wastes, alkaline wastes such as red mud (RM), soda residue (SR), pulverized fly ash (PFA), and alkalinity granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) can immobilize HM ions (Pb2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Cr3+, and Cu2+) by precipitation. However, some HM ions (such as AsO43-) would redissolve within the strong alkali environment. In this case, PFA, GGBS, metakaolin (MK), and incinerated sewage sludge ash (ISSA) which have low pH, can be used to immobilize HM ions or added to the OPC-based binders to adjust the pH in the soil products. Moreover, the calcium silicate hydrate (CSH), calcium aluminum silicate hydrate (CASH), ettringite (AFt), and calcium monosulfoalumiante hydrates (AFm) generated during the pozzolanic reaction can also immobilize HM ions by adsorption on the surface, ion exchange, and encapsulation. SR and GGBS can be used to immobilize the HMs (such as CrO42- and AsO43-), which are mainly affected by AFt and AFm. For those not affected by AFt and AFm but related to immobilization by precipitating (such as Mn2+), other wastes except SR and GGBS are suitable for treating contaminated soil. Nevertheless, the formation of AFt is also instrumental for soil product strength. There are several factors affecting soil product strength. In the future, the influence of different hydration products on the S/S effects, competitive adsorption of HM ions, effects on long-term HM stabilization, and novel materials are worth being explored by researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Chen
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502 , Japan.
| | - Kimihito Nakamura
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502 , Japan.
| | - Takehide Hama
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502 , Japan.
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Fu H, Li X, Dai G, Bai M, Sheng W, Zhang X, Liu J, Wang L. Performance of oxalate-doped hydroxyapatite as well as relative contribution of oxalate and phosphate for aqueous lead removal. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159596. [PMID: 36280073 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
An oxalate-doped hydroxyapatite (O-HAP) was hydrothermally synthesized for aqueous lead (Pb) removal based on the solubility-limiting ability of oxalate and phosphate over pH range 4-9. Free Pb2+ activities in oxalate and/or phosphate systems were controlled by oxalate to form soluble ion pairs Pb-Ox (aq) and Pb-Ox22- at pH 4-7 while in preference to persist as PbHPO4 (aq) when pH ≥ 8. Both phosphate and oxalate exhibited excellent efficiency in reducing Pb solubility, causing over 99 % of Pb precipitated from solution following oxalate < oxalate-phosphate < phosphate. The Visual MINTEQ model overestimated dissolved Pb and free Pb2+ in nearly all of the reaction systems due to the ill-defined stability constants and solubility products for Pb ion-pair formation. The addition of phosphate acting as a buffer in Pb-oxalate systems tended to lessen the spontaneous pH shifts within 24 h to equilibrate proton release from Pb precipitation and hydrolysis, indicating lower solubility products and faster kinetics of Pb-phosphate mineral formation. The TEM-EDS, FTIR and XRD identified a block-shaped Pb-oxalate mineral phase as the only precipitate at acidic pH while substituted by phosphate to form rod-shaped Pb5(PO4)3OH and Pb3(PO4)2 precipitates as pH increased. The optimum hydrothermal conditions of O-HAP were 433 K, pH 9 and P/Ox doping ratio of 0.5 for 24 h. Batch experiments revealed the endothermic process of O-HAP toward Pb with the maximum adsorption capacity reaching 2333 mg/g at a pH of 7, reaction time of 12 h, initial Pb concentration of 600 mg/L and temperature of 308 K, which were best fitted with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm. The synergetic mechanisms of O-HAP for Pb removal involved dissolution-precipitation, adsorption and ion exchange. This study provides an insight in developing effective remediation strategies for heavy metal contamination by interacting between low-molecular-weight organic acids and secondary mineral phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojie Fu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-chemical Engineering, Taishan Scholar Advantage and Characteristic Discipline Team of Eco-chemical Process and Technology, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China; College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Xinxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco-chemical Engineering, Taishan Scholar Advantage and Characteristic Discipline Team of Eco-chemical Process and Technology, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China; College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China.
| | - Guoqing Dai
- Key Laboratory of Eco-chemical Engineering, Taishan Scholar Advantage and Characteristic Discipline Team of Eco-chemical Process and Technology, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China; College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Maojuan Bai
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
| | - Wei Sheng
- China Railway Construction Bridge Engineering Bureau Group Co., Ltd, Zhaoyuan 265400, PR China
| | - Xu Zhang
- School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, PR China
| | - Juan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-chemical Engineering, Taishan Scholar Advantage and Characteristic Discipline Team of Eco-chemical Process and Technology, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China; College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China.
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-chemical Engineering, Taishan Scholar Advantage and Characteristic Discipline Team of Eco-chemical Process and Technology, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China; College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, PR China
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Lal A, Fronczyk J. Does Current Knowledge Give a Variety of Possibilities for the Stabilization/Solidification of Soil Contaminated with Heavy Metals?-A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8491. [PMID: 36499986 PMCID: PMC9736232 DOI: 10.3390/ma15238491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Stabilization/solidification of contaminated soil is a process that allows simultaneous strengthening of the soil structure, disposal of contamination and recycling of industrial waste, implemented as substitutes for Portland cement or additives to improve the properties of the final product obtained. Extremely intensive development of studies pertaining to the S/S process prompted the authors to systematize the binders used and the corresponding methods of binding the contamination, and to perform an analysis of the effectiveness expressed in geomechanical properties and leachability. The study pays close attention to the types of additives and binders of waste origin, as well as the ecological and economic benefits of their use. The methods of preparing and caring for the specimens were reviewed, in addition to the methods of testing the effectiveness of the S/S process, including the influence of aging factors on long-term properties. The results of the analyses carried out are presented in the form of diagrams and charts, facilitating individual evaluation of the various solutions for the stabilization/solidification of soils contaminated with heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Lal
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Lublin University of Technology, 40 Nadbystrzycka Str., 20-618 Lublin, Poland
| | - Joanna Fronczyk
- Institute of Civil Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 166 Nowoursynowska Str., 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
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Huang N, Gao K, Yang W, Pang H, Yang G, Wu J, Zhang S, Chen C, Long L. Assessing sediment organic pollution via machine learning models and resource performance. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 361:127710. [PMID: 35905877 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Due to the potential ecological risks of organic pollution in sediments, aquatic ecosystems are currently facing substantial environmental threats. Assessing and controlling sediment pollution has become a huge challenge. Therefore, this study proposes a novel strategy for predicting organic pollution indicators for sediment, as well as an effective resource-utilization method. Contaminated sediments were converted into catalysts for sulfate radical advanced oxidation technologies by a one-step calcination method. The results revealed that the catalyst excelled in activating peroxymonosulfate to degrade tetracycline via a non-radical pathway. Most importantly, a predictive model of organic pollution indicators was established by machine learning. This study provides a novel approach for resource utilization and a strategy for assessing organic pollution in sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Huang
- Institute of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Kai Gao
- School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Weiming Yang
- Institute of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Han Pang
- Institute of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Gang Yang
- Institute of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Institute of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Shirong Zhang
- Institute of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Institute of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Lulu Long
- Institute of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan 611130, China.
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Duan Z, Yan X, Sun Q, Tan X, Chen X. New models for calculating the electrical resistivity of loess affected by moisture content and NaCl concentration. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:17280-17294. [PMID: 34664169 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16971-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Saline loess is an important cause of environmental geo-issues in northwest China. In this research, electrical resistivity of loess with different moisture contents and NaCl concentrations was measured at three test frequencies. Results indicates the plastic limit (16%) and around 2% NaCl concentration are the critical content affecting the variation of loess electrical resistivity. The variation and conductivity for conductive paths are affected by moisture content and NaCl concentration respectively. Combined with three-phase composition and diffuse double-layer structure, new models that consider the effect of moisture content and NaCl concentration indicate good applicability in the validation datasets from different types of soil. A new model was verified by comparison between previous studies and experimental results. This research provides (i) theoretical support for the calibration of large-scale electrical field surveys and the observation of saline loess and (ii) a valuable reference for the prevention of environmental geo-crisis and the utilization of soil resources in northwestern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Duan
- College of Geology and Environment, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an , 710054, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Geological Support for Coal Green Exploitation, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Xusheng Yan
- College of Geology and Environment, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an , 710054, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Geological Support for Coal Green Exploitation, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- College of Geology and Environment, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an , 710054, China.
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Geological Support for Coal Green Exploitation, Xi'an, 710054, China.
| | - Xuan Tan
- College of Geology and Environment, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an , 710054, China
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Geological Support for Coal Green Exploitation, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- IRSM-CAS/HK PolyU Joint Laboratory On Solid Waste Science, Wuhan, 430071, China
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Abstract
Combustion in fluidised bed boilers is one of the most commonly used methods of treatment of municipal sewage sludge. Fly ash (FA) and air pollution control (APC) residues are the solid by-products generated by flue gas treatment. There are significant differences in the chemical composition of these wastes. FA is composed of mainly SiO2, P2O5, CaO and metals such as Zn, Ti, Cu, Cr, Pb and Ni. APC residues mainly contain SO3 and Na2O. The leachability tests that were carried out indicate that these wastes display very low leachability of heavy metals (for example leachability of Pb was equal 0.0004 mg·dm−3 in both wastes, leachability of Cd was equal 0.0012 mg·dm−3 in FA an 0.00004 mg·dm−3 in APC). On the other hand, very high sulphate concentrations (49,375 mg·dm−3) were found in water extract for the APC residues. In order to determine the toxicity of these wastes for plants, pot experiments with different additions of waste to the soil were carried out (on Lepidium sativum and Sinapis alba). Tests based on seeds germinations (on Lepidium sativum) in water extracts from waste (in different concentrations) were also performed. The results obtained indicate the very high toxicity of APC residues. Complete inhibition of germination and growth of the test plants was found for all concentrations of the tested waste in water extract and for all additions of waste to the soil in pot experiments. Seed germination tests on water extracts from FA did not show any toxicity of this waste. Pot tests with FA showed their toxicity only with a high (30%) addition in soil.
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