1
|
Yang G, Liu J, Yang Q, Gu W. Toxicity of soil leaching liquor from coking plant in developmental zebrafish embryos/larvae model. J Appl Toxicol 2024. [PMID: 39164216 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
The coking industry in China is the largest coke supplier in the world. Contaminated soil in industrial areas poses a serious threat to human and ecosystems. Most of the studies investigated the toxicity of soil from coking plant on soil microorganisms, while the toxic effects of soil leaching liquor on aquatics are limited. In this study, the composition of soil leaching liquor from a coking plant in Taiyuan (TY) was analyzed, and the developmental toxicity on zebrafish was evaluated. The results showed that a total of 91 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were detected in the leaching liquor, followed by phenols and benzene series. The leaching liquor induced developmental impairment in zebrafish larvae, including delayed incubation, deficits in locomotor behavior, vascular and cardiac dysplasia, and impaired neurodevelopment. The results of metabolomics analysis showed that TY soil leaching liquor induced significant metabolic profile disturbances in zebrafish embryos/larvae. The developmental toxicity of the leaching liquor metabolic disorders may be associated with the leaching liquor-induced abnormalities in zebrafish embryonic development. Metabolic pathways were identified by arginine and proline metabolism, phosphotransferase system, starch and sucrose metabolism, steroid biosynthesis, beta-alanine metabolism, and nucleotide metabolism pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangchao Yang
- Research and Development Center for Watershed Environmental Eco-Engineering, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Jining Liu
- Research and Development Center for Watershed Environmental Eco-Engineering, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Qian Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Key Laboratory of Grains and Oils Quality Control and Processing, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen Gu
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
di Domenico K, Lacchetti I, Cafiero G, Mancini A, Carere M, Mancini L. Reviewing the use of zebrafish for the detection of neurotoxicity induced by chemical mixtures through the analysis of behaviour. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 359:142246. [PMID: 38710414 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
The knowledge and assessment of mixtures of chemical pollutants in the aquatic environment is a complex issue that is often challenging to address. In this review, we focused on the use of zebrafish (Danio rerio), a vertebrate widely used in biomedical research, as a model for detecting the effects of chemical mixtures with a focus on behaviour. Our aim was to summarize the current status of the ecotoxicological research in this sector. Specifically, we limited our research to the period between January 2012 and September 2023, including only those works aimed at detecting neurotoxicity through behavioural endpoints, utilizing zebrafish at one or more developmental stages, from egg to adult. Additionally, we gathered the findings for every group of chemicals involved and summarised data from all the works we included. At the end of the screening process 101 papers were considered eligible for inclusion. Results show a growing interest in zebrafish at all life stages for this kind of research in the last decade. Also, a wide variety of different assays, involving different senses, was used in the works we surveyed, with exposures ranging from acute to chronic. In conclusion, the results of this study show the versatility of zebrafish as a model for the detection of mixture toxicity although, for what concerns behavioural analysis, the lack of standardisation of methods and endpoints might still be limiting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin di Domenico
- Ecohealth Unit, Environment and Health Department, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Ines Lacchetti
- Ecohealth Unit, Environment and Health Department, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Cafiero
- Environmental Risk Assessment, Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Aurora Mancini
- Ecohealth Unit, Environment and Health Department, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Carere
- Ecohealth Unit, Environment and Health Department, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Mancini
- Ecohealth Unit, Environment and Health Department, Italian National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Markert N, Schürings C, Feld CK. Water Framework Directive micropollutant monitoring mirrors catchment land use: Importance of agricultural and urban sources revealed. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 917:170583. [PMID: 38309347 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
River monitoring programs worldwide consistently unveil micropollutant concentrations (pesticide, pharmaceuticals, and industrial chemicals) exceeding regulatory quality targets with deteriorating effects on aquatic communities. However, both the composition and individual concentrations of micropollutants are likely to vary with the catchment land use, in particular regarding urban and agricultural area as the primary sources of micropollutants. In this study, we used a dataset of 109 governmental monitoring sites with micropollutants monitored across the Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, to investigate the relationship between high-resolution catchment land use (distinguishing urban, forested and grassland area as well as 22 different agricultural crop types) and 39 micropollutants using Linear Mixed Models (LMMs). Ecotoxicological risks were indicated for mixtures of pharmaceutical and industrial chemicals for 100 % and for pesticides for 55 % of the sites. The proportion of urban area in the catchment was positively related with concentrations of most pharmaceuticals and industrial chemicals (R2 up to 0.54), whereas the proportions of grassland and forested areas generally showed negative relations. Cropland overall showed weak positive relationships with micropollutant concentrations (R2 up to 0.29). Individual crop types, particularly vegetables and permanent crops, showed higher relations (R2 up to 0.46). The findings suggest that crop type-specific pesticide applications are mirrored in the detected micropollutant concentrations. This highlights the need for high-resolution spatial land use to investigate the magnitude and dynamics of micropollutant exposure and relevant pollution sources, which would remain undetected with highly aggregated land use classifications. Moreover, the findings imply the need for tailored management measures to reduce micropollutant concentrations from different sources and their related ecological effects. Urban point sources, could be managed by advanced wastewater treatment. The reduction of diffuse pollution from agricultural land uses requires additional measures, to prevent pesticides from entering the environment and exceeding regulatory quality targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nele Markert
- University Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Biology, Aquatic Ecology, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany; North Rhine-Westphalia Office of Nature, Environment and Consumer Protection (LANUV NRW), 40208 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian Schürings
- University Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Biology, Aquatic Ecology, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany.
| | - Christian K Feld
- University Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Biology, Aquatic Ecology, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany; University Duisburg-Essen, Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sures B, Nachev M, Schwelm J, Grabner D, Selbach C. Environmental parasitology: stressor effects on aquatic parasites. Trends Parasitol 2023; 39:461-474. [PMID: 37061443 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic stressors are causing fundamental changes in aquatic habitats and to the organisms inhabiting these ecosystems. Yet, we are still far from understanding the diverse responses of parasites and their hosts to these environmental stressors and predicting how these stressors will affect host-parasite communities. Here, we provide an overview of the impacts of major stressors affecting aquatic ecosystems in the Anthropocene (habitat alteration, global warming, and pollution) and highlight their consequences for aquatic parasites at multiple levels of organisation, from the individual to the community level. We provide directions and ideas for future research to better understand responses to stressors in aquatic host-parasite systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Sures
- Aquatic Ecology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Research Center One Health Ruhr, Research Alliance Ruhr, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Milen Nachev
- Aquatic Ecology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jessica Schwelm
- Aquatic Ecology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Research Center One Health Ruhr, Research Alliance Ruhr, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Daniel Grabner
- Aquatic Ecology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Christian Selbach
- Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Freshwater Ecology Group, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Stach TL, Sieber G, Shah M, Simon SA, Soares A, Bornemann TLV, Plewka J, Künkel J, Becker C, Meyer F, Boenigk J, Probst AJ. Temporal disturbance of a model stream ecosystem by high microbial diversity from treated wastewater. Microbiologyopen 2023; 12:e1347. [PMID: 37186231 PMCID: PMC10012233 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial communities in freshwater streams play an essential role in ecosystem functioning via biogeochemical cycling. Yet, the impacts of treated wastewater influx into stream ecosystems on microbial strain diversity remain mostly unexplored. Here, we coupled full-length 16S ribosomal RNA gene Nanopore sequencing and strain-resolved metagenomics to investigate the impact of treated wastewater on a mesocosm system (AquaFlow) run with restored river water. Over 10 days, community Bray-Curtis dissimilarities between treated and control mesocosm decreased (0.57 ± 0.058 to 0.26 ± 0.046) based on ribosomal protein S3 gene clustering, finally converging to nearly identical communities. Similarly, strain-resolved metagenomics revealed a high diversity of bacteria and viruses after the introduction of treated wastewater; these microbes also decreased over time resulting in the same strain clusters in control and treatment at the end of the experiment. Specifically, 39.2% of viral strains detected in all samples were present after the introduction of treated wastewater only. Although bacteria present at low abundance in the treated wastewater introduced additional antibiotic resistance genes, signals of naturally occurring ARG-encoding organisms resembled the resistome at the endpoint. Our results suggest that the previously stressed freshwater stream and its microbial community are resilient to a substantial introduction of treated wastewater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tom L. Stach
- Environmental Metagenomics, Research Center One Health Ruhr of the University Alliance Ruhr, Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Guido Sieber
- Department of BiodiversityUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Manan Shah
- Environmental Metagenomics, Research Center One Health Ruhr of the University Alliance Ruhr, Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
- Department of BiodiversityUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Sophie A. Simon
- Environmental Metagenomics, Research Center One Health Ruhr of the University Alliance Ruhr, Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - André Soares
- Environmental Metagenomics, Research Center One Health Ruhr of the University Alliance Ruhr, Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Till L. V. Bornemann
- Environmental Metagenomics, Research Center One Health Ruhr of the University Alliance Ruhr, Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Julia Plewka
- Environmental Metagenomics, Research Center One Health Ruhr of the University Alliance Ruhr, Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Julian Künkel
- Environmental Metagenomics, Research Center One Health Ruhr of the University Alliance Ruhr, Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | | | - Folker Meyer
- Institute for Artificial IntelligenceUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Jens Boenigk
- Department of BiodiversityUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
- Centre of Water and Environmental Research (ZWU)University of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Alexander J. Probst
- Environmental Metagenomics, Research Center One Health Ruhr of the University Alliance Ruhr, Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
- Centre of Water and Environmental Research (ZWU)University of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Czech B, Krzyszczak A, Boguszewska-Czubara A, Opielak G, Jośko I, Hojamberdiev M. Revealing the toxicity of lopinavir- and ritonavir-containing water and wastewater treated by photo-induced processes to Danio rerio and Allivibrio fischeri. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 824:153967. [PMID: 35182634 PMCID: PMC8849850 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), among many protocols, lopinavir and ritonavir in individual or combined forms with other drugs have been used, causing an increase in the concentration of antiviral drugs in the wastewater and hospital effluents. In conventional wastewater treatment plants, the removal efficiency of various antiviral drugs is estimated to be low (<20%). The high values of predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) for lopinavir and ritonavir (in ng∙L-1) reveal their high chronic toxicity to aquatic organisms. This indicates that lopinavir and ritonavir are current priority antiviral drugs that need to be thoroughly monitored and effectively removed from any water and wastewater samples. In this study, we attempt to explore the impacts of two photo-induced processes (photolysis and photocatalysis) on the toxicity of treated water and wastewater samples containing lopinavir and ritonavir to zebrafish (Danio rerio) and marine bacteria (Allivibrio fischeri). The obtained results reveal that traces of lopinavir in water under photo-induced processes may cause severe problems for Danio rerio, including pericardial edema and shortening of the tail, affecting its behavior, and for Allivibrio fischeri as a result of the oxygen-depleted environment, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Hence, lopinavir must be removed from water and wastewater before being in contact with light. In contrast, the photo-induced processes of ritonavir-containing water and wastewater reduce the toxicity significantly. This shows that even if the physicochemical parameters of water and wastewater are within the standard requirements/limits, the presence of traces of antiviral drugs and their intermediates can affect the survival and behavior of Danio rerio and Allivibrio fischeri. Therefore, the photo-induced processes and additional treatment of water and wastewater containing ritonavir can minimize its toxic effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bożena Czech
- Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin, 3 Maria Curie-Skłodowska Sq., 20-031 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Krzyszczak
- Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin, 3 Maria Curie-Skłodowska Sq., 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Boguszewska-Czubara
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Opielak
- Chair and Department of Human Physiology, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Radziwillowska 11, 20-080 Lublin, Poland
| | - Izabela Jośko
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka Street 15, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | - Mirabbos Hojamberdiev
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rothe LE, Loeffler F, Gerhardt A, Feld CK, Stift R, Weyand M, Grabner D, Sures B. Parasite infection influences the biomarker response and locomotor activity of Gammarus fossarum exposed to conventionally-treated wastewater. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 236:113474. [PMID: 35390685 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Modern wastewater treatment plants cannot completely remove pollutants. Often, effluents entering the aquatic environment still contain micropollutants such as pharmaceuticals or pesticides, which may impose adverse effects on aquatic biota. At the same time, a large proportion of free-living aquatic species are known to be infected with parasites, which raises the question of interactions between environmental stressors (such as micropollutants) and parasite infection. We chose the freshwater amphipod Gammarus fossarum (Koch, 1835) as a test organism to investigate potential pollutant-parasite interactions. This gammarid is frequently used in ecotoxicological tests and is also commonly infected with larvae of the acanthocephalan parasite species Polymorphus minutus (Zeder, 1800) Lühe, 1911. We exposed infected and uninfected specimens of G. fossarum to conventionally-treated wastewater and river water in a 22-day flow channel experiment. The test organisms' response was measured as mortality rates, concentrations or activities of five biomarkers, and overall locomotor activity. No significant differences were found between mortality rates of different exposure conditions. Contrastingly, three biomarkers (phenoloxidase activity, glycogen, and lipid concentrations) showed a significant increase in infected gammarids, while the effect of the water type was insignificant. Infected gammarids also showed a significantly higher locomotor activity in both water types. Our results suggest that the response of G. fossarum during the exposure experiments was mainly driven by parasite infection. This implies that parasites may act as additional biotic stressors in multiple stressor scenarios, and therefore, might play an important role when measuring the response of organisms to chemical stressors. Future ecotoxicological studies and assessments thus should consider parasite infection as an additional test parameter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louisa E Rothe
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, D-45141 Essen, Germany.
| | - Felix Loeffler
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, D-45141 Essen, Germany
| | | | - Christian K Feld
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, D-45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Robin Stift
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, D-45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Weyand
- Ruhrverband, Department of River Basin Management, Kronprinzenstr. 37, D-45128 Essen, Germany
| | - Daniel Grabner
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, D-45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Bernd Sures
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, D-45141 Essen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang C, Yuan Z, Sun Y, Yao X, Li R, Li S. Effect of Chronic Exposure to Textile Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluents on Growth Performance, Oxidative Stress, and Intestinal Microbiota in Adult Zebrafish ( Danio rerio). Front Microbiol 2021; 12:782611. [PMID: 34899664 PMCID: PMC8656261 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.782611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The ever-increasing production and processing of textiles will lead to greater risks of releasing pollutants into the environment. Textile wastewater treatment plants (TWTPs) effluent are an important source of persistent toxic pollutants in receiving water bodies. The effects of specific pollutants on organisms are usually studied under laboratory conditions, and therefore, comprehensive results are not obtained regarding the chronic combined effects of pollutants under aquatic environmental conditions. Thus, this study aimed to determine the combined effects of TWTP effluents on the growth performance, oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and intestinal microbiota of adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). Exposure to TWTP effluents significantly inhibited growth, exacerbated the condition factor, and increased the mortality of adult zebrafish. Moreover, markedly decreases were observed in the activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as CAT, GSH, GSH-Px, MDA, SOD, and T-AOC, mostly in the intestine and muscle tissues of zebrafish after 1 and 4 months of exposure. In addition, the results demonstrated that TWTP effluent exposure affected the intestinal microbial community composition and decreased community diversity. Slight changes were found in the relative abundance of probiotic Lactobacillus, Akkermansia, and Lactococcus in zebrafish guts after chronic TWTP effluent exposure. The chronic toxic effects of slight increases in opportunistic pathogens, such as Mycoplasma, Stenotrophomonas, and Vibrio, deserve further attention. Our results reveal that TWTP effluent exposure poses potential health risks to aquatic organisms through growth inhibition, oxidative stress impairment of the intestine and muscles, and intestinal microbial community alterations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Zixi Yuan
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingxue Sun
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolong Yao
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruixuan Li
- School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuangshuang Li
- College of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| |
Collapse
|