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Gambardella C, Miroglio R, Costa E, Cachot J, Morin B, Clérandeau C, Rotander A, Rocco K, d'Errico G, Almeda R, Alonso O, Grau E, Piazza V, Pittura L, Benedetti M, Regoli F, Faimali M, Garaventa F. New insights into the impact of leachates from in-field collected plastics on aquatic invertebrates and vertebrates. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 355:124233. [PMID: 38801877 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The impact of leachates from micronized beached plastics of the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean on coastal marine ecosystems was investigated by using a multidisciplinary approach. Chemical analysis and ecotoxicological tests on phylogenetically distant species were performed on leachates from the following plastic categories: bottles, pellets, hard plastic (HP) containers, fishing nets (FN) and rapido trawling rubber (RTR). The bacteria Alivibrio fischeri, the nauplii of the crustaceans Amphibalanus amphitrite and Acartia tonsa, the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis, the embryos of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus, the ephyrae of the jellyfish Aurelia sp. and the larvae of the medaka Oryzias latipes were exposed to different concentrations of leachates to evaluate lethal and sub-lethal effects. Thirty-one additives were identified in the plastic leachates; benzophenone, benzyl butyl phthalate and ethylparaben were present in all leachates. Ecotoxicity of leachates varied among plastic categories and areas, being RTR, HP and FN more toxic than plastic bottles and pellets to several marine invertebrates. The ecotoxicological results based on 13 endpoints were elaborated within a quantitative weight of evidence (WOE) model, providing a synthetic hazard index for each data typology, before their integrations in an environmental risk index. The WOE assigned a moderate and slight hazard to organisms exposed to leachates of FN and HP collected in the Mediterranean Sea respectively, and a moderate hazard to leachates of HP from the Atlantic Ocean. No hazard was found for pellet, bottles and RTR. These findings suggest that an integrated approach based on WOE on a large set of bioassays is recommended to get a more reliable assessment of the ecotoxicity of beached-plastic leachates. In addition, the additives leached from FN and HP should be further investigated to reduce high concentrations and additive types that could impact marine ecosystem health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Gambardella
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - Istituto per lo Studio degli Impatti Antropici e Sostenibilità in ambiente marino (CNR-IAS), Via de Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy.
| | - Roberta Miroglio
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - Istituto per lo Studio degli Impatti Antropici e Sostenibilità in ambiente marino (CNR-IAS), Via de Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy
| | - Elisa Costa
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - Istituto per lo Studio degli Impatti Antropici e Sostenibilità in ambiente marino (CNR-IAS), Via de Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy
| | - Jérôme Cachot
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, EPOC UMR 5805, F-33600, Pessac, France
| | - Bénédicte Morin
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, EPOC UMR 5805, F-33600, Pessac, France
| | | | - Anna Rotander
- MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Kevin Rocco
- MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Giuseppe d'Errico
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Rodrigo Almeda
- EOMAR, ECOAQUA, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Spain
| | - Olalla Alonso
- EOMAR, ECOAQUA, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Spain
| | - Etienne Grau
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO UMR 5629, F-33600, Pessac, France
| | - Veronica Piazza
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - Istituto per lo Studio degli Impatti Antropici e Sostenibilità in ambiente marino (CNR-IAS), Via de Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy
| | - Lucia Pittura
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Maura Benedetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Regoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Marco Faimali
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - Istituto per lo Studio degli Impatti Antropici e Sostenibilità in ambiente marino (CNR-IAS), Via de Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy
| | - Francesca Garaventa
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - Istituto per lo Studio degli Impatti Antropici e Sostenibilità in ambiente marino (CNR-IAS), Via de Marini 6, 16149, Genova, Italy
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Eitzen L, Ruhl AS, Jekel M. Impact of natural organic matter and inorganic ions on the stabilization of polystyrene micro-particles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 927:172043. [PMID: 38552984 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The orthokinetic coagulation of irregularly shaped polystyrene micro-particles (PS-MP) was investigated in solutions of inorganic cations with different valence (NaCl, CaCl2, LaCl3) using a coagulation jar test set-up combined with light extinction particle counting. The stabilizing effect of model natural organic matter (NOM from reverse-osmosis (RO-NOM), humic (HA) & fulvic acid (FA)) and of surface water components (SW-NOM) was studied. Collision efficiencies were calculated from the decrease in particle concentration applying first order reaction kinetics. The coagulation of PS-MP followed Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory with regard to ionic charge in solution. Highest collision efficiencies were obtained close to the suspected critical coagulation concentrations for CaCl2 (12 mM) and LaCl3 (5.5 mM) whereas for NaCl no CCC was found within the applied concentration range (10-1000 mM). The addition of NOM effectively stabilized PS-MP at low ionic strength (10 mM NaCl) in the order HA > RO-NOM > FA > SW-NOM at concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) as low as 0.2-0.5 mg/L DOC through electrostatic repulsion. PS-MP were effectively stabilized in 6.1 mg DOC/L of SW-NOM even at high ionic strength (100 mM MgCl2). Coagulation at intermediate ionic strength (10 mM MgCl2) was only observed for SW-NOM concentrations below 0.6 mg/L DOC. The results showed that even low NOM concentrations prevent PS-MP from orthokinetic coagulation in the presence of high ion concentrations. The study provides further insight in the orthokinetic coagulation behavior of PS-MP in the presence of NOM and highlights the importance of NOM for the stabilization of microplastics in aquatic suspensions. Further research is needed to elucidate the behavior of MP in turbulent systems to predict the mobility MP in aquatic systems such as rivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Eitzen
- Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. KF 4, Straße des 17, Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Aki Sebastian Ruhl
- Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. KF 4, Straße des 17, Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany; German Environment Agency (UBA), Section II 3.1, Schichauweg 58, D-12307 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Jekel
- Technische Universität Berlin, Sekr. KF 4, Straße des 17, Juni 135, D-10623 Berlin, Germany; Kompetenzzentrum Wasser Berlin gGmbH, Cicerostr. 24, 10709 Berlin, Germany
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Gardon T, Le Luyer J, Le Moullac G, Soyez C, Lagarde F, Dehaut A, Paul-Pont I, Huvet A. Pearl Farming Micro-Nanoplastics Affect Oyster Physiology and Pearl Quality. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:207-218. [PMID: 38116932 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Pearl farming is crucial for the economy of French Polynesia. However, rearing structures contribute significantly to plastic waste, and the widespread contamination of pearl farming lagoons by microplastics has raised concerns about risks to the pearl industry. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of micro-nanoplastics (MNPs, 0.4-200 μm) on the pearl oyster (Pinctada margaritifera) over a 5-month pearl production cycle by closely mimicking ecological scenarios. MNPs were produced from weathered plastic pearl farming gear and tested at environmentally relevant concentrations (0.025 and 1 μg L-1) to decipher biological and functional responses through integrative approaches. The significant findings highlighted the impacts of MNPs on oyster physiology and pearl quality, even at remarkably low concentrations. Exposure to MNPs induced changes in energy metabolism, predominantly driven by reduced assimilation efficiency of microalgae, leading to an alteration in gene expression patterns. A distinct gene expression module exhibited a strong correlation with physiological parameters affected by MNP conditions, identifying key genes as potential environmental indicators of nutritional-MNP stress in cultured oysters. The alteration in pearl biomineralization, evidenced by thinner aragonite crystals and the presence of abnormal biomineral concretions, known as keshi pearls, raises concerns about the potential long-term impact on the Polynesian pearl industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Gardon
- Ifremer, ILM, IRD, University of French Polynesia, EIO, F-98719 Taravao, Tahiti, French Polynesia, France
| | - Jérémy Le Luyer
- Ifremer, ILM, IRD, University of French Polynesia, EIO, F-98719 Taravao, Tahiti, French Polynesia, France
| | - Gilles Le Moullac
- Ifremer, ILM, IRD, University of French Polynesia, EIO, F-98719 Taravao, Tahiti, French Polynesia, France
| | - Claude Soyez
- Ifremer, ILM, IRD, University of French Polynesia, EIO, F-98719 Taravao, Tahiti, French Polynesia, France
| | - Fabienne Lagarde
- Institute of Molecules and Materials of Le Mans, IMMM-UMR CNRS 6283, University of Le Mans, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France
| | - Alexandre Dehaut
- ANSES-LSA, Boulevard du Bassin Napoléon, 62200 Boulogne-sur-Mer, France
| | - Ika Paul-Pont
- University of Brest, Ifremer, CNRS, IRD, LEMAR, F-29280 Plouzané, France
| | - Arnaud Huvet
- University of Brest, Ifremer, CNRS, IRD, LEMAR, F-29280 Plouzané, France
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Fang Z, Sallach JB, Hodson ME. Ethanol, not water, should be used as the dispersant when measuring microplastic particle size distribution by laser diffraction. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 902:166129. [PMID: 37562611 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Size distribution is a crucial characteristic of microplastics (MPs). A typical method for measuring this property is wet laser diffraction. However, when measuring size distributions of MPs, despite it being a poor dispersant for many MPs, water is commonly selected, potentially limiting the reliability of reported measurements. To evaluate dispersant suitability, different aqueous concentrations of ethanol (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 75, 100 wt%) and aqueous solutions of 0.001 wt% Triton X-100 and a mixture comprising 10 wt% sodium pyrophosphate and 10 wt% methanol were used as dispersants in a laser granulometer (Mastersizer 2000) to determine particle size distributions (PSDs) of granular polyethylene MP35, MP125 and MP500 particles (nominally <35, <125 and, < 500 μm in size). The reliability of the PSDs depended on the dispersant used and size of primary MPs. With increasing ethanol concentrations, PSD curves of MP35 particles shifted from multi-modal to mono-modal distributions. The measured size distribution reduced from 1588.7 to 4.5 μm in water to 39.9 to 0.1 μm in 100 wt% ethanol. Generally, as ethanol concentration increased, uncertainty associated with the PSD parameters decreased. Although Triton X-100 and the mixed solution also showed better dispersion than water, measured particle sizes and coefficient of variation (COV, %) were notably larger than those for 100 wt% ethanol. Similar trends were observed for larger-sized MP125 and MP500 particles, but differences in PSD curves, PSD parameters, and COV (%) among dispersants were less pronounced. In all dispersants, the volume weighted mean diameters (VWMD) in 100 wt% ethanol (MP35: 14.1 μm, MP125: 102.5 μm, MP500: 300.0 μm) were smallest and close to diameters determined from microscope observations (MP35: 14.6 μm, MP125: 109.0 μm, MP500: 310.6 μm). Therefore, for accurate determinations of the PSDs of MP by wet laser diffraction, ethanol rather than water should be used as the dispersant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Fang
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York YO10 5NG, United Kingdom.
| | - J B Sallach
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York YO10 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - M E Hodson
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York YO10 5NG, United Kingdom
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Almeda R, Kuddithamby G, Alonso-Lópeza O, Vilas A, Christelle C, Loisel T, Nielsen TG, Cachot J, Beiras R. A protocol for lixiviation of micronized plastics for aquatic toxicity testing. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 333:138894. [PMID: 37164198 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Plastics contain various types and amounts of additives that can leach into the water column when entering aquatic ecosystems. Some leached plastic additives are hazardous to marine biota at environmentally relevant concentrations. Disparate methodological approaches have been adopted for toxicity testing of plastic leachates, making comparison difficult. Here we propose a protocol to standardize the methodology to obtain leachates from microplastics (MPs) for aquatic toxicity testing. Literature reviewing and toxicity tests using marine model organisms and different types of MPs were conducted to define the main methodological aspects of the protocol. Acute exposure to leachates from the studied plastics caused negative effects on the early life stages of sea urchins and marine bacteria. We provide recommendations of key factors influencing MPs lixiviation, such as MP size (<250 μm), solid-to-liquid ratio (1-10 g/L), mixing conditions (1-60 rpm), and lixiviation time (72 h). The proposed methodology was successful to determine the toxicity of leachates from different micronized plastics on marine biota. Our recommendations balance feasibility and environmental relevance, and their use would help ensure comparability amongst studies for a better assessment of the toxicity of plastic leachates on aquatic biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Almeda
- EOMAR Group, ECOAQUA, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
| | | | - Olalla Alonso-Lópeza
- EOMAR Group, ECOAQUA, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; ECOTOX Group, ECIMAT-CIM, University of Vigo, Spain
| | | | | | - Tara Loisel
- EPOC UMR 5805, University of Bordeaux, CNRS and INP Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Jérôme Cachot
- EPOC UMR 5805, University of Bordeaux, CNRS and INP Bordeaux, France
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