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Tilikj N, de la Fuente M, González ABM, Martínez-Guitarte JL, Novo M. Surviving in a multistressor world: Gene expression changes in earthworms exposed to heat, desiccation, and chemicals. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 108:104428. [PMID: 38570150 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2024.104428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
An investigation of the effects of anthropogenic stress on terrestrial ecosystems is urgently needed. In this work, we explored how exposure to heat, desiccation, and chemical stress alters the expression of genes that encode heat shock proteins (HSPs), an enzyme that responds to oxidative stress (CAT), hypoxia-related proteins (HIF1 and HYOU), and a DNA repair-related protein (PARP1) in the earthworm Eisenia fetida. Exposure to heat (31°C) for 24 h upregulated HSPs and hypoxia-related genes, suggesting possible acquired thermotolerance. Desiccation showed a similar expression profile; however, the HSP response was activated to a lesser extent. Heat and desiccation activated the small HSP at 24 h, suggesting that they may play a role in adaptation. Simultaneous exposure to endosulfan and temperature for 7 h upregulated all of the evaluated genes, implicating a coordinated response involving multiple biological processes to ensure survival and acclimation. These results highlight the relevance of multistress analysis in terrestrial invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Tilikj
- Departamento de Biodiversidad, Ecología y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, C/José Antonio Nováis 12, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Mercedes de la Fuente
- Environmental Toxicology and Biology Group, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Avenida de Esparta, s/n, Madrid 28232, Spain
| | - Ana Belén Muñiz González
- Environmental Toxicology and Biology Group, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Avenida de Esparta, s/n, Madrid 28232, Spain
| | - José-Luis Martínez-Guitarte
- Environmental Toxicology and Biology Group, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Avenida de Esparta, s/n, Madrid 28232, Spain
| | - Marta Novo
- Departamento de Biodiversidad, Ecología y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, C/José Antonio Nováis 12, Madrid 28040, Spain
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Xiao W, Zhang Y, Chen X, Sha A, Xiong Z, Luo Y, Peng L, Zou L, Zhao C, Li Q. The Easily Overlooked Effect of Global Warming: Diffusion of Heavy Metals. TOXICS 2024; 12:400. [PMID: 38922080 PMCID: PMC11209588 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12060400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Since industrialization, global temperatures have continued to rise. Human activities have resulted in heavy metals being freed from their original, fixed locations. Because of global warming, glaciers are melting, carbon dioxide concentrations are increasing, weather patterns are shifting, and various environmental forces are at play, resulting in the movement of heavy metals and alteration of their forms. In this general context, the impact of heavy metals on ecosystems and organisms has changed accordingly. For most ecosystems, the levels of heavy metals are on the rise, and this rise can have a negative impact on the ecosystem as a whole. Numerous studies have been conducted to analyze the combined impacts of climate change and heavy metals. However, the summary of the current studies is not perfect. Therefore, this review discusses how heavy metals affect ecosystems during the process of climate change from multiple perspectives, providing some references for addressing the impact of climate warming on environmental heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China; (W.X.); (Y.Z.); (X.C.); (A.S.); (Z.X.); (Y.L.); (L.P.); (L.Z.)
| | - Yunfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China; (W.X.); (Y.Z.); (X.C.); (A.S.); (Z.X.); (Y.L.); (L.P.); (L.Z.)
| | - Xiaodie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China; (W.X.); (Y.Z.); (X.C.); (A.S.); (Z.X.); (Y.L.); (L.P.); (L.Z.)
| | - Ajia Sha
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China; (W.X.); (Y.Z.); (X.C.); (A.S.); (Z.X.); (Y.L.); (L.P.); (L.Z.)
| | - Zhuang Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China; (W.X.); (Y.Z.); (X.C.); (A.S.); (Z.X.); (Y.L.); (L.P.); (L.Z.)
| | - Yingyong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China; (W.X.); (Y.Z.); (X.C.); (A.S.); (Z.X.); (Y.L.); (L.P.); (L.Z.)
| | - Lianxin Peng
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China; (W.X.); (Y.Z.); (X.C.); (A.S.); (Z.X.); (Y.L.); (L.P.); (L.Z.)
| | - Liang Zou
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China; (W.X.); (Y.Z.); (X.C.); (A.S.); (Z.X.); (Y.L.); (L.P.); (L.Z.)
| | - Changsong Zhao
- School of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China; (W.X.); (Y.Z.); (X.C.); (A.S.); (Z.X.); (Y.L.); (L.P.); (L.Z.)
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Bai Z, Li T, Zhang S, Wang G, Xu X, Zhou W, Pan X, Pu Y, Jia Y, Yang Z, Long L. Effects of climate and geochemical properties on the chemical forms of soil Cd, Pb and Cr along a more than 4000 km transect. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 467:133746. [PMID: 38341885 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Soil heavy metal speciation has received much attention for their different ecological and environmental effects. However, the effects of climate and soil geochemical properties on them in uncontaminated soils at macroscale were still unclear. Therefore, a transect more than 4000 km was chosen to study the effects of these factors on soil Cd, Pb and Cr forms. The results revealed that mean annual temperature and precipitation showed significant positive relations with the exchangeable and Fe-Mn oxide bound states of Cd, Pb and Cr, and residual Cr. And humidity and drought indexes were significantly positively correlated with their organic and carbonate bound forms, respectively. As for soil geochemical properties, pH displayed significant negative relationships with exchangeable, Fe-Mn oxide and organic bound Pb and Cr, and exchangeable Cd. Fe2O3 was significantly positively with the exchangeable and Fe-Mn oxide bound Cd, Pb and Cr, and residual Cr. And soil organic matter showed positive relations with organic bound Pb and Cr, and residual Cd and Cr, displayed negative relationships with carbonated bound Pb and Cr. Overall, climate and soil geochemical properties together affect the transformation and transport of heavy metals between different forms in uncontaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Bai
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, PR China; Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Protection, Wenjiang 611130, PR China
| | - Ting Li
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, PR China
| | - Shirong Zhang
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, PR China; Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Protection, Wenjiang 611130, PR China.
| | - Guiyin Wang
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, PR China; Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Protection, Wenjiang 611130, PR China
| | - Xiaoxun Xu
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, PR China
| | - Wei Zhou
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, PR China
| | - Xiaomei Pan
- Chengdu Agricultural College, Wenjiang 611130, PR China
| | - Yulin Pu
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, PR China
| | - Yongxia Jia
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, PR China
| | - Zhanbiao Yang
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, PR China
| | - Lulu Long
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang 611130, PR China
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Song Z, Dang X, Zhao L, Hou H, Guo Z, Lynch I, Nadezhda T, Zhang P. Influence of soil properties and aging on exogenous antimony toxicity to Caenorhabditis elegans in agricultural soil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:12499-12510. [PMID: 38233709 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-31975-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Exploring the influence of soil on antimony (Sb) aging could help predict Sb toxicity on nematodes that play an important role in agricultural soil nitrogen cycling. This study aimed to investigate the major soil factors affecting the aging process and toxicity of exogenous Sb. Therefore, nematodes were exposed to varying levels of Sb contamination (0-6400 mg/kg) in nine agricultural soils, with aging periods of 7, 56, and 168 days, under dark conditions at 20 ± 0.5 °C for 96 h. The results suggested that nematode reproduction was more sensitive to the toxicity of exogenous trivalent Sb (Sb(III)) compared to growth and fertility. Following 7-168 days of aging, the EC50 of nematode reproduction increased from 546-1557 to 3560-6193 mg/kg in nine soils contaminated by exogenous Sb(III). Exogenous Sb(III) toxicity is overestimated without considering its aging process. The aging factors (AF) of nine soils aged over 7-168 days were calculated as 3.54-8.03. The regression equation AF = 0.923 pH - 0.812 (n = 9, adjust-r2 = 0.687, P = 0.004) indicated that pH was the primary soil factor explaining 85.2% of the variance in the aging process of exogenous Sb(III). No significant toxicity was observed in soils contaminated with exogenous pentavalent Sb after 7 days of aging. These findings could provide guidance for the adjustment of Sb toxicity data, the revision of soil environmental quality standard, and efficient soil environmental management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijie Song
- College of Land and Environment, National Engineering Research Center for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Northeast Key Laboratory of Conservation and Improvement of Cultivated Land, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Xiuli Dang
- College of Land and Environment, National Engineering Research Center for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Northeast Key Laboratory of Conservation and Improvement of Cultivated Land, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.
| | - Long Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Hong Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Zhiling Guo
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Science, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Iseult Lynch
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Science, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Tcyganova Nadezhda
- Farming and Grassland Science Department, Saint-Petersburg State Agrarian University, Saint-Petersburg, 196601, Russia
| | - Peng Zhang
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Science, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
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Silva I, Alves M, Malheiro C, Silva ARR, Loureiro S, Henriques I, González-Alcaraz MN. Structural and Functional Shifts in the Microbial Community of a Heavy Metal-Contaminated Soil Exposed to Short-Term Changes in Air Temperature, Soil Moisture and UV Radiation. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:107. [PMID: 38254996 PMCID: PMC10815596 DOI: 10.3390/genes15010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The interplay between metal contamination and climate change may exacerbate the negative impact on the soil microbiome and, consequently, on soil health and ecosystem services. We assessed the response of the microbial community of a heavy metal-contaminated soil when exposed to short-term (48 h) variations in air temperature, soil humidity or ultraviolet (UV) radiation in the absence and presence of Enchytraeus crypticus (soil invertebrate). Each of the climate scenarios simulated significantly altered at least one of the microbial parameters measured. Irrespective of the presence or absence of invertebrates, the effects were particularly marked upon exposure to increased air temperature and alterations in soil moisture levels (drought and flood scenarios). The observed effects can be partly explained by significant alterations in soil properties such as pH, dissolved organic carbon, and water-extractable heavy metals, which were observed for all scenarios in comparison to standard conditions. The occurrence of invertebrates mitigated some of the impacts observed on the soil microbial community, particularly in bacterial abundance, richness, diversity, and metabolic activity. Our findings emphasize the importance of considering the interplay between climate change, anthropogenic pressures, and soil biotic components to assess the impact of climate change on terrestrial ecosystems and to develop and implement effective management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Silva
- CEF (Center for Functional Ecology), Associate Laboratory TERRA, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal;
- CESAM (Centre for Marine and Environmental Studies), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (C.M.); (A.R.R.S.); (S.L.)
| | - Marta Alves
- CBQF (Center for Biotechnology and Fine Chemistry), School of Biotechnology, Portuguese Catholic University, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Catarina Malheiro
- CESAM (Centre for Marine and Environmental Studies), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (C.M.); (A.R.R.S.); (S.L.)
| | - Ana Rita R. Silva
- CESAM (Centre for Marine and Environmental Studies), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (C.M.); (A.R.R.S.); (S.L.)
| | - Susana Loureiro
- CESAM (Centre for Marine and Environmental Studies), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (C.M.); (A.R.R.S.); (S.L.)
| | - Isabel Henriques
- CEF (Center for Functional Ecology), Associate Laboratory TERRA, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal;
| | - M. Nazaret González-Alcaraz
- CESAM (Centre for Marine and Environmental Studies), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (C.M.); (A.R.R.S.); (S.L.)
- Department of Agricultural Engineering of the E.T.S.I.A., Technical University of Cartagena, 30203 Cartagena, Spain
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Wang M, Hou J, Deng R. Co-exposure of environmental contaminants with unfavorable temperature or humidity/moisture: Joint hazards and underlying mechanisms. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 264:115432. [PMID: 37660530 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
In the context of global climate change, organisms in their natural habitats usually suffer from unfavorable climatic conditions together with environmental pollution. Temperature and humidity (or moisture) are two central climatic factors, while their relationships with the toxicity of contaminants are not well understood. This review provides a synthesis of existing knowledge on important interactions between contaminant toxicity and climatic conditions of unfavorable temperature, soil moisture, and air humidity. Both high temperature and low moisture can extensively pose severe combined hazards with organic pollutants, heavy metal ions, nanoparticles, or microplastics. There is more information on the combined effects on animalia than on other kingdoms. Prevalent mechanisms underlying their joint effects include the increased bioavailability and bioaccumulation of contaminants, modified biotransformation of contaminants, enhanced induction of oxidative stress, accelerated energy consumption, interference with cell membranes, and depletion of bodily fluids. However, the interactions of contaminants with low temperature or high humidity/moisture, particularly on plants and microorganisms, are relatively vague and need to be further revealed. This work emphasizes that the co-exposure of chemical and physical stressors results in detrimental effects generally greater than those caused by either stressor. It is necessary to take this into consideration in the ecological risk assessment of both environmental contamination and climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingpu Wang
- School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Jie Hou
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Rui Deng
- School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China.
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Ozturk I, Ozkul F, Topuz E. The effect of polystyrene microplastic and biosolid application on the toxicity and bioaccumulation of cadmium for Enchytraeus crypticus. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2023; 19:489-500. [PMID: 35932184 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plastics smaller than 5 mm that end up in a soil environment are known as microplastics (MPs). Microplastics have become a common contaminant in agricultural areas in addition to metals. However, the effect of cadmium (Cd) on soil organisms has not been clearly defined in the presence of MPs. In addition to MPs, biosolid application as a soil amendment in agricultural lands is also leading to shifts in soil conditions, such as the concentrations of nutrients and organic matter. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the toxicity and bioaccumulation of Cd for Enchytraeus crypticus in the presence of polystyrene (PS)-MPs and biosolids to provide insight into their possible interactions. The lethal toxic concentration (LC50) for Cd was higher than 650 mg Cd/kg dry soil for all conditions. The presence of PS-MPs increased the toxicity of Cd for which EC50 was 102 and 38 mg Cd/kg dry soil without and with Cd, respectively, which may be the result of an increased exposure rate through adsorption of Cd on PS-MPs. On the contrary, the presence of biosolids decreased the toxicity of Cd where EC50 was 193 and 473 mg Cd/kg dry soil for the sets applied with 0.6 and 0.9 g biosolids, respectively. Coexistence of biosolids and PS-MPs decreased the reproduction toxicity of Cd, which is similar to the biosolid effect (EC50 is 305 mg Cd/kg dry soil). Bioaccumulation of Cd only positively correlated with its initial concentration in soil and was not affected by the presence of PS-MPs or biosolids. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2023;19:489-500. © 2022 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irem Ozturk
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Fatma Ozkul
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Emel Topuz
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, Turkey
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Silva ARR, Malheiro C, Loureiro S, González-Alcaraz MN. Toxicity of historically metal(loid)-contaminated soils to Folsomia candida under the influence of climate change alterations. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 305:119256. [PMID: 35395349 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Global warming is drastically altering the climate conditions of our planet. Soils will be among the most affected components of terrestrial ecosystems, especially in contaminated areas. In this study we investigated if changes in climate conditions (air temperature and soil moisture) affect the toxicity of historically metal(loid)-contaminated soils to the invertebrate Folsomia candida, followed by an assessment of its recovery capacity. Ecotoxicity tests (assessing survival, reproduction) were performed in field soils affected by metal(loid)s under different climate scenarios, simulated by individually changing air temperature or soil moisture conditions. The scenarios tested were: standard conditions (20°C + 50% soil water holding capacity-WHC); increased air temperature (daily fluctuation of 20-30°C + 50% WHC); soil drought (20°C + 25% WHC); soil flood (20°C + 75% WHC). Recovery potential was assessed under standard conditions in clean soil. Increased temperature was the major climate condition negatively affecting collembolans performance (decreased survival and reproduction), regardless of metal(loid) contamination. Drought and flood conditions presented less pronounced effects. When it was possible to move to the recovery phase (enough juveniles in exposure phase), F. candida was apparently able to recover from the exposure to metal(loid) contamination and/or climate alterations. The present study showed that forecasted climate alterations in areas already affected by contamination should be considered to improve environmental risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita R Silva
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Catarina Malheiro
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Susana Loureiro
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M Nazaret González-Alcaraz
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Portugal; Department of Agricultural Engineering of the E.T.S.I.A. & Soil Ecology and Biotechnology Unit of the Institute of Plant Biotechnology, Technical University of Cartagena, 30203 Cartagena, Spain
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Soil Nematodes as the Silent Sufferers of Climate-Induced Toxicity: Analysing the Outcomes of Their Interactions with Climatic Stress Factors on Land Cover and Agricultural Production. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 195:2519-2586. [PMID: 35593954 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-03965-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Unsustainable anthropogenic activities over the last few decades have resulted in alterations of the global climate. It can be perceived through changes in the rainfall patterns and rise in mean annual temperatures. Climatic stress factors exert their effects on soil health mainly by modifying the soil microenvironments where the soil fauna reside. Among the members of soil fauna, the soil nematodes have been found to be sensitive to these stress factors primarily because of their low tolerance limits. Additionally, because of their higher and diverse trophic positions in the soil food web they can integrate the effects of many stress factors acting together. This is important because under natural conditions the climatic stress factors do not exert their effect individually. Rather, they interact amongst themselves and other abiotic stress factors in the soil to generate their impacts. Some of these interactions may be synergistic while others may be antagonistic. As such, it becomes very difficult to assess their impacts on soil health by simply analysing the physicochemical properties of soil. This makes soil nematodes outstanding candidates for studying the effects of climatic stress factors on soil biology. The knowledge obtained therefrom can be used to design sustainable agricultural practices because most of the conventional techniques aim at short-term benefits with complete disregard of soil biology. This can partly ensure food security in the coming decades for the expanding population. Moreover, understanding soil biology can help to preserve landscapes that have developed over long periods of climatic stability and belowground soil biota interactions.
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Ponting J, Verhoef A, Watts MJ, Sizmur T. Field observations to establish the impact of fluvial flooding on potentially toxic element (PTE) mobility in floodplain soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 811:151378. [PMID: 34728197 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Inundation of river water during flooding deposits contaminated sediments onto floodplain topsoil. Historically, floodplains were considered an important sink for potentially toxic elements (PTEs). With increasing flood frequency and duration, due to climate change and land use change, it is important to understand the impact that further flooding may have on this legacy contamination. In this study a field-based approach was taken, extracting soil pore waters by centrifugation of soils sampled on multiple occasions from multiple locations across a floodplain site, which lies adjacent to the River Loddon in southeast England. Flooding generally decreased pore water PTE concentrations and significantly lower pore water concentrations of Cd, Cu, and Cr were found post-flood compared to pre-flood. The dominant process responsible for this observation was precipitation with sulphides resulting in PTE removal from the pore water post-flood. The changes in pH were found to be associated with the decreased pore water concentration of Cu, which suggests the pH rise may have aided adsorption mechanisms or precipitation with phosphates. The impact of flooding on the release and retention of PTEs in floodplain soils is the net effect of several key processes occurring concurrently. It is important to understand the dominant processes that drive mobility of individual PTEs on specific floodplains so that site-specific predictions can determine the impact of future floods on the environmental fate of legacy contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Ponting
- Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Reading, UK; Inorganic Geochemistry, Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, British Geological Survey, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Anne Verhoef
- Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Michael J Watts
- Inorganic Geochemistry, Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, British Geological Survey, Nottingham, UK
| | - Tom Sizmur
- Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Reading, UK
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Potential Impacts of Climate Change on the Toxicity of Pesticides towards Earthworms. J Toxicol 2021; 2021:8527991. [PMID: 34456999 PMCID: PMC8397574 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8527991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This review examined one of the effects of climate change that has only recently received attention, i.e., climate change impacts on the distribution and toxicity of chemical contaminants in the environment. As ecosystem engineers, earthworms are potentially threatened by the increasing use of pesticides. Increases in temperature, precipitation regime changes, and related extreme climate events can potentially affect pesticide toxicity. This review of original research articles, reviews, and governmental and intergovernmental reports focused on the interactions between toxicants and environmental parameters. The latter included temperature, moisture, acidification, hypoxia, soil carbon cycle, and soil dynamics, as altered by climate change. Dynamic interactions between climate change and contaminants can be particularly problematic for organisms since organisms have an upper and lower physiological range, resulting in impacts on their acclimatization capacity. Climate change variables such as temperature and soil moisture also have an impact on acidification. An increase in temperature will impact precipitation which might impact soil pH. Also, an increase in precipitation can result in flooding which can reduce the population of earthworms by not giving juvenile earthworms enough time to develop into reproductive adults. As an independent stressor, hypoxia can affect soil organisms, alter bioavailability, and increase the toxicity of chemicals in some cases. Climate change variables, especially temperature and soil moisture, significantly affect the bioavailability of pesticides in the soil and the growth and reproduction of earthworm species.
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Peñalver-Alcalá A, Álvarez-Rogel J, Conesa HM, González-Alcaraz MN. Biochar and urban solid refuse ameliorate the inhospitality of acidic mine tailings and foster effective spontaneous plant colonization under semiarid climate. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 292:112824. [PMID: 34033987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phytomanagement is considered a suitable option in line with nature-based solutions to reduce environmental risks associated to metal(loid) mine tailings. We aimed at assessing the effectiveness of biochar from pruning trees combined with compost from urban solid refuse (USR) to ameliorate the conditions of barren acidic (pH ~5.5) metal(loid) mine tailing soils (total concentrations in mg kg-1: As ~220, Cd ~40, Mn ~1800, Pb ~5300 and Zn ~8600) from Mediterranean semiarid areas and promote spontaneous plant colonization. Two months after amendment addition were enough to observe improvements in chemical and physico-chemical tailing soil properties (reduced acidity, salinity and water-soluble metals and increased organic carbon and nutrients content), which resulted in lowered ecotoxicity for the soil invertebrate Enchytraeus crypticus. Recalcitrant organic carbon provided by biochar remained in soil whereas labile organic compounds provided by USR were consumed over time. These improvements were consistent for at least one year and led to lower bulk density, higher water retention capacity and higher scores for microbial/functional-related parameters in the amended tailing soil. Spontaneous growth of native vegetation was favored with amendment addition, but adult plants of remarkable size were only found after three years. This highlights the existence of a time-lag between the positive effects of the amendment on tailing soil properties being observed and these improvements being translated into effective spontaneous plant colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Peñalver-Alcalá
- Department of Agricultural Engineering of the E.T.S.I.A. & Soil Ecology and Biotechnology Unit of the Institute of Plant Biotechnology, Technical University of Cartagena, 30203, Cartagena, Spain
| | - José Álvarez-Rogel
- Department of Agricultural Engineering of the E.T.S.I.A. & Soil Ecology and Biotechnology Unit of the Institute of Plant Biotechnology, Technical University of Cartagena, 30203, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Héctor M Conesa
- Department of Agricultural Engineering of the E.T.S.I.A. & Soil Ecology and Biotechnology Unit of the Institute of Plant Biotechnology, Technical University of Cartagena, 30203, Cartagena, Spain
| | - M Nazaret González-Alcaraz
- Department of Agricultural Engineering of the E.T.S.I.A. & Soil Ecology and Biotechnology Unit of the Institute of Plant Biotechnology, Technical University of Cartagena, 30203, Cartagena, Spain; Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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13
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Schilling K, Basu A, Kaplan A, Perkins WT. Metal distribution, bioavailability and isotope variations in polluted soils from Lower Swansea Valley, UK. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:2899-2912. [PMID: 33428049 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00794-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Soils in the Lower Swansea Valley, (United Kingdom) contain elevated level of metals, enough to cause direct or indirect effects on human health. This study assesses the severity of soil pollution and bioavailability of Cu and other metals (Ni, Zn, Co, Pb and Cr) in soils with various distances from a Ni refinery. We compare Cu concentrations in operationally defined soil fractions (bioavailable, bound to Fe/Mn oxide and incorporated in organic matter) with other metals (Ni, Zn, Pb, Co, Cr) usually occurring in ores used in metallurgic processes and report their pollution and geoaccumulation indices (PI and Igeo). Further, we use Cu stable isotope ratios (δ65Cu) to trace the fate and mobility of Cu in soils. Our data suggest a point source of contamination for some of the heavy metals including Ni (Igeo = 1.9), Zn (Igeo = 0.28) and Cu (Igeo = 3.6) near the Ni refinery. However, Co (Igeo = 0.15) and Pb (Igeo = 3.3) contaminations are likely to be linked to different sources. No elevated Cr levels (Igeo= -0.07) occur in any of the studied soils. All soil metals are predominantly associated with organic matter (>50%) which reduces their bioavailibility and thus their risk for ecological and human health. The Cu isotope data show that Cu in soil organic matter is enriched in 65Cu, while the lighter isotopes (63Cu) remain in the dissolved bioavailable Cu fraction (Δ65Cuorganic-bioavailable is +0.12 ± 0.13‰). This suggests the preferential complexation of 65Cu with soil organic matter after dissolution of Cu deposited to the soil. Thus, Cu isotope data can effectively indicate pathways of metal migration in polluted soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Schilling
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, 10964, NY, USA.
| | - Anirban Basu
- Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, United Kingdom
| | - Alicia Kaplan
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3AN, United Kingdom
| | - William T Perkins
- Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3DB, United Kingdom
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14
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Natural Seed Limitation and Effectiveness of Forest Plantations to Restore Semiarid Abandoned Metal Mining Areas in SE Spain. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12050548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The natural regeneration of forests in mining areas is typically hampered by edaphic stress. Semiarid conditions add a climatic stress that challenges the restoration of these harsh ecosystems. This is the case of Tetraclinisarticulata (Vahl) Masters mixed forests in the Western Mediterranean region colonizing mining structures abandoned three decades ago. We studied the factors controlling the natural establishment of nine shrub and tree species key in these forests in eight metal mine tailings in SE Spain. In addition, we assessed the success of reintroducing 1480 individuals of the nine species 15 months after planting in one of the tailings. Specifically, we analyzed the effect of (i) species identity in terms of sapling survival, growth, nutritional status and metal bioaccumulation, and (ii) adding organic amendments into the planting holes on the same parameters. Our results indicated that natural colonization is a recent process, with seedling cohorts that vary up to two orders of magnitude among species and a practical absence of adult plants in most species excepting T. articulata. We identified seed limitation as a key factor controlling seedling density, which was significantly explained by the distance from the border of the tailing to the closest adult out of the tailing. Soil metal concentration did not have any explanatory power on the density of naturally-established seedlings, whereas soil fertility was relevant only for Rhamnus lycioides L. Overall survival of planted individuals was over 80%, survival and growth remarkably differing among species. Organic amendments had neutral or negative effects on plant survival, but significantly increased the growth of survivors despite their modest effects on leaf nutrient contents. Most species showed high metal bioaccumulation, which was exacerbated by organic amendments. We discuss how biodiversity conservation programs can benefit from the affordable and successful plantation of stress-tolerant local species, but come at the expense of potential metal transfer through trophic webs.
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15
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Ponting J, Kelly TJ, Verhoef A, Watts MJ, Sizmur T. The impact of increased flooding occurrence on the mobility of potentially toxic elements in floodplain soil - A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 754:142040. [PMID: 32916489 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The frequency and duration of flooding events is increasing due to land-use changes increasing run-off of precipitation, and climate change causing more intense rainfall events. Floodplain soils situated downstream of urban or industrial catchments, which were traditionally considered a sink of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) arriving from the river reach, may now become a source of legacy pollution to the surrounding environment, if PTEs are mobilised by unprecedented flooding events. When a soil floods, the mobility of PTEs can increase or decrease due to the net effect of five key processes; (i) the soil redox potential decreases which can directly alter the speciation, and hence mobility, of redox sensitive PTEs (e.g. Cr, As), (ii) pH increases which usually decreases the mobility of metal cations (e.g. Cd2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Pb2+, Zn2+), (iii) dissolved organic matter (DOM) increases, which chelates and mobilises PTEs, (iv) Fe and Mn hydroxides undergo reductive dissolution, releasing adsorbed and co-precipitated PTEs, and (v) sulphate is reduced and PTEs are immobilised due to precipitation of metal sulphides. These factors may be independent mechanisms, but they interact with one another to affect the mobility of PTEs, meaning the effect of flooding on PTE mobility is not easy to predict. Many of the processes involved in mobilising PTEs are microbially mediated, temperature dependent and the kinetics are poorly understood. Soil mineralogy and texture are properties that change spatially and will affect how the mobility of PTEs in a specific soil may be impacted by flooding. As a result, knowledge based on one river catchment may not be particularly useful for predicting the impacts of flooding at another site. This review provides a critical discussion of the mechanisms controlling the mobility of PTEs in floodplain soils. It summarises current understanding, identifies limitations to existing knowledge, and highlights requirements for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Ponting
- Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6DW, UK; Inorganic Geochemistry, Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK
| | - Thomas J Kelly
- Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6DW, UK; Department of Geography, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Anne Verhoef
- Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6DW, UK
| | - Michael J Watts
- Inorganic Geochemistry, Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK
| | - Tom Sizmur
- Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6DW, UK.
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16
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Malheiro C, Cardoso DN, Loureiro S, González-Alcaraz MN. Effects of climate conditions on the avoidance behavior of Folsomia candida and Enchytraeus crypticus towards metal(loid)-contaminated soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 741:140368. [PMID: 32610235 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Global climate changes are predicted for the 21st century. Alterations in soil contaminants' availability and soil invertebrates' behavior are expected, which may interfere with the avoidance capacity that invertebrates may have towards contaminated soils and, therefore, compromise their role in soil functioning. This study aimed to assess the individual effects of air temperature, ultraviolet (UV) radiation and atmospheric CO2 concentration on the avoidance behavior of the arthropod Folsomia candida and the soft-bodied oligochaete Enchytraeus crypticus towards metal(loid)-contaminated soils. Avoidance behavior was evaluated under distinct climate treatments (simulating increases in air temperature, UV radiation exposure or atmospheric CO2 concentration) and compared to the response obtained at the standard conditions recommended by ISO guidelines. Both soil invertebrate species behave differently under standard conditions, with F. candida not avoiding the contaminated soils while E. crypticus did. Increases in air temperature and exposure to UV radiation did not change F. candida behavior towards contaminated soils. However, high atmospheric CO2 concentration modified this pattern and induced avoidance towards contaminated soils. As for E. crypticus, contaminated soils were also avoided under the different climate treatments simulated. Thus, our study shows that, depending on the species and the climate factor, changes in climate conditions may alter soil invertebrates' behavioral pattern towards meta(loid)-contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Malheiro
- Department of Biology & CESAM, Campus Universitário de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Diogo N Cardoso
- Department of Biology & CESAM, Campus Universitário de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Susana Loureiro
- Department of Biology & CESAM, Campus Universitário de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - M Nazaret González-Alcaraz
- Department of Biology & CESAM, Campus Universitário de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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17
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Kelly TJ, Hamilton E, Watts MJ, Ponting J, Sizmur T. The Effect of Flooding and Drainage Duration on the Release of Trace Elements from Floodplain Soils. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2020; 39:2124-2135. [PMID: 32701177 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Floodplains downstream of urban catchments are sinks for potentially toxic trace elements. An intensification of the hydrological cycle and changing land use will result in floodplains becoming inundated for longer durations in the future. We collected intact soil cores from a floodplain meadow downstream of an urban catchment and subjected them to an inundation/drainage cycle in the laboratory to investigate the effect of flood duration on trace element concentrations in the soil porewater. The porewater concentrations of Ni, Cr, and Zn increased, whereas Cu and Pb decreased with flood duration. All the Cr present in porewaters was identified as Cr(III). Copper concentrations increased after drainage but Pb mobility remained suppressed. Both pH and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) increased with flood duration but were lower in treatments that were drained for the longest duration (which were also the treatments flooded for the shortest duration). The porewater concentrations of Cr and Ni decreased after drainage to levels below those observed before inundation, mirroring the DOC concentrations. We concluded that the duration of floodplain inundation does have an influence on the environmental fate of trace elements but that flooding does not influence all trace elements in the same way. The implications of an intensification of the hydrological cycle over the coming decades are that floodplains may become a source of some trace elements to aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:2124-2135. © 2020 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Kelly
- Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Reading, England, United Kingdom
- Inorganic Geochemistry, Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, British Geological Survey, Nottingham, England, United Kingdom
- Department of Geography, Queen Mary University of London, London, England, United Kingdom
| | - Elliott Hamilton
- Inorganic Geochemistry, Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, British Geological Survey, Nottingham, England, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Watts
- Inorganic Geochemistry, Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, British Geological Survey, Nottingham, England, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Ponting
- Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Reading, England, United Kingdom
- Inorganic Geochemistry, Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, British Geological Survey, Nottingham, England, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Sizmur
- Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Reading, England, United Kingdom
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18
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Balafrej H, Bogusz D, Triqui ZEA, Guedira A, Bendaou N, Smouni A, Fahr M. Zinc Hyperaccumulation in Plants: A Review. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E562. [PMID: 32365483 PMCID: PMC7284839 DOI: 10.3390/plants9050562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Zinc is an essential microelement involved in many aspects of plant growth and development. Abnormal zinc amounts, mostly due to human activities, can be toxic to flora, fauna, and humans. In plants, excess zinc causes morphological, biochemical, and physiological disorders. Some plants have the ability to resist and even accumulate zinc in their tissues. To date, 28 plant species have been described as zinc hyperaccumulators. These plants display several morphological, physiological, and biochemical adaptations resulting from the activation of molecular Zn hyperaccumulation mechanisms. These adaptations can be varied between species and within populations. In this review, we describe the physiological and biochemical as well as molecular mechanisms involved in zinc hyperaccumulation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habiba Balafrej
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Physiologie Végétales, Centre de biotechnologie végétale et microbienne biodiversité et environnement, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed V de Rabat, 10000 Rabat, Maroc
| | - Didier Bogusz
- Equipe Rhizogenèse, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche Diversité Adaptation et développement des Plantes, Université Montpellier 2, 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Zine-El Abidine Triqui
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Physiologie Végétales, Centre de biotechnologie végétale et microbienne biodiversité et environnement, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed V de Rabat, 10000 Rabat, Maroc
| | - Abdelkarim Guedira
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Physiologie Végétales, Centre de biotechnologie végétale et microbienne biodiversité et environnement, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed V de Rabat, 10000 Rabat, Maroc
| | - Najib Bendaou
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Physiologie Végétales, Centre de biotechnologie végétale et microbienne biodiversité et environnement, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed V de Rabat, 10000 Rabat, Maroc
| | - Abdelaziz Smouni
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Physiologie Végétales, Centre de biotechnologie végétale et microbienne biodiversité et environnement, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed V de Rabat, 10000 Rabat, Maroc
| | - Mouna Fahr
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie et Physiologie Végétales, Centre de biotechnologie végétale et microbienne biodiversité et environnement, Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed V de Rabat, 10000 Rabat, Maroc
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19
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The Fate of Chemical Pollutants with Soil Properties and Processes in the Climate Change Paradigm—A Review. SOIL SYSTEMS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/soilsystems2030051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Heavy metal(loid)s and organic contaminants are two major groups of pollutants in soils. The fate and exposure of such pollutants in soil depends on their chemical properties, speciation, and soil properties. Soil properties and processes that control the toxicological aspects of pollutants include temperature, moisture, organic matter, mineral fractions, and microbial activities. These processes are vulnerable to climate change associated with global warming, including increased incidences of extreme rainfall, extended dry periods, soil erosion, and a rise in sea level. Here we explain evidence that relates to the effects of climate change-driven soil processes on the mobility, transport, and storage of pollutants in soil. The review found that changes in climate could increase human exposure to soil contaminants mainly due to processes involving soil organic carbon (SOC), surface runoff, redox state, and microbial community. However, uncertainties remain in relation to the extent of contaminant toxicity to human health, which is linked to global change drivers.
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20
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Jin SW, Li YP, Xu LP. Development of an integrated model for energy systems planning and carbon dioxide mitigation under uncertainty - Tradeoffs between two-level decision makers. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 164:367-378. [PMID: 29571126 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A bi-level fuzzy programming (BFLP) method was developed for energy systems planning (ESP) and carbon dioxide (CO2) mitigation under uncertainty. BFLP could handle fuzzy information and leader-follower problem in decision-making processes. It could also address the tradeoffs among different decision makers in two decision-making levels through prioritizing the most important goal. Then, a BFLP-ESP model was formulated for planning energy system of Beijing, in which the upper-level objective is to minimize CO2 emission and the lower-level objective is to minimize the system cost. Results provided a range of decision alternatives that corresponded to a tradeoff between system optimality and reliability under uncertainty. Compared to the single-level model with a target to minimize system cost, the amounts of pollutant/CO2 emissions from BFLP-ESP were reduced since the study system would prefer more clean energies (i.e. natural gas, LPG and electricity) to replace coal fuel. Decision alternatives from BFLP were more beneficial for supporting Beijing to adjust its energy mix and enact its emission-abatement policy. Results also revealed that the low-carbon policy for power plants (e.g., shutting down all coal-fired power plants) could lead to a potentially increment of imported energy for Beijing, which would increase the risk of energy shortage. The findings could help decision makers analyze the interactions between different stakeholders in ESP and provide useful information for policy design under uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Jin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China; Sino-Canada Energy and Environmental Research Center, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Y P Li
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China; Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainable Communities, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada S4S 0A2.
| | - L P Xu
- Beijing Research Center of Urban System Engineering, Beijing 100035, China
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21
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González-Alcaraz MN, Loureiro S, van Gestel CAM. Toxicokinetics of Zn and Cd in the earthworm Eisenia andrei exposed to metal-contaminated soils under different combinations of air temperature and soil moisture content. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 197:26-32. [PMID: 29331715 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated how different combinations of air temperature (20 °C and 25 °C) and soil moisture content (50% and 30% of the soil water holding capacity, WHC), reflecting realistic climate change scenarios, affect the bioaccumulation kinetics of Zn and Cd in the earthworm Eisenia andrei. Earthworms were exposed for 21 d to two metal-contaminated soils (uptake phase), followed by 21 d incubation in non-contaminated soil (elimination phase). Body Zn and Cd concentrations were checked in time and metal uptake (k1) and elimination (k2) rate constants determined; metal bioaccumulation factor (BAF) was calculated as k1/k2. Earthworms showed extremely fast uptake and elimination of Zn, regardless of the exposure level. Climate conditions had no major impacts on the bioaccumulation kinetics of Zn, although a tendency towards lower k1 and k2 values was observed at 25 °C + 30% WHC. Earthworm Cd concentrations gradually increased with time upon exposure to metal-contaminated soils, especially at 50% WHC, and remained constant or slowly decreased following transfer to non-contaminated soil. Different combinations of air temperature and soil moisture content changed the bioaccumulation kinetics of Cd, leading to higher k1 and k2 values for earthworms incubated at 25 °C + 50% WHC and slower Cd kinetics at 25 °C + 30% WHC. This resulted in greater BAFs for Cd at warmer and drier environments which could imply higher toxicity risks but also of transfer of Cd within the food chain under the current global warming perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nazaret González-Alcaraz
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Susana Loureiro
- Department of Biology & CESAM, Campus Universitário de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Cornelis A M van Gestel
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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Buch AC, Schmelz RM, Niva CC, Correia MEF, Silva-Filho EV. Mercury critical concentrations to Enchytraeus crypticus (Annelida: Oligochaeta) under normal and extreme conditions of moisture in tropical soils - Reproduction and survival. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 155:365-372. [PMID: 28273622 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Soil provides many ecosystem services that are essential to maintain its quality and healthy development of the flora, fauna and human well-being. Environmental mercury levels may harm the survival and diversity of the soil fauna. In this respect, efforts have been made to establish limit values of mercury (Hg) in soils to terrestrial fauna. Soil organisms such as earthworms and enchytraeids have intimate contact with trace metals in soil by their oral and dermal routes, reflecting the potentially adverse effects of this contaminant. The main goal of this study was to obtain Hg critical concentrations under normal and extreme conditions of moisture in tropical soils to Enchytraeus crypticus to order to assess if climate change may potentiate their acute and chronic toxicity effects. Tropical soils were sampled from of two Forest Conservation Units of the Rio de Janeiro State - Brazil, which has been contaminated by Hg atmospheric depositions. Worms were exposed to three moisture conditions, at 20%, 50% and 80% of water holding capacity, respectively, and in combination with different Hg (HgCl2) concentrations spiked in three types of tropical soil (two natural soils and one artificial soil). The tested concentrations ranged from 0 to 512mg Hg kg-1 dry weight. Results indicate that the Hg toxicity is higher under increased conditions of moisture, significantly affecting survival and reproduction rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andressa Cristhy Buch
- Department of Environmental Geochemistry, Fluminense Federal University, Outeiro São João Baptista, s/n., Centro, 24020-007 Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Rüdiger M Schmelz
- ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH, Boettgerstr. 2-14, D-65439 Flörsheim/Main, Germany
| | - Cintia Carla Niva
- Embrapa Cerrados, BR 020 km. 18, Rodovia Brasília/Fortaleza, 73310-970 Planaltina, DF, Brazil
| | | | - Emmanoel Vieira Silva-Filho
- Department of Environmental Geochemistry, Fluminense Federal University, Outeiro São João Baptista, s/n., Centro, 24020-007 Niterói, RJ, Brazil
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Barmentlo SH, van Gestel CAM, Álvarez-Rogel J, González-Alcaraz MN. Influence of climate change on the multi-generation toxicity to Enchytraeus crypticus of soils polluted by metal/metalloid mining wastes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 222:101-108. [PMID: 28073585 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.12.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed at assessing the effects of increased air temperature and reduced soil moisture content on the multi-generation toxicity of a soil polluted by metal/metalloid mining wastes. Enchytraeus crypticus was exposed to dilution series of the polluted soil in Lufa 2.2 soil under different combinations of air temperature (20 °C and 25 °C) and soil moisture content (50% and 30% of the soil water holding capacity, WHC) over three generations standardized on physiological time. Generation time was shorter with increasing air temperature and/or soil moisture content. Adult survival was only affected at 30% WHC (∼30% reduction at the highest percentages of polluted soil). Reproduction decreased with increasing percentage of polluted soil in a dose-related manner and over generations. Toxicity increased at 30% WHC (>50% reduction in EC50 in F0 and F1 generations) and over generations in the treatments at 20 °C (40-60% reduction in EC50 in F2 generation). At 25 °C, toxicity did not change when combined with 30% WHC and only slightly increased with 50% WHC. So, higher air temperature and/or reduced soil moisture content does affect the toxicity of soils polluted by metal/metalloid mining wastes to E. crypticus and this effect may exacerbate over generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Henrik Barmentlo
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Cornelis A M van Gestel
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - José Álvarez-Rogel
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agraria, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Paseo Alfonso XIII 48, 30203 Cartagena, Murcia, Spain.
| | - M Nazaret González-Alcaraz
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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González-Alcaraz MN, van Gestel CAM. Toxicity of a metal(loid)-polluted agricultural soil to Enchytraeus crypticus changes under a global warming perspective: Variations in air temperature and soil moisture content. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 573:203-211. [PMID: 27565529 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess how the current global warming perspective, with increasing air temperature (20°C vs. 25°C) and decreasing soil moisture content (50% vs. 30% of the soil water holding capacity, WHC), affected the toxicity of a metal(loid)-polluted agricultural soil to Enchytraeus crypticus. Enchytraeids were exposed for 21d to a dilution series of the agricultural soil with Lufa 2.2 control soil under four climate situations: 20°C+50% WHC (standard conditions), 20°C+30% WHC, 25°C+50% WHC, and 25°C+30% WHC. Survival, reproduction and bioaccumulation of As, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn were obtained as endpoints. Reproduction was more sensitive to both climate factors and metal(loid) pollution. High soil salinity (electrical conductivity~3dSm-1) and clay texture, even without the presence of high metal(loid) concentrations, affected enchytraeid performance especially at drier conditions (≥80% reduction in reproduction). The toxicity of the agricultural soil increased at drier conditions (10% reduction in EC10 and EC50 values for the effect on enchytraeid reproduction). Changes in enchytraeid performance were accompanied by changes in As, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn bioaccumulation, with lower body concentrations at drier conditions probably due to greater competition with soluble salts in the case of Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn. This study shows that apart from high metal(loid) concentrations other soil properties (e.g. salinity and texture) may be partially responsible for the toxicity of metal(loid)-polluted soils to soil invertebrates, especially under changing climate conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nazaret González-Alcaraz
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Cornelis A M van Gestel
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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González-Alcaraz MN, van Gestel CAM. Metal/metalloid (As, Cd and Zn) bioaccumulation in the earthworm Eisenia andrei under different scenarios of climate change. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 215:178-186. [PMID: 27182979 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed at assessing the effects of global warming (increasing air temperature and decreasing soil moisture content) on the bioaccumulation kinetics of As, Cd and Zn in the earthworm Eisenia andrei in two polluted soils (mine tailing and watercourse soil). Earthworms were exposed for up to 21 d under four climate conditions: 20 °C + 50% soil water holding capacity (WHC) (standard conditions), 20 °C + 30% WHC, 25 °C + 50% WHC and 25 °C + 30% WHC. Porewater metal/metalloid availability did not change in the mine tailing soil after the incubation period under the different climate conditions tested. However, in the watercourse soil, porewater Cd concentrations decreased from ∼63 to ∼32-41 μg L(-1) after 21 d and Zn concentrations from ∼3761 to ∼1613-2170 μg L(-1), especially at 20 °C and 50% WHC. In both soils, As and Zn showed similar bioaccumulation patterns in the earthworms, without major differences among climate conditions. Earthworm concentrations peaked after 1-3 d of exposure (in μg g(-1) dry weight: As∼32.5-108, Zn∼704-1172) and then remained constant (typical pattern of essential elements even for As). For Cd the bioaccumulation pattern changed when changing the climate conditions. Under standard conditions, earthworm Cd concentrations increased to ∼12.6-18.5 μg g(-1) dry weight without reaching equilibrium (typical pattern of non-essential elements). However when increasing temperature and/or decreasing soil moisture content the bioaccumulation pattern changed towards that more typical of essential elements due to increased Cd elimination rates (from ∼0.11 to ∼0.24-1.27 d(-1) in the mine tailing soil, from ∼0.07 to ∼0.11-0.35 d(-1) in the watercourse soil) and faster achievement of a steady state. This study shows that metal/metalloid bioaccumulation pattern in earthworms may change dependent on climate conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nazaret González-Alcaraz
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Cornelis A M van Gestel
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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