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Méndez A, Prieto B, Aguirre I Font JM, Sanmartín P. Better, not more, lighting: Policies in urban areas towards environmentally-sound illumination of historical stone buildings that also halts biological colonization. Sci Total Environ 2024; 906:167560. [PMID: 37797770 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic or Artificial light at night (ALAN) pollution, or more simply light pollution, is an issue of increasing concern to the general public, as well as to scientists and politicians. However, although advances have been made in terms of scientific knowledge, these advances have not been fully transferred to or considered by politicians. In addition, illumination of stone monuments in urban areas is an emerging contribution to ALAN pollution that has scarcely been considered to date. This paper presents a literature review of the topic of light pollution and related policies, including a bibliometric analysis of studies published between 2020 and 2022. The prevailing legislation in Europe regarding the regulation of outdoor lighting, which emphasises the complexity of controlling light pollution, is summarised and the regulation of monumental lighting in Spain is discussed. Findings concerning the impact of ALAN on biodiversity in urban areas, and the promising biostatic effect of ornamental lighting (halting biological colonization on stone monuments, mainly caused by algae and cyanobacteria) are described. Finally, trends in monument illumination and policymaking towards environmentally sustainable management are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anxo Méndez
- GEMAP (GI-1243), Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; CISPAC, Cidade da Cultura, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Beatriz Prieto
- GEMAP (GI-1243), Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; CISPAC, Cidade da Cultura, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Patricia Sanmartín
- GEMAP (GI-1243), Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; CRETUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Sanmartín P, Urzì C, Liu X. Laura Bruno: obituary and tribute. Sci Total Environ 2023; 891:164570. [PMID: 37302214 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Sanmartín
- GEMAP (GI-1243), CRETUS, Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Clara Urzì
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Xiaobo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Metabolic Engineering and Biosynthesis Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
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Sanmartín P, Bosch-Roig P, Pangallo D, Kraková L, Serrano M. Unraveling disparate roles of organisms, from plants to bacteria, and viruses on built cultural heritage. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:2027-2037. [PMID: 36820899 PMCID: PMC9947938 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12423-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The different organisms, ranging from plants to bacteria, and viruses that dwell on built cultural heritage can be passive or active participants in conservation processes. For the active participants, particular attention is generally given to organisms that play a positive role in bioprotection, bioprecipitation, bioconsolidation, bioremediation, biocleaning, and biological control and to those involved in providing ecosystem services, such as reducing temperature, pollution, and noise in urban areas. The organisms can also evolve or mutate in response to changes, becoming tolerant and resistant to biocidal treatments or acquiring certain capacities, such as water repellency or resistance to ultraviolet radiation. Our understanding of the capacities and roles of these active organisms is constantly evolving as bioprotection/biodeterioration, and biotreatment studies are conducted and new techniques for characterizing species are developed. This brief review article aims to shed light on interesting research that has been abandoned as well as on recent (some ongoing) studies opening up new scopes of research involving a wide variety of organisms and viruses, which are likely to receive more attention in the coming years. KEY POINTS: • Organisms and viruses can be active or passive players in heritage conservation • Biotreatment and ecosystem service studies involving organisms and viruses are shown • Green deal, health, ecosystem services, and global change may shape future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Sanmartín
- grid.11794.3a0000000109410645GEMAP (GI-1243), Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- grid.11794.3a0000000109410645CRETUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Pilar Bosch-Roig
- grid.157927.f0000 0004 1770 5832Instituto Universitario de Restauración del Patrimonio, Dpto. Conservación y Restauración del Patrimonio, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Domenico Pangallo
- grid.419303.c0000 0001 2180 9405Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Caravella, s.r.o., Tupolevova 2, 851 01 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Kraková
- grid.419303.c0000 0001 2180 9405Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Miguel Serrano
- grid.11794.3a0000000109410645Department of Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Méndez A, Martín L, Arines J, Carballeira R, Sanmartín P. Attraction of Insects to Ornamental Lighting Used on Cultural Heritage Buildings: A Case Study in an Urban Area. Insects 2022; 13:1153. [PMID: 36555063 PMCID: PMC9783376 DOI: 10.3390/insects13121153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Artificial light at night (ALAN) reduces insect populations by altering their movements, foraging, reproduction, and predation. Although ALAN is mainly associated with streetlights and road networks, the ornamental illumination of monuments is making an increasing (but not well-studied) contribution. We compared insect attraction to two different types of light sources: a metal halide lamp (a type currently used to illuminate monuments) and an environmentally sound prototype lamp (CromaLux) comprising a combination of green and amber LEDs. The experiment was performed within the pilot CromaLux project in Santiago de Compostela (NW Spain). The abundance and diversity of the insects captured between June and October 2021 in the areas surrounding both light sources and in an unlit area were compared. By limiting the light emitted to amber and green, the CromaLux lamps reduced the number and diversity of insects, morphospecies, and orders attracted to the light, with similar numbers captured as in the unilluminated area, while a greater diversity of insects was captured beside the metal halide lamp. This effect has been demonstrated for almost all insect orders trapped, especially in Diptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera, and Hymenoptera. On the contrary, Psocoptera showed a similar attraction to the CromaLux and metal halide lamps, a phenomenon whose causes deserve further investigation. As expected, Diptera were the most diverse and abundant insects in all samples, but the abundance of Lepidoptera was unexpectedly low (4%), which is in line with the worldwide evidence of the progressive decline of populations of this group. The study findings provide evidence that selecting specific wavelengths for ornamental lighting reduces the attraction of insects while maintaining adequate illumination of monuments for aesthetic purposes, resulting in a lower environmental impact on nocturnal insects. This study provides reference data for developing principles of good practices leading to possible regulatory and legal solutions and the incorporation of specific measures for artificial lighting of monuments and urban structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anxo Méndez
- GEMAP (GI-1243), Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Luis Martín
- GEMAP (GI-1243), Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Justo Arines
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Facultade de Óptica e Optometría, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- iMATUS (Instituto de Materiais), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rafael Carballeira
- Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15008 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Patricia Sanmartín
- GEMAP (GI-1243), Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CRETUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Pavlović J, Bosch-Roig P, Rusková M, Planý M, Pangallo D, Sanmartín P. Long-amplicon MinION-based sequencing study in a salt-contaminated twelfth century granite-built chapel. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:4297-4314. [PMID: 35596787 PMCID: PMC9200699 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11961-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The irregular damp dark staining on the stonework of a salt-contaminated twelfth century granite-built chapel is thought to be related to a non-homogeneous distribution of salts and microbial communities. To enhance understanding of the role of microorganisms in the presence of salt and damp stains, we determined the salt content and identified the microbial ecosystem in several paving slabs and inner wall slabs (untreated and previously bio-desalinated) and in the exterior surrounding soil. Soluble salt analysis and culture-dependent approaches combined with archaeal and bacterial 16S rRNA and fungal ITS fragment as well as with the functional genes nirK, dsr, and soxB long-amplicon MinION-based sequencing were performed. State-of-the-art technology was used for microbial identification, providing information about the microbial diversity and phylogenetic groups present and enabling us to gain some insight into the biological cycles occurring in the community key genes involved in the different geomicrobiological cycles. A well-defined relationship between microbial data and soluble salts was identified, suggesting that poorly soluble salts (CaSO4) could fill the pores in the stone and lead to condensation and dissolution of highly soluble salts (Ca(NO3)2 and Mg(NO3)2) in the thin layer of water formed on the stonework. By contrast, no direct relationship between the damp staining and the salt content or related microbiota was established. Further analysis regarding organic matter and recalcitrant elements in the stonework should be carried out. Key points
• Poorly (CaSO4) and highly (Ca(NO3)2, Mg(NO3)2) soluble salts were detected • Halophilic and mineral weathering microorganisms reveal ecological impacts of salts • Microbial communities involved in nitrate and sulfate cycles were detected Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00253-022-11961-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Pavlović
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 845 51, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Pilar Bosch-Roig
- Instituto Universitario de Restauración del Patrimonio, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Magdalena Rusková
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 845 51, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Matej Planý
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 845 51, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Domenico Pangallo
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 845 51, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Caravella, s.r.o., Tupolevova 2, 851 01, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Patricia Sanmartín
- Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. .,CRETUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Sanmartín P, Miller AZ, Prieto B, Viles HA. Revisiting and reanalysing the concept of bioreceptivity 25 years on. Sci Total Environ 2021; 770:145314. [PMID: 33736404 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
2020 marks 25 years since Olivier Guillitte defined the term 'bioreceptivity', to describe the ability of a building material to be colonised by living organisms. Although Guillitte noted in his 1995 paper that several issues required further investigation, to the best of our knowledge the bioreceptivity concept has not been restated, reviewed, reanalysed or updated since then. The present paper provides an opinionated exposition of the status and utility of the bioreceptivity concept for built heritage science and conservation in the light of current knowledge, aimed to stimulate further discussion. A bibliometric analysis highlights the key dimensions of the past 25 years of published research, showing that the term bioreceptivity has been widely used in the field of built cultural heritage. In our reanalysis of the concept, special attention is devoted to the six types of bioreceptivity (primary, secondary, tertiary, intrinsic, extrinsic and semi-extrinsic) articulated by Guillitte in 1995. We propose that field-based studies of bioreceptivity are urgently needed, and that the intrinsic, extrinsic and semi-extrinsic types of bioreceptivity should be dropped, and a new category (quaternary bioreceptivity) added. Additionally, we propose that bioreceptivity in submerged and subsoil environments should also be considered. Bioreceptivity remains an important concept for managing both new build and built heritage, as it provides the key to understanding the drivers and patterns of biological colonisation of building materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sanmartín
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK; Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - A Z Miller
- Laboratório HERCULES, Universidade de Évora, Largo Marquês de Marialva 8, Évora 7000-676, Portugal; IRNAS-CSIC, Av. Reina Mercedes 10, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - B Prieto
- Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - H A Viles
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
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Sanmartín P, Noya-Pintos D, Fuentes E, Pozo-Antonio JS. Cracks in consolidants containing TiO 2 as a habitat for biological colonization: A case of quaternary bioreceptivity. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 2021; 124:112058. [PMID: 33947552 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The recently proposed concept of quaternary bioreceptivity applies to substrates treated with coating materials and it is considered in the present study with the alga Bracteacoccus minor and the cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. onto granite specimens treated with ethyl silicate and nano-sized silica doped with different amounts of TiO2 (0, 0.5, 1 and 3 wt%). The findings showed a lack of correlation between the amount of TiO2 and the level of colonization (main bioreceptivity estimator) to the presence of cracks on the surface, which annul the biocidal power of TiO2. Crack formation, which depends on the mechanical properties, greatly influences the bioreceptivity of the material. Thus, the cracks provided anchor points where water is retained, in turn strongly influencing the early stages of colonization kinetics, to a greater extent than the biocidal power of TiO2, which will probably increase as the biofilm develops over the entire surface. In addition, although the cracks were more abundant and wider in the ethyl silicate-based consolidant, the nano-sized silica provided better anchoring points, making the material treated with the corresponding consolidant more bioreceptive.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sanmartín
- Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - D Noya-Pintos
- Escola Superior de Conservación e Restauración de Bens Culturais de Galicia, 36002 Pontevedra, Spain
| | - E Fuentes
- Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - J S Pozo-Antonio
- CINTECX, GESSMin Group, Departamento de Enxeñaría dos Recursos Naturais e Medio Ambiente, Escola de Enxeñaría de Minas e Enerxía, University of Vigo, Vigo 36310, Spain
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Cattò C, Sanmartín P, Gulotta D, Troiano F, Cappitelli F. Bioremoval of graffiti using novel commercial strains of bacteria. Sci Total Environ 2021; 756:144075. [PMID: 33280882 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have provided evidence that bioremediation deals a novel approach to graffiti removal, thereby overcoming well-known limitations of current cleaning methods. In the present study eight bacteria aerobic, mesophilic and culturable from the American ATCC and the German DSMZ collections of microorganisms, some isolated from car paint waste, colored deposits in a pulp dryer and wastewater from dye works, were tested in the removal of silver and black graffiti spray paints using immersion strategies with glass slides. Absorbance at 600 nm and live/dead assays were performed to estimate bacterial density and activity in all samples. Also, pH and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and inorganic carbon (DIC) measurements in the liquid media were made, as well as, thickness, colorimetric and infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy measurements in graffiti paint layers were used to evaluate the presence of the selected bacteria in the samples and the graffiti bioremoval capacity of bacteria. Data demonstrated that of the eight bacteria studied, Enterobacter aerogenes, Comamonas sp. and a mixture of Bacillus sp., Delftia lacustris, Sphingobacterium caeni, and Ochrobactrum anthropi were the most promising for bioremoval of graffiti. According to significant changes in FTIR spectra, indicating an alteration of the paint polymeric structure, coupled with the presence of a consistent quantity of live bacteria in the medium as well as a significant increase of DIC (a measure of metabolic activity) and a change in paint color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Cattò
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Patricia Sanmartín
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy; Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Davide Gulotta
- Getty Conservation Institute, Science Department, 1200 Getty Center Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90049, USA.
| | - Federica Troiano
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Francesca Cappitelli
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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Pozo-Antonio JS, Sanmartín P, Serrano M, De la Rosa JM, Miller AZ, Sanjurjo-Sánchez J. Impact of wildfire on granite outcrops in archaeological sites surrounded by different types of vegetation. Sci Total Environ 2020; 747:141143. [PMID: 32768769 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The lack of scientific information about the effects of wildfire on prehistoric structures and rock art, such as dolmens and petroglyphs, impedes the development of conservation guidelines. In this study, the impact of a recent wildfire (late 2017) on granite outcrops in the San Salvador de Coruxo archaeological site (Vigo, SW Galicia) was evaluated. Samples of the same type of granite were obtained from three sites characterised by different types of vegetation (natural scrub, native deciduous oak and non-native pine-eucalypt forest) in order to determine how the vegetation influences the fire-caused damage to the rock. Three subsamples were taken from each of the granite samples at depths of 1 cm-3 cm to study how fire affects the rock at depth. In all sites, the temperature reached at the granite surface was below 380 °C. No mineralogical changes due to fire exposure were detected, and no physical changes that could be attributed to the effect of the fire on the fissure system of the granite were identified. However, aesthetic colour changes due to the deposition of organic and charred matter, which even penetrated the fissures, were detected. The existence of lignin-derived compounds, lipids and carbohydrates in the samples from the oakwood site indicates greater resistance to fire effects in this type of vegetation than in the other two types. Although preliminary, these findings suggest that oakwoods could act as protective belts around archaeological sites by reducing the wildfire severity, because of their greater resistance to being burnt, and that they could buffer the damaging effects of fire in natural areas where parietal art is found.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Pozo-Antonio
- Departamento de Enxeñaría de Recursos Naturais e Medioambiente, Escola de Minas, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain; CINTECX, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - P Sanmartín
- Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M Serrano
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Galiza, Spain
| | - J M De la Rosa
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IRNAS-CSIC), Avenida Reina Mercedes 10, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - A Z Miller
- Hercules Laboratory, University of Évora, Largo Marquês de Marialva 8, 7000-809 Évora, Portugal
| | - J Sanjurjo-Sánchez
- Instituto Universitario de Xeoloxía, Universidade da Coruña, Campus de Elviña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
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Sanmartín P, Grove R, Carballeira R, Viles H. Impact of colour on the bioreceptivity of granite to the green alga Apatococcus lobatus: Laboratory and field testing. Sci Total Environ 2020; 745:141179. [PMID: 32758748 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent work has demonstrated that surface colour affects the formation of cyanobacterial subaerial biofilms on polycarbonate coupons and, in turn, influences their bioreceptivity. To explore whether colour is important on other substrates, the influence of colour on the primary bioreceptivity of granite to the terrestrial green alga Apatococcus lobatus (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta) has been assessed. Two granitoids (Grissal and Rosa Porriño) with the same texture, and very similar chemical composition, open porosity and surface roughness, but different coloration related to feldspars (i.e. greyish and reddish) were used to conduct bioreceptivity studies in parallel field and laboratory tests. Light microscopy, colour spectrophotometry, PAM fluorometry, and optical profilometry were used to evaluate colonisation and its impacts. Short-term results (after 7 and 10 weeks of colonisation by a mono-species biofilm) from both lab and field trials, showed significantly more algae growth on reddish granite (Rosa Porriño) than on greyish granite (Grissal). Also, optical profilometry and light microscopy demonstrated that on both granites algal aggregates developed in hollows. We attribute the roughly double levels of A. lobatus growth on reddish vs greyish granite to differences in the amount of radiant energy absorbed and the higher levels of red wavelength light (known to encourage algal growth) reflected from the reddish surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Sanmartín
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK; Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Richard Grove
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Rafael Carballeira
- Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Heather Viles
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
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Pozo-Antonio JS, Noya-Pintos D, Sanmartín P. Moving toward Smart Cities: Evaluation of the Self-Cleaning Properties of Si-Based Consolidants Containing Nanocrystalline TiO 2 Activated by either UV-A or UV-B Radiation. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12112577. [PMID: 33147858 PMCID: PMC7692194 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the self-cleaning ability and durability of Si-based consolidants (an ethyl silicate consolidant and a consolidant based on nanosized silica) spiked with nanocrystalline TiO2 activated by either UV-A radiation (spectral region between 340 and 400 nm, and main peak at 365 nm) or UV-B radiation (spectral region between 270 and 420 nm, and main peak at 310 nm). Granite samples were coated with consolidant, to which nanocrystalline TiO2 was added at different concentrations (0.5, 1, and 3%, by wt.). Diesel soot was then applied to the coated surfaces, and the samples were exposed to UV-A or UV-B radiation for 1650 h. The surface color changes, relative to the color of untreated granite, were determined every 330 h by color spectrophotometry. Slight color changes indicated a recovery of the reference color due to the degradation of the soot. The final surfaces of both the untreated and treated surfaces were compared by stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The main findings were that: (1) In general, the consolidant containing nanosized silica induced the most intense photocatalytic activity. In the more compact xerogel coating formed by the nanosized silica, more TiO2 nanoparticles were available to interact with the radiation. (2) For all consolidant mixtures, soot degradation remained constant or decreased over time, except with ethyl silicate with 0.5 wt % TiO2 (no self-cleaning capacity). (3) Soot degradation increased with the concentration of TiO2. (4) The UV-B radiation was the most effective in terms of soot degradation, except for the surface coated with the ethyl silicate and 3% wt. TiO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Santiago Pozo-Antonio
- Dpto. Enxeñaría dos Recursos Naturais e Medio Ambiente, Escola de Enxeñaría de Minas e Enerxía, Campus As Lagoas-Marcosende, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
- CINTECX, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Daniel Noya-Pintos
- Escola Superior de Conservación e Restauración de Bens Culturais de Galicia, 36002 Pontevedra, Spain;
| | - Patricia Sanmartín
- Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
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Sanmartín P, Gambino M, Fuentes E, Serrano M. A Simple, Reliable, and Inexpensive Solution for Contact Color Measurement in Small Plant Samples. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:s20082348. [PMID: 32326084 PMCID: PMC7219240 DOI: 10.3390/s20082348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Correct color measurement by contact-type color measuring devices requires that the sample surface fully covers the head of the device, so their use on small samples remains a challenge. Here, we propose to use cardboard adaptors on the two aperture masks (3 and 8 mm diameter measuring area) of a broadly used portable spectrophotometer. Adaptors in black and white to reduce the measuring area by 50% and 70% were applied in this study. Representatives of the family Campanulaceae have been used to test the methodology, given the occurrence of small leaves. Our results show that, following colorimetric criteria, the only setting providing indistinguishable colors according to the perception of the human eye is the use of a 50%-reducing adaptor on the 3-mm aperture. In addition, statistical analysis suggests the use of the white adaptor. Our contribution offers a sound measurement technique to gather ecological information from the color of leaves, petals, and other small samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Sanmartín
- Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
- Correspondence: (P.S.); (M.S.); Tel.: +34-8818-14-984 (P.S.); +34-6714-24-983 (M.S.)
| | - Michela Gambino
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Stigbøjlen 4, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark;
| | - Elsa Fuentes
- Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
| | - Miguel Serrano
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Galiza, Spain
- Correspondence: (P.S.); (M.S.); Tel.: +34-8818-14-984 (P.S.); +34-6714-24-983 (M.S.)
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Gambino M, Sanmartín P, Longoni M, Villa F, Mitchell R, Cappitelli F. Surface colour: An overlooked aspect in the study of cyanobacterial biofilm formation. Sci Total Environ 2019; 659:342-353. [PMID: 30599353 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria can grow as biofilms, communities that colonize surfaces and that play a fundamental role in the ecology of many diverse habitats and in the conversion of industrial production to green platforms. Although biofilm growth is known to be significantly affected by several characteristics, the effect of colour surface is an overlooked aspect that has not yet been investigated. In this study, we describe the effect of colour hues (white, red, blue and black) on the growth of cyanobacterial biofilms on air-exposed substrates. We measured growth, architecture, pigment production and levels of ATP and reactive oxygen species in cyanobacterial biofilms formed on different coloured substrates. The study findings demonstrate, for the first time, that the colour of a surface affects biofilm formation at the air-solid interface (with more biomass accumulating on white and red substrates than on blue and black substrates) and also alters the biofilm architecture. In addition, the roles of chromatic adaptation, phototrophic cells and reactive oxygen species as intermediates between colour sensing and biofilm response are discussed. Our results support the importance of colour as a new factor that favours surface colonization by cyanobacteria and its contribution to biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Gambino
- Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione e l'Ambiente (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Patricia Sanmartín
- Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione e l'Ambiente (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy; Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Martina Longoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione e l'Ambiente (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Federica Villa
- Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione e l'Ambiente (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Ralph Mitchell
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 58 Oxford St., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Francesca Cappitelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione e l'Ambiente (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Pozo-Antonio JS, Sanmartín P. Exposure to artificial daylight or UV irradiation (A, B or C) prior to chemical cleaning: an effective combination for removing phototrophs from granite. Biofouling 2018; 34:851-869. [PMID: 30392382 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2018.1512103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated whether exposing samples of granite colonized by a natural biofilm to artificial daylight or UV-A/B/C irradiation for 48 h enhanced removal of the biofilm with a chemical product previously approved for conservation of monuments by the European Biocide Directive. Rodas granite, which is commonly found in stone-built heritage monuments in Galicia (NW Spain), was naturally colonized by a sub-aerial biofilm. The efficacy of the cleaning method was evaluated relative to uncolonized surfaces and colonized control samples without previous irradiation, treated by dry-brushing or with benzalkonium chloride. The effect of UV irradiation in the combined treatment was evident, as comparable cleaning levels were not reached in the controls. Although the biofilm was not totally removed by any of the treatments, UV-B irradiation followed by benzalkonium chloride was potentially useful for cleaning stone, with results comparable to those achieved by UV-C irradiation, which is known to have germicidal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Santiago Pozo-Antonio
- a Departamento de Enxeñaría de Recursos Naturais e Medio Ambiente , Escola de Enxeñaría de Minas e Enerxía, Universidade de Vigo , Vigo , Spain
| | - Patricia Sanmartín
- b Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Farmacia , Universidade de Santiago de Compostela , Santiago de Compostela , Spain
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Prieto B, Vázquez-Nion D, Silva B, Sanmartín P. Shaping colour changes in a biofilm-forming cyanobacterium by modifying the culture conditions. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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16
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Sanmartín P, DeAraujo A, Vasanthakumar A. Melding the Old with the New: Trends in Methods Used to Identify, Monitor, and Control Microorganisms on Cultural Heritage Materials. Microb Ecol 2018; 76:64-80. [PMID: 27117796 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-016-0770-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Microbial activity has an important impact on the maintenance of cultural heritage materials, owing to the key role of microorganisms in many deterioration processes. In order to minimize such deleterious effects, there is a need to fine-tune methods that detect and characterize microorganisms. Trends in microbiology indicate that this need can be met by incorporating modern techniques. All of the methods considered in this review paper are employed in the identification, surveillance, and control of microorganisms, and they have two points in common: They are currently used in microbial ecology (only literature from 2009 to 2015 is included), and they are often applied in the cultural heritage sector. More than 75 peer-reviewed journal articles addressing three different approaches were considered: molecular, sensory and morphological, and biocontrol methods. The goal of this review is to highlight the usefulness of the traditional as well as the modern methods. The general theme in the literature cited suggests using an integrated approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Sanmartín
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 58 Oxford St., Room 301, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Departamento de Edafología y Química Agrícola, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Alice DeAraujo
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 58 Oxford St., Room 301, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Archana Vasanthakumar
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 58 Oxford St., Room 301, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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17
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Sanmartín P, Mitchell R, Cappitelli F. Evaluation of Cleaning Methods for Graffiti Removal. Urban Pollution and Changes to Materials and Building Surfaces 2016. [DOI: 10.1142/9781783268863_0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Sanmartín
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, United States
- Departamento de Edafología y Química Agrícola, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ralph Mitchell
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, United States
| | - Francesca Cappitelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione e l'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
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18
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Sanmartín P, Silva-Sánchez N, Martínez-Cortizas A, Prieto B. Usual and unusual CIELAB color parameters for the study of peat organic matter properties: Tremoal do Pedrido bog (NW Spain). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/605/1/012014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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19
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Sanmartín P, Villa F, Polo A, Silva B, Prieto B, Cappitelli F. Rapid evaluation of three biocide treatments against the cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. PCC 9104 by color changes. ANN MICROBIOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-014-0882-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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20
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Miller AZ, Sanmartín P, Pereira-Pardo L, Dionísio A, Saiz-Jimenez C, Macedo MF, Prieto B. Bioreceptivity of building stones: a review. Sci Total Environ 2012; 426:1-12. [PMID: 22534363 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In 1995, Guillitte defined bioreceptivity, a new term in ecology, as the ability of a material to be colonized by living organisms. Information about the bioreceptivity of stone is of great importance since it will help us to understand the material properties which influence the development of biological colonization in the built environment, and will also provide useful information as regards selecting stones for the conservation of heritage monuments and construction of new buildings. Studies of the bioreceptivity of stone materials are reviewed here with the aim of providing a clear set of conclusions on the topic. Definitions of bioreceptivity are given, stone bioreceptivity experiments are described, and finally the stone properties related to bioreceptivity are discussed. We suggest that a standardized laboratory protocol for evaluating stone bioreceptivity and definition of a stone bioreceptivity index are required to enable creation of a database on the primary bioreceptivity of stone materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Z Miller
- Centro de Petrologia e Geoquímica, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal.
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Giacomucci L, Toja F, Sanmartín P, Toniolo L, Prieto B, Villa F, Cappitelli F. Degradation of nitrocellulose-based paint by Desulfovibrio desulfuricans ATCC 13541. Biodegradation 2012; 23:705-16. [PMID: 22367465 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-012-9546-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Nitrocellulose is one of the most commonly used compounds in ammunition and paint industries and its recalcitrance to degradation has a negative impact on human health and the environment. In this study the capability of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans ATCC 13541 to degrade nitrocellulose as binder in paint was assayed for the first time. Nitrocellulose-based paint degradation was followed by monitoring the variation in nitrate, nitrite and ammonium content in the culture medium using Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy. At the same time cell counts and ATP assay were performed to estimate bacterial density and activity in all samples. Infrared spectroscopy and colorimetric measurements of paint samples were performed to assess chemical and colour changes due to the microbial action. Microscope observations of nitrocellulose-based paint samples demonstrated the capability of the bacterium to adhere to the paint surface and change the paint adhesive characteristics. Finally, preliminary studies of nitrocellulose degradation pathway were conducted by assaying nitrate- and nitrite reductases activity in D. desulfuricans grown in presence or in absence of paint. We found that D. desulfuricans ATCC 13541 is able to transform nitrocellulose as paint binder and we hypothesised ammonification as degradation pathway. The results suggest that D. desulfuricans ATCC 13541 is a good candidate as a nitrocellulose-degrading bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Giacomucci
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Alimentari e Microbiologiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
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22
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Sanmartín P, Vázquez-Nion D, Silva B, Prieto B. Spectrophotometric color measurement for early detection and monitoring of greening on granite buildings. Biofouling 2012; 28:329-338. [PMID: 22452392 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2012.673220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This paper addresses the detection and monitoring of the development of epilithic phototrophic biofilms on the granite façade of an institutional building in Santiago de Compostela (NW Spain), and reports a case study of preventive conservation. The results provide a basis for establishing criteria for the early detection of phototrophic colonization (greening) and for monitoring its development on granite buildings by the use of color changes recorded with a portable spectrophotometer and represented in the CIELAB color space. The results show that parameter b* (associated with changes of yellowness-blueness) provides the earliest indication of colonization and varies most over time, so that it is most important in determining the total color change. The limit of perception of the greening on a granite surface was also established in a psycho-physical experiment, as Δb*: +0.59 CIELAB units that correspond, in the present study, to 6.3 μg of biomass dry weight cm(-2) and (8.43 ± 0.24) × 10(-3) μg of extracted chlorophyll a cm(-2).
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sanmartín
- Departamento Edafología y Química Agrícola, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Sanmartín P, Villa F, Silva B, Cappitelli F, Prieto B. Color measurements as a reliable method for estimating chlorophyll degradation to phaeopigments. Biodegradation 2010; 22:763-71. [PMID: 20714920 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-010-9402-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The application of biocides is a traditional method of controlling biodecay of outdoor cultural heritage. Chlorophyll degradation to phaeopigments is used to test the biocidal efficacy of the antimicrobial agents. In the present study, the usefulness of color measurements in estimating chlorophyll degradation was investigated. An aeroterrestrial stone biofilm-forming cyanobacterium of the genus Nostoc was chosen as test organism, comparing its different behaviour in both planktonic and biofilm mode of growth against the isothiazoline biocide Biotin T®. Changes in A(435 nm)/A(415 nm) and A(665 nm)/A(665a nm) and in the chlorophyll a and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) cell content were compared with the variations in the CIELAB color parameters (L*, a*, b*, C*(ab) and h(ab)). Our findings showed that both the phaeophytination indexes are useful in describing degradation of chlorophyl a to phaeopigments. Moreover, the CIELAB color parameters represented an effective tool in describing chlorophyll degradation. L* CIELAB parameter appeared to be the most informative parameter in describing the biocidal activity of Biotin T® against Nostoc sp. in both planktonic and biofilm mode of growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sanmartín
- Departamento de Edafología y Química Agrícola. Fac. Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Sanmartín P, Aira N, Devesa-Rey R, Silva B, Prieto B. Relationship between color and pigment production in two stone biofilm-forming cyanobacteria (Nostoc sp. PCC 9104 and Nostoc sp. PCC 9025). Biofouling 2010; 26:499-509. [PMID: 20425659 DOI: 10.1080/08927011003774221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have provided evidence that color measurements enable on site quantification of superficial biofilms, thereby avoiding the need for sampling. In the present study, the efficiency of color measurements to evaluate to what extent pigment production is affected by environmental parameters such as light intensity, combined nitrogen and nutrient availability, was tested with two cyanobacteria, Nostoc sp. strains PCC 9104 and PCC 9025, which form biofilms on stone. Both strains were acclimated, in aerated batch cultures for 2 weeks, to three different culture media: BG-11, BG-11(0), and BG-11(0)/10 at either high or low light intensity. The content of chlorophyll a, carotenoids, and phycocyanins was measured throughout the experiment, together with variations in the color of the cyanobacteria, which were represented in the CIELAB color space. The results confirmed that the CIELAB color parameters are correlated with pigment content in such a way that variations in the latter are reflected as variations in color.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sanmartín
- Departamento Edafología y Química Agrícola, Fac Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Abstract
Although the color of cyanobacteria is a very informative characteristic, no standardized protocol has, so far, been established for defining the color in an objective way, and, therefore, direct comparison of experimental results obtained by different research groups is not possible. In the present study, we used colorimetric measurements and conventional statistical tools to determine the effects on the measurement of the color of cyanobacteria, of the concentration of the microorganisms and their moisture content, as well as of the size of the target area and the minimum number of measurements. It was concluded that the color measurement is affected by every factor studied, but that this can be controlled for by making at least 10 consecutive measurements/9.62 cm(2) at different randomly selected points on the surface of filters completely covered by films of cyanobacteria in which the moisture contents are higher than 50%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Prieto
- Dpto. Edafología y Química agrícola, Fac. Farmacia, University Santiago de Compostela, 15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Camarero E, Varea D, Fernández Alvarez JA, Lamas MJ, Sanmartín P, Muñoz V. [Quality control of total parenteral nutrition in the 1991-1992 biennium]. NUTR HOSP 1994; 9:394-8. [PMID: 7833378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the degree of compliance with standards defined for Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) quality control in our hospital in the two-year period 1991-1992. MATERIAL AND METHODS All available information was assessed concerning 52 patients (32 men and 17 women) for whom a TPN course was prescribed in relation with certain pre-set indications. These patients received a total of 1140 TPN units with the TPN lasting an average of 21.9 days (range, 1-73 days). Monitoring was done by the Nutrition and Diet Section. The degree of compliance was assessed with the standards model proposed by the Providence Medical Center, Portland (USA) (PMCP) with 24 parameters (PM): indications, initiation in the first 24 hours, nutritional assessment in the first 24 hours, period of the TPN, metabolic complications (14 PM), septic complications (3 PM), nutritional consequences (2 PM) and TPN losses. All parameters were appraised and admitted, except for urea, which was corrected to standard values of our Laboratory (< 44 mg/dl), with Transferrin evaluation instead of iron binding capacity (TIBC), taking as compliance standard a figure of > 190 mg/dl. All analytical calculations were carried out in our Central Laboratory Service. RESULTS Of all the parameters, the following were discarded, not being calculated on a routine basis: total CO2, serous magnesium, urinary uric nitrogen, nitrogen balance, positive hemocultures, catheters and TPN losses. Levels of compliance varied between 31.9% and 100%, with 8 parameters within the standards (Initiation, 100%; evaluation in first 24 hours, 100%; extent, 100%; creatinine, 100%; total bilirubin, 92.2%; cholesterol, 99.5%; transferrin, 35.9%). Seven parameters fell short (Na, 88.1%; K, 92.9%; Cl, 89.3%; Urea, 54.4%; Glucose, 96.4%; P, 94.1%; Triglycerides, 71.9%). CONCLUSIONS We infer from our study that there is a need to make use of a large part of the indicators described in the literature as indicators for quality guarantee of a TPN program, and the use of new parameters must be assessed in normal monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Camarero
- Sección de Nutrición y Dietética (Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición), Complejo Hospital General de Galicia/Hospital Médico-Quirúrgico de Conxo
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Soleto Saez E, Sanmartín P, Ruiperez Polo S, Santamaría Garcia JL, Miguel de Velasco J, Lopez-Rios F. [Treatment of acute pancreatitis by intra-arterial injection of Trasylol]. Int Surg 1971; 55:299-306. [PMID: 5313812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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Muro J, Ortiz-Vázquez J, Miño G, Sanmartín P. [Angiographic localization of hydatid cyst of the spleen]. Rev Clin Esp 1969; 115:433-8. [PMID: 5405019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Ortiz Vázquez J, Muro J, Olmo A, Silva J, Villamor J, Sanmartín P. [Cruveilhier-Baumgarten syndrome (review of 37 personal cases)]. Rev Clin Esp 1969; 112:459-72. [PMID: 5390789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Muro J, Sanmartín P, Miño G, Ortiz-Vázquez J. [Angiographic localization of the high gastrointestinal hemorrhage]. Rev Clin Esp 1968; 109:219-24. [PMID: 5302170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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