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Jia Y, Huang Y, Ma J, Zhang S, Liu J, Li T, Song L. Toxicity of the disinfectant benzalkonium chloride (C 14) towards cyanobacterium Microcystis results from its impact on the photosynthetic apparatus and cell metabolism. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 135:198-209. [PMID: 37778795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are commonly used in a variety of consumer and commercial products, typically as a component of disinfectants. During the COVID-19 pandemic, QACs became one of the primary agents utilized to inactivate the SARS-CoV-2 virus on surfaces. However, the ecotoxicological effects of QACs upon aquatic organisms have not been fully assessed. In this study, we examined the effects of a widely used QAC (benzalkonium chloride-C14, BAC-14) on two toxigenic Microcystis strains and one non-toxigenic freshwater Microcystis strain and carried out an analysis focused on primary, adaptive and compensatory stress responses at apical (growth and photosynthesis) and metabolic levels. This analysis revealed that the two toxic Microcystis strains were more tolerant than the non-toxic strain, with 96 hr-EC50 values of 0.70, 0.76, and 0.38 mg/L BAC-14 for toxigenic M. aeruginosa FACHB-905, toxigenic M. aeruginosa FACHB-469, and non-toxigenic M. wesenbergii FACHB-908, respectively. The photosynthetic activities of the Microcystis, assessed via Fv/Fm values, were significantly suppressed under 0.4 mg/L BAC-14. Furthermore, this analysis revealed that BAC-14 altered 14, 12, and 8 metabolic pathways in M. aeruginosa FACHB-905, M. aeruginosa FACHB-469, and M. wesenbergii FACHB-908, respectively. It is noteworthy that BAC-14 enhanced the level of extracellular microcystin production in the toxigenic Microcystis strains, although cell growth was not significantly affected. Collectively, these data show that BAC-14 disrupted the physiological and metabolic status of Microcystis cells and stimulated the production and release of microcystin, which could result in damage to aquatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlu Jia
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Yi Huang
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jin Ma
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shangwei Zhang
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Institute of Environment and Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Tianli Li
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Lirong Song
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
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Yu B, Zhang Y, Wu H, Yan W, Meng Y, Hu C, Liu Z, Ding J, Zhang H. Advanced oxidation processes for synchronizing harmful microcystis blooms control with algal metabolites removal: From the laboratory to practical applications. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167650. [PMID: 37806585 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) in freshwater systems have become a global epidemic, leading to a series of problems related to cyanobacterial outbreaks and toxicity. Studies are needed to improve the technology used for the simultaneous removal of harmful cyanobacteria and algal metabolites. In this review, widely reported advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) strategies for removing major species Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa) and microcystins (MCs) were screened through bibliometrics, such as photocatalysis, activated persulfate, H2O2, Ozone oxidation, ultrasonic oxidation, and electrochemical oxidation, etc. AOPs generate kinds of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to inactivate cyanobacteria and degrade cyanotoxins. A series of responses occurs in algal cells to resist the damaging effects of ROS generated by AOPs. Specifically, we reviewed laboratory research, mechanisms, practical applications, and challenges of HABs treatments in AOPs. Problems common to these technologies include the impact of algal response and metabolites, and environmental factors. This information provides guidance for future research on the removal of harmful cyanobacteria and treatment of algal metabolites using AOPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingzhi Yu
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yinan Zhang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huazhen Wu
- Hangzhou Huanke Environmental Consulting Co. LTD, 310010 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wen Yan
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yunjuan Meng
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chao Hu
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, 311121 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhiquan Liu
- School of Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, 310018 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Urban Wetlands and Regional Change, 311121 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiafeng Ding
- School of Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, 310018 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Urban Wetlands and Regional Change, 311121 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Hangjun Zhang
- School of Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, 310018 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Urban Wetlands and Regional Change, 311121 Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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3
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Liao M, Wei S, Zhao J, Wang J, Fan G. Risks of benzalkonium chlorides as emerging contaminants in the environment and possible control strategies from the perspective of ecopharmacovigilance. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 266:115613. [PMID: 37862750 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
An unprecedented increase in the use of disinfection products triggered by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is resulting in aggravating environmental loads of disinfectants as emerging contaminants, which has been considered a cause for worldwide secondary disasters. This review analyzed the literature published in the last decade about occurrence, bioaccumulation, and possible environmental risks of benzalkonium chlorides (BKCs) as emerging contaminants. Results indicated that BKCs globally occurred in municipal wastewater, surface water, groundwater, reclaimed water, sludge, sediment, soil, roof runoff, and residential dust samples across 13 countries. The maximum residual levels of 30 mg/L and 421 μg/g were reported in water and solid environmental samples, respectively. Emerging evidences suggested possible bioaccumulation of BKCs in plants, even perhaps humans. Environmentally relevant concentrations of BKCs exert potential adverse impacts on aquatic and terrestrial species, including genotoxicity, respiratory toxicity, behavioural effects and neurotoxicity, endocrine disruption and reproductive impairment, phytotoxicity, etc. Given the intrinsic biocidal and preservative properties of disinfectants, the inductive effects of residual BKCs in environment in terms of resistance and imbalance of microorganisms have been paid special attention. Considering the similarities of disinfectants to pharmaceuticals, from the perspective of ecopharmacovigilance (EPV), a well-established strategy for pharmaceutical emerging contaminants, we use the control of BKC pollution as a case, and provide some recommendations for employing the EPV measures to manage environmental risks posed by disinfectant emerging contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengfan Liao
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Songyi Wei
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Jinru Zhao
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China.
| | - Guangquan Fan
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
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Tong Y, Lu P, Zhang W, Liu J, Wang Y, Quan L, Ding A. The shock of benzalkonium chloride on aerobic granular sludge system and its microbiological mechanism. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 895:165010. [PMID: 37353018 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are a kind of biocides and surfactants widely used around the world and wastewater treatment systems were identified as its largest pool. QACs could significantly inhibit microbial activity in biological treatment. Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) is an emerging wastewater biological treatment technology with high efficiency and resistance, but it is still unclear if AGS system could tolerate QACs shock. In this study, a typical QAC (benzalkonium chloride (BACC12)) was selected to investigate its effect on AGS system. Results indicate that BAC could inhibit the pollutants removal performance of AGS system, including COD, NH4+-N and PO43- in the short term and the inhibition ratio had positive correlation with BAC concentration. However, AGS system could gradually adapt to the BAC stress and recover its original performance. BAC shock could destroy AGS structure by decreasing its particle size and finally leading to particle disintegration. Although AGS could secret more EPS to resist the stress, BAC still had significant inhibition on cell activity. Microbial community analysis illustrated that after high BAC concentration shock in short term, Thauera decreased significantly while Flavobacterium became the dominant genus. However, after the performance of AGS system recovered the dominant genus returned to Thauera and relevant denitrifiers Phaeodactylibacter, Nitrosomonas and Pseudofulvimonas also increased. The typical phosphorous removal microorganism Rubrivivax and Leadbetterella also showed the similar trend. The variation of denitrification and phosphorus removal microbial community was consistent with AGS system performance indicating the change of functional microorganism played key role in the AGS response to BAC stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China; Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Peili Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China; Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Wenyu Zhang
- Chongqing Three Gorges Water Service Co., Ltd., Chongqing 400020, China; Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China; Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Yuhai Wang
- Sinopec Chongqing Shale Gas Co., Ltd, Chongqing, 408400, China
| | - Lin Quan
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China; Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China
| | - Aqiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China; Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400045, China.
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5
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Zheng N, Lin X, Huang P, Liu Y, Bartlam M, Wang Y. Tea polyphenols inhibit blooms caused by eukaryotic and prokaryotic algae. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 265:115531. [PMID: 37778238 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
With changes in global climate, blooms are becoming more frequent and difficult to control. Therefore, the selection of algal suppressor agents with effective inhibition and environmental safety is of paramount importance. One of the main treatment strategies is to inhibit the release of harmful algal toxins. Tea polyphenols (TP) are natural products that have been widely used in medicine, the environment, and other fields due to their antibacterial and antioxidant properties. To investigate their potential application in the treatment of algal blooms, TP were applied to three different microalgae. TP exhibited strong inhibitory effects towards all three microalgae. They stimulate the accumulation of ROS in algal cells, leading to lipid peroxidation and subsequent damage to the cell membrane, resulting in the rupture and necrosis of Cyclotella sp. and Chlorella vulgaris cells. Remarkably, it was observed that lower concentrations of TP exhibited the ability to induce apoptosis in M. aeruginosa cells without causing any structural damage. This outcome is particularly significant as it reduces the potential risk of microcystin release resulting from cell rupture. Overall, blooms dominated by different algae can be treated by adjusting the concentration of TP, a new algal suppressor, indicating strong potential treatment applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Nankai International Advanced Research Institute (Shenzhen Futian), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiaowen Lin
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Nankai International Advanced Research Institute (Shenzhen Futian), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Pan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Nankai International Advanced Research Institute (Shenzhen Futian), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Nankai International Advanced Research Institute (Shenzhen Futian), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Mark Bartlam
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai International Advanced Research Institute (Shenzhen Futian), College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Yingying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Nankai International Advanced Research Institute (Shenzhen Futian), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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6
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Ye C, Chen C, Zhang K, Wu X, Cai WF, Feng M, Yu X. Solar/periodate-triggered rapid inactivation of Microcystis aeruginosa by interrupting the Calvin-Benson cycle. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 180:108204. [PMID: 37776621 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Frequent outbreak of cyanobacteria is a serious problem for drinking water treatment. The microcystins released from Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa) could cause irreversible damage to human health. Catalyst-free solar/periodate (PI) system has recently presented great potential for bacterial inactivation, whereas the application potential and underlying mechanisms of the effective M. aeruginosa control remain unclear. Our work delineated the key role of ROS that inactivating/harmless disposing M. aeruginosa in the simulated sunlight (SSL)/PI system. Singlet oxygen may specifically cause DNA damage but maintain membrane integrity, preventing the risk of microcystins leakage. The SSL/PI 300 μM system could also effectively inhibit M. aeruginosa recovery for >7 days and completely degrade microcystin-LR (50.0 μg/L) within 30 min. Non-targeted metabolomic analysis suggested that the SSL/PI system inactivated M. aeruginosa mainly by interrupting the Calvin-Benson cycle, which damaged the metabolic flux of glycolysis and its downstream pathways such as the oxidative PPP pathway and glutathione metabolism. Furthermore, the activated PI system exhibited an even better algal inhibition under natural sunlight irradiation, evidenced by the seriously damaged cell membrane of M. aeruginosa. Overall, this study reported the comprehensive mechanisms of algal control and application potentials of solar/PI systems. The findings facilitated the development of emerging algicidal technology and its application in controlling environmental harmful algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengsong Ye
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Chenlan Chen
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Kaiting Zhang
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xu Wu
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Wei-Feng Cai
- Xiamen Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Fujian 361103. China
| | - Mingbao Feng
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xin Yu
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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7
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Yu J, Zhu H, Wang H, Shutes B, Niu T. Effect of butachlor on Microcystis aeruginosa: Cellular and molecular mechanisms of toxicity. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 449:131042. [PMID: 36827725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of agriculture increases the release of butachlor into aquatic environments. As a dominant species causing cyanobacterial blooms, Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa) can produce microcystin and poses threats to aquatic ecosystems and human health. However, the impact of butachlor on M. aeruginosa remains unclarified. Therefore, the physiochemical responses of M. aeruginosa to butachlor were investigated, and the relevant underlying molecular mechanism was highlighted. There were no significant changes (P > 0.05) in the growth and physiology of M. aeruginosa at the low concentrations of butachlor (0-0.1 mg/L), which evidenced a high level of butachlor tolerance in Microcystis aeruginosa. For the high concentrations of butachlor (4-30 mg/L), the inhibition of photosynthetic activity, disruption of cell ultrastructure, and oxidative stress were dominant toxic effects on M. aeruginosa. Additionally, the impaired cellular integrity and lipid peroxidation may be attributed to the substantial elevations of extracellular microcystin-LR concentration. Downregulation of genes associated with photosynthesis, energy metabolism, and oxidative stress was inferred to be responsible for the growth suppression of M. aeruginosa in 30 mg/L butachlor treatment. The upregulation of gene sets involved in nitrogen metabolism may illustrate the specific effort to sustain the steady concentration of intracellular microcystin-LR. These findings dissect the response mechanism of M. aeruginosa to butachlor toxicity and provide valuable reference for the evaluation of potential risk caused by butachlor in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China; School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China; State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China.
| | - Heli Wang
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215009, China
| | - Brian Shutes
- Department of Natural Sciences, Middlesex University, Hendon, London NW4 4BT, UK
| | - Tingting Niu
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
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8
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Yang R, Zhou S, Zhang L, Qin C. Pronounced temporal changes in soil microbial community and nitrogen transformation caused by benzalkonium chloride. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 126:827-835. [PMID: 36503808 PMCID: PMC9553405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
As one typical cationic disinfectant, quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) were approved for surface disinfection in the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and then unintentionally or intentionally released into the surrounding environment. Concerningly, it is still unclear how the soil microbial community succession happens and the nitrogen (N) cycling processes alter when exposed to QACs. In this study, one common QAC (benzalkonium chloride (BAC) was selected as the target contaminant, and its effects on the temporal changes in soil microbial community structure and nitrogen transformation processes were determined by qPCR and 16S rRNA sequencing-based methods. The results showed that the aerobic microbial degradation of BAC in the two different soils followed first-order kinetics with a half-life (4.92 vs. 17.33 days) highly dependent on the properties of the soil. BAC activated the abundance of N fixation gene (nifH) and nitrification genes (AOA and AOB) in the soil and inhibited that of denitrification gene (narG). BAC exposure resulted in the decrease of the alpha diversity of soil microbial community and the enrichment of Crenarchaeota and Proteobacteria. This study demonstrates that BAC degradation is accompanied by changes in soil microbial community structure and N transformation capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Shaohong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Lilan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China.
| | - Cunli Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
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9
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Sanmartín P, Bosch-Roig P, Pangallo D, Kraková L, Serrano M. Unraveling disparate roles of organisms, from plants to bacteria, and viruses on built cultural heritage. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:2027-2037. [PMID: 36820899 PMCID: PMC9947938 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12423-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The different organisms, ranging from plants to bacteria, and viruses that dwell on built cultural heritage can be passive or active participants in conservation processes. For the active participants, particular attention is generally given to organisms that play a positive role in bioprotection, bioprecipitation, bioconsolidation, bioremediation, biocleaning, and biological control and to those involved in providing ecosystem services, such as reducing temperature, pollution, and noise in urban areas. The organisms can also evolve or mutate in response to changes, becoming tolerant and resistant to biocidal treatments or acquiring certain capacities, such as water repellency or resistance to ultraviolet radiation. Our understanding of the capacities and roles of these active organisms is constantly evolving as bioprotection/biodeterioration, and biotreatment studies are conducted and new techniques for characterizing species are developed. This brief review article aims to shed light on interesting research that has been abandoned as well as on recent (some ongoing) studies opening up new scopes of research involving a wide variety of organisms and viruses, which are likely to receive more attention in the coming years. KEY POINTS: • Organisms and viruses can be active or passive players in heritage conservation • Biotreatment and ecosystem service studies involving organisms and viruses are shown • Green deal, health, ecosystem services, and global change may shape future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Sanmartín
- grid.11794.3a0000000109410645GEMAP (GI-1243), Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- grid.11794.3a0000000109410645CRETUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Pilar Bosch-Roig
- grid.157927.f0000 0004 1770 5832Instituto Universitario de Restauración del Patrimonio, Dpto. Conservación y Restauración del Patrimonio, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Domenico Pangallo
- grid.419303.c0000 0001 2180 9405Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Caravella, s.r.o., Tupolevova 2, 851 01 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Kraková
- grid.419303.c0000 0001 2180 9405Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Miguel Serrano
- grid.11794.3a0000000109410645Department of Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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10
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Wang J, Li L, Chi B, Shan J, Yi X, Liu Y, Zhou H. Metagenomic insights into the effects of benzyl dodecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide (BDAB) shock on bacteria-driven nitrogen removal in a moving-bed biofilm reactor (MBBR). CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 320:138098. [PMID: 36764616 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The use of disinfectants made from quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) has greatly increased since the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2. However, the effect of QACs on wastewater treatment performance is still unclear. In this study, a commonly used QAC, i.e., benzyl dodecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide (BDAB), was added to a moving-bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) to investigate BDAB's effect on nutrient removal. When the BDAB concentration was increased to 50 mg L-1, the ammonia removal efficiency (ARE) greatly decreased, as did the nitrate production rate constants (NPR). This inhibition was partly recovered by decreasing the BDAB concentration to 30 mg L-1. Metagenomic sequencing revealed the functional genera present during different stages of the control (Rc) and BDAB-added reactors (Re). The enriched genera (Rudaea, Nitrosospira, Sphingomonas, and Rhodanobacter) in Rc mainly related to the nitrogen metabolism, while the enriched genera in Re was BDAB-concentration dependent. Functional genes analysis suggested that a lack of ammonia oxidase-encoding genes (amoABC) may have caused a decrease in ARE in Re, while the efflux pump-encoding genes emrE, mdfA, and oprM and a gene encoding BAC oxygenase (oxyBAC) were responsible for BDAB resistance. The increase in the total abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in Re revealed a potential risk arising from BDAB. Overall, this study revealed the potential effect and ecological risks of BDAB introduction in WWTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Ocean Science and Technology, Panjin Campus, Dalian University of Technology, China
| | - Ling Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Ocean Science and Technology, Panjin Campus, Dalian University of Technology, China
| | - Baihui Chi
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Ocean Science and Technology, Panjin Campus, Dalian University of Technology, China
| | - Jiajia Shan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Ocean Science and Technology, Panjin Campus, Dalian University of Technology, China
| | - Xianliang Yi
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Ocean Science and Technology, Panjin Campus, Dalian University of Technology, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Ocean Science and Technology, Panjin Campus, Dalian University of Technology, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Ocean Science and Technology, Panjin Campus, Dalian University of Technology, China.
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11
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Mohapatra S, Yutao L, Goh SG, Ng C, Luhua Y, Tran NH, Gin KYH. Quaternary ammonium compounds of emerging concern: Classification, occurrence, fate, toxicity and antimicrobial resistance. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 445:130393. [PMID: 36455328 PMCID: PMC9663149 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Amplified hygiene and precautionary measures are of utmost importance to control the spread of COVID-19 and future infection; however, these changes in practice are projected to trigger a rise in the purchase, utilisation and hence, discharge of many disinfectants into the environment. While alcohol-based, hydrogen peroxide-based, and chlorine-based compounds have been used widely, quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) based disinfectants are of significant concern due to their overuse during this pandemic. This review presents the classification of disinfectants and their mechanism of action, focusing on QACs. Most importantly, the occurrence, fate, toxicity and antimicrobial resistance due to QACs are covered in this paper. Here we collated evidence from multiple studies and found rising trends of concern, including an increase in the mass load of QACs at a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) by 331% compared to before the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as an increases in the concentration of 62% in residential dust, resulting in high concentrations of QACs in human blood and breast milk and suggesting that these could be potential sources of persistent QACs in infants. In addition to increased toxicity to human and aquatic life, increased use of QACs and accelerated use of antibiotics and antimicrobials during the COVID-19 pandemic could multiply the threat to antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeeb Mohapatra
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Energy and Environmental Sustainability for Megacities (E2S2) Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 Create Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Lin Yutao
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Shin Giek Goh
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Energy and Environmental Sustainability for Megacities (E2S2) Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 Create Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Charmaine Ng
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Energy and Environmental Sustainability for Megacities (E2S2) Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 Create Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - You Luhua
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Energy and Environmental Sustainability for Megacities (E2S2) Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 Create Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Ngoc Han Tran
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Energy and Environmental Sustainability for Megacities (E2S2) Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 Create Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Karina Yew-Hoong Gin
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore; Energy and Environmental Sustainability for Megacities (E2S2) Phase II, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 1 Create Way, Singapore 138602, Singapore; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore.
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12
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Zhang X, Yang X, Huang Y, Hu J, Wu D, Yang N, Wang H. 2-Hydroxychalcone as a Novel Natural Photosynthesis Inhibitor against Bloom-Forming Cyanobacteria. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:15069-15079. [PMID: 36444958 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The control of harmful cyanobacterial blooms has been becoming a global challenge. The development of eco-friendly algicides with strong specificity is urgently needed. The photosynthetic apparatus is a promising target site for algicides to minimize the possible harmful effects on animals and humans. In this study, biologically derived 2-hydroxychalcone efficiently inhibited the growth of bloom-forming M. aeruginosa by selectively interfering with photosynthesis. 2-Hydroxychalcone targeting Photosystem II (PSII) inhibited electron transfer between the primary and secondary electron acceptors (QA and QB) and the binding of plastoquinone (PQ) molecules to the QB binding pocket at the acceptor side of PSII, as revealed by polyphasic chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence induction and QA- reoxidation kinetics. Molecular docking for 2-hydroxychalcone to D1 protein and the proteomic responses of M. aeruginosa suggested that 2-hydroxychalcone formed a stable monodentate ligand with the nonheme iron in D1 protein, provoking significant modulation of PSII proteins. The unique binding mode of 2-hydroxychalcone with PSII differentiated it from classical PSII inhibitors. Furthermore, 2-hydroxychalcone down-regulated the expression of microcystin (MC) synthesis-related genes to restrain MC synthesis and release. These results indicated the potential application of 2-hydroxychalcone as an algicide or a template scaffold for designing novel derivatives with superior algicidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, Hubei430074, China
| | - Xu Yang
- College of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, Hubei430074, China
| | - Yichen Huang
- College of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, Hubei430074, China
| | - Jinlu Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi710072, China
| | - Diao Wu
- College of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, Hubei430074, China
| | - Niu Yang
- College of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, Hubei430074, China
| | - Haiying Wang
- College of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, Hubei430074, China
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13
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Nowak-Lange M, Niedziałkowska K, Lisowska K. Cosmetic Preservatives: Hazardous Micropollutants in Need of Greater Attention? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214495. [PMID: 36430973 PMCID: PMC9692320 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, personal care products (PCPs) have surfaced as a novel class of pollutants due to their release into wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and receiving environments by sewage effluent and biosolid-augmentation soil, which poses potential risks to non-target organisms. Among PCPs, there are preservatives that are added to cosmetics for protection against microbial spoilage. This paper presents a review of the occurrence in different environmental matrices, toxicological effects, and mechanisms of microbial degradation of four selected preservatives (triclocarban, chloroxylenol, methylisothiazolinone, and benzalkonium chloride). Due to the insufficient removal from WWTPs, cosmetic preservatives have been widely detected in aquatic environments and sewage sludge at concentrations mainly below tens of µg L-1. These compounds are toxic to aquatic organisms, such as fish, algae, daphnids, and rotifers, as well as terrestrial organisms. A summary of the mechanisms of preservative biodegradation by micro-organisms and analysis of emerging intermediates is also provided. Formed metabolites are often characterized by lower toxicity compared to the parent compounds. Further studies are needed for an evaluation of environmental concentrations of preservatives in diverse matrices and toxicity to more species of aquatic and terrestrial organisms, and for an understanding of the mechanisms of microbial degradation. The research should focus on chloroxylenol and methylisothiazolinone because these compounds are the least understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Nowak-Lange
- Correspondence: (M.N.-L.); (K.L.); Tel.: +48-42635-45-00 (M.N.-L.); +48-42635-44-68 (K.L.)
| | | | - Katarzyna Lisowska
- Correspondence: (M.N.-L.); (K.L.); Tel.: +48-42635-45-00 (M.N.-L.); +48-42635-44-68 (K.L.)
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14
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Yu J, Zhu H, Shutes B, Wang X. Salt-alkalization may potentially promote Microcystis aeruginosa blooms and the production of microcystin-LR. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 301:118971. [PMID: 35167928 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The development of saline-alkali lands has contributed to the increasing discharge of alkaline salt-laden wastewater, which poses a threat to aquatic organisms. However, the comprehensive effect of alkaline salt on Microcystis aeruginosa, a harmful cyanobacterium, remains unclear. In this study, the growth, physiology, cell ultrastructure and production of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) in Microcystis aeruginosa exposed to four levels of alkaline salt stress were evaluated. The growth of Microcystis aeruginosa was stimulated at an electrical conductivity (EC) of 2.5 mS/cm compared to the control, as supported by the increased cell density, photosynthetic pigment and protein contents. Microcystis aeruginosa could tolerate a certain level of alkaline salt (i.e., EC of 5 mS/cm) via increasing photosynthetic pigment contents to protect cells from alkaline salt stress, but the antioxidant defence system and cell ultrastructure were not affected. When EC increased to 7.5 mS/cm, alkaline salt caused oxidative stress and toxicity in Microcystis aeruginosa, as evidenced by analysis of the integrated biomarker response (IBR). Furthermore, the photosynthetic pigment and protein contents decreased, and cell apoptosis associated with ultrastructural changes was observed. Therefore, we propose that EC of 7.5 mS/cm is a threshold for growth of Microcystis aeruginosa. Additionally, the intracellular MC-LR content was stimulated by alkaline salt, and the highest value was observed at EC of 2.5 mS/cm. The extracellular MC-LR content increased with the increasing alkaline salt concentration. When EC was 7.5 mS/cm, the extracellular MC-LR content was significantly higher than in the control and was associated with the upregulated mcyH gene. This study recommends that more attention should be paid to the risk of Microcystis aeruginosa bloom and microcystin-LR pollution in lakes located in salinization regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yu
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Center of CWs Design in Cold Region & Beautiful Country Construction, Changchun, 130102, China.
| | - Brian Shutes
- Department of Natural Sciences, Middlesex University, Hendon, London, NW4 4BT, UK
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China; Jilin Provincial Engineering Center of CWs Design in Cold Region & Beautiful Country Construction, Changchun, 130102, China
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15
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Xian X, Li X, Ye C, Wan K, Feng M, Luo C, Yu X. Higher sensitivity to Cu 2+ exposure of Microcystis aeruginosa in late lag phase is beneficial to its control. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 214:118207. [PMID: 35217491 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms are always treated in exponential phase, which demands high dosages of algicides (e.g., CuSO4). Actually, cyanobacterial blooms in late lag phase exhibit low cell-density and specific physiological/biochemical characteristics, implying the possibility of controlling blooms in a more efficient and economical way with CuSO4 treatment if cyanobacterial cells in late lag phase can be treated. In this study, the outbreakof a Microcystis bloom was simulated, and Microcystis samples in late lag and exponential phases were treated with CuSO4. The results showed that M. aeruginosa in late lag phase had a higher ratio of dividing-cells, Fv/Fm and intracellular total organic carbon content (TOC) than that in exponential phase, indicating that its metabolic activity was vigorous. M. aeruginosa in late lag phase could more easily be blocked, since a higher decrease in chlorophyll-a, Fv/Fm and membrane integrity occurred under the same dosages of CuSO4 exposure compared to M. aeruginosa in exponential phase. Meanwhile, microcystin release in late lag phase was less than that in exponential phase. Moreover, higher sensitivity in late lag phase was confirmed at the individual level, as the photosynthesis related genes psaB and rbcL were more down-regulated than those in exponential phase. In general, cyanobacteria in late lag phase exhibited higher sensitivity to CuSO4, indicating that CuSO4 treatments in late lag phase can achieve a higher control efficiency and fewer release of microcystin with low-dosages algicide. Hence, it is a more environmentally friendly strategy to control cyanobacterial blooms than the traditional strategy applied in exponential phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanxuan Xian
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xi Li
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Chengsong Ye
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Kun Wan
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Mingbao Feng
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Chen Luo
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xin Yu
- College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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